CURRICULUM

OF
FORESTRY, RANGE, WATERSHED AND
WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT

FOR

BS/BSc (Hons.)
MS/MSc (Hons)/MPhil

(Revised 2014)

HIGHER EDUCATION COMMISSION

ISLAMABAD

1
 CURRICULUM DIVISION, HEC

Prof. Dr. Mukhtar Ahmed Chairman, HEC

Mr. Fida Hussain Director General (Acad)

Ms. Ghayyur Fatima Director (Curri)

Mr. Rizwan Shoukat Deputy Director (Curri)

Mr. Abid Wahab Assistant Director (Curri)

Mr. Riaz-ul-Haque Assistant Director (Curri)

Composed by: Mr. Zulfiqar Ali, HEC, Islamabad

2
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

S. No. Items Page No.

1. Introduction 6

2. Framework for Scheme of Studies for BSc (Hons) in 9

Agricultural Disciplines

3. Framework/Scheme of Studies for BS Forestry (4 11

years) Degree

4. Detail of Courses for BS Forestry (Semester I-IV) 16

5. Common Courses of both BS Forestry & BSc (Hons) 47

Agriculture (Major in Forestry), Semester V-VIII
6. Detail of Courses for BSc (Hons) Agriculture major in 69
Forestry (Semester I-IV)*

7. Forestry Specialization Courses 71

8. Scheme of Studies for MS/MSc (Hons) Forestry 111

9. Detail of Courses for MS/MSc (Hons) Forestry 113

10. Recommendations 146

*From semester V-VIII, scheme of studies is same for both BS Forestry and BSc
(Hons) Agriculture major in Forestry

3
 PREFACE
The curriculum, with varying definitions, is said to be a plan of the teaching-
learning process that students of an academic programme are required to
undergo. It includes objectives & learning outcomes, course contents, scheme
of studies, teaching methodologies and methods of assessment of learning.
Since knowledge in all disciplines and fields is expanding at a fast pace and
new disciplines are also emerging; it is imperative that curricula be developed
and revised accordingly.

University Grants Commission (UGC) was designated as the competent

authority to develop, review and revise curricula beyond Class-XII vide Section
3, Sub-Section 2 (ii), Act of Parliament No. X of 1976 titled “Supervision of
Curricula and Textbooks and Maintenance of Standard of Education”. With the
repeal of UGC Act, the same function was assigned to the Higher Education
Commission (HEC) under its Ordinance of 2002, Section 10, Sub-Section 1
(v).

In compliance with the above provisions, the Curriculum Division of HEC

undertakes the revision of curricula after every three years through respective
National Curriculum Revision Committees (NCRCs) which consist of eminent
professors and researchers of relevant fields from public and private sector
universities, R&D organizations, councils, industry and civil society by seeking
nominations from their organizations.

In order to impart quality education which is at par with international standards,

HEC NCRCs have developed unified templates as guidelines for the
development and revision of curricula in the disciplines of Basic Sciences,
Applied Sciences, Social Sciences, Agriculture and Engineering in 2007 and
2009.

It is hoped that this curriculum document, prepared by the respective NCRC’s,

would serve the purpose of meeting our national, social and economic needs,
and it would also provide the level of competency specified in Pakistan
Qualification Framework to make it compatible with international educational
standards. The curriculum is also placed on the website of HEC
(www.hec.gov.pk).

(Fida Hussain)
Director General (Academics)

4
 CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

STAGE-I STAGE-II STAGE-III STAGE-IV

CURRI. UNDER CURRI. IN FINAL STAGE FOLLOW UP

CONSIDERATI DRAFT STAGE STUDY
ON

COLLECTION APPRAISAL OF 1ST PREP. OF QUESTIONNAI

DRAFT BY EXP. OF
OF REC COL./UNIV FINAL CURRI. RE

CONS. OF CRC. FINALIZATION OF INCORPORATION COMMENTS

DRAFT BY CRC OF REC. OF V.C.C.

PREP. OF APPROVAL OF PRINTING OF REVIEW

DRAFT BY CURRI.BY CURRI.
CRC V.C.C.

IMPLE.OF BACK TO
Abbreviations Used: CURRI. STAGE-I
CRC. Curriculum Revision
Committee
VCC. Vice Chancellor’s
Committee
EXP. Experts
ORIENTATION
COL. Colleges COURSES
UNI. Universities
PREP. Preparation
REC. Recommendations

5
INTRODUCTION:
The final meeting of National Curriculum Revision Committee (NCRC) in the
discipline of Forestry, Range, Watershed and Wildlife Management was held
from April 14-16, 2014 at HEC Regional Centre, Peshawar. The objective of
the meeting was to finalize the draft curriculum of BS (Forestry)/BSc. (Hons.)
Agriculture major in Forestry and MS (Forestry)/MSc. (Hons.)/MPhil. The
objective also included the preparation of scheme of studies for MS/MPhil
Forestry with recommendations for the advancement of the discipline. The list
of the members who attended the meeting is as under:

Sr. No. Name & Address Status

1. Prof. Dr. Nowshad Khan, Convener

Dean/Chairman,
Faculty of Agricultural Sciences,
Allama Iqbal Open University,
Islamabad.
2. Dr. Muhammad Tahir Siddiqui, Co-
Professor, Convener /Member
Department of Forestry, Range Management
& Wildlife, University of Agriculture,
Faisalabad.
3. Dr. Mamoona Wali Mohammad, Secretary/Member
Assistant Professor,
Forest Education Division,
Pakistan Forest Institute (PFI),
University of Peshawar, Peshawar.
4. Dr. Muhammad Irfan Ashraf Member
Lecturer, Department of Forestry, Range
Management,
PMAS, Arid Agriculture University,
Murree Road, Rawalpindi.
5. Dr. Irfan Ashraf Manj, Member
Assistant Professor,
Department of Forestry, Range and Wildlife
Management, University College of
Agriculture & Environmental Sciences, BJ
Campus, The Islamia University of
Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur.
6. Mr. Asif Jah, Member
Director, Forest Research Division,
Pakistan Forest Institute (PFI),
University of Peshawar, Peshawar.

6
 Sr. No. Name & Address Status

7. Mr. Maqsood Ahmad, Member

Director,
Department of Natural Resources Division,
Pakistan Agriculture Research Council
(PARC), 20-Attaturk Avenue, Sector G-5/1,
P.O. Box 1031, Islamabad.
8. Mr. Alamgir Khan Gundapur, Member
Chief Conservator (R),
Government of KPK, Peshawar.
9. Dr. Shahid Yaqoob, Member
Associate Professor,
Department of Forestry, Range Management
& Wildlife, University of Agriculture,
Faisalabad.
10. Dr. Muhammad Sajjad Haider, Member
Assistant Professor,
Department of Forestry,
University College of Agriculture,
University of Sargodha, Sargodha.
11. Dr. Muhammad Saeed, Member
Associate Professor, Department of Plant
Science, Balochistan University of Information
Tech (BUITEMS) Engineering and Management
Sciences, Quetta.
12. Dr. Muhammad Rafay Member
Assistant Professor
Department of Forestry, Range and Wildlife
Management, University College of
Agriculture & Environmental Sciences,
BJ Campus, The Islamia University of
Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur.
13. Syed Kamran Hussain, Member
Research Coordinator,
World Wildlife Fund,
2-A Circular Road, University Town, Peshawar
The following members who attended the preliminary meeting but could not
attend the final meeting due to other engagements:
1. Ms. Mehreen Hassan, Member
Lecturer, Institute of Agricultural Science,
Quaid-e-Azam Campus (New Campus),
University of the Punjab, Lahore.
2. Dr. Muhammad Zubair, Member
7
 Associate Professor,
Department of Forestry,
Faculty of Agriculture,
Bahauddin Zakaria University,
Multan
3. Mr. Javed Iqbal, Member
Lecturer,
Department of Forestry,
Shaheed BB University,
Sheringal, Dir (Upper)

The meeting started with recitation of the verses from the Holy Quran followed
by national anthem. Mr. Zaheer Ahmed Awan, Director RC, Peshawar the
inaugurated the session. After brief introduction of participants, Mr. Awan
welcomed the participants on the behalf of Executive Director, HEC and
thanked them for sparing time for this important exercise. Mr. Awan, also
assured all type of support to the members during their stay to make this event
a success.
Prof. Dr. Nowshad Khan, Dean/Chairman, Faculty of Sciences, Allama Iqbal
Open University, Islamabad being Convener of the meeting opted Dr.
Muhammad Tahir Siddiqui, Professor, Department of Forestry, Range
Management and Wildlife, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, as Co-
Convener, Dr. Mamoona Wali Muhammad, Assistant Professor, Forest
Education Division, Pakistan Forest Institute (PFI), University of Peshawar,
Peshawar as Secretary. Mr. Riaz-ul-Haque, Assistant Director Curriculum,
HEC then requested the Convener of the Committee to conduct proceedings
of all technical sessions of the meeting. The convener started proceedings of
the meeting in accordance with the agenda.
The Committee thoroughly examined the contents and recommended list of
books of all the subjects included in the curriculum semester wise. NCRC
members revised and improved the contents of the subjects and
recommended few new books which were to be added in this curriculum. After
three days’ hard work and scholarly deliberations, the committee unanimously
proposed the outlines of Final Draft curriculum of the Forestry for BS/BSc
(Hons), MS/MSc (Hons)/MPhil degrees.

The NCRC members were requested to improve the recommended books

pertaining to different subjects in the curriculum and submit to Convener/
Secretary for onward transmission to HEC. The committee decided to
complete the editing as per proposed outlines and submit to HEC, Islamabad.
The Committee agreed that the Recommendations framed during the meeting
will be published as Annexure in the final booklet of curriculum circulated by
HEC for Adoption/Implementation to universities/institutes of Pakistan.
The Convener thanked the members for their valuable inputs in revising and
8
updating the curriculum keeping in view the national requirements and to make
these degrees more practical, competitive and knowledge enriched. The
committee appreciated the efforts made by Mr. Riaz-ul-Haque, Assistant
Director HEC/Meeting Coordinator for his coordination and appraised the
efforts by Mr. Zaheer Ahmed Awan, Director Regional Center, Peshawar for
providing local hospitality.
At the end Mr. Riaz-ul-Haque, Assistant Director (Curriculum), HEC thanked
the Convener and all the members of the committee for sparing precious time
and quality contribution for finalizing curriculum in the discipline of Forestry.

The meeting ended with vote of thanks to and from the chair.

FRAMEWORK FOR BSc (HONS.)

IN AGRICULTURAL DISCIPLINES
Duration: 4 years
Number of semesters: 8
Weeks per semester: 16 - 18 (16 for teaching and 2 for exams)
Total credit hours: 130-140
Credit hours per semester: 15-18
Agriculture Courses: 77%
Non-Agriculture Courses: 23%

NON-AGRICULTURE DOMAIN
Knowledge Subject Name of Course Cr. Total Total Over
Area Area Hrs. Cours Credits Discipl all
es ines % % age
age
Area
English-I (Functional
English) 3
English-II (Communication
English Skills) 3 2 6 19.35 4.44
Pakistan Studies 2
Culture Islamic Studies/ Ethics 2 2 4 12.9 2.96
Social Rural Development 3
Humanities Marketing and Agri
Sciences Business 3 2 6 19.35 4.44
Intro to Communication
Computing IT Technology 3 1 3 9.70 2.22
Mathematics Maths-I / Botany 3
/ Biology Maths-II / Zoology 3 2 6 19.35 4.44
Natural Statistics-I 3
Science Statistics Statistics-II 3 2 6 19.35 4.44
Sub-Total 11 31 100 23

9
AGRICULTURE DOMAIN
Basic Agriculture 3
Agronomy 3
Plant Breeding and
Interdiscipli Genetics 3
nary Entomology 3
Plant Pathology 3
Food Technology 3
Agriculture Horticulture 3
Foundation Soil Sciences 3 9 27 26.0 20.0
Agricultural Economics 3
Supporting Breadth Agriculture Extension
Courses Courses 3 4-6 12-18 15.0 11.0

Forestry and Range

Management 3
Animal Sciences 3
Human Nutrition 3
Agriculture Chemistry 3
Agriculture Engineering 3
Water Management 3
Any other
recommended by
university 3
Major
Based
Major Courses Core Major 3 18-20 56-60 55.0 43.0
(Depth)

Project / Project / Internship and

Internship study Tours 4 - 4 3
Total - 31-35 99-109 100 77
Grand-Total - 42-46 130-140 -

10
 FRAMEWORK/SCHEME OF STUDIES FOR BS
FORESTRY (4 YEARS) DEGREE

Duration: 4 years
Number of semesters: 8
Weeks per semester: 16 - 18 (16 for teaching and 2 for exams)
Total credit hours: 130-140
Credit hours per semester: 15-18
Forestry Courses: 77%
Non-Forestry 23%

Courses for I-IV Semester for BS Forestry (4 Years) Degree

Semester I
S# Course Credit hours
1. Biology / 3 (2-1)/
Mathematics* 3 (3-0)
2. Introduction to Information and 3 (2-1)
Communication Technologies
3. Introduction to Forestry (Orientation Tour) 3(2-1)
4. English-I (Functional English) 3 (3-0)
5. Pakistan Studies 2(2-0)
6. Islamic Studies /Ethics** 2(2-0)
7. Orientation Tour 1(0-1)
Total 17 (13-4)/(14-3)*

*Mathematics (to be offered to the students who have done F.Sc Pre-
Medical) and Biology (to be offered to students who have done F.Sc Pre-
Engg).
**for non-Muslims

Semester II
1. Elementary Statistics 3 (3-0)
2. English-II (Communication Skills) 3 (3-0)
3. Introduction to Environment 3(2-1)
4. Geology and Soil Science 3 (2-1)
5. Forest Pathology 3(2-1)
6. Principles of Economics 3(3-0)
Total 18(15-3)

11
 Semester III
1. Sociology 2 (2-0)
2. Public Policy and Administration 2 (2-0)
3. Forest Genetics 3(2-1)
4. Forest Ecology 3 (3-0)
5. Forest Entomology 3 (2-1)
6. Forest Taxonomy 3 (2-1)
7. Forest Accounts and Procedure 2(2-0)
Total 18 (15-3)
Semester IV
1. Forest Engineering I 3 (2-1)
2. Biodiversity and Climate Change 3 (2-1)
3. Participatory Forestry 3 (2-1)
4. Introduction to GIS Remote Sensing 3 (2-1)
5. Integrated Land Use Management Systems 3 (2-1)
6. Forestry Extension 3 (3-0)
Total 18 (13-5)

Courses for Semester V-VII the courses for BS Forestry (4 years)

and BSc (Hons) and Agriculture (Major in Forestry)*

Semester V
1 Energy Plantations 3 (2-1)

2 Forest Policy and Law 3 (3-0)

3 Wood Science and Technology 3 (2-1)

4 Forest Survey and Leveling 3 (2-1)

5 Silviculture-I 2 (2-0)

6 Forest Engineering II 2 (1-1)

7 Study Tour (Forest Types) 2(0-2)

Total 18(12-6)

12
 Semester VI
1 Forest Management 3 (3-0)
2 Watershed Management 3 (2-1)
3 Range Management 3 (2-1)
4 Wildlife Management 3 (2-1)
5 Forest Biometrics 3 (2-1)
6. Non-Wood Forest Products 2 (2-0)
7. Study Tour (Forest Management) 1 (0-1)
Total 18 (13-5)

Semester VII
1 Ecotourism and Park Management 2(2-0)

2 Forest Resource Economics 2(2-0)

3 Silviculture-II 3 (2-1)

4 03 Elective Courses 9 credit

hours
Total 16 (15-1)

* From Semester V_ VII the courses for BS Forestry (4 years) and BSc (Hons.)
Agriculture (Major in Forestry) will be same.

Courses for VIII semester for BS Forestry (4 Years) Degree

1. Forest Management Plan – I 3(3-0)

2. Forest Management Plan – II 4(0-4)
3. Research Methods and Scientific Writing 4(4-0)
4. Research Project / Internship & Study Tour 4(0-4)
Total 15 (7-8)
Grand Total 138 (104-34)

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 LIST OF SPECIALIZATION COURSES

One of the following specializations may be opted for, subject to

approval of concerned forestry institution/university:

1. Forest Management 9 (6-3)

i. Forest Inventory & Analysis 3 (2-1)
ii. Conservation Forest Management 3 (2-1)
iii. Production Forest Management 3 (2-1)
2. Watershed Management 9 (6-3)
i. Soil Conservation Techniques 3 (2-1)
ii. Forest Meteorology 3 (2-1)
iii. Forest and Range Hydrology 3 (2-1)
3. Range Management
9 (7-2)
i. Range Vegetation Analysis
3 (2-1)
ii. Livestock Nutrition and Grazing
3 (2-1)
Management
3 (3-0)
iii. Drought Management in Rangelands
4. 9 (3-6)
GIS and Remote Sensing Techniques
3 (1-2)
i. Digital Cartography
3 (1-2)
ii. Land Use Planning
3 (1-2)
iii. Forest / Range Assessment and
Monitoring

5. Participatory Forest Management

9 (7-2)
i. Community Based Forestry
3 (3-0)
ii. Participatory Forest Management
3 (2-1)
Planning
3 (2-1)
iii. Participatory Forest Assessment
6. Sericulture 9 (5-4)
i. Silkworm Rearing 3 (2-1)
ii. Silk Seed and Cocoon Technology 4 (2-2)
iii. Moriculture 2 (1-1)
7. Wood Science and Technology 9 (5-4)
i. Wood Harvesting Techniques 2 (1-1)
ii. Wood Structure and Identification 2 (1-1)
iii. Wood Testing and Processing 2 (1-1)
iv. Wood Based Products 3 (2-1)

14
8. Wildlife Management 9 (9-0)
i. Wildlife Biology and Ecology 3(3-0)
ii. Wildlife Management and Research 3(3-0)
iii. Wildlife Policies, Laws and Administration 3(3-0)

9. Agro Forestry 9 (7-2)

i. Agro Forestry Systems 3 (3-0)
ii. Farm Forestry Management 3 (2-1)
iii. Marketing of Agro Forestry Products 3 (2-1)

Forest Engineering and Logging

9 (7-2)
i. Forest Machinery
10. 3 (3-0)
ii. Forest Logging
3 (2-1)
iii. Applied Mechanics of Forestry
3 (2-1)
11. Environmental Forestry 9 (7-2)
i. Environment and Forestry 2 (2-0)
ii. Environmental Pollution and Mitigation 3 (3-0)
iii. Environmental Impact Assessment 2 (1-1)
iv. Environmental Policies and Laws 2 (1-1)
12. Forestry and Climate Change 9 (7-2)
i. Forest, Carbon and Climate Change 3 (2-1)
ii. Trends in Forestry and Climate Change 3 (3-0)
iii. Tree Eco-Physiology 3 (2-1)
13. 9 (7-2)
Non Wood Forest Products
i. Production Technology of Medicinal
3 (3-0)
Plants/Pharmacognocy
3 (2-1)
ii. Sericulture and Apiculture Techniques
2 (1-1)
iii. Minor Forest Products
1 (1-0)
iv. Economics of Non Wood Forest Products

15
 Scheme of Studies for BSc (Hons.) Major in Forestry
Semester I-IV
Credit
S# Course
hours
1. Introduction to Forestry and Watershed Management 3 (2-1)
2. Introduction to Rangeland and Wildlife Management 3 (2-1)
3. Other Compulsory courses, Interdisciplinary 64-70
foundation courses and supporting courses
Total 70-76

DETAIL OF COURSES FOR BS FORESTRY (4 YEARS)

SEMESTER I-IV
SEMESTER- I

1. BIOLOGY 3 (2-1)
Course Objectives:
To impart knowledge and comprehension regarding description of morphology
and physiology of plants and animals.

Theory:
Botany
1. Definition and Branches of Botany
2. Morphology
Parts of a typical plant
Structure of monocot and dicot seeds
Germination of seed; Epigieal and Hypogeal
Stem; description of different kinds of stem
Leaf; description of various kinds of leaves
Inflorescence; description of different kinds of inflorescence
Flower; description of flower and its parts and pollination
Fruit; description of fruits and mode of dispersal of seed
3. Reproduction
Reproduction in flowering plants (sexual), description of various
methods of vegetative propagation (asexual)
4. Histology; description of internal structure of root, stem and leaf
5. Physiology
Description of mechanism of absorption of water and mineral salts and
ascent of sap
Photosynthesis; necessary conditions, biochemistry and its economic

16
 importance
Respiration: Aerobic and an aerobic, limiting factors, comparison with
photosynthesis and metabolism
Growth and developments; development of roots and shoots, factors
affecting the development of plant organs
Movement and storage of materials in green plants
Zoology
1. Differences between plants and animals
2. Protoplasm and its chemical composition
3. Structure of animal’s cell
4. Animal’s cell division (Mitosis and Meiosis)
5. Classification of animal kingdom with characteristics of important phyla
6. Digestive system of animals and mechanism of digestion in animals
7. Blood vascular system or circulatory system of animals
8. The blood and its composition
9. Methods of respiration of animals
10. Methods of excretion of animals
11. Patterns of reproduction in animals. Hormonal control of female
reproductive cycle
12. Nervous system of animals
13. Methods of locomotion in animals
14. Organic evolution- Evidences of evolution
15. Theories of evolution;
i. Lamarck’s theory
ii. Darwin’s theory
iii. Mutation theory
16. Animal’s behaviors- Instinct behavior, Learning behavior, Social behavior

Practical (Botany):
1. Demonstration, drawing and labeling of various parts of dicot seeds.
2. Phylotaxy of leaves, simple and compound leaves and modification
of leaves to scales, thorns, tendrils etc.
3. Aerial and underground stem; stem modification to thorn and tendril,
Rhizomes, corns, tubers, bulbs.
4. Roots; forms of roots
5. Racemos and Cymose inflorescence
6. Study of parts of flowers and fruits
Practical (Zoology):
Identification and sketching of labeled diagrams and classification of the
following animal specimen:
i. Amoeba, Paramecium
ii. Hydra, Red coral
iii. Roundworm, Earthworm
iv. Cray fish, cuttle fish, Snail
17
 v. Star fish, Sea Urchin, Sea Cucumber
vi. Rahu fish, Frog
vii. Lizard, Snake, Rat, Bat
Recommended Books:
Botany:
1. A text book of Botany by Ahmad S.S. 1990. Sheikh and Sons Publishers,
42 Urdu Bazar, Lahore.
2. A class book of Botany by Dutta A.C. 1950. Oxford University, Press
3. Text Book of Botany by Lawson and Sahni 1954. University Tutorial Press,
London.
4. A text book of general botany Vol. II. Angiosperms by Nawaz M. 1980.
Academic Publisher, Talimi Markaz Ltd, 3 Kabir Street, Urdu Bazar, Lahore.

Zoology:
1. A text Book of Intermediate Zoology by Ahmad, S.S. 1966.
2. Biological Sciences - An Enquiry into life. Punjab Text Book Board-
Lahore
3. Text book of biology class XI and XII, Published by Idara-i-Farogh-i-
Taleem, Peshawar, Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa Text book Board, Peshawar.

1. MATHEMATICS 3 (3-0)
Prerequisite(s): Mathematics at secondary level

Objectives:
To prepare the students, with the essential tools of algebra and geometry to
apply the concepts and the techniques in their respective disciplines.
Algebra:
Preliminaries: Real-number system, complex numbers, introduction to sets, set
operations, functions, types of functions.
Matrices: Introduction to matrices, types, matrix inverse, determinants, system
of linear equations, Cramer’s rule.
Quadratic Equations: Solution of quadratic equations, qualitative analysis of
roots of a quadratic equations, equations reducible to quadratic equations,
cube roots of unity, relation between roots and coefficients of quadratic
equations.
Sequences and Series: Arithmetic progression, geometric progression,
harmonic progression.
Binomial Theorem: Introduction to mathematical induction, binomial theorem
with rational and irrational indices.

Trigonometry: Fundamentals of trigonometry, trigonometric identities.

18
Geometry:
Geometry in Two Dimensions: Cartesian-coördinate mesh, slope of a line,
equation of a line, parallel and perpendicular lines, various forms of equation
of a line, intersection of two lines, angle between two lines, distance between
two points, distance between a point and a line.

Recommended Books:
1. Algebra and Trigonometry by Dolciani M. P., W. Wooton W, E.F.
Beckenback, S. Sharron. 1978. Houghton and Mifflin, Boston (suggested
text)
2. College Algebra and Trigonometry by Kaufmann J. E. 1987. PWS-Kent
Company, Boston
3. Fundamentals of Algebra and Trigonometry by Swokowski E. W. 1986.
Sixth edition. PWS-Kent Company, Boston. Analytic Geometry by Abraham
S. 1969. Scott, Freshman and Company.
4. Analytic Geometry by Abraham S. 1969. Scott, Freshman and Company

2. INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION

TECHNOLOGIES 3 (2-1)
Objectives:
To acquaint the students to understand the basic of Information and
Communication Technologies.
Theory:
Topics include ICT terminologies, hardware and software components, the
internet and World Wide Web, and ICT based applications.
After completing this course, a student will be able to:
 Terms associated with ICT
 Various components of a computer system
 Various categories of software and their usage
 Basic terms associated with communications and networking
 Terms associated with the Internet and World Wide Web.
 Various web tools including Web Browsers, E-mail clients and search
utilities.
 Text processing, spreadsheets and presentation tools
 Enabling/pervasive features of ICT

Practical:
Basic Definitions and Concepts
Hardware: Computer Systems and Components
Storage Devices, Number Systems
Software: Operating Systems, Programming and Application Software
Introduction to Programming, Databases and Information Systems
Networks
19
 Data Communication
The Internet, Browsers and Search Engines
The Internet: Email, Collaborative Computing and Social Networking
The Internet: E-Commerce
IT Security and other issues
Project Week
Review Week
Recommended Books:
1. Introduction to Computers by Norton P. 6th International Edition .McGraw-
Hill.
2. Using Information Technology: A Practical Introduction to Computer and
Communications by Williams Sawyer, 6th Edition (McGraw-Hill)
3. Computers, Communications and information: A user's introduction by
Sarah E. H. and S. C. Swayer.
4. Fundamentals of Information Technology by Leon A. Mathewsleon Leon
Press.

3. INTRODUCTION TO FORESTRY 3 (2-1)

Objectives:
To orientate the students with forests, their importance and issues concerning
forest protection.

Theory:
1. Definition of forest and forestry.
2. Forest resources of Pakistan and their distribution of forests in
different ecological zones with species composition.
3. Economic, social and environmental importance of forests.
4. Main issues in protections and development of forest resources in
Pakistan.
5. Measures taken for protection and development of forest resources
(legal, technical, social and financial).
Practical:
Orientation to various forest of different ecological zones and forest resources.
Documentation in the tour journal.

Recommended Books:
1. Forest Types of Pakistan, Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar.1965
by Champion, H.G., Seth, S.K. and Khattak, G.M.
2. The State of Forestry in Pakistan, (annual reports) Forest Economics
Branch, Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar.

4. ENGLISH-I (FUNCTIONAL ENGLISH) 3 (3-0)

20
Objectives:
Enhance language skills and develop critical thinking.

Theory:
Basics of Grammar, Parts of speech and use of articles. Sentence structure,
active and passive voice. Practice in unified sentence. Analysis of phrase,
clause and sentence structure .Transitive and intransitive verbs. Punctuation
and spelling
Comprehension Answers to questions on a given text
Discussion General topics and every-day conversation (topics for discussion
to be at the discretion of the teacher keeping in view the level of students)
Listening To be improved by showing documentaries/films carefully selected
by subject teachers
Translation skills Urdu to English
Paragraph writing Topics to be chosen at the discretion of the teacher
Presentation skills Introduction

Note: Extensive reading is required for vocabulary building

Recommended Books:
a) Grammar
1. Practical English Grammar by Thomson A.J. and A.V. Martinet.
Exercises 1. 1997. Third edition. Oxford University Press. ISBN
0194313492
2. Practical English Grammar by Thomson A.J. and A.V. Martinet.
Exercises 2. 1986. Third edition. Oxford University Press. ISBN
0194313506
b) Writing
1. Writing Intermediate by Boutin M.C., S. Brinand and F. Grellet.
1993. Fourth Impression . Oxford Supplementary Skills. ISBN 0
19 435405 7. Pages 20-27 and 35-41.

c) Reading/Comprehension
1. Reading Upper Intermediate. Tomlinson B. and R. Ellis. 1992.
Third Impression. Oxford Supplementary Skills. ISBN 0 19
453402 2.

21
5. PAKISTAN STUDIES 2 (2-0)

Objectives:
Develop vision of historical perspective, government, politics, contemporary
Pakistan, and ideological background of Pakistan.
Theory:
1. Historical Perspective
a. Ideological rationale with special reference to Sir Syed Ahmed
Khan, Allama Muhammad Iqbal and Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali
Jinnah.
b. Factors leading to Muslim separatism
c. People and Land
i. Indus Civilization
ii. Muslim advent
iii. Location and geo-physical features.
2. Government and Politics in Pakistan
Political and constitutional phases:
a. 1947-58
b. 1958-71
c. 1971-77
d. 1977-88
e. 1988-99
f. 1999 onward
3. Contemporary Pakistan
a. Economic institutions and issues
b. Society and social structure
c. Ethnicity
d. Foreign policy of Pakistan and challenges
e. Futuristic outlook of Pakistan
Recommended Books:
1. State and Society in Pakistan by Burki, S.J. 1980. The MacMillan Press
Ltd.
2. Issue in Pakistan’s Economy by Akbar S. Z. 2000. Karachi: Oxford
University Press.
3. Pakistan’s Foreign policy: An Historical analysis by Burke S.M. and L.
Ziring. 1993. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
4. Pakistan Political Roots and Development by Mehmood S. 1994.
Lahore.
5. The Emergence of Banglades by Wilcox W. 1972. Washington:
American Enterprise, Institute of Public Policy Research
6. Pakistan Kayyun Toota by Mehmood S. Lahore: Idara-e-Saqafat-e-
Islamia, Club Road.

22
7. Ethno - National Movement in Pakistan by Amin, T. Islamabad: Institute
of Policy Studies, Islamabad.
8. Enigma of Political Development. By Ziring L. 1980. Kent England:
WmDawson and sons Ltd
9. History and Culture of Sindh by Zahid A. 1980. Karachi: Royal Book
Company
10. Political Parties in Pakistan, Vol. I, II and III. By Afzal M.R. 1998.
Islamabad: National Institute of Historical and cultural Research
11. The Political System of Pakistan. By Sayeed K. B. 1967. Boston:
Houghton Mifflin
12. Party, Politics in Pakistan by Aziz K.K. 1976. Islamabad: National
Commission on Historical and Cultural Research.
13. Pakistan Under Martial Law by Waseem M. 1987. Lahore: Vanguard.
14. Making of Pakistan: The Military Perspective. By Haq N.U. 1993.
Islamabad: National Commission on Historical and Cultural Research.

6. ISLAMIC STUDIES/ ETHICS (FOR NON-MUSLIMS)

2
(2-0)
Objectives:
1 To provide Basic information about Islamic Studies
2 To enhance understanding of the students regarding Islamic Civilization
3 To improve Students skill to perform prayers and other worships
4 To enhance the skill of the students for understanding of issues related to
faith and religious life.

Theory:
Introduction to Quranic Studies
1) Basic Concepts of Quran
2) History of Quran
3) Uloom-ul -Quran
Study of Selected Text of Holly Quran
1) Verses of Surah Al-Baqra Related to Faith(Verse No-284-286)
2) Verses of Surah Al-Hujrat Related to Adab Al-Nabi
(Verse No-1-18)
3) Verses of Surah Al-Mumanoon Related to Characteristics of faithful
(Verse No-1-11)
4) Verses of Surah al-Furqan Related to Social Ethics (Verse No.63-77)
5) Verses of Surah Al-Inam Related to Ihkam(Verse No-152-154)
Study of Selected Text of Holly Quran
1) Verses of Surah Al-Ihzab Related to Adab al-Nabi (Verse
No.6,21,40,56,57,58.)

23
 2) Verses of Surah Al-Hashar (18,19,20) Related to thinking, Day of
Judgment
3) Verses of Surah Al-Saf Related to Tafakar,Tadabar (Verse No-1,14)

Seerat of Holy Prophet (S.A.W)

1) Muhammad Bin Abdullah ( Before Prophet Hood)
2) Life of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) in Makkah
3) Important Lessons Derived from the life of Holy Prophet in
Makkah
Seerat of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) II
1) Life of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) in Madina
2) Important Events of Life Holy Prophet in Madina
3) Important Lessons Derived from the life of Holy Prophet in
Madina
Introduction To Sunnah
1) Basic Concepts of Hadith
2) History of Hadith
3) Kinds of Hadith
4) Uloom –ul-Hadith
5) Sunnah and Hadith
6) Legal Position of Sunnah
Selected Study from Text of Hadith
Introduction To Islamic Law and Jurisprudence
1) Basic Concepts of Islamic Law and Jurisprudence
2) History and Importance of Islamic Law and Jurisprudence
3) Sources of Islamic Law and Jurisprudence
4) Nature of Differences in Islamic Law
5) Islam and Sectarianism
Islamic Culture and Civilization
1) Basic Concepts of Islamic Culture and Civilization
2) Historical Development of Islamic Culture and Civilization
3) Characteristics of Islamic Culture and Civilization
4) Islamic Culture and Civilization and Contemporary Issues
Islam and Science
1) Basic Concepts of Islam and Science
2) Contributions of Muslims in the Development of Science
3) Quranic and Science
Islamic Economic System
1) Basic Concepts of Islamic Economic System
2) Means of Distribution of wealth in Islamic Economics
3) Islamic Concept of Riba
4) Islamic Ways of Trade and Commerce

24
Political System of Islam
1) Basic Concepts of Islamic Political System
2) Islamic Concept of Sovereignty
3) Basic Institutions of Govt. in Islam
Islamic History
1) Period of Khlaft-E-Rashida
2) Period of Ummayyads
3) Period of Abbasids
Social System of Islam
1) Basic Concepts of Social System of Islam
2) Elements of Family
3) Ethical Values of Islam
Recommended Books:
1) Emergence of Islam by Hameed ullah Muhammad. IRI,
Islamabad.
2) Muslim Conduct of State by Hameed ullah Muhammad.
3) Introduction to Islam by Hameed ullah Muhammad
4) An Introduction to the Study of Islamic Law by Islahi M.M.Y., H.H. Hassan.
Leaf Publication Islamabad, Pakistan.
5) Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence by Ahmad Hassan. 1993. Islamic
Research Institute, International Islamic University, Islamabad
6) Muslim Jrisprudence and the Quranic Law of Crimes by Mir Waliullah.
1982. Islamic Book Service.
7) Studies in Islamic Law, Religion and Society by Bhatia H.S. 1989. Deep
and Deep Publications New Delhi
9) Introduction to Al Sharia Al Islamia by Zia-ul-Haq M. 2001. Allama Iqbal
Open University, Islamabad.

7. ORIENTATION TOUR 1 (0-1)

Tour Objectives:
To familiarize the students with forests and forestry

Practical:
The students will make the tour diary about their impressions of forest and
forestry which they have observed as part of their orientation tour.

SEMESTER-II
1. ELEMENTARY STATISTICS 3 (3-0)
Objectives:
To develop understanding about basic inferential and descriptive statistics.

Theory:
25
Definition and importance of Statistics in Agriculture, Data Different types of
data and variables
Classification and Tabulation of data, Frequency distribution, stem-and-Leaf
diagram, Graphical representation of data Histogram, frequency polygon,
frequency curve.
Measure of Central tendency, Definition and calculation of Arithmetic mean,
Geometric mean, Harmonic mean, Median quartiles and Mode in grouped and
ungrouped data.
Measure of Dispersion, Definition and Calculation of Range, quartile deviation,
Mean deviation, Standard deviation and variance, coefficient of variation.
Sampling Probability and non-Probability Sampling, Simple random sampling
stratified random sampling Systematic sampling error, Sampling distribution of
mean and difference between two means. Interference Theory: Estimation and
testing of hypothesis, Type—I and type-II error, Testing of hypothesis about
mean and difference between two means using Z-test and t-test, Paired t-test,
Test of association of attributes using X2 (chi-square) Testing hypothesis about
variance.
Recommended Books :
1. Introduction to Statistical Theory Part- I by Sher Muhammad and Dr. Shahid
Kamal (Latest Edition)
2. Statistical Methods and Data Analysis by Dr. Faquir Muhammad
3. A. Concise Course in A. Level Statistic with world examples by J.
Crawshaw and J. Chambers (1994).
4. Basic Statistics an Inferential Approach 2nd Ed. (1986) Fran II. Dietrich-II
and Thomes J. Keans
5. Introduction to Statistical Theory Part-II by Sher Muhammad and Dr. Shahid
Kamal (Latest Edition)
6. Statistical Methods and Data Analysis by Dr. Faquir Muhammad
7. Principles and Procedures of Statistics A Bio-meterial approach, 2nd Edition,
1980 by R.G.D Steal and James H. Tarric
8. Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research 2nd Edition (1980) by K.A.
Gomez and A.A. Gomez

2. ENGLISH-II (COMMUNICATION SKILLS) 3 (3-0)

Objectives:
Enable the students to meet their real life communication needs.
Theory:
Paragraph writing Practice in writing a good, unified and coherent paragraph
Essay writing Introduction
CV and job application Translation skills, Urdu to English
Study skills Skimming and scanning, intensive and extensive, and speed
reading, summary and précis writing and comprehension
26
Academic skills Letter/memo writing, minutes of meetings, use of library and
internet
Presentation skills Personality development (emphasis on content, style and
pronunciation)
Note: Documentaries to be shown for discussion and review

Recommended Books:
Communication Skills
a) Grammar
1. Practical English Grammar by A.J. Thomson and A.V. Martinet.
Exercises 2. Third edition. Oxford University Press 1986. ISBN 0
19 431350 6.
b) Writing
1. Writing. Intermediate by Marie-Chrisitine Boutin, Suzanne Brinand
and Francoise Grellet. Oxford Supplementary Skills. Fourth
Impression 1993. ISBN 019 435405 7 Pages 45-53 (note taking).
2. Writing. Upper-Intermediate by Rob Nolasco. Oxford
Supplementary Skills. Fourth Impression 1992. ISBN 0 19 435406
5 (particularly good for writing memos, introduction to
presentations, descriptive and argumentative writing).
c) Reading
1. Reading. Advanced. Brian Tomlinson and Rod Ellis. Oxford
Supplementary Skills. Third Impression 1991. ISBN 0 19 453403
0.
2. Reading and Study Skills by John Langan
3. Study Skills by Riachard Yorky.

3. INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENT 3 (2-1)

Objective:
To educate the students about the concept and importance of environment,
factors leading to pollution and solution of environmental problems.
Theory:
1. Introduction, definition and importance of environment.
2. The interactions of human beings and environment. Study of
environmental pollution such as greenhouse effect, air and water
contaminants, noise pollution, and light pollution.
3. The effects of global climate change.
4. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).
5. Addressing environmental problems through biological and
engineering techniques.
6. Environmental policy and Laws (national and international).
Practical:
Field: Visit to different areas to study the effects of environmental degradation

27
and measures taken for rehabilitation of the environment.
Field: EIA of various activities such as road construction, afforestation,
industries and brick kilns.

28
Recommended Books:
1. Saving the Planet: How to Shape an Environmentally Sustainable
Global Economy Book Description by Brown, L.R., Brown, F.P. and Postel
S. 1991. W. W. Norton and Company, USA.
2. Environmental biology by Calver, Mike, Lymbery, A. and Comb, J.M..
2009.Cambridge University Press, USA.
3. Global warming by Maslin and Mark 2008. Oxford University Press,
USA.

4. GEOLOGY AND SOIL SCIENCE 3 (2-1)

Objective:
To educate the students about geology and soil science and importance of the
subject in forestry.
Theory:
Part-I Geology
1. Introduction: Definition and scope; general idea regarding the earth’s
crust and its constitution.
2. Mineralogy: Definition and physical characteristics of minerals such
as crystal form, cleavage, hardness, specific gravity, luster, feel, colour,
and streak, Study of essential minerals such as quartz, feldspars, mica,
pyroxenes, amphiboles, and olivine, accessory minerals such as calcite,
gypsum, tourmaline, apatite, chlorite, talc, serpentine, kaoline,
dillimanite, and zoolites, iron, manganese and aluminum ores, major
minerals of economic importance.
3. Petrology: Classification of rocks; igneous, sedimentary, and
matamporphic, Rock structures and textures igneous rock; polutonic,
hypabyssal and volcanic such as granites, syemites, diorites, gabbros,
obsidian and basalt. Sedimentary rocks; sandstones conglomerates,
shales, limestones, peat and coal. Metamorphic rocks; slaies,
quartizites, schists, gneisses and marbles.
4. Structural Geology: Structural features of rock masses according to
mode of origin; strike, dip, folding, anticlines, synclines, faults,
stratification and lamination, overlap, unconformity, outcrop, joints.
5. Physical Geology: Subterranean and atmospheric agencies; crustal
movements, volcanoes and earthquakes. Underground and surface
water; springs, rivers and glaciers. Wind deposits. Rock disintegration
and formation of soil.

Part-II Soil Science

1. Introduction: Definition and scope of soil science. Soil nutrients and
their relation to plant growth.
2. Soil formation processes: Relationship of important, rock minerals
to soil formation. Silicates and alumino-silicates. Weathering of rocks.

29
 3. Soil Profiles: Definition and original horizon designation and their
sub-division, development of soil horizons under various forest types.
4. Physical properties of forest soil: Soil texture, soil structure, soil
porosity, soil temperature, soil water holding capacity, soil hygroscopicity
and soil permeability.
5. Soil organic matter: Different types of humus forming agencies.
Necessity for the maintenance of humus content of forest soil; influence
of humus on the physical, chemical and biological composition of soil,
Humus and soil fertility; effect of fires on humus and forest soil.
Contribution to nitrogen in soil; symbiotic fixation of nitrogen. Nitrogen
cycle.
6. Absorptive properties of soil: Ion exchange capacity. Function of
lime in soil, soil pH; acidity and alkalinity in soils, buffer action.
7. Soil-Water Relationships: Static and dynamic aspects of soil
moisture study; moisture contents of soil, maximum water capacity,
hydroscopic coefficient, moisture equivalent sticky point, wilting
coefficient and field moisture capacity.

Practical:
Geology
1. General examination of mineral and rock specimens
2. Study of models illustrating forms of crystallization
3. Study of physical characteristics of some typical mineral specimens.
4. Study of hand specimens of following minerals: quartz and its
varieties, felspars, micas, pyroxenes, asphiboles, clivine, secondary and
assessory minerals, ore forming minerals and economic minerals.
5. Study of hand specimens of following rocks: granites, syenites,
gabbors, obasidian and basalt, sandstone, limestone, shales,
conglomereates, elates, quartizities, marble, schists and gnesses.
Soil Science
1. Study of soil profile in the fields and the textural classification of soil.
2. mechanical analysis of soil by hydrometer method
3. Determination of soil organic matter by wet oxidation method.
4. Estimation of total nitrogen.
5. Determination of cation exchange capacity.
6. Estimation of exchangeable calcium and magnesium in soil
7. Determination of pH and exchangeable acidity.
8. Determination of total soluble salts and their composition in soil.
Estimation of free Caco3 in soil.
9. Quick test for soil available nutrients.
Recommended Books:
1. Pakistan Soil Bull. 2 and 4. By Brinkman, R. 1971. Central Soil Res.
Inst. Lahore.
2. Geology of India by Wadia, D.N. 1960. Macmillan and Co., London.

30
3. Pak. Soils bull No.1 by Ashraf, M.R., Brink-man and M.A. Mian. 1970.
Central Soil Res. Ins, Lahore.
4. Handbook 60 by Richard, L.A.. 1954. U.S. Deptt: of Agri.
5. Soil Conditions and Plant Growth, 9 th Ed. By Russell, E.W. 1962.
Longmans, London.
6. Forest soils and Forest Growth by Wilde, S.A. 1946. Chronica
Botanica Co., Waltham Mass.
7. Forest Soils; Properties and processes by Armson, K.A. 1977.
University of Toronto, Canada.
8. Properties and Management of forest Soils by Pritchett, W.L. 1979.
John Willey and Sons, New York.

5. FOREST PATHOLOGY 3 (2-1)

Objective:
To enable the students to comprehend the concept of plant diseases
symptoms and their treatments.

Theory:
Part-1: Mycology
1. Introduction to fungi (Hyphae, mycelium, fungal body, fungal tissues,
cell structure)
2. General characters of fungi
3. Modes of nutrition of fungi
4. Methods of reproduction of fungi
5. Important phyla and their brief characteristics
6. Importance of fungi to human’s affairs
7. Useful and harmful aspects of fungi
8. Importance of mycorrhiza
9. Identification, economic importance, mode of nutrition, methods of
reproduction and classification of the following fungi of economic
importance: Pythium, Fomes, Gandoderma, Lenzites.

Part- 2: Pathology / Nematology

1. Causes, classification and signs of diseases of forests
2. Principles of forest disease control
3. Factors that affecting incidence of plant diseases
4. Role of various plant pathogens in the forests
5. Host parasite relationship
6. Management of forest diseases
7. Major diseases of the following forest trees with symptoms, mode of
infection and control measures; Shisham, Mulberry, Poplars, Chir,
Kail,,Deodar, Junipers, Nurseries and Decay in timber
8. Importance, morphology, symptoms, classification and control of
nematodes
9. A brief on Bacteria and viruses
31
10. Fungicides and their uses

32
Practical:
1. Sketching and labeling of important fungi relating to forest diseases.
2. Record of important diseases in the practical notebook for
presentation in the examination.
3. Identification of important diseases of forest trees: study of diseased
plant material;
4. Collection of mycological specimens

Recommended Books:
1. Introductory Mycology 2nd edition by Alexopoiuos, C.J. 1962. National
Book Foundation Islamabad.
2. Forest Pathology 3rd. Ed. By Boyce, J.C. 1961. McGraw Hill Book CO.
New York.
3. Forest Pathology- Principles and practices in Forestry by Bakhshi,
B.K. 1967. Controller of Publications, New Delhi, India.
4. Tree Disease Concept by P.D Manion 1996. Pearson Deucation
Press.
5. Principles of Forest pathology by Tainter F.A. and F.H. Baker. 1996.
John Willy and sons.

6. PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS 3 (3-0)

Objective:
To make students understand the basic principles of economics and their
application in the field of Forestry and allied disciplines.
Theory:
1. Definition of economics: Positive and normative science, value,
theories of value ordinal and cordinal nature of utility (total and
marginal). Demand curves, use of indifference curves. Type of goods.
Supply curves. Consumers surplus and producers surplus. Market
equilibrium in supply and demand. Elasticities of demand and supply
Nature of elasticities of demand and supply in case of Agriculture and
forestry products as compared to other commodities. Derived demand.
2. Factors of production: Wages, Interest and profit. Factors affecting
interest rate and wages. Production function. Types of production
function Stages of production: Total product, Average physical product,
Marginal physical product. Relationship between mean annual
increment and current annual increment. Total revenue, average
revenue, and marginal revenue. Law of diminishing marginal returns.
Total cost, Fixed cost, Variable cost, average cost and marginal cost.
Long and short-run cost curves. Level of production (with unlimited and
limited funds). Size of firm, Factor-factor relationships Product-product
relationships (competitive, complementary and supplementary). Returns
to scale. Least cost combination of inputs. Relationships between
productions of timber, wildlife, forage recreation and water.

33
 3. Definition of isoquants, isocosts, expansion path, rates of
substitution. Marginal rate of substitution
4. Break-even point: Profit maximization and loss minimization
concepts.
5. Marginal cost pricing: Price fixation consideration for price fixation,
Effects of price and wage fixation in economics efficiency, Price
discrimination, free competition, monopolies, monopsonies, oligopoilies.
Externalities (economies and diseconomies). Social costs and social
returns, Justification of government run projects where large
externalities are involved.
6. Basic statistics of forestry: Area, Value of fixed capital, working
capital and annual production. Contribution of forestry to GNP.
Recommended Books:
1. Introduction to Modern Economics, (Latest edition) by Akhtar, S.M.
United Ltd. 176-Anarkali, Lahore.
2. Modern Economic Theory by Dewett, K.K. 1987. Shyam Lal Charitable
Trust, Ravindra Mansion, Ram Nagar, New Delhi.
3. Principles and policy by Duerr, W.A., W. J. Baumol and A. S. Blinder.
1982. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Inc. New York.
4. Principles of Economics 4th Edition by Elbert V. B. 1983. South
Western Publishing Co. Dallas U.S.A

SEMESTER-III
1. SOCIOLOGY 2 (2-0)
Objective:
To introduce students to social concepts and interpersonal and group
relations.
Theory:
Introduction
1. Sociology as a scientific discipline
2. Sociology and its relation with other social sciences with special
reference to Rural Sociology
Basic Concepts
1.Society
2. Community
3.Norms, Social values Social organization
Culture
1.Definition
2. Material and Non-material culture
3. Growth of culture
4.Cultural conflict
5.Cultural Lag
34
 6. Diffusion and Adoption
Social Groups
1. Group composition and functions
2. Types of groups Primary and Secondary
Deviance and Social Control
1.Deviance and con;
2.Mechanism and technique of social control
Personality
1. Foundations of human
2.Personality - Biological, cultural and social
Human Relations
1. Concept and principles of human relations
2. Human Needs
3. Communication, motivation and moral building
Dynamics of Leadership
1.Concept of leadership
2. Types of leadership
3. Leadership for development administration
Community Organization
1. Principles of community organization
2. Experiments in Pakistan
3. Programme planning
Introduction to Research
1. Basic concepts of social research
Recommended Books:
1. Society by Chiney, E. 1964. New York: Random House
2. Methods in Social Research (International Student Edition) by Goode
W.J. and P.K. Hatt. 1952. Tokyo Kogakusha Co., Ltd., Copy right McGraw
Hill Inc. Co.
3. Sociological Perspective by Chiney, E. 1963. New York: Random House.
4. What is Sociology by Inkeles, A. 1964. New Jersey, Prentice-Hall.
5. Man in Society by Simpson, G. 1964. New York: Random House.
6. Social Change by Moore, W. E. 1963. New Jersey. Prentice Hall
7. Rural Sociology by Alvin L. B. 1958. New York McGraw-Hill Book Co. Inc.
8. Community Organization in Action by Earnest B. H. New York, Associate
Press.
9. Society in Transition by Barnes, H.E.
10. The Sociology of Rural Life by Lynn S. T.
11. Sociology; Roles and Relationships by Everret. K. W.
12. Social Change and History by Robert N.
13. Principles of Sociology by Das, G. 1995. King books, Educational
Publishers, New Delhi.
14. Sociology (2nd ed.) by Giddens, A. 1993. Oxford, Polity Press, Blackwell
Publishers.
15. The Social Experience. An Introduction to Sociology by Vaunder, Z., W.
James. 1988. New York: Random House.
35
16. An Introduction to Sociology by Taqa, A. H. 2000. Lahore.
2. PUBLIC POLICY AND ADMINISTRATION 2 (2-0)

Objective:
To introduce the students to public policy making and administrative affairs in
the context of Pakistan.

Theory:
I. Introduction to Public Policy
1. Public Policy
2. Introduction
3. Definitions
4. Components
5. Origin and development
6. Importance
II. Introduction to Public Administration
1. Elements of public administration
2. Scope of public administration
3. Administration of public and private sectors
III. Historical development of the stud of Public Administration
IV. Importance of personal administration
1. The concept of personal administration and management
2. Career planning in Pakistan
IV. Personal administration in Government and business
organization
1. Leadership
2. Planning
3. Communication
4. Public Relations
5. Coordination
VI. Citizen and the administrator
1. The nature of public interest
2. Importance of public opinion
3. Rights and responsibilities of citizen in Pakistan
4.Essential qualities of public administrator
5.Social welfare
VII. Authority, Responsibility and Accountability
1. Functional and evolutionary schools of thought
2. Legislative executive and judicial responsibilities
3. Public accountability
VIII. Efforts towards administrative reforms in Pakistan
IX. Importance of training in administration
1. Pre-service training
2. In-Service training
36
 3. Seminars, conferences, meetings
4. Field training
Recommended Books:
1. Public Administration by Dimock, M. E. London, Rinehalt.
2. Administrator and the Citizen by Inayatullah and T.K. Anwar. National
Institute of Public Administration.
3. The Civil Servant of Pakistan by Munir A. Karachi: Oxford University
Press.
4. An Introduction to the Public Administration by Cladden E.N.
5. Public Administration by Pfiffner and Presthus.
6. Principles of organization and Management by Albers, H.H. 1961. New
York, John Willey and Sons.
7. Concepts in Management Science by Clough, D.J. 1968. New Delhi,
Prentice Hall.
8. Public Administration and Administrative Law by Haider S.M. 1973.
Pakistan Law Times Publications, Kabir Street Urdu Bazar Lahore.
9. Introduction to the study of Public Administration by White, L.D. 1939.
New York, the Macmillan Co.
10. The Study of Public Administration by Wilson, W. 1955. Washington, D.C.
Public Affairs, Press.
11. Rural Poverty Alleviation by Nowshad Khan (2005).Public Policy and
administration for serial No.5. AIOUI, Islamabad.

3. FOREST GENETICS 3 (2-1)

Objective:
To provide basic knowledge about forest genetics and tree improvement
methods.
Theory:
1. Introduction and importance of the subject
2. Structure of chromosomes and genes
3. Concept of variability of character
4. Simple modes of inheritance
5. Sexual and asexual reproduction in forest trees
6. Tissue culture; a modern tool of propagation in forestry
7. Objectives and methods of tree breeding; basic information about
selection, hybridization and Mutation Breeding.
8. Breeding of Poplar, Shisham, Accacia and Pines.
9. Seed orchards, seed collection and storage.
Practical:
1. Demonstration of seed collection techniques.
2. Demonstration of drying and cleaning operations.
3. Seed sampling and physical analysis of seed sample.
4. Analysis of structure of various seeds.
37
 5. Determination of moisture contents in seed.
6. Germination testing.
7. Test of seed vigor, viability and longevity.
8. Seed storage techniques.
Recommended Books:
1 Experiments in Plant Tissue Culture, 2nd Edition by John, H.D. and
Lorin, W.R. 1985. Cambridge University Press, USA.
2 Elementary Genetics by Singleton, W.R. 1963. D. Van Nostrand and
Co. New York.
3 Introduction to Forest Genetics by Wright, J.W. 1976. Academic Press
New York.

4. FOREST ECOLOGY 3 (3-0)

Objective:
To give concept of the subject for practical application in modern perspective.
Theory:
1. Introduction to Forest Ecology, Definition, importance, need, scope
and application of Forest Ecology.
2. Ecological Factors and their significance Soil, Water, temperature,
light, atmospheric, topographic and biotic factors.
3. World eco-regions.
4. Distribution, significance and Management of Forest types of Pakistan.
5. Development of Forest Vegetation
6. Dynamics of forest formation, colonization, migration, ecesis,
aggregation and competition. Plant succession causes, phases and
kinds of succession. Climax, preclimax, subclimax
7. Vegetation Structure
8. Ecosystem, Classification of plant communities, formation,
association, associes, consociation, horizontal and vertical zonation of
vegetation.
9. Application of Forest ecology/Modern concepts
10. Application of Forest Ecology in Watershed, Range Management,
Geology and Soil Science etc, climate change, biodiversity, global
warming
Recommended Books:
1. Ecology. From individuals to ecosystems. (4th Ed.) by Begon, M.; C.R.
Townsend, J.L. Harper. 2006.
2. Ecology and Field Biology. (6th Ed.) by Smith, R.; R.M. Smith. 2000.
3. The emergence of ecology as a new integrative discipline. Odum, E. P.
1977.
4. Pakistan Manual of Plant Ecology by Syed Sadruddin H.

38
5. FOREST ENTOMOLOGY 3 (2-1)

Objective:
To make students understand about forest crops insect pests and their control
measures and their beneficial role.

Theory:
1. Morphology / Anatomy
1. Introduction to Entomology and insects
2. Main characters of phylum Arthropoda and its main classes
3. Characters of class insecta and its important orders
4. Insect metamorphosis and its type
5. Regions of insect body (head, thorax, abdomen and their segments)
6. Insect antennae and their types
7. Insect mouth parts and their types
8. Insect legs and their types
9. Insect wings and their types
10. Study of Digestive, Excretory, Circulatory, Respiratory, Reproductive
and Nervous systems of grasshopper
2. Insect pest management
Brief study on biology and control of important pests of trees as follows:
1. Standing trees: Pests of Poplar, Shisham, Deodar, Kail, Chir pine,
Babul, Semul, Nurseries
2. Felled trees: Power post beetles. Bark borers, Termites.
3. Nursery pests: Cutwomrs, Cricket, Grasshoppers,
Termites, snails.
4. Seed Pests: Chalgoza cone borer, Walnut weevil and stored
seed pests of trees.
3. Apiculture and Sericulture
1. Identification of honeybee and silkworm and their host plants.
2. Methods of rearing and economic products obtained.
3. pests and diseases of honey bees and silkworm.
4. Insect control methods
1. Natural and applied control.
2. Methods of applied control:
3. Silvicultural. Biological, Mechanical, Physical, legal and Chemical.
Practical:
1. Collection, setting pinning and labeling of insects of important orders,
their preservation in insect box for presentation in the examination.
2. Drawing and Labeling of different parts of grasshopper.
3. Drawing of insect pests and classifying them up to family.
4. Visits to Sericulture laboratory and honey bee farms.

39
Recommended Books:
1. Text Book of Entomology by Imms, A.D. 1970. Taru Library,
Suppliers; No 3643, lll Mori Gate, New Delhi, India.
2. Destructive and useful insects their Habits and Control by Matacalf,
C.L, W.P. Flint. 1979. Taru Library, Suppliers, No.3643. lll Mori Gate New
Delhi, India.
3. The Ecology and control of Forest insects of India and neighboring
countries by Beeson, C.F.C. 1961. Taru Library Mori Gate, New Delhi,
India.
4. Introductory Entomology by Lohar, M.K. 1998. Department of
Entomology, Sindh Agricultural University, Tandojam, Sindh.

6. FOREST TAXONOMY 3 (2-1)

Objective:
To understand the taxonomical classification systems and attributes of tree
plant species.

Theory:
1. Principles of classification
i. Introduction to classification of plant kingdom
ii. Units of classification
iii. Binomial Nomenclature

2. Systems of classification
i. Bentham and Hookers system
ii. Englar and Prantle system

3. Description of families with reference to forest flora

Gymnosperms
i. Pinaceae
ii. Taxaceae
iii. Cupressaceae

Angiosperms
Monocotyledons
i. Poaceae
ii. Palmaceae
iii. Astraceae

Dicotyledons
i. Ceasalpinaceae
ii. Papilionaceae
iii. Mimosaceae
iv. Myrtaceae
v. Oleaceae
vi. Rosaceae

40
 vii. Rhamnaceae
viii.Salicaceae
ix. Fagaceae
x. Moraceae

Practical:
1. Description of some important plant families, illustration and their
identification with the help of herbarium specimens.
2. Collection, preservation, mounting and labeling of 20 plant specimens on
standard size herbarium sheets for presentation in the examination.
Recommended Books:
1. Classification of flowering plants Vol.1andII by Rendle, A.B. 1952.
Cambridge University, Press.
2. Taxonomy of vascular plants by George, H.M Lawrence. 1951.The
Mac Millan Company, New York.
3. Plant Groups (3rd Edition) by Mukherji, H. 1954. Central Book Agency,
Delhi, India.
4. A text book of general botany Vol. II. Angiosperms (1) by Nawaz, M.
1980. Academic Publisher, Talimi Markaz Ltd, 3 Kabir Street, Urdu Bazar,
Lahore.
5. Modern Practical Botany, Vol. II. by Pandey B.P. 1980. Chand and
Company (Pvt.) Ltd, Ram Nagar, New Delhi.
6. Plants of Pakistan by Mughal M.S. 2009. Pakistan Forest Institute,
Peshawar.

7. FOREST ACCOUNTS AND PROCEDURE 2 (2-0)

Objective:
To familiarize the students with dispatch procedures and account matters.
Theory:
Office Procedure: Maintenance of office records, register of books and maps,
dispatch and receipt register, fire reports, drafting of letters, forms of official
communications, letters, demi-official letter, memorandum, endorsement,
reminder, corrigendum and executive order.
1. Service Rule: Government Servants Efficiency and Disciplinary Rules,
1973. Inquiry procedure. Government Servants Conduct Rules, 1964.
Revised Leave Rules, 1981. And latest amendments notified time to
timeby respective governments, such as PEEDA
2. Forestry Works: Preparation of cost estimates for forestry and civil
works, maintenance and disbursement of muster rolls, maintenance of
measurement books, submission of completion report.
3. Timber Accounts: Timber Forms 5 to 17. Function of Depot Officer.
Preparation of launching lists. Mooswaras and transport/transit pass and
challans. Sales depot, sorting and stacking of timber and lots etc.

41
 Hammer-marking of sold timber. Rules for supply of firewood to forest
officials maintenance of forest depot record.
4. Cash Accounts: Classification of revenue and expenditure, new
accounting model, forest/cash advance, C.R.S.P., preparation of pay
bills, voucher, TA bills and their disbursements, introduction of financial
power and limits, instructions regarding the preparation and maintenance
of Range Accounts/cash book, compilation of monthly accounts.
5. Stores: Procedure regarding purchase/procurement, register of stock
maintenance, condemning stock items, disposal of unserviceable stores,
calculation of depreciation value.
6. General/Miscellaneous: Annual plan of operation, earnest money
deposits, maintenance of compensation register, Annual confidential
report (ACR)/ Performance evaluation report (PER).
Recommended Books :
1. Forest Accounts and Procedures by Ajmal, M.S. and Omer R.M. 1996.
Danishkada Publishers, Lahore. Pakistan.
2. Conduct Rules 1964.
3. Efficiency and Discipline Rules 1973.
4. Forest Manual Volume-II and III.
5. Forest Accounts Code. Vol.III.
6. Leave Rules 1981.
7. T.A. Rules 1993.
8. Hand book for DDO’s Govt. of Pakistan.
9. A hand book on project management cycle Govt. of Pakistan.
10. How to supervise workers at work Govt. of Pakistan.

SEMESTER-IV
1. FOREST ENGINEERING- I 3 (2-1)

Objectives:
To educate students about forest road management policy and guiding
principles of road management.
Theory:
1. Introduction
Road Management Policy; Vision for Forest Roads; Guiding Principles
for Road Management; Road Density; Road Location; High-risk Sites;
Economic, Efficient and Effective Road Design; Temporary Roads;
Drainage of Surface Water; Fish Passage; Waste Areas; Rock Pits and
Quarries; Road Maintenance; Vacating Road.
2. Forest Opening-up Planning
Public awareness of environmental questions; issue between foresters
and environmentalists; improve environmental soundness and public
acceptance of roads; creation of feasible alternatives; basic values
42
 guiding the acceptance of technical solutions; value-focused thinking;
integration of environment and development in decision-making;
comprehensive analytical procedures for prior and simultaneous
assessment of the impacts of decisions; environmental impact
assessment; criteria and indicators of environmental and social values;
Legislative rules about environmental issues; value-focused opening-up
planning; design and implementation systems; conception, realization,
operation, and recycling; Forest Development Planning; key component
of environmental planning and decision-making.
3. Transportation Planning
Introduction; Goals of Transportation Planning; Objectives of
Transportation Planning; Levels of Planning; Transportation Planning
Strategies; Vision for the Transportation System; Inventory and Current
Conditions; Transportation Planning Consistent with the Planning Level.
4. Forest Road Design
Introduction; Roads Manual; Goals of Road Design; Objectives of Road
Design; Road Design Strategies; Engineering Procedures; Base Level
Engineering Procedures; Mid-Level Engineering Procedures; Upper
Level Engineering Procedures; Road Design Standards; Design
Standards for Low Use Roads; Design Standards for Medium Use
Roads; Design Standards for High Use Roads; Road Design Criteria;
Coordinated Planning and Location of Roads; Reconnaissance;
Road Location; Road Prism Design; Road Drainage; Surface Drainage;
Subgrade Shapes; Road Grades; Drainage Structures; Running
Surface; Special Drainage; Design of Stream Crossing Structures;
Temporary Road Design by Timber Contractors; Road Design by
Easement Holders; Road Construction; Referencing Centerline; Culvert
Referencing; Cut and Fill Slopes; Landings and Turnouts; Curve
Widening; Log Trucks and Yarders; Lowboy Truck and Trailer; Curve
Widening Diagram; Maximum Vehicle Off-tracking.
5. Forest Road Construction
Introduction; Goals of Road Construction; Objectives of Road
Construction; Road Construction Strategies; Timing; Clearing and
Grubbing; Options for Disposal of Clearing and Grubbing Debris;
Sidecast; Scattering; Pile and Burn; End-Haul; Chipping and Scattering;
Balanced Cut and Fill (BCF) Construction; Full Bench Construction;
Construction on Marginally Stable Slopes; Grading and Compaction;
Subgrade and Surfacing; Erosion Control.
6. Blasting Techniques
History of Explosives; Introduction to Explosives; Basic Service
Explosives and Accessories; Uses of Explosives; Calculation of Burden
and No. of Charges; Types of Explosions; Preparation of Firing Circuit;
Remote-controlled Blasting; Introduction to Commercial Explosives;
Safety Precautions in Handling Explosives; Controlled Blasting;

43
 Controlled Demolition; Modern Trends in Explosives.
7. Forest Road Improvement
Introduction; Goals of Road Improvement; Objectives of Road
Improvement; Road Improvement Strategies; Road Improvement
Planning; Road Improvement Design; Development of Road
Improvement Projects.
8. Project Administration for Road Projects
Introduction; Goals of Project Administration; Objectives of Project
Administration; Project Administration Strategies; Knowledge, Skills, and
Abilities (KSAs) for Project Administrators; Before Construction Begins;
Responsibilities of Contract Administrators During Construction; Final
Inspection and Approval.
9. Forest Road Maintenance
Introduction; Goals of Forest Road Maintenance; Objectives of Forest
Road Maintenance; Road Maintenance Strategies; Inventory;
Inspection; Planning; Design Standards; Frequency of Maintenance;
Timing; Coordination; Implementation Options; Department of Forestry
and Equipment; Timber contractors; Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities
(KSA’s) for Maintenance Personnel; Maintenance Supervisors and
Personnel; Contract Administrators (Timber Sale Contracts and Service
Contracts); Documentation; Monitoring; Priority Maintenance; Road
Closure Or Vacation; Maintenance Functions; Drainage Maintenance;
Road Surface; Cut and Fill Slopes; Erosion Control; Vegetation Control.
10. Forest Road Vacating
Introduction; Goals of Forest Road Vacating; Objectives of Forest Road
Vacating; Road Vacating Strategies; Road Vacating Assessment;
Stream Crossing Excavations; Road Surface Runoff and other Drainage
Structures; Treatment of Unstable Areas; Erosion and Sediment Control;
Blocking the Road; Timing; Guidelines for Areas of Special Concern.
11. Conservation Ethics
Rethink, reduce, reuse, recycle; intrinsic and intangible worth of forests;
valuation of human impacts on nature; restraints and imperatives of
conservation; romantic and utilitarian conservation.
Recommended Books:
1. Forest Engineering: Roads and Bridges by Harrison J.L. Buy used
2. A Manual of Forest Engineering for India, Volume 2 by Charles G. R.
3. Handbook of Forest Engineering
4. Engineering for forest rangers in tropical countries, with special
reference to Burma, by Alan H. L.
5. Positive Impact Forestry: A Sustainable Approach To Managing
Woodlands by Thomas J. Mc. and J. Jeffords
6. Forestry Handbook by Karl F. Wenger
7. Forest Management and Planning by Pete B., K. Boston, J. Siry, and
D. L. Grebne

44
8. The Woodlot Management Handbook: Making the Most of Your
Wooded Property For Conservation, Income or Both by Stewart H., P.
Mitchell, and Ann-Ida Beck.
9. Essentials of Forestry Practice by Charles H. S. and G. M. Stoddard.
10. Owning and Managing Forests: A Guide to Legal, Financial, and Practical
Matters by Thomas J. Mc. and Carl R.

2. BIODIVERSITY AND CLIMATE CHANGE 3 (2-1)

Objective:
To equip the students with knowledge and importance of biodiversity and
climate change and learn skills and techniques to conserve biodiversity and
mitigate global warming and climate change.
Theory:
1. Definition of biodiversity and its scope.
2. Factors affecting biodiversity of flora and fauna (human population,
industrialization and unsustainable land uses).
3. Biodiversity status of flora and fauna in various zones/regions.
Threatened and endangered mammals, birds, and plant species in
Pakistan.
4. Biodiversity rich areas and hotspots.
5. Conservation and management strategy for biodiversity in Pakistan.
6. Ecosystem based adaptation
7. The concept of climate change and its harmful effects. Causes of
climate change.
8. Climate change assessment and predictions.
9. Recommended actions to reduce global warming and climate change.
10. International treaties and conventions on biodiversity and climate
change.
Practical:
Field: Visit different sites to assess the status of biodiversity.
Filed: Visit to biodiversity conservation projects.
Field: learning various methods to reduce global warming.
Recommended Books:
1. Sarhad Provincial Conservation Strategy. 1996. IUCN. Government of
NWFP.
2. Resource Management Plan for Palas Forests, Lower Kohistan Forest
Division by Khattak, A.K. 2006. NWFP Forest Department.

3. PARTICIPATORY FORESTRY 3 (2-1)

Objective:
To make the students understand concepts of participatory and traditional
forestry management practices and their implications for resource
management and community.

45
Theory:
Concept and scope of Participatory forest management. Traditional
Centralized Forest Management. Forest Management in Pakistan. Conceptual
Overview of Participatory Forest Management: Decentralization and
Devolution, Participation, Terminologies for Participatory Forest Management
(PFM). Review of Participatory Forest Management, Centralized vs.
Participatory Forest Management. Impacts of PFM.
Participation Concept, Levels of Participation, Forms of Participation, Drives
for Participation, Review of Participation in Forest Management, Factors
Affecting Participation. Measuring Participation in PFM
Practical:
Visits to various Participatory forest management project and note various
characteristics of those projects, compare them and understand the difference
in different participation levels and approaches used in Participatory
management of forestry projects.
Recommended Books:
1. ADB. 2006. Strengthening Participation for Development Results: A
Staff Guide to Consultation and Participation. Asian Development Bank.
2. Swati, M. Iqbal. and Mamoona, W. M. (2014). Evolution of Forest
Management in North Western Pakistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
Historical Perspective: Application and Implications. ISBN# 978-969-
9991-00-4 MaahaSahar Publishers
3. Hobley, M. 1996. Hobley, M. 1996. ODI. The New Institution. In
Participatory Forestry: The Process of Change in India and Nepal. Rural
Development Forestry Study Guide 3. Hobley, M. Hobley, M. Ed. Rural
Development Forestry Network. Overseas Development Institute, London,
UK:ODI
4. Hobley, M. 2005. Putting ‘social’ into forestry? Forest Policy and
Environment Programme: Grey Literature. ODI
5. Mamoona, W.M. 2010. Community Participation in Participatory Forest
Management Programs in Azad Jammu Kashmir and Hazara’s Districts of
Pakistan. Doctoral dissertation, University Putra Malaysia.

4. INTRODUCTION TO GIS and REMOTE SENSING 3 (2-1)

Objective:
To acquaint students with the modern tools of GIS and RS for forest
management.
Theory:
1. Aerial Photos. Sensors, Cameras, films and filters.
2. Types of photos scale of photos. Season of photography.
3. Aerial photo interpretation techniques
4. Photo-grammetry, measurement of scale, distance, heights and
Slope.

46
 5. Satellite based Remote Sensing. Sensors platforms.
6. Introduction to energy sources and radiation principles.
7. Thermal Infrared and microware Remote Sensing.
8. Introduction to GIS
9. Spatial data
10. Georeferencing and digitizing
11. Global Positioning System (GPS)
Practical:
1. Introduction to RS and GIS software
2. Georeferencing, digitizing and map making.
Recommended Books:
1. GIS Fundamentals, a First Text on GIS. 3 rd Edition by Paul B. 2008. Eider
Press.
2. Remote sensing and Image Interpretation. 6th edition by Lillesand, T.M.,
R.W. Kiefer and J. Chipman. 2007. Wiley and Sons.

5. INTEGRATED LAND USE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

3 (2-1)
Objective:
To educate the students about the importance of sustainable integrated land
use management systems and its relationship with the present management
system.
Theory:
1. Definition and importance of sustainable integrated land use
management.
2. Land management paradigm for sustainable development. Challenges
and opportunities for integrated land management.
3. Land uses mapping including forests, agriculture, rangelands,
waterbodies, habitations.
4. Mapping social uses of natural resources and study of demand and
supply of different products.
5. Study of constraints in sustainable land uses: land tenure, poverty,
conflicts in uses, administrative, technical and financial
6. Study land use planning systems adopted by different agencies
including Forest, Agriculture, Livestock, Wildlife and Fisheries
Departments.
7. Policies and Laws concerning land use planning by different
Departments.
8. Planning, implementing and monitoring sustainable integrated land
use management plans with participation of communities.
Practical:
1. Field: Practical mapping of land uses with GPS and study of land use
practices applied.
47
 2. Field and Lab: Developing integrated land use plans with participation
of local communities.
Recommended Books:
1. Denmark – the EU Compendium of spatial planning systems and
policies by Enemark, S. 1999. Brussels.
2. Environmental Land Use Planning and Management by Randolph, J.
2003. USA.

6. FORESTRY EXTENSION 3 (3-0)

Objective:
To introduce students to forestry extension, extension strategies, methods
and tools
Theory:
1. Definition of forestry extension
2. Objectives of forestry extension
3. Means and tools of forestry extension (mass media etc.)
4. Essentials for effective forestry extension
i) Mobilization
ii) Local support
iii) Training of local cadres
iv) External technical support
v) System management
5. Forest policy and forestry extension Programmes in Pakistan
6. Strategies of forestry extension adopted by different Departments
and projects
7. Evaluation and monitoring of Forestry extension Programmes
Recommended Books:
1. Forestry Extension in Pakistan by Bekkering, T. G. Naughton
and F. Werter. 1993.
2. Planning Forestry extension Programmes. Report of a
Regional Expert Consultation; in collaboration with Forests, Trees and
people Programme. FAO-RWEDP. 1988. Bangkok, Thailand.
3. Forestry extension by Dr. Nowshad Ali Khan AIOU
4. Forestry extension by Safdar Ali khan, Pakistan Forest Institute,
Peshawar

48
 COMMON COURSES OF BOTH BS. FORESTRY & BSc.
(HONS) AGRICULTURE (MAJOR IN FORESTRY)
SEMESTER-V TO VIII
SEMESTER V
1. ENERGY PLANTATIONS 3 (2-1)
Objective:
To develop understanding regarding the prospects and possibilities of raising
bioenergy plantations, bio-fuel production, and conversion technologies.
Theory:
Introduction and advantages of energy plantations. Global overview of energy
and biomass consumption patterns. Energy and biomass consumption
patterns in Pakistan. Environmental impacts of biomass energy.
Basic concepts of forest production ecology, the biomass production potential
of a forest ecosystem, production of energy wood at special short-rotation
plantations, densification technique, harvesting and transportation logistics of
energy wood production.
A brief introduction to bio-energy conversion technologies, utilization of bio-
energy with reference to the global carbon cycle and climatic change,
especially with regard to CO2 emissions and carbon storage; and the role of
bio-energy in Pakistan and other countries, especially its potential for the
development of rural areas.
Overview of the markets for wood biomass for energy production globally and
within the Pakistan this includes the supply, quantity, demand, and
consumption as well as consumer market aspects.
Need for research and development on environment friendly and socio
economically relevant technologies.
Practical:
Identification of important fuel woods and petro-crops. Study of different
properties of bio fuels used in Pakistan. Determination of calorific value,
moisture and ash content in biomass. Study of energy consumption pattern in
rural and urban areas through survey. Visit to nearby Bio-energy units.
Recommended Books:
1. Biomass for Renewable Energy, Fuels, and Chemicals by Donald L.K.
2010. Amazon Publishers
2. Small Holder Tree Growing for Rural Development and Environmental
Services by Snelder, D.J. and R. Lasco. 2008. Springer Publisher.
3. Nursery and Plantation Practice in Forestry by Kumar V. 1999.
Scientific Publications.
4. Plantation Forestry in India by Luna RK. 1989. International Book
Distributors.
49
5. Technology of Forest Nurseries by Chaturvedi A.N. 1994. Khanna
Bandhu.
6. Forest Resources and Wood based biomass by William, B. R. and
Gowen. 1994. Oxford and IBH New Delhi.

2. FOREST POLICY AND LAW 3 (3-0)

Objective:
To develop an understanding of forest policies and forest laws with special
reference to Pakistan.
Theory:
Forest Policy:
Definition of Policy. Principles of policy formulation, requirements of a sound
national forest policy, inter-relationship of national forest policy with other
relevant policies. Linkages of forest policy with economic development,
national character and modern technology. History of National Forest Policy
since 1894 to to-date. Comparison of the national forest policy of Pakistan with
other countries.

Forest Law:
Definition of law. Need for law. The basis of law. Necessity and limitations of a
special forest law. History of Forest Laws in Indo-Pakistan.
Definition of common legal terms:
Abetment, Adverse possession, Bail, cattle pound, cognizable and non-
cognizable offences, collusion, compounding an offence, Confiscation,
Confession, Criminal breach of trust, criminal misappropriation, criminal
trespass, easement, Escheat, Evidence, Forfeiture, Inter-mission, Interruption,
Leading question, Mischief, Mistake of law, Mistake of fact, Pre-emption,
Recognizance, Reanullius: Right, Royal tree, Salvage, Search Warrant,
Seizure, Servitude, Summary trials, Summons, summon cases Treasure trove,
Warrant cases, waif wood, wasteland.
8Acts, Regulations, Ordinances and Rules:
Study of Salient Features of following:
1. The Forest Act, 1927
2. The Baluchistan Forest Regulation. 1880
3. Guzara rules of Rawalpindi District, 1927
4. Cattle trespass Act, 1871
5. Sind grazing rules, 1936
6. NWFP(KP) Forest Ordinance 2002
7. The Jammu and Kashmir Forest Regulation 1930.
8. The Gilgit Forest Rules 1932
9. West Pakistan Wildlife Protection Rules, 1960.
10. Punjab Fisheries Act, 1914.
11. Choas Act, 1900
50
Recommended Books:
1. Policies for sustainable forest management in the tropics. Kathleen Ann
McGinley. 2012.
2. Forest Law and Sustainable Development: Addressing Contemporary
Challenges Through Legal Reform by Lawrence C. Christy. 2007.
3. Forests People and Power: The Political Ecology of Reform in South Asia
by Piers Blaikie, Oliver Springate-Baginsk. 2007.
4. Forest Policy Ministry of Food and Agri. Abeedullah J. 1991. Government
of Pakistan.
5. Explanatory Notes on Forest Law with up-to-date amendments by Asif
Jah. 2009. Compiled for the use of Forestry students at Pakistan Forest
Institute Peshawar.
6. Forest Policy, Law and Administration by F.A.O Rome. Government of
West Pakistan.
7. West Pakistan Forest Manual Vol.I Govt. of Pakistan. 1975.
8. Forest Policy Directives Ministry of Food and Agri. Government of
Pakistan.
9. Forest Act, 1927 Ideal Publisher, Karachi Forest
10. NWFP (KP) Forest Ordinance 2002.
11. Global Environmental Forest Policies: An International Comparison by
McDermott, C., B. Cashore and P. Kanowski. 2009. Earthscan.

3. WOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 3 (2-1)

Objective:
To educate and train the students in forest products research and technology.
Theory:
1. Structure of wood: wood definition, process of wood formation,
anatomical properties, anisotropic structure of softwoods and
hardwoods. Description of wood elements in three dimensions.
Definition of related terms helpful in identification of Pakistani timbers.
2. Defects in wood: definition, kinds and classification of natural defects,
cause of development of natural and drying defects during seasoning
process.
3. Wood properties: definition of physical and mechanical properties, colour,
luster, odour and taste, density wood- moisture relationship, shrinkage
and swelling, electrical and thermal conductivities, calorific value, static
bending, compression, tension, hardness, shear, impact bending,
cleavage, nail/screw holding power. Applications of mechanical
properties for various purposes, timber connectors and their types.
4. Wood seasoning: definition, preliminary techniques, timber storage,
orthodoxal/non-orthodoxal methods of wood drying, different stacking
methods, moisture content and it’s determination methods, recent
developments in lumber drying, measurement and control of various

51
 drying defects and their control, economics of different wood seasoning
methods.
5. Wood preservation: definition, natural durability of wood, agencies of
wood deterioration, types of preservatives absorption and retention of
preservatives, control of biological agencies by preservative treatment,
fire retardants, their types and application methods.
6. Sawmilling and wood working: various types of sawing machines
operation and maintenance, design and layout of portable sawmills,
common hand tools and wood working machines, their uses and
maintenance, design and layout of modern wood-workshop, types of
wood work, joints and their applications in wood work, machining
properties of Pakistani timbers.
7. Pulp and paper: characteristics and classification of important fibrous raw
materials, essential requirement of raw materials for pulp and paper
manufacture, distribution and supply of raw material in Pakistan,
chemistry and technology of various pulping and bleaching processes,
consumption of paper and it’s products in Pakistan, future of paper
industry in the country, current supply and demand of paper including
import and export, brief description of paper manufacture.
8. Composite wood products: Basic theory of adhesion and cohesion as
influenced by physical factors, wood adhesives; their formulation,
characteristics and uses, impregnation of wood with resin forming
chemicals, properties of impregnated wood, production, properties and
uses of impregnated timbers, laminboard, chipboard, fiberboard, veneer
cutting and peeling properties of local timbers, principles involved in the
manufacture of plywood, advantages of plywood over solid wood
construction.
9. Uses of woods: suitability of timbers for different uses, specialized,
constructional, structural and decorative uses of Pakistani timbers.
10. Utilization of wood waste and integration of forest industries: what is
waste? Types of wood waste, wood waste and it’s’ utilization, what is an
industry? Principles of integration of forest industries, economic and
technical advantages.
Practical:
1. Studying gross features of wood.
2. Observation of wood elements in three dimensions under microscope.
3. Determination of physical properties.
4. Testing of timbers for different mechanical properties.
5. Demonstration of stacking techniques and measurement of seasoning
defects.
6. Demonstration of various methods of wood preservation.
7. Manufacturing, testing and evaluation of plywood, particleboard, MDF etc.
8. Measurement of round and sawn timber.
9. Calculation of recovery of converted timber.
52
Recommended Books:
1. Timber by Peter Dauvergne, Jane Lister.2013
2. Seasoning of Wood by Joseph Bernard.2013
3. Forest Products and Wood Science; An Introduction. 4th Ed by Bower, L.J.
2003. Wiley-Blackwell.
4. Timber its structure, properties and utilization. 6th edition by Desch, H.E.
and J.M. Dinwoodie. 1983. Macmillan Press Ltd. London
5. Timber, its nature and behavior by Dinwordie, J.M. 1981. Van Nostrand
Reindold Co., New York.
6. Indian Forest Utilization; Vol. II. Editorial Board, Forest Research Institute
and College Dehra Dun. 1972. Published by the Manger of publications,
Dehli.
7. The Forests Handbook by Evans, J. 2008. Wiley Blackwell.
8. Wood, Pulp and Allied Products by Grant, J. 1947. London Leonard Hill,
Ltd.
9. Bowyer. Forest Products and wood science, 2nd. Edition by Haygreen, G.
John and L. Jim. 1989. Iowa State University Press/Ames.
10. Industrial Timber Preservation by Wilkinson J.G. 1979. Associated
Business Press, London.
11. Dry Kiln Handbook by Backrich J.L. Published by H.A. Simons
(International) Ltd. Vancouver, B.C. Canada.
12. Principles of Wood Science and Technology Vol. I and II, Solid Wood by
Kollmann, F.P. Franz and A.C. Wilfred. 1968. Published by Springer-verlag
Berlin, W. Germany.
13. A hand book of Forest Utilization by Mehta T. 1981. International Boode
Distributor, Dehra Dun, India.
14. Wood Chemistry-Fundamentals and Applications by Sjostrom E. 1981.
Academic Press, London.
15. Dielectric Properties of Wood and Wood based Material by Torgovnikov,
G.I. 1993. Published by Springer NY.
16. Primary Wood Processing; Principles and Practices by Walker, J.C.F.
1993. Chapman and Hall. NY.
17. Brown, N.C. Lumber, New York; Wiley, 1950.

4. FOREST SURVEYING AND LEVELING 3 (2-1)

Objective:
To impart basic knowledge to forestry students of surveying for making forest
roads and buildings.
Theory:
1. Introduction: Definition, objectives, Principles and classification of
survey.
2. Scales and their classification. Construction of scales and their usage.
3. Triangulation Survey: Use of survey instruments. Adjustment of
chain/measuring tape. Selection of base line and formation of best and
well conditioned triangles in the field. Offsetting and its classification.

53
 Area calculation through triangulation. Use of GPS and its application for
area calculation. Data recording in Field Book and plotting of survey.
4. Traverse Survey: Use of Prismatic and Surveyor’s compasses for
taking Reduced and Whole circle bearings for an open and closed
traverse. Calculation of angles from bearings. Magnetic declination and
Dip. Effect of local attraction on bearings. Plotting of Traverse and
distribution of closing error.
5. Plane Table Survey: Instruments and their use. Various methods of
Plane Tabling. Location of observer’s position by three point’s problem.
Contouring: Contour lines; vertical and horizontal equivalent. Methods of
locating contour lines in the field through direct and indirect methods.
Plotting of contours on ground and on sheet.
6. Leveling: Bench marks and their classification, Leveling instruments:
dumpy level. Automatic Level, Theodolite, Leveling staff and its reading.
Methods of leveling: simple, compound, flying and reciprocal leveling.
Level book and is recording. Profile and Cross-section leveling and their
plotting for a forest road.
7. Areas and Volumes: Calculation of areas and volume by various
methods.
8. Use of Minor Instruments: Use of Abney level, hand level, tangent
clinometers, spirit level, proportional compass, and planimeter.
9. Use of latest survey tools (Total Station)
Practical:
1. Practice in: Chain Survey. Compass survey. Plane table survey.
Longitudinal and cross sections of road.
2. Survey drawings: At least four survey drawings of the above exercises will
be prepared by each student of which one will be in ink and colour.
3. Practical exercises in road alignment.
Recommended Books:
1. Surveying: Principles and Applications by Barry, F., S. J. Kavanagh and G.
Bird. 2000.
2. Surveying Principles for Civil Engineers by Paul, A. Z. 1997.
3. Surveying and leveling, Part I and II by Kanetkar. 1956. A.V. Griber,
Prakashan, Pona-2, India.
4. Rasul Manual for subordinate Engineers, Surveying Part. I Sub-Engineers.
The Punjab Govt. 1955. Govt. Printing Press, Punjab.

5. SILVICULTURE-I 2 (2-0)
Objective:
To impart knowledge and skills of growing and managing forest trees.
Theory:
Introduction to Silviculture and its definition. Role of Silviculture in forest
resource management. Concept of forest, classification of forests, including
major divisions of the world’s forest. Forest types of Pakistan and their
54
distribution. Forest composition, stand structure and tree classification, pure
and mixed stands, even and un-even aged forest stands their characters and
development, advantages and dis-advantages. Tree growth: stem
development, growth rings, spiral grains, reaction wood and wood quality.
Shoot development, crown shapes, and their development. Tree reproduction:
flowering habit of trees, maturity in trees, seed periodicity, factors influencing
periodicity, flower initiation and cone development in conifers, flowering in
deciduous trees, induced seeding. Root growth: rooting characteristic,
environmental effects on development, mycorhiza. Forest site: soil formation,
soil profile, site quality and its evaluation. Stand density: methods for
determining stand density.
Recommended Books:
1. A Critique of Silviculture: Managing for Complexity by Klaus J. Puettmann.
2008.
2. Forest types of Pakistan by Champion, H.G., S.K Seth and G.M. Khattak.
1965. Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar.
2. Manual of Silviculture for Pakistan by Chamption, H.G., S.K. Seth and G.M.
Khattak. 1965. Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar.
3. Principles of Silviculture (2nd edition) by Daniel, T.W., J.A. Helms and F.S.
Baker. 1979. McGraw-Hill Book Company.
4. Forestry and Environment by Siddiqui, K.M. 1997. Pakistan Forest Institute,
Peshawar.
5. General Silviculture by Siddiqui, K.M. 1997. Pakistan Forest Institute,
Peshawar.
6. Soil Conservation and Silviculture by Dvorak, J. and L. Novak. 1994.
Elsevier Science.
7. The Practice of Silviculture. 7th Ed. By Smith, D.M. 1987. John Wiley and
Sons, New York.

6. FOREST ENGINEERING-II 2 (1-1)

Objective:
To impart the knowledge and skills about constructional materials and lay out
of buildings.
Theory:
Part-I (Building Materials)
1. Stones and Bricks: Common varieties and characteristics of
building stones. Crushed stones, natural gravel and sand. Types
and characteristics of good bricks.
2. Mortars: Lime and cement mortars; preparation, properties and
uses.
3. Concrete: Proportioning of materials. Aggregates, water cement
ratio. Shuttering, reinforcement (R.C.C.), placing and curing
4. Paints: Uses and types. Varnishes and polishers

55
Part-II (Building Construction)
1. Site and Foundations: Selection of site, sources of water and
approach road. Object, types and design of foundations.
2. Roofs, Floors, and Joinery: Types of roofs, Beams and trusses
coverings. Flat roof.
3. Brick, concrete and mosaic floors.
4. Parquetting. Joinery frames. Types of doors, windows and
ventilators.
5. Fly and mosquito proofing.
6. Sanitation: Water supply and sanitary fittings. Water storage tank,
septic tank, soakage pit and flue trap. Drains and manholes.
7. Finishing: Pointing, plastering, white and colour washing,
distempering, painting and polishing
8. Building Estimates
Practical:
Drawings and estimates of a small building: Lay out of a small building, detail
estimate of a small building.
Recommended Books:
1. A Treatise of Building Construction by Deshpande, R.S. 1978. United
Book Corporation, Poona, India.

7. STUDY TOUR (FOREST TYPES) 1 (0-1)

Objectives:
To demonstrate areas with all the forest types and different ecologies and their
associated flora and fauna.
Practical:
Visit to different forest types of Pakistan for studying species composition,
management practices and constraints and submit tour report/ tour diary.

SEMESTER-VI
1. FOREST MANAGEMENT 3 (3-0)

Objective:
To impart knowledge and skills to students about sustainable forest
management approaches and techniques for optimal production of goods and
services.
Theory:
1. Introduction: Definition, history and scope of forest management in
Pakistan. Objectives of forest management. Forest Policy objectives in
relation to national economic objectives. Peculiar features of forestry in
relation to other enterprises. Integrated resource management.
Management of non-timber products.
56
 2. Rotation: Concept of rotation in regular and irregular forests. Types of
rotation, choice of rotation. Factors determining length of rotation.
3. Increment: Concept and significance, nature and component of
increment: CAI and MAI, Age of maximum volume production. Increment
determination methods.
4. Normal Forest: Concept of normality in even aged forest: Normal series
of age gradation/age classes, normal increment, normal growing stock
and their determination, Relationship between normal volume and
normal Increment and Flury’s Constant. Concept of normality in uneven
aged forest: normal distribution of trees of all ages per unit area and
normal size class distribution. Concept of normality in Pakistani forestry.
5. Contemporary Resource Management Approaches (Participatory,
Integrated, Joint management approaches).
6. Sustained Yield: Definition and concept of sustained yield. Types of
sustained yield: Integral, Intermittent, and Annual. Objects of sustained
yield. Economic aspects of obtaining sustained yield. Current status of
sustained yield in Pakistan.
7. Yield and its Regulation: Objectives of felling. Methods of yield
regulation:
i- Area Method: Control by silvicultural and other felling rules.
Control by area.
ii- Area, Volume, and Increment method: Fixed, Revocable,
Single/Floating Periodic Block Methods. Regeneration Area
Method (French method by using Melard and Cotta’s
formulae).
iii- Volume and Increment Methods: Austrian, Hundeshagan’s and
Von Mantel’s Formulae. Masson’s Ratio. Modification of Von
Mantel’s formulae (Blandford and Simmons Method).
iv- Regulation of yield in uneven aged forest by using: Brandis
Method, Method of control, Residual Growing Stock Method
and Current Growth Method.
Note: Working plans of Hill Forests, Riverain Forests and Irrigated
Plantations be referred for yield and its regulation.

v- Forest organization. Legal classification: Reserved, Protected,

Guzara and Unclassed Forests. Territorial classification:
Block, compartment, sub- compartment. Administrative
(Organizational) classification: IGF, CCF, CF, DFO, Sub-
DFO/ACF, RFO, Block Officer (Forester), Beat Officer (Forest
Guard). Management (Silvicultural) classification: Working
circle, felling series, coupe, cutting section, periodic blocks,
felling cycle, felling series.
vi- Preparation of Working Plans: Objectives and scope of working
plans. Pc-I schemes. Period of working plans. Preliminary
working plan report. Format of existing working plan. Annual
plan of operations. Preparation of working plans

57
8. Forest fires and their control. Forest fires as management tool.
Recommended Books:
1. Forest Management and Planning by Pete Bettinger, Kevin Boston, Jacek
P. Siry and Donald L. Grebner (2008)
2. Forest Management and the Water Cycle: An Ecosystem-Based Approach
by Michael Bredemeie (2010)
3. Agroforestry - The Future of Global Land Use by P.K. Ramachandran Nair.
(2012)
4. Participatory Forest Management in South Asia by Golam Rasul,
Madhav Bahadur Karki. 2007.
5. The Sustainable Forestry Handbook by Higman, S., J. Mayers S. Bass., N.
Judd. and R. Nussbaum. 2004. Earthscan.
6. Forest Types of Pakistan by Champion, H.G., S.K. Seth and G.M. Khattak.
1965. Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar.
7. Timber Management: A Quantitative Approach by Clutter, J.L., J.C.
Fortson et al. 1982. John Wiley and Sons. Inc. NY. USA.
8. Forest Management by Davis, K.P. and R.N. Johnson. 1987. McGraw-Hill
Book Co., New York.
9. Forest Management by Khattak, G.M. 1973. Ferozsons, Peshawar.
10. Introduction to Forest Resource Management by Leuschner, W.A. 1984.
John Wiley and Sons. Inc. NY, USA.
11. The Management of Forests by Osmoston, F.E. 1968. George Allan and
Unwin Ltd. London.
12. Forest Management by Ram Parkash. 1986. International Book
Distributors. Dehra Dun, (India).
13. Forests of Himalaya by Singh, S.P. and J.S. Singh. 1992. Nainital,
Gtanodaya Prakashan.
14. The Forest Working Plan by Khattak, G.M. and S.K. Khanzada. 1977.
Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar.

2. WATERSHED MANAGEMENT 3 (2-1)

Objective:
To introduce basic concepts of Watershed Management in soil and water
conservation.
Theory:
1. Introduction to Watershed Management
Definition, importance, need, scope and application of Watershed and
Watershed Mgt. The Hydrologic Cycle
2. Precipitation
Definition, formation and types of Precipitation, measurement of
precipitation.
3. Influence of Vegetation on Precipitation
Influence on formation, interception and redistribution of precipitation
4. Run-off and its components
58
 Types of run-off, factors affecting the runoff, infiltration and percolation,
various forms of soil moisture, measurement of Runoff
5. Evapo-transpiration
Definition, meteorological factors effecting the evapo-transpiration,
measurement of evapo-transpiration(ET)
6. Erosion and Sedimentation
Definition, Types of erosion and factors effecting erosion, Hydric erosion,
sediment movement and deposition
7. Soil Conservation in Watershed Mgt.
Managing watershed range and crop lands, biological and structural soil
conservation measures
8. Modern concepts in Watershed Mgt.
Participatory and integrated watershed Mgt., Watershed planning,
climate change, watershed Mgt. for sustainable livelihood etc.
9. Water harvesting and water spreading.

Practical:
1. Calculation of mean precipitation in a watershed by different
methods
2. Measurement of infiltration capacity and stream flow.
Recommended Books:
1. Integrated Watershed Management: Principles and Practice by Isobel W.
Heathcote. 2009
2. Watershed Management 2010: Innovations in Watershed Management
Under Land by Kenneth W. Potter. 2011.
3. Ecological Engineering Design: Restoring and Conserving Ecosystem
Service by Marty D. Matlock, Robert A. Morgan. 2011.
4. Water-Quality Engineering in Natural Systems: Fate and Transport
Processes by David A. Chi. 2012.
5. Principles of Water Resources by Sech, T.V. 2002. John Wiley and Sons.
6. Design of Soil Conservation Works in Watershed Areas by Shah, B.H. and
B. Heusch. 1991. Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar.
7. Principles of Watershed Management by Tennyson, L.C. 1986. FAO
PAK/78/036 Field Document No.9. Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar.
8. Manual for Watershed Management by Quraiushi, M.A.A. and M. T.
Siddiqui. 2001. UAF, Faisalabad.
9. Watershed Management in Pakistan by Quraishi, M.A.A. 2002. UAF.
10. Good Practices in Watershed Management, Lessons Learned in the Mid
Hills of Nepal.. 2007. ICIMOD.

3. RANGE MANAGEMENT 3 (2-1)

Objective:
To introduce basic concepts of rangelands, range improvement, rangeland
vegetation , measurement and analysis.
Theory:
59
1. Introduction. Definition and importance of Rangeland and Range resources
of Pakistan (Description, distribution, status, constraints etc.)
2. Principles of Range Management: Proper stocking and their distribution of
range animals and season of grazing.
3. Grazing effects on plant morphology and physiology.
4. Range vegetation analysis.
5. Basic Concepts: Animal unit (AU), Animal Unit Month (AUM), Range
Frequency, Range Trend, Frequency of use, Intensity of use. Vegetation
Preference.
6. Measurement of Vegetation: Estimation of grazing/carrying capacity. Range
condition, range trend and range utilization. To Grazing Systems:
Seasonal/yearlong grazing. Rotational grazing. Deferred grazing. Deferred-
rotational grazing. Rest-rotation grazing. Nomadic and semi-nomadic
grazing. Integrated range land management.
7. Range Improvement Techniques: Importance of range improvement.
Artificial reseeding. Site selection. Seeding methods. Calculation of seed
rate for artificial reseeding. Water Development. Water spreading. Sand
dune fixation. Salting. Fencing. Herding. Range fertilization. Control of
undesirable and poisonous plants. Eradication of invasive species.
Practical:
1. Lab: Introduction to use of instruments for range vegetation analysis.
2. Identification of range plants.
3. Germination tests.
4. Field: Estimation of grazing/carrying capacity, cover, frequency, density,
range condition, range trend and range utilization, multivariate analysis.
5. Visit to selected range areas.
Recommended Books:
1. Grazing Management by Vallentine, F. John. 2000. Academic Press
(Elsevier Science and Technology Books).
2. Range Management: Principles and Practices (6th Edition) by Jerry L.
Holechek, Rex D. Pieper and Carlton H. Herbel Deceased. (2010).
Prentice Hall, Inc. Newberry. USA.
3. Range Management in Pakistan by Quraishi, M. A. A., G.S. Khan and
M.S. Yaqoob. 1993. University of Agriculture, Faisalabad.
4. Rangeland Management in Pakistan by Mohammad, N. 1989. NARC
Published by ICIMOD.
5. Range Management by Stoddard, L.A., A.D. Smith and T.W. Box. 1975.
McGraw Hill Book Co., New York.
6. Quraishi, M.A.A., M. Ishaque, 1995.
7. Rangeland Management by Heady, H.F. 1975. McGraw-Hill Book, New
York.
8. A guide to range analysis by Ashfaque, R.M. and S.M. Rafique 1999.
Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar.
9. Range Management Principles and practices by Sampson, A.W. 1962.
Third Edition John Wiley and Sons. Inc. New York.

60
10. Range Management Principles and Practices. Fifth Edition by Jerry L.,
H. Rex, Pieper and Carlton H. Herbel. 2003.
11. Grazing Systems Planning Guide by Blanchet, K.H. Moechnig and J.D
Hughes 2003. University of Minnesota Extension Service, USA.

4. WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 3 (2-1)

Objective:
To acquaint the students with the knowledge and skills needed for the
conservation of wildlife and its habitat.
Theory:
1. Wildlife: Definition, importance and values, ecosystem concept,
characteristics and management requirements for different eco-systems
in Pakistan.
2. Population Dynamics of Wildlife
3. Wildlife Health: Wildlife handling, diseases, parasites and preventative
management actions.
4. Principles of Wildlife Management.
5. The Wildlife of Pakistan, its distribution, status and importance.
6. Wildlife Laws and Regulations.
7. Protected areas: Wildlife Sanctuaries, National Parks. Game Reserves
and Community Controlled Hunting Areas. IUCN categories of protected
areas.
8. Study of endangered species as listed in CITES, IUCN Red Data Book
and species listed as threatened under provincial legislation.
9. Preparation of wildlife Management plans: Purpose, structure, contents
and reviews/approval procedures.
10. International treaties and conventions on biodiversity and wildlife, illegal
trade of wildlife.
11. Trophy hunting (c0mmunity based).
Practical:
1. To identify different important Wildlife species on the basis of specific
taxonomic characteristics.
2. To prepare and submit Model Wildlife Management Plan.
3. Assignments on wildlife survey techniques (identification, counting from
various direct and indirect signs).
4. Field tour: Visit to a protected area to review its management..
Recommended Books:
1. Wildlife Ecology, Conservation and Management by Sinclair, R.E. Anthony,
Fryxell, M. John, Caughley, Graeme. 2009. Wiley Blackwell. Fulbright,
Timothy E. 2007. Wildlife Science. CRC Press.UK
2. Principles of Wildlife Management by Bailey, J.A. 1984. John Wiley and
Sons. Inc. USA.
3. Wildlife Management by Giles, R.H. Jr. 1987. W.H. Freeman and Co. San
Francisco.

61
4. Practical Manual of Wildlife Management by Quraishi, M.A.A., R.A. Khan
and Sh. M.A.Q. Hussain. 2002. University of Agriculture, Faisalabad.
1. Conservation and the future Trends and options towards the year 2025 by
McNeely, J. 1997. IUCN H.Q. pp. 119.
2. Provincial Wildlife Acts and Ordinances. (Provincial Wildlife Departments).
3. Manual for wildlife management by Quraishi, M.A.A. Rashid A. Khan. 2002.
UAF, Faisalabad.
4. Manual of Wildlife Techniques for India by Sale J.B. 1988. Special
publication of the Wildlife Institute of India.
5. The Wildlife Legislation of Pakistan by Rao, A.L. 1984. M.Sc. Thesis.
University of Edinburgh. National Council for Conservation of Wildlife,
Islamabad.
6. The Birds of Pakistan (Vol. Iand II) by Roberts. T.J. 1991. Oxford University
Press.
7. Mammals of Pakistan by Roberts. T.J. 1977. Oxford University Press.
8. Conservation of Biological Diversity; Perspectives and the future for the
Wildlife Profession by Scott et al., 1995. Wildlife Society Bulletin 23(4):
645-657.
9. Wild life Acts and Rules of Pakistan compiled by Said Badsha Bukhari &
Mian Muhammad Shafique 2013

5. FOREST BIOMETRICS 3 (2-1)

Objective:
To acquaint with techniques and methods of tree/forest resource
measurement.
Theory:
1. Introduction and scope.
2. Individual tree/ satnd measurements.
i) Diameter at Breast Height Point and its significance. Instrument and
its use: Calliper and Tapes.
ii) Height measurement Instrument and its use
iii) Tree Age: By record, ocular estimation, by counting whorls, annual
rings. Use of increment borer.
iv) Crown parameters
iv) Form factor: Concept and use.
3. Area measurement
4. Volume Measurements: Standing tree volume and felled tree volume.
a) Kinds of Felled Material: timber (in round and converted form) and
small wood.
b) Measurement of log volumes by Huber’s, Smalian’s, Prismoidal and
Quarter girth formulae.
c) Stacked Wood Measurement: Stacked volume versus solid volume.
Conversion of stacked volume to solid volume or to weight.
d) Measurement of Bark thickness and Bark Volume. Use of bark
hammer and bark gauge.
62
 e) Measurement of converted and sawn timber. Timber calculations. Log-
Rules.
5. Introduction of volume and yield tables. Preparation and Application for
determining site quality, volume and increment of a forest stand.
6. Sampling: Objectives. Full enumeration and partial enumerations. Stand
and stock tables. Sample plots with fixed area and horizontal point
sampling. Increment concept.
7. Site Quality: Significance in forestry. Estimation of site quality: a) Indirect
methods: Over story interspecies relationships, ground flora / lesser
vegetation characteristics, topographic, climatic and edaphic factors. b)
Direct methods: Historical yield record, stand volume data, periodic height
growth data.
8. Stand Density Determination: Methods for determining stand density.
Methods of evaluation.
9. Tree biomass estimation and biomass expansion factors.
10. Site Index. Significance in forestry. Determination of site Index by using
guiding curve methods and growth models.
11. Role of models in forest measurement.
Practical:
1. Diameter and Height measurement of standing and felled tree.
2. Volume and biomass calculation of single tree and forest stand.
3. Case study of given site for inventory.
4. Data compilation, analysis and plotting (Construction of Height-Diameter-
Age curve, Data processing of fixed area plots, Data processing of
Horizontal Point Sampling)
5. Increment calculations (Single tree/stands).
Recommended Books:
1. Sampling Techniques for Forest Inventories by Mandallaz, D. 2007.
Chapman and Hall Publishers.
2. Forest Mensuration by Hunsch. T.W. Beers. And J. Kershaw. 2003. (4 th
edition) John Wiley and Sons.
3. Handbook of Forestry by Ashraf, M.M. and I. Ahmed. 1994. PARC.
Islamabad.
4. Elements of Forest Mensuration by Hassan, A. 1996. PFRI. Faisalabad.
5. Forest dynamics, growth, and yield by Pretzsch, H. 2010. Springer Berlin
Heidelberg Germany.
6. Forest measurements 5th Edition) by Avery, T. E., and Burkhart, H. E. 2001.
McGraw-Hill Book Company, USA.
7. Manual of Forest Inventory by FAO. 1981. FAO, Forestry paper 27.
8. A guide book for Forestry by Hussain, R.W. and M.I. Sheikh. 1988.
Research, PFI, Peshawar.
9. Text Book of Dendrology by Harlow, M. and S. Harrar. 1991. McGraw-Hill
Book Co., New York.
6. NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS 2 (2-0)
Objective:
63
Introduce the non-wood uses of forests for sustainable forest resource
management based on multiple uses of forests and its products.
Theory:
1. Introduction of principal non-wood forest products
2. Introductory sericulture
3. Morphology, anatomy, and developmental physiology Silkworm
4. Silkworm rearing and diseases
5. Cocoon harvesting and Processing
6. Mulberry cultivation
7. Bee keeping
8. Management of honey bee colonies
9. Honey bee flora
10. Pest and diseases of honey bee and their management
11. Mazri, Mushroom, Resins and Gums; their utilization and economic
aspects
12. Medicinal plants of Pakistan; their importance and scope
13. Cultivation, Collection and Conservation of medicinal plants
Recommended Books:
1. The Hive and the Honey bees by Atkins, E.L. and R. Banker. 1978.
Dadant and Sons.
2. Comprehensive Sericulture. Volume II by Ganga, G. 2003. Moriculture.
New Delhi: Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.
3. Comprehensive Sericulture. Volume II by Ganga, G. 2003. Silkworm
Rearing and Silk Reeling. New Delhi: Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt.
Ltd.
4. Plants and Bee Keeping by Howes, F.N. 1979. Faber Paperbacks
5. Guide to Mushroom growing by Fred C. A. 1974. Faber and Faber Ltd,
London.
6. Monograph on Nannorrhops ritchiana, H. Wendl (Mazri) by Mughal M.S.
1991. PFI, Peshawar.
7. Resin Tapping Instruction and Rules. Punjab Forest Leaflets No.13.
8. Hundred drug plants of Pakistan by Zaman M.B. 1972.
9. Guidelines for cultivation, collection, conservation and propagation of
medicinal herbs by Gill M.A. 2006.

7. STUDY TOUR (FOREST MANAGEMENT) 1 (0-1)

Objectives:
To learn forest management techniques with respect to forest types and
management objectives.
Practical:
Visit to all forest types of Pakistan for studying management practices and
constraints and document in tour report/ tour diary.
SEMESTER-VII

64
1. ECOTOURISM AND PARK MANAGEMENT 2 (2-0)
Objective:
To impart the knowledge and enable students in understanding significance of
eco-tourism and park management.
Theory:
Ecotourism
1. Concepts of tourism, nature based tourism and sustainable tourism.
2. Ecotourism Resources: landscapes, endemic or rare flora and fauna.
3. Effects of tourism on plants and animals population
4. Economics of eco-tourism
5. Ecotourism Services: transportation, food, lodging, guiding and
interpretation services which cause minimal damage to the biological
and cultural environments and promote a better understanding of the
natural and cultural history of an area.
6. Developing and execution of plans for eco-tourism under different
conditions.
Park Management
1. Introduction: Definition, Importance of recreation and park management.
2. Forests as outdoor recreational areas. Significance of Parks. Study of
important National Parks of Pakistan.
3. Development of Facilities: Camp Ground, Picnic areas, Organized
camps and Interpretative facilities.
4. Duties of Park Manager.
5. Landscaping, Plant material for landscaping. Introduction to
arboriculture. Propagation of plants. Nursery practices and
management. Protected areas systems.
Recommended Books:
1. Ecotourism and Sustainable Development by Honey, M. 1999., Island
Press, Washington DC, USA.
2. Adventure Foundation Pakistan.2004. Support to Promotion of Eco-
tourism, Initiatives by Palas Conservation and Development Project
(Consultancy No. 53), Pattan, Distt. Kohistan.
3. Recreational Use of Wildlands by Brockman C.F. and Merrium (1973).
McGraw Hill Book Co. New York.
4. Forest Recreation by P. Dougles, R.W. 1975. ergamon Press Inc. New
York.
5. Manual for Landscape Horticulture by Shaukat and M.I. Sheikh 1986.
PFI, Peshawar.

65
2. FOREST RESOURCE ECONOMICS 2 (2-0)
Objectives:
To equip with the methods of valuation of goods and services.
Theory:
1. Special characteristics of forest economics. Value (Total and
Marginal). Demand and Supply chain. Elasticities of demand and supply.
2. Grading of goods: inferior and normal.
3. Valuation of Forest products and services.
4. Discounting and Compounding. Present worth of annuity, Methods of
depreciation: straight-ling method, declining balance method.
5. Determination of economic rotation age.
6. Introduction to Location theory: Marketing transportation and other
considerations.
7. Concept of World Trade Organization (WTO) in relation to forest
products trade.
8. Forests Certification.
Recommended Books:
1. Forest Certification Handbook. Earthscan Forestry Library Press. By Ruth,
N. and M. Simula. 2005.
2. Forest Resource Economics and Finance. Blacksburg, USA by Klemperer,
K.D. 2003.
3. An Introduction to Modern Economics, Publishers United Ltd. 176-Anarkali,
Lahore by Akhtar, S.M.
4. Forest Valuation. McGraw-Hill Book, New York by Champan, N.N. and W.H.
Meyer. 1949
5. Forest Management (1966) McGraw-Hill Book Co. New York.
6. Forest Resources Management by Leuschnar, W. A. Jhon Wiley and Sons,
New York.
3. SILVICULTURE -II 3 (2-1)
Objectives:
To increase the comprehension of advanced Silvicultural techniques and their
implementation.

Theory:
Regeneration: Definition, importance and types. Natural regeneration: factors
affecting, natural regeneration, Silviculture Systems and their application in
Pakistan. Introduction, definition and concepts. Execution advantages and
disadvantages. Applicability of the silvicultural systems (Clear felling system,
Shelter wood system, Coppice system, Selection system, Accessory system,
Silvicultural systems for Mazri and Ephedra forests) in Pakistan, reproduction
methods under various Silvicultural systems and their applications, tending
operations. Artificial regeneration: definition, objectives, choice of
natural/artificial regeneration,

66
silviculture of forest tree species, choice of species, local and exotic species,
evaluation of site for planting, site preparation, sowing and planting methods,
spacing, irrigation, cultural operation, protection.
Seeds: seed collection and extraction, seed testing, storage, pre-sowing
treatments.
Nursery establishment: Objectives, types of nurseries, selection of site, layout,
area preparation, growth medium/soil preparation, soil and seed treatments,
manuring and fertilization, cultural operations, grading, transportation.
Desertification: causes, impacts and control. Afforestation of special sites; arid
and semi-arid areas, water logged and saline areas, canal side, highways/road
sides, sand dunes, land slips, denuded hill slopes and ravine lands.
Forest fires: Causes, prevention and control measures.
Forest protection against various biotic factors.
Practical:
Establishment of student nursery of various tree species and presentations of
seminar on important topic of silviculture
Recommended Books:
1. Silviculture: Concepts and Applications by Ralph, D.N. 2007.
Wavelend Press. McGraw Hills Forestry Series.
2. Forest types of Pakistan by Champion, H.G., S.K. Seth and G.M.
Khattak, 1965. Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar.
3. Manual of Silviculture for Pakistan by Champion, H.G., S.K Seth and
G.M. Khattak. 1965. Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar.
4. Principles of Silviculture (2nd edition) by Daniel, T.W., J.A. Helms and
F.S. Baker. 1979. McGraw-Hill Book Company.
5. Forestry and Environment by Siddiqui, K.M. 1997. Pakistan Forest
Institute, Peshawar.
6. General Silviculture by Siddiqui, K.M. 1997. Pakistan Forest Institute,
Peshawar.
7. Soil Conservation and Silviculture by Dvorak, J. and L. Novak. 1994.
Elsevier Science.
8. The Practice of Silviculture. 7th Ed by Smith, D.M. 1987. John Wiley
and Sons, New York.

4. ELECTIVE FORESTRY COURSES 09

Note: Three courses will be opted by the student from one of the
specializations courses offered by the faculty/department.

67
 SEMESTER-VIII
1. FOREST MANAGEMENT PLAN -I 3 (3-0)
Objectives:
To impart in-depth knowledge about forest inventories, methodologies and
preparation of working plans.
Theory:
1. Working plan, Review, Impact and Need Assessment.
2. Procedure (Hierarchy) for working plan preparation.
3. Planning for working plan.
4. Sampling design used in forest inventories.
5. Inventory methods; continuous forest inventory, fixed area plot method
and Prism or Point sampling.
6. Determining plot numbers, size and distribution in the forest, grid size
calculations, conversion of forest map scales and representative factors.
7. Orientation of forest map.
8. Determining plot points. On plot measurements. Precautions in plot
measurements.
9. Recording of data, tally sheets.
10. Present and future stand and stock tables.
11. Movement ratio and yield calculations using different formulas.
Recommended Book:
1. Forest Management: Forest Working Plans by Carl A.S. 2009. Guide
to Lectures Delivered at Biltmore Forest School. Cornell University. USA.
2. Working Plan For The Forests of The Bnajar Valley Reserve by
Central Provinces (India) Forest Deptt. 2009. South Mandla Forest
Division. India.
3. Tree and Forest Measurement by West, P.W. 2009. Springer verlag.
4. Inventory of Forest Resources For Sustainable Management and
Biodiversity Conservation by Shiva, M.P. 1998. Indus Publishing
Company. India.
5. The Management of Forests by Osmaston, F.E. 1968. George Allan
and Unwin Ltd., Ruskin House, Manchester, London.
6. Development of a Model Forest Management Plan for Panjul Forest
in Western Himalaya (Pakistan) by Khattak, A.K. 1992. LWF, LMU,
Munich-Germany.

2. FOREST MANAGEMENT PLAN-II 4 (0-4)

Objectives:
To acquaint the students with preparation of working plan through forest
inventory.
Practical:
1. Sampling Intensity, Sampling Design, Fixed area plots methods.
2. Scale conversions of Forest maps. Grid preparation. Collection of socio
68
 economic data.
3. After conducting the inventory of the forests each group of students
have to prepare the working plan of the given forests providing following
(Format) information:
The forest tract to deal with: Name and Situation, configuration of
ground, Geology, soil type, State of boundary, Legal positions, Rights
and concession.

The forest: Species Composition, Injuries liable to forest.

Utilization of Produce: Agricultural crops, Market of the products.

Staff and Labour supply: availability of labour

Past system of Management: Statistics of Growth and Yield

Basis of Proposal: National Forest Policy, General objectives of Forest

Management, Working circles, Blocks and compartments. Period of
Plan, Allocation of working circles in the forest.
Miscellaneous Regulation: Petty felling, Fire Protection, Maintenance
of Boundaries.
Financial Forecasts: Budget allocation, Control and Maintenance of
records.
Recommended Books:
1. Forest Management: Forest Working Plans by Carl A.S. 2009. Guide
to Lectures Delivered at the Biltmore Forest School. Cornell University,
USA.
2. Working Plan For The Forests Of The Bnajar Valley Reserve. Central
Provinces (India) Forest Deptt. 2009. [south]-mandla Forest Division.
India.
3. Tree and Forest Measurement by West, P.W. 2009. Springer verlag.
4. Inventory Of Forest Resources For Sustainable Management and
Biodiversity Conservation by Shiva, M.P. 1998. Indus Publishing
Company. India.
5. The Management of Forests by Osmaston, F.E. 1968. George Allan
and Unwin Ltd., Ruskin House, Manchester, London.
6. Working Plan of Forest College Murree by Tabassum, A. 2002.
Pakistan Forest Institute. Peshawar.

3. RESEARCH METHODS AND SCIENTIFIC WRITING 4 (4-0)

Objective:
To educate students for preparing research proposal, conducting research and
to develop scientific writing skills.
Theory:

69
 1. Definition and concept of research
2. Concepts and types of Plagiarism and its consequences.
3. Funding sources and developing a format for seeking research grants
4. Selection of research topic, understanding the problems to be solved.
5. Review of literature.
6. Objectives of research projects.
7. Materials involved, methods and approach in handling of projects;
8. Data collection, Data Analysis and Interpretation by using modern
statistical packages.
9. Preparing manuscripts for publications.
Recommended Books:
1. Scientific Writing = Thinking in Words by David Lindsay (2011)
2. A Scientific Approach to Scientific Writing by John Blackwell, Jan
Martin (2011)
3. The Oxford Book of Modern Science Writing by Richard Dawkins
(2008)
4. Anonymous. 2002. Cambridge University Press.
5. A Step-by-Step Guide for Bio-Medical Scientists (2nd Ed.) by Day, R.A.
1983. How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper. ISI Press. Philadelphia.
6. Elementary Statistics by Bhatti, I.A. Bhatt, Publishers, Jhelum.
7. Introduction to Statistical Theory (Part I and II) by Chaudhry, S.M.
1985. Ilmi Kitab Khana, Lahore.
8. Field Plot Technique by Erwin L. LeClerg, et al., 1965. U.S.A. Library
of Congress catalog No. 62-16455.
9. Understanding social statistics (2nd Edition) by Fielding, J and N.
Gilbert. 2006. London: Sage.
10. Elementary Statistical Methods for Foresters by Frease, F. 1981.
USDA Forest Service Handbook No.317.
11. A guide book for Forestry Research by Hussain, R.W. and M.I.
Sheikh. 1988. PFI, Peshawar.
12. SPSS 14 Made Simple by Kinner, P. 2006. New York: Psychology
Press
13. SPSS Survival Manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using
spss 2nd Edition by Pallant, J. 2005. Glasgow: Bell and Bain Ltd.
14. Foundations of Experimental Research by Plutchick, R. 1974. Harper
and Row, London.
15. Successful Scientific Writing by Matthews, J.R., J.M. Brown and R.W.
Matthews. 2000. McGraw-Hills.

4. RESEARCH PROJECT/ INTERNSHIP & STUDY TOURS

4 (0-4)
Note: The students shall carry out either internship in different forestry related
organization for enhancement of their practical knowledge or to conduct a research
project envisaging problem oriented research on issues of importance The study
tours of 10-15 days duration is compulsory to achieve the objectives of the course.

70
Objective:
To put the students in the real situation for hands on exercise for planning
execution, and results reporting and presentation of project/internship
outcome.

71
 DETAIL OF COURSES FOR BSc (HONS.) AGRICULTURE
MAJOR IN FORESTRY
SEMESTER-I TO IV
Note: The introductory courses of forestry named “Introduction to Forestry and
Watershed management” and “Introduction to Rangelands and Wildlife Management”
may be included in semester 1-4 for BSc. (Hons) Agriculture Major in Forestry.

INTRODUCTION TO FORESTRY AND WATERSHED

MANAGEMENT 3 (2-1)

Objective:
To acquaint the students with basic knowledge of forestry and forest resources
of Pakistan and principles used in watershed management.
Theory:
1. Introduction to Forests and watersheds management.
2. Forest resources of Pakistan (description, composition, distribution and
status) in different ecological zones.
3. Importance of forestry and watershed resources of Pakistan.
4. Constraints and problems in natural resource management.
5. Principles of sustainable forest management.
6. Forestry practices.
7. Role of Forestry in environment and food security
8. Principles of Watershed Management.
9. Watersheds of various streams/rivers of Pakistan, their area, distribution,
land use patterns, past history, climatic, physiographic, ecological and
socio-economic features.
10. Hydrological cycle.
11.Management problems and potentials of various watersheds, afforestation
programmes.
12. Watersheds as a source of power generation and irrigation.
13. Watershed research and education.
Practical:
1. Identification of important forest species
2. Visits to various forest types and watershed areas.
3. Watershed measurements (instruments, area, drainage, flow etc.).
4. Study of land use pattern,
Recommended Books:
1. Trees on the Farm by Franzel S. and S.J. Scherr. 2001. CAB
International.
2. Manual of Silviculture for Pakistan by Champion H.G. et al. 1967.
Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar.
3. Basics of Forestry and Allied Sciences by Quraishi M.A.A. 1999. A-One
Publishers, Urdu Bazar, Lahore.
72
4. Introduction to Forestry by Sharpe G.W., C.W. Hendee and W. F.
Sharpe. 1986. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York.
5. Forests and Forestry in Pakistan by Sheikh M.I. 1999. A-One
Publishers, Urdu Bazar, Lahore.
6. Watershed Management in Pakistan by Quraishi M.A.A. 2002.
Department of Forestry. UAF.
7. Forests of Himalaya by Singh S.P. and J.S. Singh. 1992. Nainital,
Gtanodaya Prakashan.
8. Practical manual of watershed management by Quraishi M.A.A. and
M.T. Siddiqui. 2002. Department of Forestry. UAF.
9. Glossary of forestry terms by Siddiqui, M.T., R. Sands and A.H. Shah.
2009. Pulschay Publishers. Faisalabad.

INTRODUCTION TO RANGELAND AND WILDLIFE

MANAGEMENT 3 (2-1)
Objectives:
To give basic knowledge of Rangelands and grasses grown in them and how
they are becoming habitat of different wildlife.
Theory:
1. Introduction to Rangelands, scope and importance.
2. Basic terminology,
3. Components of Rangelands
4. Constraints and problems of rangelands.
5. Rangeland Resources of Pakistan; ecological zones and vegetation types.
6. Range ecosystem,
7. Principles of Rangeland Management.
8. Grazing system of the world,
9. Grazing system and grazing pattern in Pakistan.
10. Range improvement techniques.
11.Wildlife: Definition and values,
12. Ecosystem concept, characteristics and management requirements for
regional eco-systems in Pakistan including arid, wetland, forest, mountain
and coastal ecosystems.
13. Introduction to protected areas (National Park, Game Reserve and
Wildlife Sanctuary.
14. Introduction to National Parks of Pakistan.
15. Important wildlife species of Pakistan
Practical:
1. Identification and preservations of important grasses and Plant species of
range areas.
2. Visits to various Rangeland types and Plantations.
3. Quantitative analysis of range vegetation, Range frequency, relative
frequency, density, relative density, cover and relative cover.
4. Measurements and analysis of wildlife population.
73
5. Visit to a zoological garden
Recommended Books:
1. Grazing Management by Vallentine, F. John 2000. Academic Press
(Elsevier Science and Technology Books).
2. Range Management: Principles and Practices (6th Edition) by Jerry L.
Holechek, Rex D. Pieper and Carlton H. Herbel Deceased. (2010).
3. Prentice Hall, Inc. Newberry. USA.
4. Range Management in Pakistan by Quraishi M.A.A., G.S. Khan and M. S.
Yaqoob. 1993. University of Agriculture, Faisalabad.
5. Rangeland Management in Pakistan by Mohammad N. 1989. NARC
Published by ICIMOD.
6. Range Management by Stoddard L.A., A. D. Smith and T. W. Box. 1975.
McGraw Hill Book Co., New York.
7. Practical Manual of Range Management by Quraishi, M. A. A. and M.
Ishaque, 1995. University of Agriculture, Faisalabad.

FORESTRY SPECIALIZATION COURSES

1. FOREST MANAGEMENT 9 (6-3)

(Specialization FM-I) FOREST INVENTORY TECHNIQUES 3(2-1)

Objective:
To equip students with modern technique of forest sampling, collection of data
on sample plots and analysis of data with computer and development of
volume and yield tables.
Theory:
1. Concepts and application of different forest sampling techniques
(random, cluster, stratified) and lay out of sample plots:
i. Fixed area plots (square, round, 3P)
ii. Point sampling (Prism and Relascope)
2. Cost and time effectiveness of different forest sampling techniques
and their application in different forest types and forest stands.
3. Developing models of relationship of trees for different species and
site qualities:
a) Height - dbh
b) Height - age
c) dbh - age
d) Volume - dbh
e) Volume - age
f) Increment - dbh
g) Increment - age
4. Manual data processing and use of computer for date processing of
stand and stock and increment tables.
5. Development and application of volume tables and yield tables.

74
Practical:
1. Field visit to test different forest sampling techniques.
2. Lab: Processing of forest inventory date manually and with computer.
Recommended Books:
1. Manual of Forest Inventory. FAO. 1981. FAO, Forestry paper 27.
2. Forest Mensuration (4th Edition) by Husch, B., T.W. Beers, and J.A.
Kershaw. 2003. John Willey and Sons Inc. NJ, USA.
3. Development of Model Forest Management Plan for the Panjul
Forest in Western Himalaya (Pakistan) by Khattak, A.K. 1992. L.W.F,
L.M.U, Munich, Germany.
4. Forest Inventory, Vol- II by Loetsch, F.L., F. Zoehrer, and K.F. Haller.
1973. Munich, Germany.
5. Sampling Techniques for Forest Inventories by Mandallaz, D. 2007.
Chapman and Hall Publishers.

(Specialization FM-II) CONSERVATION FOREST MANAGEMENT

3 (2-1)
Objective:
To equip students with stand level planning of forest resources.
Theory:
1. Concept of stand level planning of forest resources.
2. Advantages of stand level planning as compared to compartment level
planning.
3. Criteria applied in stand level planning (Species composition, age
stocking, slope, social uses).
4. Delineation of stands on maps and recording data of stands
5. Development of stand level management plans.
6. Implementation and monitoring of stand level forest management plans.
Practical:
1. Field visit to forests and demonstration of delineation of stands on maps
and recording various characteristics of stands.
2. Lab: Developing stand level management plan for forests.
Recommended Books:
1. The Sustainable Forestry Handbook by Higman. S., J. Mayers S.
Bass., N. Judd. and R. Nussbaum. 2004. Earthscan.
2. Forest Mensuration (4th Edition) by Husch, B., T.W. Beers, and J.A.
Kershaw. 2003, John Willey and Sons Inc. NJ, USA.
3. Development of Model Forest Management Plan for the Panjul
Forest in Western Himalaya (Pakistan) by Khattak, A.K. 1992. L.W.F,
L.M.U, Munich, Germany.
4. Guidelines for Stand Delineation and Planning by Khattak, A.K.
1994. GTZ-Siran Forest Development Project, Abbottabad.
(Specialization FM-III) PRODUCTION FOREST MANAGEMENT
3 (2-1)
75
Objective:
To equip the students with theoretical and practical knowledge and skills of
calculation of forest yield under different edaphic, social and ecological
conditions.
Theory:
1. Determination of forest yields by using different methods and formulas
as (area, volumes increment, growth models) in different forest types.
2. Measurement of actual yield availability in forests under different
silvicultural systems and under different social, ecological and edaphic
conditions.
3. Comparison of yields by methods/formulas with actual availability of
yield of different tree species and developing rational methods for yield
calculations.
4. Developing methods of yield calculations of forest for meeting the
objectives of:
a. Social uses
b. Biodiversity and wildlife conservation
c. Environmental considerations
d. Watershed values
e. Eco-tourism.
Practical:
1. Field: The students will make inventory of forests and determine yield
through methods/ formulas. Actual yield available will be measured in
forests.
2. Lab: The yield of both the methods will be compared and rational
methods designed for yield determination.
3. Field/ Lab: the students will determine yield of forests under different
considerations such as social use, biodiversity, watershed values etc.
Recommended Books:
1. Timber Management: A Quantitative Approach by Clutter, J.L. J.C.
Fortson et al., 1982. John Wiley and Sons. Inc. NY. USA.
2. Forest Management by Davis, K.P. and R.N. Johnson. 1987. McGraw-
Hill Book Co., New York.
3. Introduction to Forest Resource Management by Lenschner, W.A. 1984.
John Willey and Sons Inc. NY, USA.
4. The Management of Forest by Osmoston, F.E. 1968. George Allen and
Unwin Ltd. London.

76
2. WATERSHED MANAGEMENT 9(6-3)

(Specialization WM-I) SOIL CONSERVATION TECHNIQUES 3(2-1)

Objective:
To give the student proper concept of the subject for practical application in
modern perspective
Theory:
1. Surface Erosion Control, Sheet and Rill erosion, contour ditches
and their design criteria, types and design of terraces, vegetative
measures
2. Gully Erosion Control, Low head and high head gully control with
wood, stone /masonry work, design, kinds and construction of
checkdams, vegetative measures.
3. Channel Erosion Control, Stream bank stabilization, rip-raping,
retaining walls, gabions, revetments, Vegetative control
4. Landslide Erosion control, Identification and delineation of factors
responsible for landslide hazards, Engineering and vegetative control
measures
5. Water Conservation, Water harvesting methods, water spreading
methods
Practical:
1. Design of Terraces
2. Water Pond Design
3. Design of rip-raping for channel
4. Design of Retaining walls
Recommended Books:
1. Modelling Soil Erosion, Sediment Transport and Closely Related
Hydrological Processes entry by Mingyuan Du, P. Du, T. Maki and S.
Kawashima.
2. Predicting soil erosion by water, a guide to conservation planning
in the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation, U.S. 1997. USDA
Agricultural Research Service, Agricultural handbook no. 703.
3. A Designer's Manual, Increases in porosity enhance infiltration and
thus reduce adverse effects of surface runoff by Bill Mollison. 1988. Tagari
Press.
4. FAO Conservation guides No.1,2,3,4 for Watershed Mgt. and
Conservation
5. Soil Conservation: Problems and Prospects by Morgan R.P.C.

(Specialization WM-II) FOREST METEOROLOGY 3 (2-1)

Objective:
To give the student proper concept of the subject for practical application in
modern perspective.

77
Theory:
1. Atmosphere, Climate and Weather, Definitions, layers and
composition of layers
2. Heat Balance, Temperature and Clouds, Energy Budget, time lag,
Measurement of radiations, definition and identification of clouds as
weather indicators, Energy/temperature transfer characteristics,
Inversions, Adiabatic lapse rate, mts. of temperature
3. Atmospheric Moisture, Vapour pressure, relative and absolute,
humidity, Thermal/seasonal changes and mts.
4. Wind, Atmospheric Stability and Pressure patterns, Wind speed/
direction, frontal and convective winds, Stable –unstable conditions,
subsidence, convergence, high-low pressure system, mts of wind
5. Meteorological Observatory, Site selection, Layout, Establishment
and orientation to various instrument and data collection.
Practical:
1. Storm frequency analysis
2. Energy Budget exercise
3. Lapse rate of temperature
4. Meteorological observatory
Recommended Books:
1. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology by Diodato N., G. Bellocchi,
2007.
2. Air Apparent: How Meteorologists Learned to Map, Predict, and
Dramatize Weather by Mark Monmonier.
3. Meteorology by Miller Albert.
4. Weather Life by Lowry, William. P. 1972.
5. Inventions of the Clouds. How an amateur meteorologist forged
the language of skies by Richard Hamblyn. 2008.

(Specialization WM-III) FOREST and RANGE HYDROLOGY

3 (2-1)
Objective:
To give the student proper concept of the subject for practical application in
modern perspective.
Theory:
1. Introduction to Forest and Range Hydrology, Definition, Hydrologic
cycle , historical development of Hydrology
2. Surface water, stream flows and Hydrograph, Run-off
measurements, velocity area method, rating curve, stage recording,
Weir and flumes, Salt dilution method
3. Evapo-transpiration, Definitions and terminology, measurement of
ET, Thornwaites equation, Penman’s equation, reservoir pan
evaporation

78
 4. Infiltration and Sedimentation, Acquifers, measurement of
infiltration, Hortons equation, measurement of surface, suspended and
bed sediment, laboratory analysis of sediment.
5. Water Quality, Definition, need and standards of water quality,
causes of deterioration, estimation of various parameters, Acid rain
Practical:
1. Field visit of 2-3 hydrological stations with data collection for 2 days
each.
Recommended Books:
1. Discharge Measurements at Gaging Stations by Buchanan, T.J.
and Somers, W.P., 1969
2. Water in Environmental Planning by Dunne, T., and Leopold, L.B.,
1978,
3. Forest Hydrology by Lee Richards (1980)
4. Hydrology for Engineers by Linsley, R.K., M.A. Kohler and J.L.H.
Paulhus (1958)
5. An outline of Forest Hydrology, Hewlett, J.O and W.L Nutter (1969)

3. RANGE MANAGEMENT 9 (7-2)

Specialization (RM-I) RANGE VEGETATION ANALYSIS 3 (2-1)

Objective:
To impart the students theoretical as well as practical knowledge of range
vegetation analysis.
Theory:
1. Range vegetation sampling. Various techniques used for range
sampling.
2. Grazing/carrying capacity determination by using clipping and
double sampling techniques.
3. Estimation of cover by using line intercept and step-toe/point
quadrates.
4. Estimation of frequency and density by using plot (quadrate) and
plotless techniques. Relationship of frequency and density to plant
cover.
5. Estimation of range utilization by using height-weight, stem count,
number of grazed and un-grazed plots and paired cages methods.
6. Estimation of range condition by using climax approach criteria
(covers and forage production methods). Relationship between range
condition and livestock production.
7. Estimation of range trend by using historical record method and
United States Forest Service (USFS) four-factor method.
8. Range vegetation analysis through remote sensing.
9. Digestibility of range forage: effect of season upon forage
digestibility, effect of species of animals on digestibility.
79
 10. Grazing patterns and practices in Pakistan.
Practical:
Study visit to various range land types of plantations of Forest Research
Stations. Quantitative analysis to range vegetation, re-frequency Density and
Relates cover.

Recommended Books:
1. Measurements of terrestrial vegetation by Bonham, C.D. 1989.
John Wiley and Sons. Inc. New York.
2. Range Management by Stoddart, Smith and Box. 1975. McGraw-
Hill Book, New York.
3. Range Management: Principles and Practices. 5 th Edition by Jerry
L. Holechek, D. Rex. Pieper and Carlton H. Herbel.
4. Range Management in Pakistan by Masood A.A. Quaraishi. 1993.
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad.
5. Rangeland Management in Pakistan by Mohammad, N.1989. P:
198. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development,
Kathmandu, Nepal.
6. Rangeland Management by Heady, H.F. 1975. McGraw-Hill Book,
New York.

Specialization (RM-II)
LIVESTOCK NUTRITION AND GRAZING MANAGEMENT
3 (2-1)
Objective:
Students will gain an understanding of the importance of range livestock
nutrition and grazing management systems in major ecological zones of
Pakistan.
Theory:
Range Livestock Nutrition
1. Physical features, palatability and nutrition of range forage
species.
2. Methods for determining the nutritional value of grazing animal
diets.
3. Diet and nutritional quality of livestock on different ranges.
4. Forage intake of grazing animals.
5. Comparative nutritive value of plant parts.
6. Seasonal effects on forage nutritional quality.
7. Grazing intensity effects on forage nutritional quality
8. Supplementing Range Livestock.
9. Poisonous and undesirable plants on rangelands and their control.
Grazing Management
1. Introduction to grazing management systems
2. Grazing resource inventory
80
 3. Grazing plan development
4. Pasture management
5. Grazing systems and their monitoring
Practical:
Plant analysis techniques. Visit to lab. and demonstration of plant chemical
analysis. Visit to various pastures and range areas, demonstration of range
vegetation and measurement of grazing pressure.

Recommended Books:
1. Range Management by Stoddart, Smith and Box. 1975. McGraw-
Hill Book, New York.
2. Range Management: Principles and Practices. 5 th Edition by Jerry
L. Holechek, D. Rex. Pieper and Carlton H. Herbel.
3. Range Management in Pakistan by Masood A.A. Quaraishi. 1993.
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad.
4. Rangeland Management in Pakistan by Mohammad, N. 1989. P:
198. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development,
Kathmandu, Nepal.

Specialization (RM-III)
DROUGHT MANAGEMENT IN RANGELANDS 3 (3-0)
Objective:
To equip the students with different aspects of desertification, its control and
drought problems in arid and semi-arid regions.
Theory:
1. Desertification-definition and its extent, severity and frequency.
Causes and effects of land degradation in different regions.
2. Desertification in Pakistan
3. Sand-dune stabilization in Pakistan
4. Measures for combating desertification.
5. Water harvesting techniques
6. Drought control strategies and options
7. Droughts in Pakistan , frequencies and probabilities
8. Drought resistant fodder varieties
9. Early warning systems and drought management issues in relation
to rangelands
10. Drought management plans
Recommended Books:
1. The Pakistan National Conservation Strategy. Anonymous. 1990.
Ministry of Environment, Local Government and Rural Development,
Islamabad.
2. National Plan of action to combating desertification. Anonymous.
2001. Ministry of Environment, Local Government and Rural
Development, Islamabad.
81
3. Range Management by Stoddart, Smith and Box. 1975. McGraw-
Hill Book, New York.
4. Range Management: Principles and Practices. 5th Edition by Jerry
L. Holechek, D. Rex. Pieper and Carlton H. Herbel.
5. Range Management in Pakistan by Masood A. A. Quaraishi. 1993.
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad.
6. Rangeland Management in Pakistan by Mohammad, N. 1989. P:
198. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development,
Kathmandu, Nepal.

4. GIS and RS Technology 9 (3-6)

(Specialization GRS-I) GEO INFORMATICS 3(1-2)

Objective:
To enhance the knowledge and skill of students in using GIS and RS as a
modern tool for the management of forest resources.
1. Introduction to GIS
2. Map projections
3. Spatial Data
4. Spatial Data Models
5. Spatial Data Analysis
6. Global Positioning System
7. Map designing
Practical:
Introduction to GIS Software and hands on exercises on one of the current
software.
Recommended Books:
1. GIS and Science. 2nd edition by P.A. Longley, M.F. Goodchild, D.G.
Maguire and D.W. Rhind. 2005. Wiley and Sons.
2. GIS Cartography: A guide to effective map design by Peterson
G.N.. 2009. CRC Press.

(Specialization GRS-II) LAND USE PLANNING 3 (1-2)

Theory:
1. Land use classification systems
2. Land use mapping
3. Land use Planning process
4. Role of GIS and RS in Land use Planning
5. Issues and constraints in Land use Planning
6. Strategies for sustainable Land use Planning
Practical:
Project on the use of GIS and RS for Land use planning

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Recommended Books:
1. Monitoring Land supply with GIS: Theory, Practice and Parcel-based
approaches by Moudon, A.M. and M. Hubner. (Eds.) 2000. John Wiley
and Sons. New York.
2. GIS and Land Records: The Parcel Data Model by Von M.N. 2004. Esri
Press.
(Specialization GRS-III)
FOREST/ RANGE ASSESSMENT AND MONITORING 3 (1-2)

Objective:
1. Remote Sensing of vegetation
2. Image characteristics
3. Digital image analysis for forest resources assessment
4. Monitoring of forest resources

Practical:
Introduction to RS software and hands-on exercises on one of the current
software.

Recommended Books
1. Remote sensing of Forest Environments: Concepts and case studies by
Michael A. Wulder and Steven. E. Franklin (Eds.) 2003. Springer.
2. Remote sensing: Principles and Interpretation by Sabins, F.F. 2007. 3 rd
Edition. Waveland Pr. Inc.

5. PARTICIPATORY FOREST MANAGEMENT 9 (7-2)

(Specialization PFM I) COMMUNITY BASED FORESTRY 3 (3-0)

Objective:
It will help students to understand socio-economic, cultural and ecological
relationship between forests and people. It will acquaint students with the role
of people in forest management through analysis of need dependence and
traditional interactions between forests and society.
Theory:
Forests and its importance, forest societies, interactions between forests and
people, importance of forests in traditional farming systems, livestock economy
and forests, social and cultural factors of forest management, man in
ecosystem in relation to ecophilosophy.

Forestry and Afforestation programs and forest, wildlife and human conflicts.
People’s movement in forest conservation, Gender dimension of forest
management. Tribals and forests. Forests and economic security of tribals.
Pastoralists and their dependence on forests. Issues of people, forest and
power.

83
Management of Commons and Common Property Resources (CPRs) and
open access resources. Forest management and sustainable livelihood
strategies. Forests and food security. Eco-tourism and local development.
Land use change and forestry.
Forest rights, customary rights of people, community participation. Joint Forest
Management. Global environmental change and land use – case study,
poverty alleviation, livelihoods and forests; tourism and forest management;
role of NGOs and other community based organization (CBOs) in forest
management.
Recommended Books:
1. Strengthening Participation for Development Results: A Staff Guide to
Consultation and Participation. ADB. 2006. Asian Development Bank.
2. Household characteristics and forest dependence: evidence from
common property forest management in Nepal by Adhikari, B., S.D. Falco
and J.C. Lovett. 2004. Ecological Economics 48: 245-257.
3. Participatory exclusion, community forestry and gender: an analysis for
South Asia and a conceptual framework [Electronic version] by Agarwal,
B. 2001. World Development 29:1623-1648.
4. Participatory Learning Action and Microplanning for JFM by Annamalai
R. 1999. Dean SFRC, Coimbatore.
5. Forestry for Local Community Development by FAO. 1978. FAO
Publication.
6. The New Institution. In Participatory Forestry: The Process of Change in
India and Nepal. Rural Development Forestry Study Guide 3 by Hobley, M.
1996. Rural Development Forestry Network. Overseas Development
Institute, London, UK:ODI
7. Putting ‘social’ into forestry? Forest Policy and Environment Programme
by Hobley, M. 2005. Grey Literature: ODI.
8. Mobilisation and participation: social psychological expansions lessons
from Kwara State of Nigeria by Klandermans, B. 1984. Community
Development Journal. 17:121-133.
9. Community Participation: A Management Perspective on Obstacles and
Options. In Bureaucracy and the Poor: Closing the Gap by Korten, F.F.
1983. Korten, (pp.183-200). David C. and Alfonso, Felipe B. Eds. West
Hartford, Connecticut: Kumarian Press.
10. Community Participation in Participatory Forest Management Programs
in Azad Jammu Kashmir And Hazara’s Districts of Pakistan by Mamoona,
W.M. 2010. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University Putra Malaysia.
11. History of Forest Management by PFI. 1976. Pakistan Journal of
Forestry 26:105-112.
12. State of Forestry in Pakistan (1999-2000). PFI. 1999. Pakistan Forest
Institute (PFI). Peshawar. Ministry of Environment, Local Government and
Rural Development, Peshawar: Government of Pakistan
13. Local Institutional Development: An Analytical Sourcebook with Cases by
Uphoff, N.T. 1986. Rural Development Committee, Kumarian Press:

84
 Cornell University.

(Specialization PFM II)

PARTICIPATORY FOREST MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING
3 (2-1)
Objective:
It will help students to understand planning process in Participatory forest
management. It will acquaint students with the role of people in forest
management through analysis of need dependence and traditional interactions
between forests and society.
Theory:
1. Participatory forest management planning.
2. Evaluation of Participatory forest management.
3. Socio-economic considerations and policies.
4. Participatory approach for forest management and its impact.
5. Role of public organization, line departments and NGO’s.
6. Review of major Participatory forest management projects of
Pakistan.
Practical:
Visits to various Participatory forest management projects: monitoring their
characteristics: evaluation of their performance: observing local people’s
attitude: noting politico-economics considerations: evaluating social and public
institutions.
Recommended Books:
1. SPSS Survival Manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using
SPSS 2nd Edition by Pallant, J. 2005. Glasgow: Bell and Bain Ltd.
2. Monitoring the Impact of Joint Forest Management on Rural Livelihoods.
A report of the study conducted during the summer internship at Winrock
International-India by Pandey, N. 2005. New Delhi. PGP-I. Aravali Institute
of Management Jodhpur 342 006, Rajasthan.
3. Managing Development Programmes: The Lesson of Success by Paul,
S. 1987. Boulders, Colorado: West View Press.
4. Community Participation in Participatory Forest Management Programs
in Azad Jammu Kashmir And Hazara’s Districts of Pakistan by Mamoona,
W.M. 2010. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University Putra Malaysia.
5. Experiences from Participatory Forest Management by Roy, S.B. 1995.
Inter-India Publication

(Specialization PFM III)

PARTICIPATORY FORESTRY ASSESSMENTS 3 (2-1)
Objective:
85
It will help students to understand Peoples’ participation and management
partnerships, socio-economic, and ecological impact assessments of PFM. It
will acquaint students with the tools of participatory assessment.
Theory:
Peoples’ participation and management partnerships. Forest policies and
social context. The basis of participatory assessment. Participatory baselines.
Participatory evaluation. Information analysis and communication of results.
The tools of participatory assessment. Guidelines for assessment of
participatory forest management programs. Claims and aspirations for PFM by
different actors and the main opportunities and constraints to their
achievement. The most important factors in facilitating or inhibiting PFM to
enhance livelihoods of poor.
Socioeconomic and ecological Impact assessment reviews of different PFM
programs and their implementation strategies in various countries.
Practical/Project:
Study visits to various PFM projects and note ehabater…. Socio-economic and
ecological aspects highlight the difference in different participated levels visit in
PFM and submit report as well.

Recommended Books:
1. Framework for Mainstreaming Participatory Development
Processes into Bank Operations. ADB. 1996. Manila: Asian Development
Bank.
2. Analysis: Impact of participatory forest management on financial
assets of rural communities in Northwest Pakistan [Electronic version] by
Ali, T., M. Ahmad, B. Shahbaz, and A. Suleri. 2007. Ecological Economics.
63: 588-593.
3. Analysis of myths and realities of deforestation in Northwest
Pakistan: implications for forestry extension [Electronic version] by Ali, T.,
B. Shahbaz and A. Suleri. 2006. International Journal of Agriculture and
Biology. 81: 107–110
4. Forest or Farm? The Politics of Poverty and Land Hunger in Nepal
by Ghimire, K. 1998. New Delhi, Manohar Publication
5. Participatory Forestry: The Process of Change in India and Nepal
by Hobley, M. 1996. London, Overseas Development Institute, Rural
Development Forestry Study Guide No 3
6. A New Moral Economy for India’s Forests? By Jeffery, R. and N.
Sundar (eds). 1999.
7. Discourses of Community and Participation, New Delhi, Sage.
8. Twenty-five years of community forestry: Contribution to
Millennium Development Goals’ by Kanel, K. 2004. Proceedings of the
Fourth National Workshop on Community Forestry, 4–6 August,
Kathmandu, Nepal.
9. Guide to participatory tools for forest communities by Kristen E.
2006. Center for International Forestry Research.
86
10. ‘Impact of community forestry policy on rural livelihoods and food
security in Nepal by Malla, Y.B. 2000., Unasylva: International Journal of
Forestry and Forest Industries, vol 51, no 202, pp37–45.
11. Why aren’t poor people benefiting more from community forestry?’
by Malla Y.B., N. Hari and P. Branney. 2003. ODI Rural Development
Forestry Newsletter/Journal of Forests and Livelihoods, London, ODI
12. Community Participation in Participatory Forest Management
Programs in Azad Jammu Kashmir and Hazara’s Districts of Pakistan by
Mamoona, W.M. 2010. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University Putra
Malaysia.
13. SPSS Survival Manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using
spss 2nd Edition by Pallant, J. 2005. Glasgow: Bell and Bain Ltd.
14. Monitoring the Impact of Joint Forest Management on Rural
Livelihoods. A report of the study conducted during the summer internship
at Winrock International-India by Pandey, N. 2005. New Delhi. PGP-I.
Aravali Institute of Management Jodhpur 342 006, Rajasthan.
15. Managing Development Programmes: The Lesson of Success by
Paul, S. 1987. Boulders, Colorado: West View Press.
16. History of Forest Management by PFI. 1976. Pakistan Journal of
Forestry 26:105-112.
17. State of Forestry in Pakistan (1999-2000). PFI. 1999. Pakistan
Forest Institute (PFI). Peshawar. Ministry of Environment, Local
Government and Rural Development, Peshawar: Government of Pakistan
18. Local vs official criteria and indicators for evaluating community
forest management by Pokharel, R.K. and H.O. Larsen. 2007. Institute of
Chartered Foresters. doi:10.1093/forestry/cpm005. Forestry 80(2).
19. Socio-Economic Impacts of Community Forest Management in
Rural India by Rossi, F.J. 2007. Unpublished doctoral dissertation,
University of Florida.
20. Evaluation A Systematic Approach 5th ed. by Rossie, P.H. and H.E.
Freeman. 1993. Newbury Park, London: SAGE Publications.
21. Experiences from Participatory Forest Management by Roy, S.B.
1995. Inter-India Publication.

6. SERICULTURE 9(5-4)
(Specialization SC-I) SILKWORM REARING 3(2-1)
Objective:
To equip the students with sericulture cottage industry for rural development,
multiple uses of forests, and sustainable forest resources management.
Theory:
1. History of Sericulture
2. By-products of sericulture
3. The mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori
4. Basic requirements for silkworm rearing
5. Incubation of silkworm eggs

87
 6. Silkworm rearing techniques/methods and ecological requirements
7. Silkworm breeding and genetics of silkworm
8. Mechanization in sericulture
9. Mounting, types of mountages, and cocoon quality parameters
10. Diseases of silkworm and their management
11. Economics of sericulture, concepts of benefit-cost ratio, marketing
12. Extension education in sericulture

Practical:
Study visits to any Sericulture cottage industry and submit study report as well.

(Specialization SC-II)
SILK SEED AND COCOON TECHNOLOGY 4 (2-2)
Theory:
1. Preparatory requirements of silk seed crop
2. Rearing and feeding methods of silk seed crop
3. Production of reproductive seeds
4. Production of industrial seeds
5. Preservation of silk seed
6. Oviposition and fertility parameters, and egg preservation
7. Egg treatment and hatchability
8. Hybrid vigour and heritability
9. Investigation of trans-oval diseases
10. Synthesis of silk proteins
11. Cocoon production technologies/mechanization
12. Post cocoon activities
13. Cocoon storage and environmental factors
14. Pre-reeling processes and silk reeling
15. Characterization of raw silk

Practical/Study visit.
Production of silk seed
Oviposition and fertility parameters
Cocoon production technologies
Post cocoon activities parameter
Reeling and Raw Silk Testing.

(Specialization SC-III) MORICULTURE 2 (1-1)

Theory:
1. Mulberry Plant and its ecological requirements
2. Nursery raising of mulberry
3. Methods of mulberry propagation and silvicultural treatments
4. Establishment of mulberry plantation and its management
5. Harvesting and storage of mulberry leaves
88
 6. Diseases and insect pests of mulberry and their management
Practical:
1. Practice of disinfection methods
2. Incubation of silkworm eggs
3. Practice of silkworm operations
4. Silk seed production
5. Cocoon harvesting and characterization
6. Reeling and raw silk testing
7. Silk seed preservation
8. Practice of mulberry propagation techniques
9. Nursery raining

Recommended Books:
1. Handbook of Sericulture. Anon. 1977. Seoul: Kyungpook National
University.
2. Comprehensive Sericulture. Volume I: Moriculture by Ganga, G. 2003.
New Delhi: Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.
3. Comprehensive Sericulture. Volume II: Silkworm Rearing and Silk
Reeling by Ganga, G. 2003. New Delhi: Oxford and IBH Publishing Co.
Pvt. Ltd.
4. Silkworm Rearing on Artificial Diet by Hamamura, Y. (Ed.) 2001. New
Delhi: Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.
5. Shoot Feeding and Sericultural Trends by Sathe, T.V. and S.H. Thite.
2004. New Delhi: Daya Publishing House.
6. Principles and Techniques of Silkworm Seed Production by Singh, T.
and B. Saratchandra. 2004. New Delhi: Discovery Publishing House.
7. The Silkworm: an important laboratory tool by Tazima, Y. (Ed). 1978.
Tokyo: Kodansha.

7. WOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 9 (5-4)

(Specialization WST-I)
WOOD HARVESTING TECHNIQUES 2(1-1)

Objective:
To educate the students with the knowledge and skills of cutting trees,
transportation and stacking of timber.
Theory:
1. Tree felling and Conversion. Merits and demerits of tree felling techniques
used in Pakistan: Felling with saw, exe, saw and importance of direction of
felling; choice of a felling method; timber losses in felling and their causes;
measures for improving wood productivity during felling; safety measures
against accidents during felling; felling vs soil conservation; forest
protection; silvicultural aspects and watershed values; logging and other
timber conversion operations; classification and description of various

89
 forms of converted timber, safety measures in logging and cross cutting
operations.
2. Timber Extraction and Transportation. Importance, economical aspects and
scope of following timber extraction techniques in Pakistan; extraction by
rolling. Dragging, animals, animal carts, slides, forest railways, overhead
transport, water transport, skidding and winching; Timber sizes; minor and
major means of timber transportation.
3. Grading and storage of timber. Basis and importance of grading of sawn
and round timber; grading specifications for round and sawn timber used at
the felling stations and forest depots; grading practices in Pakistan at
different places; stacking of round and sawn timber at felling sites and
forest depots. Latest sale price of various grades of timber and fuelwood in
the depots.
4. Wood marketing: Difference between sale and disposal, merits, demerits
and economic importance of different sale and disposal; systems in
Pakistan, application and scope of different sale methods. Forestry in the
market place: Forest Products; the economics of forestry. Grading and
storage of timber in the market.
5. Work Organization: Types and availability of forest labour; different wage
system; importance and choice of wage systems.
Practical:
To study tree felling, cross cuttings, sawing into scants, transportation and
marketing of timber.
Recommended Books:
1. Logging by Brown, N.C. 1950. John Wiley and Sons. New York.
2. Logging Reference Manual Vol.13 by Zaremba, W. 1976.
Department of Forestry Private Bag-3. Republic of South Africa (Pretoria).
3. Forest product marketing by Sinclair, A. Steven. 1992. McGraw-
Hills. Inc. New York

(Specialization WST-II) WOOD STRUCTURE 2 (1-1)

Objective:
To acquaint the students with the latest enhance the knowledge and skills of identify
wood structure/features within tree species to application in the field.

Theory:
1. Introduction: wood formation process, cambial zone and cambium, Kind
and arrangement of cambial initials in the cambium, shape and size of
cambial initial in softwood and hardwood ,longitudinal and transverse
enlargement of young xylery cells following their formation ,increase in
the girth of cambium. Complete description of different types of cells
forming the wood, cell wall thickness and process of lignifications, pits,
their structure and types, chemical composition of cell wall, different cell
wall layers and their ultra-structure identification, anatomical, physical
90
 and chemical properties of reaction wood, causes of formation of
reaction wood. Reaction wood as a defect.
2. Special structural features of softwood and hardwoods.
3. Wood quality variations within a tree species. Quality of wood in relation
to position in the stem. Variation in structure, density and strength at
different heights and branch, trunk and root wood. Quality of wood in
relation to growth increment.
4. Laboratory methods. Microscopy, optical and electron microscope, use
and care of microscopes, fundamentals of micrometry, photographic
cameras, films papers and photomicrography. Preparation of wood for
microscopic examination.
Practical:
Laboratory work in the study of wood structure, micro techniques such as
cutting of sections of timbers, staining and making of permanent slides,
maceration of wood, microscopy of micrometry. Making photomicrographs,
practical work in identification of Pakistani timbers.

Recommended Books:
1. Photomicrography by Allen, R.M D. 1946. Van Nostu and Company, Inc.
New York.
2. Text book of wood technology(two vols.) by Brown, H.P. et al.,
1940.McGraw Hill Book, New York.
3. Cellular ultra structure of woody plants by Cote, W.A.. 1965. Syraouse
University Press.
4. Plant micro techniques by Johansen, D.A. 1940. McGraw Hill Book
Company, Inc., New York and London.
5. Commercial timbers of India (two vols) by Pearson, R.S. 1932. Calcutta
Brown, H.P Central Publications Brach.
6. Common commercial timbers of India and their use by Trotter, H. 1944.
Dehra Dun, Vasant Press, India
7. The microscope by Wredden, J.H. J an A. Churchill. 1947. Ltd., London.
8. Electron microscopy by Wykoff, R.W.G. 1949. Interscience Publishers Inc.,
New York.

(Specialization WST-III)
WOOD TESTING AND PROCESSING 2 (1-1)

Objective:
To educate the student with the recent development in testing of wood and
wood preparation for drying and treatment.
Theory:
1. Wood testing: Recent developments in the testing of wood for
physical and mechanical properties of wood such as wood moisture
relationship, sorption, desorption and the phenomenon of hysterises. Flow
of liquids and gases into wood. Electrical, thermal and acoustical properties,
their significance and measurement. Electrical and thermal conductivity of
91
 wood. Thermal expansion and calorific value of wood. Acoustical behaviour
of wood. Factors affecting the thermal, electrical and acoustical properties.
Non destructive methods of testing wood. Grading of sawn timber. Factors
affecting the grade of wood, visual grading. Principles of machine grading.
Derivation of basic grade and working stresses. Application of working
stresses for the design of simple beams and columns.
2. Wood processing- Preparation of wood for drying and treatment.
Energy consumptions in wood drying. Special drying methods like vapor
drying, dehumidifiers, forced air drying, solvent drawing, high temperature
drying, chemical seasoning. R.F. drying of wood and solar drying. Recent
developments in the preservation of wood. Methods of testing the
effectiveness of various preservatives including laboratory and field tests.
Preservation of wood for special use such as marine timber for cooling
towers, railway sleepers, cross arms, furniture and joinery. Fire retardant
treatments. Theories of fire retardancy.

Practical:
1. Laboratory measurement of various physical and mechanical properties by
different methods
2. Stacking of wood for air and kiln seasoning.
3. Control of kiln seasoning process.
4. Treat ability of different woods with preservatives
Recommended Books:
1. Lumber seasoning by Annonymous. 1962.Forest series U.S. Department
of Agriculture.
2. The strength properties of Timber by Armstrong, F. H. 1960. F.P.R. Bulletin
No. 45 H.M.S.O.
3. Principals of wood science and technology, Vol. 1 by Kollmann, F.P. and
W.A Cote. 1968. Springer Verllag. Berlin. 1968.
4. Flow in wood. Syracuse Wood Science Series 1 by Siau, J.F. 1972.
Syracuse University Press, New York.

(Specialization WST-IV)
WOOD BASED PRODUCTS 3 (2-1)

Objective:
To educate the students in wood based fields research and technology.
Theory:
1. Introduction, description, classification, properties and uses of
panel products.
2. Plywood, veneer plywood, core plywood and other plywoods.
3. Particleboard, Particleboard flat pressed, particleboard extruded.
4. Fiber board, Insulating board, Medium hardboard regular S1-S,
Medium hardboard regular S-2-S and hardboard.
92
5. Panels mineral bonded, wood particles based, straw panel board,
and other panels.
6. Laminated wood, its manufacture and uses.
7. Characteristics of raw materials used in the manufacture of
different wood based panels. Raw material supplies in Pakistan.
8. Advantages of panel products over solid wood. Role of panel
products and laminated wood in forest conservation. Scope of panel
products and laminated wood Industry in Pakistan.
9. Quality standards for predicting specific end use of different panel
products.
10. Adhesives, Nature and properties of adhesives used in modern
production of plywood, particleboard and laminated wood. Adhesive
components, fillers and extenders. Catalysis, fortifiers, Polymerization.
Factors governing choice of adhesives, durability of adhesives ease of use
in manufacture, cost of adhesive. Methods of testing adhesives.
Practical:
Strength testing of panel products-Modulus of rupture, Modulus of elasticity,
nail withdrawal resistance, screw holding capacity, water and moisture
absorption. Bond quality testing of laminated products.
Recommended Books:
1. Principles of Wood Science and Technology. Vol.II by Kollman, F.F.P. et al.
1975. Springer Verlag. Berlin.
2. Glulam by Chugg, W.A. 1964. Earnest Benn Ltd. London, 1964.
3. Modern plywood by Perry, T.D. 1948. Pitman Publishing Corporation, New
York, 1948.
4. Adhesion and adhesives. Vol.I and II by Houwink, R. and Salomon. 1965.
G. Elsevier Publishing Company London.

8. WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 9 (9-0)

(Specialization WLM-I)
WILDLIFE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY 3 (3-0)
Theory:
1. Importance of invertebrates to conservation: role of invertebrates in
food chains and diversity, insects and mollusks of importance in wildlife
biology.
2. Vertebrates: review of biology of major groups with emphasis on
important species in wildlife management.
3. Ecological principles: Ecosystem, communities and population.
Productivity concept of hunting factors, competition and tolerance,
dispersion.
4. Habitat Ecology: Broad classification of wildlife habitats in Pakistan.
The role and practice of habitat evaluation in conservation.

93
5. Vertebrate Ecology: Animal habitat interactions. The niche concept.
Feeding ecology: Feeding of herbivores, omnivores and carnivores,
predation, food, nutrition and animal heath, carrying capacity, Biomass.
6. Population Ecology: Biological and geographical populations.
Abundance and density, mortality and natality, population structure, age
and sex classes. Age and sex determination.
7. Wildlife behavior, relevance of ecology to management.
Recommended Books:
1. Conservation and Evolution by Frankel, O.H. and M.E. Soule. 1981.
Cambridge University press.
2. The mammals of Pakistan by Robert, T.J. 1977. Oxford University press.
3. The birds of Pakistan (Vol –I and II) by Robert, T.J. 1991. Oxford University
press.
4. Conservation Biology by Soule, M.E. and B.A. Wilcox. 1980. Sinuer
Associates Inc. sunders land, Massachusetts.
5. Biological Management and Conservation by Usher M.B. 1973. Chapman
and Hall, London.
6. Wildlife Ecology, Conservation and Management by Sinclair, Anthony R.E.
Feycell, John M: Caughly, Graeme. 2009. Wiley Blackwell.
7. Wildlife Ecology and Management by Robinson, W.L and G.B. Eric 1984.
Mc Millan Publishing Co. New York.
8. Robinson, W.L and Eric G. Bolen. 1984. Wildlife Ecology and Management
Mc Millan Publishing Co. New York.

(Specialization WLM-II)
WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AND RESEARCH 3 (3-0)

Objective:
To import the advance knowledge and skills needs forest and conservation of
wildlife and its Rabbited.

To develop understanding regarding Wildlife policies and laws with reference

to Pakistan.

Theory:
Part – I Wildlife Management
1. Habitat Management: Design and implementation of monitoring
programmes. The development and management of natural and artificial
water supplies and salt licks. Fire as a supply tool. Management of
vegetation as cover and as food supply. Grazing control.
2. Management of Animal Communities: Design and implementation of
protection and monitoring. Management of small populations. Animal
damage problems: Man eating, stock lifting and crop damage. Special
management of rare and endangered animals including aquatic species.
3. Human Dimensions: Ecology and economy of rural communities.
Land use pressures and incompatibilities. Control of human activities in
94
 protected areas: Domestic stock, encroachment, removal of forest
produce. Alternative development strategies. Management of multiple
use and peripheral zones.
4. Captive management and utilization: Captive breeding programmes.
Wildlife ranching wildlife farming. Possible utilization project.
5. Wildlife programmes planning.
6. Management planning and implementation: Protected area values,
goals and objectives. Management strategies. Ecological and legal
boundaries. Concept of zonations, zone objectives and management.
Management plan preparation.
Part - II Wildlife Research
1. Planning wildlife management investigation and project, programme
development, problem statement, the planning process, the
investigational plan.
2. Wildlife management literature, serial and monographic literature book
reviewing media, abstracting and indexing services, subject
bibliographic, organization and preparation of the research paper.
3. Making observation and records, field notes, photographic record taking.
4. Writing the scientific report.
5. Human surveys in wildlife management.
6. Wildlife investigational techniques.

Recommended Books:
1. Conservation and Evolution by Frankel, O.H. and M.E. Soule. 1981.
Cambridge University press.
2. The mammals of Pakistan (Vol-I and II) by Robert, T.J. 1977. Oxford
University press.
3. The birds of Pakistan (Vol-I and II) by Robert, T.J. 1991. Oxford
University press.
4. Wildlife Management Techniques Manual by Schemmitz, D. Sanford.
The Wildlife Society, Washington, D.C.
5. Conservation Biology by Soule, M.E. and B.A. Wilcox. 1980. Sinauer
Associates Inc. Sunder land, Massachusetts.
6. A Manual of Wildlife Conservation by Teague, D. Richard. Colarado
State University, Fort Colins, Colarado. The Wildlife Society Washington
D.C.
7. Biological Management and Conservation by Usher M.B. 1973.
Chapman and Hall, London.
8. Wildlife Sciences by Fulbright, Timothy E. 2007. CRC Press UK.
9. Principles of Wildlife Management by Bailey, J.A. 1984. John Wiley
and Sons Inc USA.
10. Wildlife Management by Giles, R.H. Jr. 1987. W.H. Freeman and Co.
San Francesco.

(Specialization WLM-III)
WILDLIFE POLICY, LAWS AND ADMINISTRATION 3 (3-0)
95
I. Wildlife Policy and Laws
1. The legislative process and wildlife.
2. Historical background and evolution of current wildlife laws.
3. Provincial wildlife acts/ordinances and targets species.
4. International wildlife pacts, treaties and conventions.
5. Effectiveness of the current wildlife laws and scope for future
improvement.
II. Wildlife Administration
1. Current wildlife administration practices in Pakistan.
2. Conservation of natural resources: Wildlife as a natural resource.
Objectives of conservation. History of conservation in Pakistan and
factors affecting conservation. National conservation strategy.
Protected areas: International, national and world heritage sites.
The role of zoological and botanical gardens. National and
International agencies for conservation.
3. Tourism, interpretation and wildlife education: Importance of tourism,
tourism development. Techniques of wildlife interpretation for
protected areas and zoos, visitor centers, museum, nature trails,
guides, wildlife education and its importance for rural people,
students and decision makers. Development of materials. Role of
NGOs and the media.
Recommended Books:
1. Conservation and Evolution by Frankel, O.H. and M.E. Soules. 1981.
Cambridge University press.
2. Biodiversity Conservation and laws by IUCN. 1993. Environmental policy
and law paper. No.29.PP 292.
3. Provincial wildlife acts and ordinances, (Provincial Wildlife Department).
4. The wildlife legislation of Pakistan by Rao, A.L. 1984. MSc Thesis,
University of Edinburgh, National council for conservation of wildlife,
Islamabad.
5. Compiled Wildlife Acts and Rules of Pakistan by Shafiq M.M. 2005. PFI,
Publication.
6. The Mammals of Pakistan by Roberts, T.J. 1977. Oxford University press.
7. The Birds of Pakistan (Vol – I) by Roberts, T.J. 1991. Oxford University
press.

9. AGROFORESTRY 9(7-2)
(Specialization AF I)
AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS 3(3-0)
Objective:
To acquaint the students with the knowledge about Agroforestry system,
planning and marketing of Agroforestry products.

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Theory:
1. Introduction.
a. Definition of Social Forestry, Types of Social Forestry: Agro
forestry. Farm Forestry, Participatory Forestry, Village/community
Forestry, Extension Forestry. Amenity Forestry, Rehabilitation
Forestry and Compensatory Forestry.
b. Other Types of Forestry: Energy Forestry and Industrial
Forestry.
c. Importance, Scope and Need of Agro Forestry regarding
development of Forest Resource and its impact on Forest
Management and Farm Management.
d. Reviews of historical background of Agro forestry. Agroforestry
in contrast with Traditional Agriculture, Range Management and
Forestry.
2. Agriculture Farm Management: Scope and development of farm
management. Economic conditions of the farmers in Pakistan. Farm
possession, ownership, and lease, cash and crop lease, size of farm.
Nature of farming and its characteristics. Types of farming present on
various farm s. Introduction to major fruit crops.
3. Definition of a system, farming system and agro forestry system;
Importance, need, objectives and potential of Agroforestry systems.
Agro forestry Systems classification by: i- Major components:
Agrisilvicultural, silvopastoral, Agro silvopastoral and other systems. ii-
Temporal and spatial character. iii- Function or application. iv- Spread
and management.
4. Agro forestry Systems Current Agro forestry systems in Pakistan in
view of establishment, Cultural and Harvest Techniques.
a. Rotation Systems (Hurri)
b. Permanent Tree and Field Crop Systems.
c. Tree-Pasture Systems: Broadleaved and conifer species with
grass and other forage species with domestic animals.
d. “Minor” Forest Products systems.

5. Agro forestry Systems in Latin American, African and Asian

Countries.
a. Rotation Systems.
b. Intercropping
c. Permanent Tree and Field Crop
d. Tree and Aquatic
e. Tee and Forage
f. Misc. Forest Products such as Medicinal Plants.
g. Kitchen Gardens (Home Gardens).
6. Designing Agro forestry Systems.

a. Land capability classifications and their application to design

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 of agroforestry.
b. Diagnosis and Design (DandD) Method.
i. Objectives of method and design criteria.
ii. Use as iterative design and implementation process.
iii. Procedural steps: Description. Diagnosis. Technology
Design. Implementation Planning. Relationship to Farming
Systems Approach.
c. Farming Systems Research Methodology
i. The farm as a system combining animal, field tree and
pastoral crops.
ii. Use as an analytical tool and for outreach program.
iii. Procedural steps: Characteristics and analysis of system.
Planning and design for improvement. Generation/Evaluation
of technologies information accumulation and analysis of
improved farm system. Re-evaluation of technology and
dissemination via extension.
7. Role of Agroforestry/Farm Forestry. Specialist.
a. Service to forestry department: Promote national and
provincial departmental objectives.
b. Service to farmers/land owners: Serve farmers’ objective,
technical advisor, out reach capacity.
c. Conflict of interest: Farmer’s objective vs. departmental
objective.
d. Financial and economical analysis of a farm and agroforestry
system.
e. Case studies in farm and agroforestry systems success and
failure in Pakistan.
Recommended Books:
1. Agroforestry and its strategies for Pakistan by Hafeez, M.C. 1986.
MS. Thesis. Oxford Forestry Institute, Oxford. Copy available at PFI,
Peshawar.
2. The Use of Economics in Agro forestry. Working Paper No.1 by
Hockstra, D.A. 1983 a. Nairobi: International Council for Research in Agro
forestry.
3. The Use of Economics in Agro forestry. Working Paper No.2 by
Hockstra, D.A. 1983 b. Nairobi: International Council for Research in Agro
forestry.
4. DandD User’s Manual: An Introduction to Agro forestry Diagnosis
and Design by ICRAF. 1987. ICRAF. Nairobi, Kenya.
5. Guide lines for Agro forestry Diagnosis and Design by ICRAF,
1983. Working PAPER No.6. International Council for Research in Agro
forestry. ICRAF. Nairobi, Kenya.
6. Guide lines for Agro forestry Diagnosis and Design. Working
PAPER No.7 by ICRAF. 1983. International Council for Research in Agro
forestry. ICRAF. Nairobi, Kenya.
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7. ICRAF “Agro forestry today”, (Quarterly), Nairobi. Kenya.
8. Handbook on Agroforestry: Management Practices and
Environmental Impact by Lawrence R.K. 2010. Lawrence R. Kellimore
(Editor).
9. Social Forestry and Agroforestry by Divya, M.P., K.T. Parthiba..
2008. Satish Serial Publishing House.
10. Community Participation in Participatory Forest Management
Programs in Azad Jammu Kashmir and Hazara’s Districts of Pakistan by
Mamoona, W.M. 2010. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University Putra
Malaysia.
11. Firewood Crops: Shrub and Tree Species for Energy Production
by N.A.S. 1983. Washington: National Academy Press.
12. “Agro forestry System in the Tropics” by Nair, P.K.R. et al., 1989.
Klower Academic Publishers. P.O. Box 17 3300 AA Dordrecht, The
Netherlands.
13. Towards Agroforestry Design: An Ecological Approach by Shibu J.
and A.M. Gordan. 2008.
14. Agroforestry: Classification and Management by Vergara, N.T. and
K.G. Mac Dicken. 1990. John Willey and Sons. New York. Pp. 382.
(Specialization AF II)
FARM FORESTRY MANAGEMENT 3 (2-1)

Theory:
1. Multiplicity of Agroforestry products and services- ecological and
economic and cultural considerations- gender equality- preservation of
indigenous knowledge. Socioeconomic benefits of agroforestry.
2. Adoption of AF- Determinants of adoption: feasibility, profitability,
and acceptability. Adoption behavior influenced by risk, biophysical, and
resource factors: land, labor, income, inputs, experience, social capital,
training and membership in farmer cooperatives. Self-efficacy in farmer
decision-making - policy aspects.
3. Sustainability of land use systems- soil conservation and
sustainability-agroforestry for soil conservation- soil restoration- need
and reclamation of degraded soils, flood prone areas. Mine spoils and
ravines- selection of species and techniques - agroforestry for
maintenance of soil fertility, ecological balance and conservation of
biodiversity.
4. Management innovation in agroforestry systems of the tropics.
5. Agroforestry for maintenance of soil fertility, ecological balance and
conservation of biodiversity. Management innovation in agroforestry
systems of the tropics.
Practical:
1. Agroforestry product inventory
2. Lab Exercise on familiarization of multipurpose tree databases.
Recommended Books:
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1. Agroforestry in Sustainable Agri. Systems by Buck, Lassoie,
Fernandes. 1999. CRC Press.
2. Agroforestry: Principles and Practices by Dwivedi A.P. 1992. Oxford
and IBH.
3. North American Agroforestry by Garrett, Rieteveld, Fisher: 2000.
ASA, Madison, USA.
4. Agroforestry Systems in the Temperate Zone by Gordon and
Newman: 1997 CAB Int'l.
5. Agroforestry by McDicken and Vergara: 1990. Wiley, New York
6. Community Participation in Participatory Forest Management
Programs in Azad Jammu Kashmir And Hazara’s Districts of Pakistan by
Mamoona, W.M. 2010. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University Putra
Malaysia.
7. Handbook on Agroforestry: Management Practices and
Environmental Impact by Lawrence R.K. 2010. Lawrence R. Kellimore
(Editor).
8. Social Forestry and Agroforestry by Divya, M.P., K.T. Parthiban.
2008. Satish Serial Publishing House.
9. Meta-analysis of nitrogen removal in riparian buffers. By Mayer,
P.M., Reynolds, S.K., McCutchen, M.D., Canfield, T.J., 2007. Journal of
Environmental Quality 36, 1172-1180.
10. New Vistas in Agroforestry by Nair, P.K.R., Rao, M.R. and Buck L.E.
(eds.) 2004. A Compendium for the 1st World Congress of Agroforestry.
Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
11. New Vistas in Agroforestry by Nair PKR, Rai MR and Buck LE. 2004.
Kluwer.
12. An Introduction to Agroforestry by Nair PKR. 1993. Kluwer.
13. Tree Crop Interactions – A Physiologica Approach by Ong CK and
Huxley P.K. 1996. ICRAF.
14. Trees and Tree Farming by Thampan PK. 1993. Peekay Tree Crops
Development Foundation.
15. Riparian forest buffers in Agroecosystems - lessons learned from the
Bear Creek Watershed, central Iowa, USA by Schultz, R.C., Isenhart, T.M.,
Simpkins, W.W., Colletti, J.P. 2004. Agroforestry Systems 61, 35-50.
16. Toward Agroforestry Design: An Ecological Approach by Shibu J.
and Andrew M.G. 2008.
17. Agroforestry for Soil Management by Young A. 1997. CABI.

(Specialization AF III)
MARKETING OF AGROFORESTRY PRODUCTS 3 (2-1)

Theory:
1. Nature and scope of marketing. Approaches to marketing functions.
Marketing System, Marketing System of Agroforestry Products,
Marketing of tree products, the ‘black box’ of agroforestry markets,
characteristics of small and local markets.

100
 2. Marketing Structure Analysis: Study of market structure and conduct of
wood and wood product markets, marketing channels, costs, margins
and price spread for selected wood and wood products. Locations and
features of specialized markets
3. Marketing Channels of Agroforestry Products, Marketing Margin
Analysis for Agroforestry wood products.
4. Agroforestry Marketing problems, prospects and challenges, and gender
issue.
5. Agroforestry Marketing Policy.
6. Wood Product Percentage from Agroforestry Trees, Marketing Margins
of Different tree species’ Products. Contribution of Agroforestry Products
to Rural Livelihoods.
7. Marketing and Marketing strategies for non-wood forest products:
Cooperative Societies. Exploring market expansion through value
addition by improved post-harvest processing value addition methods,
organic products, processing of bamboos and fruits.
Practical:
1. Local surveys on agroforestry markets, product outflow, inflow
regulatory mechanisms.
2. Case studies on harvesting, postharvest management and marketing
of agroforestry products.
3. Visit to marketing institutions and forest industries.
Recommended Books:
1. Community forestry ten years in review by Arnold, J.E. M. 1991. Forest,
trees and people. Community Forestry Note 7: 20-23.
2. Retrospect and prospect. In farms, trees and farmers: Responses to
agricultural intensification by Arnold, J. E. M. 1997. J. E. M. Arnold and
Peter A. Dewees (eds.). pp 271-287. Earthscan, London.
3. Trees outside forests. Towards better awareness. FAO. 2002. FAO
Conservation Guide 35. Rome: FAO.
4. Marketing of Wood Fuels in Peshawar City, Pakistan. FAO 1993. Regional
Wood Energy Development Programme in Asia. Bangkok.
5. Report on the Regional Course on Trade in Wood Fuel Related Products.
FAO 1996. Regional Wood Energy Development Programme in Asia.
Bangkok.
6. Community Participation in Participatory Forest Management Programs in
Azad Jammu Kashmir And Hazara’s Districts of Pakistan by Mamoona,
W.M. 2010. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University Putra Malaysia.
7. The Role of Gender in Community forestry /Agro-forestry in Pakistan
Published in the Proceedings of the Workshop “Forests for Poverty
Reduction: Can Community Forestry Make Money?” by Mamoona, W.M.
2004. 1-2 September, 2003 Beijing China, FAO/APAFRI/CAF, RAP
Publication 2004/04.
8. “Gender Role in Agro-forestry” in District Attock, Punjab by Mamoona,
W.M. 2000. Pakistan Journal of Forestry 87-96 Vol. 50(1-2) 2000.

101
9. "Feasibility Study Report on Agroforestry/Community Forestry of NWFP
Barani Area Development Project Phase II (PPTA)" by Mamoona, W.M.
1999. Asian Development Bank / Government of NWFP, 1999.
10. The Role of Women and Biomass Energy in Small to Very Small Rural
Industries in Pakistan” Mamoona, W.M. 1997. RWEDP Report No. 35 , p
52-63 FAO UN Bangkok.
11. Charcoal by Mayer, A. 1974. (Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization
of the United Nations)
12. Proceedings of the National Training Workshop on Fuelwood Trade in
Pakistan. PFI. 1986. Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar.
13. Wood Based Energy System in Rural Industries and Village Application.
Pakistan by Qazi, I.A. 1989. Field Document FAO/REWDP Bangkok.
14. Wood fuel Energy in Pakistan by Siddiqui, K.M. 1997. Pakistan
Forest Institute, Peshawar.

10. FOREST ENGINEERING and LOGGING 9(7-2)

Specialization (FEL-I) FOREST MACHINERY 3(3-0)

Theory:
1. Engines: Petrol and Diesel engines and their working
2. Mechanics and hydraulics of forestry machines, clutches, and gear
systems
3. Hydrostatic and hydro dynamic drives
4. Skidder in the terrain, trafficability, traction, friction, curve-radius,
tilting.
5. Winches and cable cranes.
6. Power saws: engines, carburetor, clutch, chains
7. Repair and maintenance of chain saws
8. Forest machines and their maintenance, spare parts.
9. Machine cost calculation: Investment, repair and operational costs
10. Exercises and practical:

i. Machine cost calculation

ii. Optimal depreciation period of a machine
iii. Data and Record keeping of machines

Recommended Books:
1. Automotive machining and Engine repair. by Gery Lewis, 2000
2. Diesel Engine and Fuel System Repair by John F. Dogel, 1998
3. Modern Diesel Technology by D. Gruden, 2003
4. Chain Saw in Tropical FAO Teaching Series 1980

Specialization (FEL-II) FOREST LOGGING 3 (2-1)

Theory:
Tree Felling and Conversion
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 1. Tree felling methods, directional felling
2. Tools: manual tools: axes, saws, wedges, sapies, bill hocks, log
turners
3. Mechanical chain saws: mechanical and hydraulic devices for
directional felling; felling machines.
4. Improvement of utilization by advanced felling methods.
5. Time and cost studies in timber harvesting operations
6. Wage system for felling and conversion. Piece rate, bonus system
7. Accident during felling and conversion and their control.
8. Safety regulations.
9. Debranching: methods, tools and machines, time consumption
and cost calculation. Utilization of branches.
10. Debarking: methods, tools and machines: time consumption and
cost calculation. Utilization of bark, un-debarked wood.
11. Cross-cutting: Utilization of logs; economical cross-cutting of logs,
transportation of tree lengths and log lengths.
12. Mechanized timber harvesting system

Timber Extraction and Transportation

1. Primary Transportation: Methods, tools, machines, time
consumption and cost calculation.
i. Sliding by gravity
ii. Rolling
iii. Skidding by animal and tractors
iv. Yarding by winches and cable cranes
2. Accidents and safety regulations.
3. Wage systems.
4. Secondary transportation: by trucks, loading and un loading,
travel speed, costs
5. Improved logging Trucks, winches and cost for loading and
unloading.
6. Rail-roads, shipping, floating, and other methods of secondary
transportation.
7. Statistics of present transportation, intensity of logging roads,
and future demand.

Recommended Books:
1. Timber Cutting Practices by Conway, S. 1978, LCCCNo.78-53017
2. Principles of timber harvesting systems. By Conway, S. 1976
3. Logging Cost analysis by Mathews, 1980
4. Chain Saw in tropical forests. FAO teaching series,1980

Specialization (FEL-III)
APPLIED MECHANICS IN FORESTRY 3 (2-1)
Theory:
103
 1. Forces: Laws of forces, analytical and graphical conditions of equilibrium
for a system of current forces.
2. Parallel forces: Center of gravity, Reaction of supports of beams.
3. Framed Structure: Analysis of forces in determinate frames, graphical
solution, work, Energy, Power, Mechanics for lifting weights. Diagram of
work IHP and BHP.
4. Friction: Laws of Friction, Machines bearings, Journals and pivots,
Inclined planes, Screws.
5. Velocity and acceleration diagram: Angular velocity and acceleration,
change in velocity, motion in circle, SH motion, Relative velocity, motion
in circle.
6. Inertia: Translatory and rotational, Kinetic energy, Momentum, Impulsive
forces, Moment of Inertia, Centrifugal forces, Impact of Elastic bodies.
7. Transmission of Motion: By belts, Velocity ration of pulleys, fraction and
HP transmitted.
8. By Ropes: Centrifugal tension in ropes and belts, by toothed wheels,
Angular velocity ration, HP transmitted. Trains of wheels.

Recommended Books:
1. Applied mechanics by J. Duncan
2. Mechanics for Technology by Bruch C.D, John Wiley and Sons,
Inc. 1976

104
11. ENVIRONMENTAL FORESTRY 9 (8-2)

(Specialization EF-I)
ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTRY 2 (2-0)
Objective:
To educate the students about the concept and importance of environmental
forestry and management of forests for improvement of the environment.
Theory:
1. Forests and Climate Control: Green house effect, forest and climatic
change. Climatic change in Pakistan. Vegetation zones of Pakistan.
Mountain and climate change.
2. Afforestation: Benefits of home and urban tree planting. Developing
green belts in urban areas for improvement of environment.
3. Forest Fires and Control: Nature of forest fire, detection of forest fire,
methods of control of forest fire by different mechanical and chemical
methods and effects.
4. Impact of desertification and Control: Management and control of
desertification, soil and water erosion, water logging and salinity, soil,
water and air pollution, floods. Trees and noise
5. Importance of forests in protecting watersheds and providing clean
water for drinking and controlling erosion, increasing life spans of water
reservoirs through reduction of silt depositing in reservoirs and canal
system, mitigating environmental pollution, sound and dust pollution.
6. Identification of tree species for improving environment in different
zones.
7. Developing forest management plans for improvement of environment.
Practical:
Field: Visit to study impact of forests on environment.
Lab: Develop forestry projects for different areas for improvement of
environment.
Recommended Books:
1. Proceedings on “Problems of Environmental Protection in
Pakistan”. Centre for Applied Economics Studies. 1989. University of
Peshawar in Collaboration with Federal Republic of Germany.
2. Education for environmental planning and conservation by Desh B.
and N.L. Ramnathan. 1982. Natraj Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi.
3. Perspective in Environmental Management, Indian Science
Congress by Khoshoo, T.N. 1987. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Ltd.,
New Delhi.
4. The Pakistan National Conservation Strategy by Govt. of Pakistan
and IUCN. 1991. Environment and Urban Affair Division, GOP, Islamabad.
5. Environmental Management in India. Vol.I and Vol.II by Sapru,
R.K. 1987. Ashosh Pub. Hon. New Delhi.

105
(Specialization EF-II)
ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION AND MITIGATION MEASURES
3 (3-0)
Objective:
To equip the students with the knowledge of environmental pollution and the
measures required for mitigation of pollution.
Theory:
1. Concept of environmental pollution including contamination of air, soil
and water.
2. Study causes of environmental pollution: industrial emission and
waste, sewage systems, emission from vehicles, household waste,
insecticide, brick kilns, etc.
3. Methods and techniques applied for measuring environmental
pollution.
4. Negative effects of environmental pollution on economy and health.
5. Affects of environmental pollution on vegetation (acid rains and tree
diseases).
6. Role of forests in mitigating environmental pollution.
7. Study technical, engineering and legal measures to reduce
environmental pollution.
Recommended Books:
1. Saving the Planet: How to Shape an Environmentally Sustainable
Global Economy Book Description by Brown, L.R., F.P. Brown, and Postel
S. 1991. W. W. Norton and Company, USA.
2. Environmental biology by Calver, Mike, A. Lymbery, and J.M.
Comb. 2009. Cambridge University Press, USA.
3. Global warming by Maslin, M. 2008. Oxford University Press, USA.

(Specialization EF-III)
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) 2 (1-1)

Objective:
To equip the students with the techniques of Environmental Impact
Assessment of applied to projects, town planning and industries.

Theory:
1. Definition, concept and scope of EIA.
2. Using EIA in forestry and other projects. Procedures, guidelines and
scoping in EIA.
3. EIA assessment standards applied for different activities (road
construction, town planning, industries, dams construction, mining and
oil drilling )
4. Instruments, equipment and methodologies of EIA.
5. Legal aspects of EIA for public and private projects.

106
Practical:
Field: Visit to conduct EIA of different projects, towns and industries.
Recommended Books:
1. Concepts and Principles of Environmental Impact Assessment
(EIA). EIA activities in the management of Forestry, Watershed,
Rangelands, National Parks, Wildlife etc.
2. The Pakistan National Conservation Strategy. Govt. of Pakistan
and IUCN. 1991. Environment and Urban Affair Division, GOP, Islamabad.
3. Environmental Management in India. Vol.I and Vol.II by Sapru,
R.K. 1987. Ashosh Pub. Hon. New Delhi.
4. Environmental Impact Assessment by Shrivastara, A.K. 2003.
A.P.H. Publishing Corporation, 5, Ansari Road, Darya Ganj, New Delhi.
5. Environmental Assessment Sourcebook. Vol.II (World Bank
Technical Paper No.140. The World Bank. 1991. Environment Department.
The World Bank, Washington D.C.

(Specialization EF-IV)
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES AND LAWS 2(1-1)
Objective:
To educate the students about national and provincial environmental laws and
policies.
Theory:
1. Study of national and provincial environmental policies and laws
2. Study the application of laws and regulations concerning disposal of
wastes and emissions by industries and emission of gases and noise by
vehicles.
3. Constraints and obstacles in implementing the environmental laws.
4. Strengths and weaknesses of Environmental Protection Agencies in
implementing the laws.
5. How the environmental policies and laws could be made effective?
Practical:
Field: Visit to Environmental Protection Agencies and study their activities
concerning implementation of the laws.
Recommended Books:
1. Saving the Planet: How to Shape an Environmentally Sustainable
Global Economy Book Description by Brown, L.R., F.P. Brown, and Postel
S. 1991. W. W. Norton and Company, USA.
2. Environmental biology by Calver, Mike, Lymbery, A. and J.M. Comb.
2009. Cambridge University Press, USA.
3. Global warming by Maslin, M. 2008. Oxford University Press, USA.

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12. FORESTRY AND CLIMATE CHANGE 9 (8-1)
(Specialization FCC-I)
FOREST CARBON AND CLIMATE CHANGE 3 (2-1)

Objective:
This subject will investigate the role of forests in the carbon cycle and in a
changing climate. Students will learn the scientific basis for climate change
and the impact that a changing climate might have on tree physiology and
forest ecology.
Theory:
1. Climate change: The role of CO2 and other atmospheric trace gases
2. Forest ecosystems as sinks and sources of trace gases
3. Effects of climate change on forest ecosystems
4. Forests and forest plantations in the global carbon cycle
5. Carbon sequestration in forests: a mitigation option?
6. Political responses to climate change all over the world.
7. UNFCCC ( UN framework convention on climate change) and Kyoto
Protocol
8. Carbon accounting schemes in forests and forest plantations
9. Carbon accounting tools in hands-on sessions with industry partner.
Practical:
Visit to forest areas for assessment of carbon stocks and carbon sequestration
in standing trees.

Recommended Books:
1. Saving the Planet: How to Shape an Environmentally Sustainable
Global Economy Book Description by Brown, L.R., F.P. Brown, and Postel
S. 1991. W. W. Norton and Company, USA.
2. Environmental biology by Calver, Mike, Lymbery, A. and J.M.
Comb. 2009. Cambridge University Press, USA.
3. Global warming by Maslin, M. 2008. Oxford University Press,
USA.

(Specialization FCC-II)
TRENDS IN FORESTRY AND CLIMATE CHANGE 3 (3-0)

Objective:
To educate the students about Clean Development Mechanism.
Theory:
1. Kyoto Protocol and idea of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and
Carbon Sequestration.
2. Certified Emission Reduction (CER) credits and its importance for
developing countries.
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3. Relationship between sustainable development and emissions
reduction.
4. Emissions reductions through renewable energy, energy efficiency, and
fuel switching
5. Development of projects for emission reductions and carbon
sequestration.
6. Study of CDM and carbon sequestration projects.
Recommended Books:
1. "The Clean Development Mechanism: An assessment of current
practice and future approaches for policy" by Boyd, E. et al. 2007. Tyndall
Centre for Climate Change Research.
2. "Carbon Trading: A Review of the Kyoto Mechanisms" by Hepburn, C.
2007). Annual Review of Environment and Resources.

(Specialization FCC-III)
TREE ECO-PHYSIOLOGY 3 (2-1)

Objective:
This subject will provide a broad understanding of functional tree biology.
Modern forest science, ecology and management relies on tools and models
based on functional parameters of trees, e.g. in forest growth modeling,
estimating water use by forests, assessing risks by environmental extremes,
quantifying carbon sequestration by forests. Graduation level forest scientists
are expected to adequately and critically interpret such scenarios and outputs,
a task that can only be achieved by the fundamental understanding of how the
main forest resource – trees work.
Theory:
1. Fundamental processes of tree life and primary production -
photosynthesis, respiration, nutrition
2. Water relations and water use of trees
3. Primary and secondary metabolism of trees
4. Principles of tree-environment interactions (ecophysiology)
5. Strategies used by trees to withstand adverse environmental conditions
(stress physiology)
6. The structure of trees in relation to associated functional aspects
(growth, wood formation, water and nutrient uptake, environmental
interactions)
7. Overview of methods to measure the life functions of trees.

Practical:
Measurement of Photosynthesis, Stomata conductance, Leaf water potential,
Transpiration Ascent of sap, Study of Anatomy of leaves, stems and root.

Recommended Books:
1. A text book of Environmental Studies by Sinha, S., S. Manisha and S.
Ranjana. 2005. AITBS Publishers. India.
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2. Plant Physiology by Robert, M. D. 1999. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.
Melbourne Australia.
3. A Class Book of Botany. 20th Edition by Dutta, A.C. 2006. Satribari Road,
Gauhati, Assam India.

13. NON WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS 9 (7-2)

(Specialization NWFP-I)
PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF MEDICINAL
PLANTS/PHARMACOGNOCY 3 (3-0)

Theory:
1. Importance and scope
2. Classification of medicinal plants
3. Cultivation of medicinal plants:
Soil conditions, Solid phase, Liquid phase, Gaseous phase, Living
phase, Organic Matter, Soil reaction, Soil profile, Soil water,
Land preparation for cultivation of medicinal plants:
Time of planting, Actual planting/sowing of crop, Depth of seeding,
Ecological environment and soil impact, Climate, Soil fertility
management, Irrigation and drainage, Plant maintenance and
protection, Weed management, Cultural practices, Harvesting

4. Medicinal plants of Pakistan:

a. Medicinal herbs
b. Medicinal shrubs
c. Medicinal climbers
d. Medicinal trees
5. Propagation of medicinal plants:
Medicinal plants propagation methods, Seed as propagation material
Propagation through nursery sowing, Handling of nursery seedlings,
Irrigation in the nursery, Pest and disease control, Ventilation,
Vegetative propagation, Propagation through cuttings, Types of
cuttings, Stem cuttings, Hardwood cuttings, Semi-hardwood cuttings,
Softwood cuttings, Herbaceous cuttings, Leaf cuttings, Leaf-bud
cutting, Root cutting, Propagation through tubers, Propagation
through suckers, Propagation through offsets, Undercutting
seedbeds, Managing the propagation environment, Propagation
structures, Sanitation in propagation
6 Conservation of medicinal plants:
 Strategies and priorities
 Conservation of medicinal plants
 In-situ Conservation
Ex-situ Conservation
Germ-plasm collection and gene bank preservation
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 National parks and sanctuaries
7 Collection of medicinal plants:
Permission to collect, Management plan for collection, Information
of the target species, Population density of medicinal plants, Quality
of medicinal plants to be collected, Environmental information,
Selection of medicinal plants for collection, Collection procedure of
medicinal plants
 Suitable weather for collection
 Suitable time of the day good for collection
 Suitable season of collection
 Proper tools for collection
 Plant parts and proper stage of collection
 Collection of leaves
 Collection of buds
 Flowers
 Fruit and seeds
 Bark
 Collection of roots
 Collection of tubers
 Collection of bulbs
 Cleaning and preparation of collected materials
 Drying of collected materials
 Outdoor drying
 Indoor drying
 Artificial drying
 Storage of collected materials
 Packing and labeling of collected materials
 Personnel health, hygiene and sanitation
8 Poisonous plants of Pakistan
9 Registration of crop varieties

Pharmacognocy of Medicinal Plants

 The scope of Pharmacognocy
 Historical background and the drug trade
 Plant morphology and plant description
 Taxonomy and plant names
 Plant anatomy
 Plant cells
 Cell contents
 The cultivation of medicinal plants
 Plant Genetics
 The collection, drying and storage of drugs
 Insects and other pests in drugs

111
Phyto-chemistry:
 Introduction
 Acids
 Alcohols and ethers
 Carbohydrates
 Glycosides
 Alkaloids
 Volatile oils
 Vitamins, Hormones and antibiotics
 Examination of powdered drugs
Recommended Books:
1. Guidelines for cultivation, collection, conservation and propagation
of medicinal herbs. 2006. by Gil M.A..
2. Hundred drug plants of Pakistan. 1972. by Zaman M. B.
3. The Indian Materia Medica by Nadkarni. 1954.
4. A pictorial guide to medicinal plants of Pakistan. 2006. by Shinwari
Z.K.
5. Authenticity of folk medicinal plants of Pakistan by Hassan A., M.
A. Khan and M. Ahmad.
6. Culltivation of Saussurea lappa, Mint cultivation in Pakistan,
Atropa acuminata, Linum usitatissimum, Glycyrrhiza glabra,

(Specialization NWFP-II)
SERICULTURE AND APICULTURE TECHNIQUES 3 (2-1)
Objective:
Introduce the non-wood uses of forests for sustainable forest resource
management based on multiple uses of forests.

Theory:
1. Silkworm rearing and its requirements
2. Rearing of early and late instar larvae
3. Mounting and cocoon spinning
4. Sexing and coupling
5. Cocoon harvesting and its treatment
6. Oviposition and fertility
7. Diseases of silkworm
8. Honey bee species
9. Organization of honey bee colonies
10. Seasonal Management of honey bee colonies
11. Natural enemies of honey bees
12. Honey bee flora
13. By products of honey bee
14. Supplementary feeding of honey bee colonies
15. Migratory schedule of honey bee colonies
16. Basic equipment of bee keeping

112
Practical:
1. Queen breeding method
2. Honey bee disease and prerdators, identification and control
3. Collection of bee products
4. Effect of supplementary feeding on colony development
5. Queen rearing, preparation of queen cells, grafting larvae
Recommended Books:
1. Comprehensive Sericulture. Volume II: Silkworm Rearing and Silk
Reeling by Ganga, G. 2003. New Delhi: Oxford and IBH Publishing Co.
Pvt. Ltd.
2. Ganga, G. 2003. Comprehensive Sericulture. Volume II: Silkworm
Rearing and Silk Reeling. New Delhi: Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt.
Ltd.
3. Atkins, E.L. and Banker, R. 1978. The Hive and the Honey bees.
Dadant and Sons.
4. Howes, F.N. 1979. Plants and Bee Keeping. Faber Paperbacks
5. The Hive and the Honey bees by Atkins, E.L. and R. Banker. 1978.
Dadant and Sons.
6. Plants and Bee Keeping by Howes, F.N. 1979. Faber Paperbacks.

(Specialization NWFP-III)
MINOR FOREST PRODUCTS 2 (1-1)
Theory:
1. Mazri
Habitat and distribution of Mazri
Silvicultural characterstics of Mazri
Nursery techniques
Afforestation and harvesting pattern
Economic aspects
Production in Khyber Pakhtunkhawa, FATA and Balochistan
Marketing of Mazri
Utilization
Processing facilities
Domestic use
Socio-economic impacts
Employment
Mazri control Act

2. Mushrooms
Morphology of Fungi
Importance of fungi for man and the living environment
Poisonous fungi and the symptoms of poisoning
Where and when to grow mushroom
How to collect and identify fungi
Development of the Mushroom industry
113
 How mushrooms are grown commercially
Edible mushrooms, their collection and use
Crop management
Pest and diseases
3. Resin
Setting up the crop
Freshening and collection of resin
Methods of tapping
Manufacture of Turpentine oil
Uses of Rosen and Turpentine
4. Gum
Description of Gum producing plants
Gum Arabic
Phulai gum
Practical:
1. Demonstration of cultivation of mushroom
2. Collection, preservation and identification of mushrooms for
presentation in the examination.
Recommended Books:
1. Guide to mushroom growing by Fred. C. A. 1974. Faber and Faber Ltd 3
Queen Square, London WC1.
2. The Himlyn Book of Mushrooms and Fungi by Mirko Svrcek. Hamlyn,
London.
3. Monograph on Nannorrhops ritchiana H. Wendl by Mughal M.S. 1991.
Mazri. Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar.
4. Punjab Forest Leaflets No. 13. Resin Tapping Instructions and Rules.

(Specialization NWFP-IV)
ECONOMICS OF NON WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS 1 (1-0)

Theory:
1. Valuation of non-wood forest products
2. Role of non-wood forest products in livelihood of forest dependent
communities
3. Concepts of benefit-cost ratio
4. Marketing and its problem

a. Current status of markets

b. Supply potential
c. Regulations and quality requirements
d. Qualitative survey of different ecological zones of Pakistan
e. Quantitative survey of different drug markets of Pakistan
f. Medicinal plants and their potential as minor forest produce in
Pakistan
g. Mechanism of marketing
114
Recommended Books:
1. Not by Timber Alone: Economics and Ecology for Sustaining Tropical
forests by Panayotou, T. and P. Ashton. 1992. Washington: Island Press.
2. Handbook of Forestry. 1994. Pakistan Agricultural Research Council,
Islamabad.
3. Survey of crude drug markets in Pakistan by Anwar Ahmad Khan.

SCHEME OF STUDIES
FOR MS/MSc. (HONS.) IN FORESTRY

1. THESIS RESEARCH FOR

MS/MSc. (Hons.) AGRICULTURE
(FORESTRY, RANGE, WATERSHED and
WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT) 10 (0-20)

2. SPECIAL PROBLEM 1 (1-0)

3. SEMINAR 1 (1-0)

Note: Presented below is the list and detail of courses for MS/MSc (Hons.)
Forestry. Each institution offering forestry degree may opt for these courses
and set their distribution semester wise after approval through statuary bodies
by fulfilling minimum credit hours requirements for the degree programme.

1 General Silviculture and Dry Afforestation in 4 (2-2)

Arid/Semi Arid Areas
2 Tree Crop Volume Measurements 3 (2-1)
3 Advances in Forest Utilization 3 (2-1)
4 Agro Forestry Systems 3 (2-2)
5 Forest Resource Management 3 (3-0)
6 Wood Technology And Industries 3 (2-1)
7 Silviculture Of Farm Trees 3 (2-1)
8 Agro-Forestry As Business Enterprise 3 (2-1)
9 Applied Silviculture 3 (2-1)
10 Commercial Forestry In Irrigated Plains 3 (2-1)
11 Advances In Agro-Forestry 3 (2-1)
12 Advances In Agro-Forest Products 3 (2-1)
13 International Forestry 2 (2-0)
14 Forest Biometrics and Resource Economics 3 (2-1)
15 Functional Tree Biology 3 (2-1)
16 Forest Ecology 3(3-0)
17 Forest Tree Physiology 3(2-1)
18 Forestry And Environment 3(3-0)
115
19 Adaptation of Forests To Climate Change 3(3-0)
20 Drought Control Strategies 2(2-0)
21 Forestry And Environmental Pollution 3(2-1)
22 Advances In Range Vegetation Analysis 4 (2-2)
23 Rangeland and Forest Types Of Pakistan 2 (1-1)
24 Grazing Management On Rangelands 3 (2-1)
25 Range Animal Nutrition 3 (2-1)
26 Pastoral Communities And Range Development 2 (2-0)
27 Drought Management In Rangelands 3 (3-0)
28 Range Vegetation Manipulation and 3 (3-0)
Management
29 Pastoral Communities and Range Development 3 (3-0)
30 Drought Management In Rangelands 3 (3-0)
31 Strategy For Developing Agro-Grazing 3 (3-0)
32 Ecophysiology Of Range Vegetation 2 (1-1)
33 Advanced Range Management 3 (2-1)
34 Advances In Range Vegetation Physiology 3 (2-1)
Ecology.
35 Forest, Range And Atmosphere. 3 (2-1)
36 Forest, Range Resource Evaluation 3 (2-1)
37 Management Of Wildlife Sanctuaries And 3 (2-1)
Zoological Gardens
38 Forest Recreation And Park Management 3(3-0)
39 Wildlife Management And Conservation 3 (2-1)
40 Urban Wildlife 3 (2-1)
41 Wetland Wildlife Management 3 (2-1)
42 Forestry, Wildlife And Recreation 3 (2-1)
43 Forest Soil And Water Conservation 3 (2-2)
44 Advances/Developments In Watershed 3 (2-1)
Management
45 Forest Protection 3 (2-1)
46 Forest Diseases And Pest Management 3 (2-2)
47 Gis And Remote Sensing In Forestry 3 (2-1)
48 Forest Extension and Public Administration 2 (2-0)
49 Role Of Institutions In Forest Productivity 2 (1-1)
50 Role Of Institutions In Agro-Forest, Range 2 (2-0)
Productivity
51 Range And Forestry Research Methods 3 (2-1)
52 Special Problem
53 Seminar
54 Thesis Research

116
 DETAIL OF COURSES FOR
MS/MSC (HONS.)IN FORESTRY
1. GENERAL SILVICULTURE AND DRY AFFORESTATION
IN ARID/SEMI ARID AREAS 4 (2-2)

Theory:
Silviculture and its place in forestry. Forest and wildlands. Role of silviculture.
Classification of forest by region, species, composition. Tree morphology, crop
morphology, tree production, artificial regeneration, Sowing and planting:
nursery work, planting, tending. Silviculture of species: characteristics,
distribution and regeneration. Plantation/dry forestation techniques in arid and
semi arid lands of Pakistan.

Practical:
Visit to various forest nurseries. Demonstration of nursery and planting
techniques. Visit to Forest research stations and learning of tree propagation
especially dry forestation techniques in arid and
semi arid areas of Pakistan.

Recommended Books:
1. McEvoy, T.J. 2000. Introduction to Forest Ecology and Silviculture (Nraes
(Series), 126.) Northeast Regional; 2nd Sub edition, ISBN-10: 0935817557
2. Siddiqui, K.M. 1987. Nursery techniques. Pakistan Forest Institute,
Peshawar, Pakistan.
3. Smith, D.M., Larson, B.C., Kelty, M.J and Ashton, P.M.S. 1996. The
Practice of Silviculture: Applied Forest Ecology, 9th Edition, Wiley, ISBN-10:
047110941X ISBN-13: 978-0471109419
4. Fujimori, T. 2001. Ecology and Silviculture Strategies for Sustainable Forest
management. Elsevier Science Publishers.

2. TREE CROP VOLUME MEASUREMENTS 3 (2-1)

Theory:
Scope of Forest mensuration. Height and crown measurements. Crown
measurements and its relationship with diameter and height. Volume
measurements, standing tree volume and felled tree volume. Kinds of felled
material, timber, small wood. Measurement of large volumes by using different
methods and techniques. Stacked wood measurements, stacked volumes vs.
solid volume. Measurement of bark thickness and bark volume. Use of
instruments like bark hammer and bark guage. Measurement of converted or
sawn timber. Timber calculations, timber tables and log rules. Measurement of
weight of wood, moisture content of wood, charcoal. Crop measurements: age,
diameter, increments. Forest inventory, crop volume, site index, yield tables.

117
Practical:
Volume calculation of single tree. Field exercise with the measuring
instrument. Data processing by full enumeration. Height, diameter, age curves,
data processing of fixed area plots, data processing of horizontal point
sampling.
Recommended Books:
1. Hassan Abbas. 1996. Elements of Forest Mensuration. PFRI, Faisalabad.
2. Hunsch, B., Beers, T.W and Kershaw, J. 2003. Forest mensuartion. (4th
Edition). John Wiley and Sons.
3. Negi S.S. 1986. A Handbook of Forestry. International Book Distributors.
Dehra Dun, India.
4. West, P.W. 2009. Tree and Forest Measurement. Springer; 2nd
edition,ISBN-10: 3540959653 ISBN-13: 978-540959656

3. ADVANCES IN AGRO-FORESTRY AND FOREST

UTILIZATION 4 (3-1)

Theory:
Economic concepts, detailed discussion on the interaction between various
trees and crops with respect to different methods of mixture, land capability
classes, locations and climatic conditions. Discussions on the scope and
extent of agro-forestry as the only feasible solution of forestry crisis in
Pakistan. Discussion on formulating a suitable strategy for its development.
Role of small sized forest based industries involving low capital investment.
Role of large industries associated with raw material collection points
processing units widely scattered in the rural areas. Introduction and
importance of various products of agro-forests. Different methods to prepare
these products. Advanced utilization of forest products in different sectors.
Economics and commercial business of wood products.

Practical:
Critical evaluation of agriculture farms in various eco zones with respect to
agro-forest identification of problems and suggesting their solutions. Report
writing. Visit to various advanced plants dealing with forest products
preparation. Collection of different wood products and study them scientifically
in the field and laboratory.

Recommended Books:
1. Alavalapati, J.R.R., Mercer and D.E.Valuing.2004. Agroforestry Systems:
Methods and Applications. Springer; 1st edition, ISBN-10: 1402024126,
ISBN-13: 978-1402024122.
2. Gibson, C.C and McKean, M. 2000. People and Forests. MIT press.
3. Jose, S., Gordon, A.M. Toward Agroforestry Design: An Ecological
Approach. 2004. Springer; 1st edition, ISBN-10: 140206571X, ISBN-13:
978-1402065712
118
4. AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS 3 (2-2)

Theory:
Introduction; Define agro-forestry and its importance. Need and Potential of
agro-forestry. Agroforestry as a tool for rural development. Ecological, Social
and economical aspects of Agroforestry System. Classification of Agro forestry
Systems and Choice of specie for Agroforestry system. Components of
Agroforestry systems and classification. Agroforestry components are i) Major
components ii) Temporal and spatial characteristics iii) Function on application.
Ecology of Agroforestry Systems: interaction as a result of the addition of
domestic animals to the plant-soil. Complementary relationships, Adverse
relationships, Influence of forest components of field crop yield. Existing
Agroforestry of Pakistan and World. Financial Analysis of a system

Practical:
Field visits to various AF systems; observing their peculiarities and suitability;
report writing. Valuation of products and benefits i.e. cost benefits ratio. IRR,
NPV.
Recommended Books:
1. Buck, Lassoie, Fernandes, 1999.Agroforestry in Sustainable Agriculture.
Systems: CRC Press.
2. Huxley O. 1996. Tree Crop Interactions, Commonwealth Agriculture Bur.
U.K.
3. Janaki R.R., Alavalapati and D. Evan Mercer. 2004. Valuing Agroforestry
Systems: Methods and Applications (Advances in Agroforestry). Kluwer
Academic Publishers. Springer, UK.
4. McDicken and Vergara: 1990. Agroforestry. Wiley, New York.
5. Nair P.K.R and Latt, 1998: Directions in Tropical Agroforestry Research,
Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands.
6. Nair, P. K. R. 1993. An Introduction to Agroforestry. Kluwer Academic
Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands.p.399.
7. Nuberg, Dr Ian (ed.); George, Mr Brendan (ed.); Reid, Rowan (ed.). 2009
Agroforestry for Natural Resource Management Published by: CSIRO
Publishin
8. Reference Journal: Agro-forestry Systems (Kluwer Academic Publishers)
(Since 1982).
9. Sahibzada M. Hafeez. 1996. Agroforestry Vol. I, II, III, IV, V and VI. PFRI
Faisalabad.

5. FOREST RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 3 (3-0)

Theory:
Causes of deforestation and forest resource degradation. Analysis of Forest
management Problems in Public and Private Organizations. Classical Forest
Regulations. Linear and goal programming as applied to resource
management. Forestry technologies for disturbed forests. Resource
119
development planning. Forest investment analysis Decision making methods
for primary forest management activities and methodologies for incorporating
non-timber values in forest management operations. Economic analysis of
different management operations in Forestry

Recommended Books:
1. Gregory S. Amacher, Markku Olikainen, Erkki A. Koskela. 2009. Economics
of Forest Resources. McGraw-Hills.
2. Joseph Buongiorno and J. Keith Gilless. 2003. Decision Methods for Forest
Resource Management. 2003. Academic press, Elsevier Science (USA)
3. Kumar, H.D. 2001. Forest Resources Conservation and Management.
Affiliated East West Press Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
4. Trivedi, P.R. 2004. Natural Resources Conservation. APH Publishing
Corporation. India

6. WOOD TECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRIES 3 (2-1)

Theory:
Uses of wood. General Anatomical Characteristics of Wood. Wood defect:
knots, compression and tension wood, shakes, pitch pockets, mineral streaks,
sap stain, insect and fungal degradation and defects due to grain. Physical
and Mechanical Properties of Wood. Factors affecting strength properties of
wood. Wood Seasoning: Importance of wood seasoning and its application, air
and kiln seasoning techniques and their relative importance, method of
stacking, seasoning defects, seasoning characteristics of important local
timbers. Wood Preservation. Sawmilling and Wood Working. Panel Products:
Description and uses of panel products, plywood, multiply construction,
laminated board, batten board, blackboard: particleboard; low, medium and
high density particleboard, fiberboard: compressed and non-compressed,
semi-rigid insulation and rigid insulation board, hardboard, standard and
tempered. Advantages and disadvantages of panel products over solid wood.
Practical:
Preparation of wood for microscopic examination. Macroscopic and
microscopic features of local timbers will be examined including Deodar,
Partal, Chir, Shisham, Babul, Mango, Siris, Bakain, Semal, Ber, Oak,
Eucalyptus and Popular. Measurement of wood drying defects. Methods of
testing the effectiveness of various preservatives including laboratory and field
tests. Visit to any wood industry to evaluate the application of wood technology
Recommended Books:
1. Anonymous (1981). Plywood, its manufacture and uses. Timber Research
and Development Association, England.
2. Armstrong, F.H. (1960). The Strength Properties of Timber. F.P.R. Bulleting
No.45 HMSO, UK
3. Brown, H.P., et al. (1949). Text Book of Wood Technology Vol.I and II.
McGraw-Hill, New York.
120
4. Kollman, F.F. and Pan, W.A. (1974). Principles of Wood Science
Technology, Vol. 1 and II. Springer Village, New York.
5. Masood, Q. 2005. Basics of Forestry and allied Sciences. A-One Publisher
Al Fazal Market Urdu Bazar Lahore.
6. Wangaard, F.F. (1950). The Mechanical Properties of Wood. John Wiley
and Sons, Inc. NY.

7. SILVICULTURE OF FARM TREES 3 (2-1)

Theory:
General description, origin, distribution, site requirements, silvicultural
characteristics and operations of following farm-tree species; Acacia nilotica,
Albizzia lebbek, A. procera, Azadirachta indica, Bauhinia purpurea, B.
variegata, Bamboosa spp., Casuarina aquiseti-folia, Dalbergia sissioo,
Dandro-calamus spp., Eucalyptus citriodora, E, camaldulensis, E. micro-theca,
Eugenia jambolana, Heterophragma adenopylhum, Leucanea Leucocephala,
Managifera indica, Melia azedarch, Moringa oliefera, Morus alba, Populus
ciliata, P. deltoides, P. euromericana, Prosopis cineraria, P. juliflora, Salmalia
malabarica, Salix tetrasperma, sesbania aegyptida, S. sesbans. Tamarix
articulata, Terminalia arjuna, Zizyphus mauritania, Z. nummuleria etc.

Practical:
Practice of various silvicultural operations in the field. Collection of
seed/planting material from plus trees. Raising quality seedlings/saplings in
the nursery. Visits to farm forests.

Recommended Books:
1. Ashton M.S. and F. Montagnini. 1999. The Silvicultural Basis for
Agroforestry Systems. CRC Press. 296 p.
2. Beadle C.L. and A.G. Brown. 2007. Acacia Utilization and Management –
Adding value. RIRDC Publication, Australia
3. Champion, H.G. 1967. Manual of silviculture for Pakistan. Pak. Forest
Institute Peshawar.
4. David Smith 1986. The Practice of Silviculture. John Wiley and Sons, New
York
5. Hensken F.L., M. Battaglia and M.L. Ottenschlaeger. 2008. Silvicultural
Design Support for Farm Forestry. RIRDC Publication, Australia
6. Parkash Ram and L.S. Khanna 1979. Theory and Practice of Silviculture
System. International Book Distributors, Dehra Dun, India.
7. Sheikh M.I. 1993. Trees of Pakistan. Winrock International Institute for
Agricultural Development, Pictorial Printers (Pvt.) Ltd., Islamabad.

8. AGRO-FORESTRY AS BUSINESS ENTERPRISE 3 (2-1)

121
Theory:
Economic concepts, detailed discussions on the interaction between various
trees and crops with respect to different methods of mixtures, land capability
classes locations and climatic conditions. Scope and extent of Agro-Forestry
as the only feasible solution of Forestry crises in Pakistan. Discussions of
formulating a suitable strategy for its development. The Business of
Agroforestry: Establishment Costs and Interim Income, Marketing and
Evaluating Agroforestry Options. Role of small sized forest based industries
involving low capital investment. Role of large industries associated with raw
material collection points processing units widely scattered in the rural areas.
Practical:
Critical evaluation of agricultural farms in various ecozones with respect to
Agro-Forestry, identification of problems and suggesting their solutions. Report
writing.
Recommended Books:
1. Beadle C.L. and A.G. Brown. 2007. Acacia Utilization and Management –
Adding value. RIRDC Publication, Australia
2. Godsey and D. Larry. 2000. Economic Budgeting for Agroforestry Practices.
Publication UMCA-3-2000. University of Missouri Agroforestry, Columbia,
MO. 20 p.
3. Hensken F.L., M. Battaglia and M.L. Ottenschlaeger. 2008. Silvicultural
Design Support for Farm Forestry. RIRDC Publication, Australia
4. Jha L.K. and P.K. Sen Sharma. 2008. Agroforestry – Indian Perspective.
5. John, M. and B. Mortimer. 1996. Shelter and Shade: Creating a Healthy and
Profitable Environment for Our Livestock with Trees. Green Park Press,
Jackson, MS. 161 p.
6. Knowles, Leith and P. Middlemiss. 1999. Evaluating Agroforestry Options. A
Continuing Professional Development course held at Hot Springs, AR, June
12, 1999. p. 6.
7. Sheikh M.I. 1993. Trees of Pakistan. Winrock International Institute for
Agricultural Development, Pictorial Printers (Pvt.) Ltd., Islamabad.

9. APPLIED SILVICULTURE 3(2-1)

Objectives:
1. To educate the students with the silvicultural characteristics of important
farm/forest trees of Pakistan.
2. To enable the students to evaluate the potential of different tree species
and selection of suitable species for various ecological zones
Theory:
General introduction, origin, distribution, site requirements, silvicultural
characteristics and operations of various tree species. Ecological aspects of
silviculture. Silvicultural practices; Natural and artificial regeneration.
Description of common farm grown trees. Compatibility of tree species for
agro-forestry. Silvicultural systems, their types and implementation in various
122
types of forests. Distribution of trees in various cropping systems.
Practical:
Practice of various silvicultural operations in the field. Collection of
seed/planting material from plus trees. Raising quality seedlings/ saplings in
the nursery. Visits to various farm forests.

Recommended Books:
1. Anonymous. 2007. Multipurpose Trees in The Tropics; Management and
Improvement Strategies (IUFRO). Arid Forest Research Institute Jodhpur
(India).
2. Champion, H.G. 1967. Manual of Silviculture for Pakistan. Pak. Forest
Institute Peshawar.
3. Gary, L. R., J. M. Edington, I. I. Holland and G. C. Fortenberry. 2005.
Forest and Forestry. . Book Co. Lucknow, India.
4. Quraishi, M.A.A. 2005. Basics of Forestry and Allied Sciences, Vol. I. A-
One Publishers, Urdu Bazaar, Lahore.
5. Sharma, V. K. 2004. Trees and Protection of Environment. Deep and Deep
Publications. LTD. New Delhi (India).
6. Sheikh, M.I. 1993.Trees of Pakistan. Winrock International Institute for
Agricultural Development. GOP-USAID Forestry Planning and
development Project. Pictorial Printer (Pvt.) Ltd Islamabad. Pakistan.

10. COMMERICIAL FORESTRY IN IRRIGATED PLAINS 3 (2-1)

Objectives:
1. To educate the students about the economic opportunities present in
various forestry/agro-forestry systems.
2. To enable the students to learn for getting sustainable income from various
forestry/agro-forestry systems by taping intermediate and final income.
Theory:
Principles of Forestry. Forestry as a business. Role of forest establishment,
post planting care and cultural operations in maximizing yields and profits.
Species selection in commercial forestry. Forest products measurement and
evaluation; Exploring different types of Intermediate and by-product incomes
and methods for their maximization. Choice of appropriate silvicultural and
management systems. Harvesting, preliminary processing, grading and
transport of forest produce. Irrigated forestry. Industrial forestry.
Practical:
Practice of various forestry operations. Estimating the effects of timing and
intensity of forestry operations on yield and profitability. Visits to commercial
forests. Collection of relevant data about case study of a commercial forest
and its analysis.
Recommended Books:

123
1. Champion, H.G., 1967. Manual of Silviculture, Pakistan Forest Institute,
Peshawar
2. Gary, L. R., J. M. Edington, I. I. Holland and G. C. Fortenberry. 2005. Forest
and Forestry. Book Co. Lucknow, India.
3. Panwar, P. and S. D. Bhardwaj. 2005. Hand Book of Practical Forestry.
Agribios Publishing. Jodhpur, India
4. Panwar, P. and S. D. Bhardwaj. 2006. Practical Manual of Plantation.
Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur (India).
5. Tewari, V. P. and Srivasta. 2006. Multipurpose Trees in the Tropics;
Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur (India).

11. ADVANCES IN AGRO-FORESTRY 3 (2-1)

Objectives:
1. To enable the students to understand the role of agro-forestry in the rural
economy of Pakistan, especially its role in wood and crop production.
2. To enable the students to manage various agro-forestry models (tree-crop
combinations) successfully.
Theory:
Ecotone concept. Detailed discussions on the interaction between various
trees and crops with respect to different methods of mixtures, land capability
classes locations and climatic conditions. Discussions on the scope and extent
of Agro-Forestry as the only feasible solution of Forestry crises in Pakistan.
Discussions of formulating a suitable strategy for its development. Role of
small sized forest based industries involving low capital investment. Role of
large industries associated with raw material collection points and processing
units widely scattered in the rural areas.
Practical:
Critical evaluation of agricultural farms in various eco-zones with respect to
Agro-Forestry, identification of problems and suggesting their solutions. Report
writing.
Recommended Books:
1. Chuhan, S. K., S. S. Gill, H. N. Khjuria and R. Chuhan. 2006. Production
Technology and Management of Agroforestry Models. S. S. S. Printers New
Delhi, India.
2. Gary, L. R., J. M. Edington, I. I. Holland and G. C. Fortenberry. 2005. Forest
and Forestry. Book Co. Lucknow, India.
3. Kundu, S. S., O. P. Chaturvedi, J. C. Dogar and S. K. Sirohi. 2008.
Environment, Agroforestry, and Livestock Management. Salasar Imaging
system, New Delhi. India.
4. Nyland, R. D. 2007. Silviculture: Concept and Applications. McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc. Singapore.

12. ADVANCES IN AGRO-FOREST PRODUCTS 3 (2-1)

124
Objectives:
1. To introduce the students with various modern woody and non-woody forest
products, their uses and market potential.
2. To make them aware of potential marketing opportunities of various forest
products at regional, national and international level.
Theory:
Introduction and importance of various products of Agro-Forests. Different
methods to prepare these products. Commercial and medicinal uses of forest
products. Cottage industry and forest products. Advanced utilization of forest
products in different sectors. Economic and commercial business of products
of wood. New avenues of forest product marketing in national, regional and
international markets. Socio-economic impacts of forest products on society.
Practical:
Visit to various industrial units dealing with forest products preparation and
manipulation. Collection of different wood products and study them
scientifically in the field and laboratory. Detailed survey to determine the role of
forest products in economic uplift of the people.
Recommended Books:
1. Baqar, R.S. 2006. Comprehensive Forestry. Publishers Emporium, Urdu
Bazar, India.
2. Gary, L. R., J. M. Edington, I. I. Holland and G. C. Fortenberry. 2005. Forest
and Forestry. Int. Book Co. Lucknow, India.
3. Negi, S. S. 2002. Forest Products and their Utilization. IBD. Publishers,
New Delhi India.

13. INTERNATIONAL FORESTRY 3 (3-0)

Theory:
Introduction and scope of the subject. Forest of the world and their role for
different nations. World geography with respect to forests. International affairs
and solid understanding of world forestry situation. Forestry and economic
relationship. Forest economy of the world. Role of forestry in economic
development of the nations. Fire as a natural process in the world’s forest.
Management of tropical rain forest. Study of the different report of world’s
forestry.
Recommended Books:
1. Chauhan. G. 2006 Global Forest Resources. Geographical Approach
Kalayani Publisher. New Delhi, India.
2. Sands. R. 2005 Forestry in a Global Context CABI. Publishing,
Wallingtonford, Oxfordshire OX108 DE, U.K.
3. Siddiqui, K.M. 1997. Forestry and Environment. Pakistan Forest Institute
Peshawar, Pakistan.
14. FOREST BIOMETRICS AND RESOURCE ECONOMICS
3 (2-1)
125
Theory:
Definition and scope of the subject. Units of timber measurement.
Measurement of diameter, height, age, farm factor, basal area, volume and
increment of felled and standing trees as well as of forest crops. Stem Form
Studies, Volume tables, yield tables/management tables. Measurement of
firewood and other minor forest products. Sampling methods. Determination of
forest resource using Continuous inventory method, Fixed area plot method
and Prism Sampling.
Resource Economics. Basic statistics of forestry. Area value of fixed capital,
working capital, annual production. Contribution of forestry to GNP and social
welfare.
Valuation and appraisal of forest. Taxes: Income tax and excise tax.
Progressive, proportional ad regressive taxes.
Determination of Returns from
i) Recreation facilities
ii) New technology
iii) Public projects
iv) Other non-market forestry products
Project evaluation pay-back period, Benefit cost ratio, present value method,
internal rate of returns, discount rates, Economists view of conservations,
effects of discount rates on conservation and Forest rotations.
Practical:
Introduction to different instruments used for the determination of diameter,
height, age, volume etc. Measurement of log volume. Measurement of forest
crop diameter, height, age, basal area and volume. Determining quality class
of a forest. Calculation of mean annual and current annual increment. Practice
of measuring various parameters of different natural resources.
Recommended Books:
1. J.L.G. Wong. 2000. The biometrics of non-timber forest product resource
assessment: A review of current methodology. Oxford, UK.
2. Bruce, Bonals and Francis. 1982. Forest Mensuration. McGraw Hill Book
Co. New York.
3. Ashraf, M. M., I. Ahmad. 1994. Handbook of Forestry. PARC, Islamabad
4. Hassan Abbas. 1996. Elements of Forest Mensuration. PFRI- Faisalabad
5. Husch Bertram, Charles I. Miller and Thomas W. Beera 1982. Forest
Mensuration. John Wiley and Sons New York.
15. Functional Tree Biology 3 (2-2)

Theory:
Fundamental processes of tree life and primary production - photosynthesis.
Water relations and water use of trees. Primary and secondary metabolism of
trees. Principles of tree-environment interactions (ecophysiology). Strategies
used by trees to withstand adverse environmental conditions (stress
physiology). The structure of trees in relation to associated functional aspects

126
(growth, wood formation, water and nutrient uptake, environmental
interactions). Overview of methods to measure the life functions of trees.
Anatomy of leaves, stems and root etc.

Practical:
Measurement of Photosynthesis, Stomata conductance, Leaf water potential,
Transpiration Ascent of sap, Study of Anatomy of leaves, stems and root.

Recommended Books:
1. Dutta, A.C. 2006. A Class Book of Botany. 20th Edition. Satribari Road,
Gauhati, Assam India
2. Sinha, S., S. Manisha and S. Ranjana. 2005. A text book of Environmental
Studies. AITBS Publishers. India
3. Robert, M. D. 1999. Plant Physiology. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.
Melbourne Australia.
4. Salisbury, Frank, B. and C. W. Ross. 1992. Plant Physiology. 4 th ed.
Belmont, California, Wadsworth Publishers.

16. FOREST ECOLOGY 3 (3-0)

Theory:
Ecology Concept and scope, Autecology and Syncology, Plant vs Forest
Ecology. Environment, Complex, Influence of Environment on Forest, Micro
environment, Environmental factors (Soil, Water, Temperature, light,
Atmosphere, Topography, Biotic Factors, Pyric Factor), Climatic and Edaphic
Regions of Pakistan, Concept of sites, Determining site quality, Method of
vegetation surveys. Application of GIS and Remote Sensing in Forest
mapping. Relationship between overstorey and understorey, Plant -animal
interactions in forest ecosystem, Regeneration/restoration ecology,
Competition and effects of natural and human disturbance regimes at multiple
scales, Forest succession and stand dynamics, Forest canopies, Natural
disturbance in forest environments, Biological impacts of deforestation and
fragmentation.

Recommended Books:
1. Panday, N.N. and Jyoto M.K. 2006. Ecology and Environment. Efficient
Offset Printers. India
2. Florencia, M. and Carl F. Jordan. 2005. "Tropical Forest Ecology: The Basis
for Conservation and Management”. Springer 1 edition.
3. Vicky, M. T., Richard J.,Tim, N. and Stefan, H. 2004. Assembly Rules and
Restoration Ecology: Bridging the Gap between Theory and Practice.
Society for Ecological Restoration International island press.
4. Hussain, S. S. 1995. Fundamental of Plant Ecology. National Book
Foundation. Islamabad.

17. FOREST TREE PHYSIOLOGY 3 (2-1)

127
Theory:
Water Absorption: Imbibition, diffusion, osmosis, water relation of plants cells,
water potential, osmotic potential, matrix potential, turgor pressure. Root
pressure, guttation, factors, effecting water absorption. Ascent of Sap, vertical
and lateral ascent of sap. Vital Theory, Root Pressure Theory Reduced
Atmospheric Pressure Theory, Surface Tension, Capillary Action Theory,
Transpiration- Cohesion-Tension Theory. Photosynthesis: Definition,
mechanism and factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis. Photoperiodism,
Geotropism. Respiration. Aerobic and Anaerobic respirations. Mechanism and
factors affecting the process. Transpiration: Definition and Process. Factors
effecting the transpiration. Control of transpiration. Energy relation of
transpiration. Mechanism of opening and closing of stomata.
Evopotranspiration. Water Deficit and Water Stress: Water requirement of
plants. Causes of water deficit. Effect of water deficit, measurement of water
deficit. Water use efficiency. Drought: Types, causes and resistance to
drought. Anatomical and morphological adaptations in drought resistance of
plants.
Practical:
Use of Microscope, other laboratory equipment, biological models and
drawings. Drawing and labeling of typical flowers, TS of stems and roots in
monocot, dicot and pine plants, Use of CIRAS to measure photosynthetic rate.
Recommended Books:
1. Hopekins. W.G. 2004. Introduction to Plant Physiology. 3rd Ed. John Willey
and Sons, NY.
2. Meidner. H. 1984. Class Experiments in Plant Physiology. George Allen and
Unwir, London, UK.
3. Ridge. I. 2000. Plant Physiology. United Kingdom Open University, U.K.
4. Salisbury.F.B. and C.W.Ross. 1992. Plant Physiology. 4th Ed. Wordsworth
Publishing Co. Inc., Belmont, Calif, U.S.A
5. Sutecliffe, J.F. (1968). Plants and Water. Edward Arnold (Publications) Ltd.
London.
6. Taiz. L. and E. Zeiger. 2002. Plant Physiology. 3 rd Ed. Sinauer Associates
Sunderland, USA.

128
18. FORESTRY AND ENVIRONMENT 3 (3-0)

Theory:
Global concerns for forests, Forest types of Pakistan, Forests and Climate
Control; Global warming and Green house effect, Forests and climate control.
Effect of fuelwood use on environment, Pakistan’s Environmental Settings.
Combating Desertification, Major deserts of Pakistan. Forests and
desertification control, Mountain Forest Ecosystems. Control of water logging
and salinity, Role of trees in water logging and salinity control. Conservation of
biodiversity. Trees and noise abatement, Benefits of home and urban planting.
Guidelines for tree planting. Nursery establishment, site preparation, thinning
and tending operations. Major tree species used in mountain areas, plain
areas and desert areas.
Recommended Books:
1. Freer-Smith, P.H.; Broad Meadow, M.S.J.. 2007. Forestry and Climate
Change. CAB International.
2. Innes, J.L.; Hickey, G.M.; Hoen, H.F. 2005. Forestry and Environmental
Change. CAB International.
3. K.M. Siddiqui. 1997. Forestry and Environment. PFI, Peshawar.
4. Champion, Seth and Khattak. 1965. Silviculture of Pakistan, Ferozesons,
Peshawar.

19. Adaptation of Forests to Climate Change 3 (3-0)

Theory:
Climate change: The role of CO2 and other atmospheric trace gases. Forest
ecosystems as sinks and sources of trace gases. Effects of climate change on
forest productivity and Phenology. Forests and forest plantations in the global
carbon cycle. Carbon sequestration in forests: a mitigation option? Forest
ecosystem response and Vulnerability to recent climate change. Ecosystem
Resistance and Resilience to climate change. Effects of Climate on
disturbance in Forest Ecosystems (Fire, Insect and Pathogens, Invasive
plants).Political responses to climate change all over the world. Current
adaptation measures and policies. Management for adaptations. Future
Environmental Impacts and Vulnerabilities.
Recommended Books:
1. Brown, L.R., Brown, F.P. and Sandra.1991. Saving the Planet: How to
Shape an Environmentally Sustainable Global Economy Book Description,
W. W. Norton and Company, USA.
2. Innes, J.L.; Hickey, G.M.; Hoen, H.F. 2005. Forestry and Environmental
Change. CAB International.
3. Maslin, Mark 2008. Global warming. Oxford University Press, USA
4. Risto, S., B. Alexender and K. Pia. 2009. Adaptation of forests and people
to climate change. A global Assessment Report. IUFRO World series Vol.
22. Esa-Print oy, Tampere. Finland.
129
5. Smith, P.H.; Broadmeadow, M.S.J. 2007. Forestry and Climate Change.2
CAB International.

20. DROUGHT CONTROL STRATEGIES 2 (2-0)

Theory:
Desertification: definitions and its extent, severity and frequency. Causes and
effects of Land degradation in different regions. Drought control strategies and
options. Drought information systems. Droughts in Pakistan, frequencies and
probabilities. Global environmental perspective. Early warning systems and
drought management issues in relation to rangelands. Drought management
plans.
Recommended Books:
1. Arnon, I. 1972. Crop Production in dry regions. Vol. 1and 2. National Book
Foundation of Pakistan.
2. Melard. 1990. The Pakistan National Conservation Strategy. Ministry of
Environment, Local Govt. and Rural Development. Islamabad. Quraishi,
3. Melard. 2001. National plan of action to combating desertification. Ministry
of Environment and Local Govt. and Rural Development, Islamabad.
4. NAP. 1990. Saline agriculture. Salt tolerant plants for developing countries.
Report of a Panel of the Board on Science and Technology for International
Development. Office of International Affairs. National Research Council
National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. pp. 143.
5. Quraishi, M.A.A., G.S. Khan and S. Yaqoob 1998. Range Management in
Pakistan. Kazi Publishers, Ganpat Road, Urdu Bazar, Lahore.

21. FORESTRY AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION 3 (2-1)

Objective:
To enable the students to identify environmental challenges and to propose
forestry based developed strategies to tackle these problems.
Theory:
Environmental pollution, its causes and extent. Major pollutants damaging the
environment. Tangible and Intangible benefits of trees. Scope and role of the
forestry for improvement of the environment. Various burning environmental
problems of the world. Impacts of environmental hazards for the living
organisms. Various measures to control the environmental issues. Contribution
of forests to mitigate this problem.
Practical:
Demonstration of pollution effects. Estimation of various environmental
parameters as affected by pollution. Collection and analysis of relevant data.
Review of various reports and articles on environmental pollution.
Recommended Books:
1. Quraihi, M. A. A. 2005, Watershed Management in Pakistan, University of
130
 Agriculture, Faisalabad.
2. Sharma, V. K. 2004. Trees and Protection of Environment. Deep and Deep
Publication. New Delhi (India).
3. Sheikh, M. I. and S. M. Hafeez. 2001. Forest and Forestry in Pakistan. A-
One Publishers Urdu Bazar Lahore.
4. Siddiqui, K.M. 1997. Forestry and Environment. Pakistan Forest Institute,
Peshawar.

22. ADVANCES IN RANGE VEGETATION ANALYSIS 4 (3-1)

Theory:
Methods of vegetation analysis, Statistical concepts for field sampling for
frequency and cover, density, biomass, importance value, Delineation of plant
communities, Range use and Carrying capacity, vegetation survey: intensive
and extensive sampling, stock mapping, quadrats, transects and bisects. Basis
for characterizing a community.
Practical:
On-hand training/practice of vegetation analysis techniques in field, Use of
various sampling techniques for vegetation attributes analysis including cover
and biomass analysis.
Recommended Books:
1. Ashfaque, R.M and Rafique, S.M. 1999. A Guide to Range Analysis.
Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar.
2. Kent, M. and Coker, P. 1995.Vegetation Description and Analysis: A
Practical Approach. John Wiley and Sons Pap/Dis edition, ISBN-10:
0471948101, ISBN-13: 978-0471948100
3. Solomon, A.M and Shugart, H.H. 2009. Vegetation Dynamics and Global
Change. Springer; 1st edition, ISBN-10: 0412036819, ISBN-13: 978-
0412036811

23. RANGELAND AND FOREST TYPES OF PAKISTAN 2 (1-1)

Theory:
Range ecological regions of Pakistan, distribution of vegetation types.
Environmental/Forest Site Factors: Study of factors constituting environmental
complex and their effects on forest vegetation: Communities/stand dynamics:
Forest types of Pakistan. Definition, Basis of classification. Floristic and
distribution of major forest types of Pakistan. Tropical forests, Tropical dry
deciduous shisham forests, tropical thorn forest, Montane sub-tropical forests,
montane temperate forests, subalpine forests, alpine scrub. Utility of forest
influences. Ecological approaches to forest resource management in different
ecological zones of Pakistan.
Practical:
Approaches to range mapping and inventory, Estimation of range condition
and trend, Estimation of range forage production, utilization and grazing
131
capacity.
Recommended Books:
1. Champion, H.G., S.K. Seth and G.M. Khattak. 1965. Forest types of
Pakistan. Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar.
2. Heady, H and Child, R.D. 1999. Rangeland Ecology and Management.
West view Press, ISBN-10: 0813337992, ISBN-13: 978-0813337999
3. Hodgkinson, K.C and Grice, A.C. 2006. Global Rangelands: Progress
and Prospects. CABI, ISBN-10: 0851995233, ISBN-13: 978-0851995236
4. Mohammad, N. 1989. Rangeland management in Pakistan. ICIMOD,
Nepal.
5. Quraishi, M.A.A., G.S. Khan and M.S. Yaqoob. 1993. Range
Management in Pakistan. University of Agriculture, Faisalabad.

24. GRAZING MANAGEMENT ON RNAGELANDS 3 (2-1)

Theory:
Pasture establishment techniques, grasses-legumes and their mixtures in
various eco-zones of Pakistan. Grazing management, carrying capacities and
pasture, growth, effect of stocking rate. The importance of browse. Utilization
and management of browse. Ecology in relation to grazing. Animal nutrition in
relation to range management. Nutritional value of shrubs and trees as fodder
for ruminants. Grazing habits and diet selection by various kinds of livestock
on rangelands. Management of feed quantity and quality on rangelands. Plant
responses to grazing with reference to phytotoxicosis. Diet learning in
herbivores from social models and experience.
Practical:
Visits to various pastures and range areas, demonstration of forage vegetation
and measurement of grazing pressure, balancing herbage vegetation and
browse through animals.
Recommended Books:
1. Gerrish, J. 2004. Management-Intensive Grazing: The Grassroots of Grass
Farming. Green Park Press, ISBN-10: 0972159703, ISBN-13: 978-
0972159708.
2. IDRC. 1989. Shrubs and tree fodders for farm animals. (Ed. Devendra, C.).
Proceedings of a workshop in Depensar. Indonesia. July 24-29, 1989.
International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada. Pp. 349.
3. Muhammad, N. 1989. Rangeland Management in Pakistan. ICIMOD,
Kathmandu, Nepal.
4. Skerman, P.J. 1997. Tropical Forage Legumes. FAO, Rome.
5. Vallentine, J.F.2000. Grazing Management, 2nd Edition. Academic Press,
ISBN-10: 0127100016, ISBN-13: 978-0127100012

25. RANGE ANIMAL NUTRITION 3 (2-1)

132
Theory:
Animal grazing in relation to range nutrition, feed resources availability and
distribution. Feed analysis and composition, role of secondary compounds in
animal grazing/browsing. Animal response to range grazing in terms of growth
and digestibility. Plant response to animals grazing at various intensities.
Practical:
Plant analysis techniques, Visit to labs. and demonstration of plant chemical
analysis, Visit to Animal nutrition facilities, Feed mills, etc.
Recommended Books:
1. Pond, W.G., Church, D.C., Pond, R.P and Schoknecht, P.A. 2004. Basic
Animal Nutrition and Feeding, A Wiley; 5 edition ISBN-10:
0471215392,ISBN-13: 978-0471215394
2. Robbins, C.T and Cunha, T.J. 1994. Wildlife Feeding and Nutrition, Second
Edition Academic Press, ISBN-10: 0125893833, ISBN-13: 978-0125893831
3. Skerman, P.J. 1997. Tropical Forage Legumes. FAO, Rome, Italy.

26. PASTARAL COMMUNITIES AND RANGE DEVELOPMENT

2 (2-0)
Theory:
Major Pastaral Communities of Range areas of Pakistan. Socioeconomic
profile . General condition and income, family size and its structure, literacy,
nutrition and health, housing and household. Migration routes of nomadic
tribes, ownership of rangelands/local rights, social life and life styles, gender
views, size of bords, livestock marketing systems, inter community
relationship. Participatory approach for range development role of public
organization and live departments. Role of NGO’s. Training of local people and
concept of range development with community participation.
Recommended Books:
1. Gerrish, J. 2004. Management-Intensive Grazing: The Grassroots of Grass
Farming. Green Park Press, ISBN-10: 0972159703, ISBN-13: 978-
0972159708
2. Heady , H and Child, R.D. 1999. Rangeland Ecology and Management.
West view Press, ISBN-10: 0813337992, ISBN-13: 978-0813337999
3. Hodgkinson, K.C and Grice, A.C. 2006. Global Rangelands: Progress and
Prospects. CABI, ISBN-10: 0851995233, ISBN-13: 978-0851995236
4. Muhammad, W. 1989. Range Management in Pakistan, ICIMOD, Nepal.
5. Quraishi, M.A.A. 1998. Range Management in Pakistan. Kazi Publishers,
Lahore.
6. Solomon, A.M and Shugart, H.H. 2009. Vegetation Dynamics and Global
Change. Springer; 1st edition, ISBN-10: 0412036819, ISBN-13: 978-
0412036811

27. DROUGHT MANAGEMENT IN RANGELANDS 3 (3-0)

133
Theory:
Desertification-definitions and its extent, severity and frequency. Causes and
effects of Land degradation in different regions. Drought control strategies and
options. Drought information systems. Droughts in Pakistan, frequencies and
probabilities. Global environmental perspective. Early warning systems and
drought management issues in relation to rangelands. Drought management
plans.
Recommended Books:
1. Galvin, K.A., Reid, R.S., Behnke, R.H and Hobbs, T. 2006. Fragmentation
in Semi-Arid and Arid Landscapes: Consequences for Human and Natural
Systems. Springer; 1st edition ISBN-10: 1402049056,ISBN-13: 978-
1402049057
2. Heady , H and Child, R.D. 1999. Rangeland Ecology and Management.
West view Press, ISBN-10: 0813337992, ISBN-13: 978-0813337999
3. Hodgkinson, K.C and Grice, A.C. 2006. Global Rangelands: Progress and
Prospects. CABI, ISBN-10: 0851995233, ISBN-13: 978-0851995236
4. Ladle, R. 2008. Biodiversity and Conservation: Critical Concepts in the
Environment. Routledge; 1st edition. ISBN-10: 0415456541 ISBN-13: 978-
0415456548
5. Melard. 1990. The Pakistan National Conservation Strategy. Ministry of
Environment, Local Govt. and Rural Development. Islamabad. Quraishi,
6. Melard. 2001. National plan of action to combating desertification. Ministry
of Environment and Local Govt. and Rural Development, Islamabad.
7. NAP. 1990. Saline agriculture. Salt tolerant plants for developing countries.
Report of a Panel of the Board on Science and

28. RANGE VEGETATION MANIPULATION AND

MANAGEMENT 3 (3-0)
Theory:
Methods of manipulating range vegetation for multiple use purposes.
Ecological and biological principles, structural and functional aspects of
manipulated ecosystems. Range plant growth and development. Integration of
vegetation manipulation technologies and management. Site specificity vs.
general application. Fire as a management tool, mechanical control of woody
plants, chemical control of range plants, biological manipulation of range
vegetation.
Recommended Books:
1. Holechek, J. et al., 1989. Range Management, Principles and Practices.
Prentice Hall, Inc. Newberry. USA.
2. Committee on Rangeland Classification, Board on Agriculture, National
Research Council. 1994. New Methods to Classify, Inventory, and Monitor
Rangelands. National Academic Press, USA.
3. Noor, M. 1989. Rangeland Management in Pakistan. ICIMOD, Katmandu,
Nepal.
134
4. Quraishi, M.A.A., G.S.Khan and S.Y. Mian. 1998. Range Management in
Pakistan. University of Agriculture, Faisalabad.
5. Stoddart, Smith and Box. 1975. McGraw Hill Series in Forest Resources.
6. Quraishi, M.A.A., M. Ishaque, 1995. Practical Manual of Range
Management, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad.
6. Call, C.A. 2002. Lecture notes. Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA.

29. STRATEGY FOR DEVELOPING AGRO-GRAZING 3 (3-0)

Theory:
Need for a comprehensive approach for range development, Importance of
understanding social structure, aspirations and limitations. Land use policies
and laws and integrate land use. Growth of viable, progressive, local
organizations of the grazing and their role. Appropriate governmental
organizations and their role. Easy availability of financial resources and
transfer of appropriate technology. Systematic and gradual development of site
resources and potentials. Adoption of advances in range forage production.
(establishment, watering, fertilization, weeding, mixed cropping etc.), animal
improvement, animal protection and sustaining their maximum growth rate.
Adoption of advances in range management, intensive food lots and fattening
yards, hay and silage making, development in communication, transport and
marketing. Emergency squads.
Recommended Books:
1. Jerry, L.H., Rex D. Pieper, H. Carlton. 1989. Range Management Principle
and practices. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffes, New Jersey.
2. Masood, Q. 2005. Basics of Forestry and allied Sciences. A-One Publisher
Al Fazal Market Urdu Bazar Lahore.
3. Muhammad, N. 1989. Rangeland Management in Pakistan. ICIMOD,
Kathmandu, Nepal.
4. Quraishi, M.A.A., G.S. Khan and S. Yaqoob 1998. Range Management in
Pakistan. Kazi Publishers, Ganpat Road, Urdu Bazar, Lahore.
5. Singh, L.N., A. Singh and J. Singh. 2000. Grassland Techniques and
Management. Scientific Publications (India) Jodhpur.

30. ECOPHYSIOLOGY OF RANGE VEGETATION 2 (1-1)

Theory:
Introduction, aspects of carbon and energy requirement of photosynthesis
considered in relation to the environmental constraint pertaining to ranges,
principles of ecology, Impact of the environment and man on various
populations of ranges, important ecological process, systems measurement
and analysis. Range plants as integrated ecophysiological units.

Practical:
Study of different physiological phenomena of range vegetation by advanced
and latest techniques both in the field and laboratory. Use of different
135
apparatus/instruments for measuring ecological factors.

Recommended Books:
1. Dirzo and Sarukhan. 1984. Perspectives on plant population ecology.
Sinecer Associates Ince. Massachusetts, USA.
2. Muhammad, N. 1989. Rangeland Management in Pakistan. ICIMOD,
Kathmandu, Nepal.
3. Quraishi, M.A.A., G.S. Khan and S. Yaqoob. 1998. Range Management in
Pakistan. Kazi Publishers, Ganpat Road, Urdu Bazar, Lahore.

31. ADVANCES IN RANGE MANAGEMENT 3 (2-1)

Objective:
The major aim of teaching this course is to familiarize the students about
various range management practices. By learning this course, the students will
be able to manage the rangeland resources more effectively in future, during
their field assignments.

Theory:
Significance of rangelands. Principles of range management. Rangeland
physical characteristics, rangelands and human population. Range
management history, description of rangeland types, range ecology, range
inventory and monitoring, considerations concerning stocking rate, selection of
grazing methods, methods of improving livestock distribution in rangeland.
Range animal nutrition, Range livestock production. Range management for
multiple use, manipulation of range vegetation, Range management planning.
Practical:
Visits to various rangelands, determination of vegetational attributes,
rangeland utilization, carrying capacity, range trend, forage intake of grazing
animals, vegetational mapping. Developing a range management plan for a
given range area.
Recommended Books:
1. Arunachalan, A. and K. Arunachalan. 2008. Biodiversity Utilization and
Conservation. Aavishkar publishers, Jaipur, India pp.204.
2. Holechek, J.L., R .Pieper and C.H. Herbal. 2011. Range Management
Principles and Practices. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, pp.456.
3. Trivedi, P.C. 2006. Biodiversity: Assessment and conservation, Agrobios,
India, pp. 324.

32. ADVANCES IN RANGE VEGETATION PHYSIOLOGY,

ECOLOGY 3 (2-1)

136
Objective:
The major objective of teaching this course is to train the students about
ecology and the physiological responses of range plants under stress
conditions. This course will help the students in future for conducting research
and understanding the growth adaptations of the range plants in the field.

Theory:
Introduction, carbon and energy requirements of range species in relation to
environmental constraints, principles of ecology, Impact of the environment
and man on various populations of ranges, important ecological process,
systems measurement and analysis. Range plants as integrated eco-
physiological units.
Practical:
Study of different physiological phenomena of range vegetation by advanced
and latest techniques both in the field and laboratory. Use of different
apparatus/instruments for measuring ecological factors.
Recommended Books:
1. Bora, K.K., K. Singh and A. Kumar 2001.Stress and Environmental Plant
Physiology. Pointer Publishers, Jaipur, India.
2. Devlin. 2004. Plant Physiology 4th Ed. CBS Publishers and Distributers.
New Delhi, India.
3. Govil, S.R. 2004. Experimental Plant Ecology. CBH Publisher, New Delhi,
India.
4. Tas, P.C. 2007. Plant Ecology. A.I.T.B.S Publishers, New Delhi, India

33. FOREST, RANGE AND ATMOSPHERE 3 (2-1)

Objective:
The major objective of this course would be to expose the students about the
harmful impacts of atmospheric pollution on the flora and fauna of the land.
Theory:
The atmosphere energy and ecology, radiation, environmental temperatures
and moisture, wind, convection and turbulent transfer energy budgets of
particular systems. The biological impacts of forest and range plants on the
atmosphere, range animals and their atmosphere, artificial control of
environment for promoting forest/range ecosystem. Air pollution meteorology.
Practical:
Site selection for atmospheric data collection. Relevant instruments and their
use for obtaining measurements of different climatic parameters.

Recommended Books:
1. Holechek, J.L., R.D. Pieper and C.H. Herbal 2011. Range Management
Principles and Practices. Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
137
2. Sharma, V.K. Trees and Protection of Environment 2004. Deep and Deep
Publications Pvt. LTD. New Delhi, India.
3. Siddiqui, K.M. 1997. Forestry and Environment PFI, Peshawar, Pakistan.
4. Sinha, P.C. 2006. Guide lines for Human Environment and sustainable
Development. SBS Publishers and Distributers Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, India

34. FOREST/RANGE RESOURCE EVALUATION 3 (2-1)

Theory:
Basic concepts and scope of the subject. Objectives of resource evaluation.
Determination of vegetational attributes and its utilization. Various elements of
resource evaluation. Timing, periodicity, planning principles and sampling
designs. Maps and mapping. Role of aerial photography. Determining
vegetation condition and trend. Determining annual yields/carrying capacity
and its various components. Estimating future demographic changes
Practical:
Practice of various field measurement procedures, calculations for forest/range
productivity assessment. Biomass estimation by various techniques.
Recommended Books:
1. Ashfaque, R.M. and S.M. Rafique 1999. A Guide to Range Analysis. PFI,
Peshawar.
2. Holeckek, J,L., R.. Pieper and C.H. Herbal. 2011. Range Management,
Principles and Practices. Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
3. Laar, A. V and Akca 2007. Forest Mensuration. Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300
AA Dordrecht, Netherlands.

35. MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES AND

ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS 3 (2-1)

Theory:
Ecology and distribution of major wildlife species in Pakistan. Study of biotic
communities and habitat analysis. Conservation strategies of important fauna
in Pakistan. Feeding and management of wild ungulates in exclosures and
zoological gardens. Wildlife sanctuaries policies and laws.
Practical:
Visits to major wildlife recreational parks and zoological gardens.Study of
management and feeding of wild ungulates in sanctuaries and zoological
gardens. Sighting and marking techniques of wild fauna in national park areas.

Recommended Books:
1. Natl. 1996. Animal Kingdoms: Wildlife Sanctuaries of the World. National
Geographic Society. ISBN-10: 0792227344, ISBN-13: 978-0792227342
138
2. Quraishi M.A.A. 2002 Basic of Forestry and allied sciences. A one
Publisher, Urdu Bazaar, Lahore.
3. Quraishi, M.A.A. R. A. Khan and S.M.a. Qayyum Hissaan. 2003.
Practical Manual of Wildlife Management. University of Agriculture,
Faisalabad.
4. Robert, T.J Birds of . 1991. The Birds of Pakistan (Vol-I), Oxford
University Press.
5. Robert, T.J. 1992. The Pakistan (Vol-II), Oxford University Press.
6. Robert, T.J. 1997. The Mammals of Pakistan. Ervest, Benn Ltd.
7. Wright, R.G. 1992. Wildlife Research and Management in the National
Parks. University of Illinois Press, ISBN-10: 0252018249 ISBN-13: 978-
0252018244

36. FOREST RECREATION AND PARK MANAGEMENT

3 (3-0)
Objective:
To train the students regarding management of regular based out door
recreation, park planning, landscaping concept, environmental cultural
interpretation, public opinion series communication.

Theory:
Definition, Importance of recreation, and need. Factors responsible for
Recreation and Planning. Important outdoor facilities and services: Roads and
trails, signs, camping grounds, picnic areas. Economic values of recreational
lands. Difficulties of determining economic importance of recreational lands.
Organized tours, facilities and services. Landscaping concept, objectives,
importance. Floriculture and Landscape gardening; garden design, lawns,
ground covers, annual and perennial flowers. Management plan preparation
by each student for any recreational park.

Recommended Books:
1. Robert W. Douglass. 2000. Forest Recreation (5th Edition). Waveland
Press. NY.
2. William E. Hammitt and David N. Cole. 1998. Wildland Recreation: Ecology
and Management, (2nd Edition). Wiley. NY.
3. Brockman, C.F. 1979. Recreational Use of Wildlands. McGraw-Hill Book
Co., New York.
4. Avery, T.E. 1975. National Resources Measurements. McGraw-Hill Book
Co. New York
5. Steele R.C. 1972. Wildlife Conservation in Woodlands. London.

37. WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION 3 (2-1)

139
Objective:
To acquaint the students with the basic knowledge of wildlife management,
ecologically based management strategies for the further cooperation
management of endorsed ….. registration to Pakistan.

Theory:
Wildlife as a National Resource, major wildlife species of Pakistan: their
distribution, status and problems. Study of endangered species as listed in
CITES, IUCN Red Data Book and species listed as threatened under
provincial legislation. Principles of wildlife management and management
tools: Protection and protected areas, habitat improvement, hunting, predation,
damage control, population analysis/counts, zoo-cum-botanical gardens,
captive breeding, reintroduction of species. echnological advances in wildlife
and protected areas management including remote sensing, GIS, advance
computer applications and satellite tracking of wildlife. Wildlife management
education, extension, and community participation: role of Islam in porting
conservation concepts in today’s society. Animal behaviour and its role in
Wildlife management. Management of important resident and migratory wildlife
species. Current developments in Wildlife Management and conservation in
Pakistan with special reference to International Conventions of particular
importance to wildlife (e.g. CBD, CITES, CMS and Ramsar). Wildlife Policy,
Laws and Regulations in Pakistan.
Practical:
Field study trips: Students will be required to undertake field trips to review
wildlife and protected areas management in different eco-systems, and also
prepare and present case studies for evaluation in their study tour
examination. Sighting and marking techniques of wild fauna in national park
areas. Preparation of wildlife Management plans: Purpose, structure, contents
and reviews/approval procedures.
Recommended Books:
1. Ahmad, A. 1996. Management Plan of Khunjrab National Park, WWF,
Pakistan.
2. Ali Salem and S.D. Ripley. 1983. Handbook of the Birds of India and
Pakistan. OUP, NY.
3. Hosetti, B.B. 2005. Concepts in Wildlife Management. (2nd Revised and
Enlarged ed) (India) Delhi.
4. IUCN, Pakistan .1998. Biodiversity Assessment Methods. IUCN Nepal,
Katmandu.
5. Quraishi M.A.A. 2002 Basic of Forestry and allied sciences. A one
Publisher, Urdu Bazaar, Lahore.
6. Quraishi, M.A.A., R. A. Khan and S.M.A. Q. Hussain. 2003. Practical
Manual of Wildlife Management Vol. I, II. Univ. of Agri., Faisalabad.
7. Robert, T.J. 1992. The Birds of Pakistan, (Vol. I and II) Oxford University
Press.
8. Robert, T.J. 1997. The Mammals of Pakistan. Ervest Benn Limited
140
9. Sale, J.B. 1988. Manual of Wildlife Management Techniques for India.
Special publication of the Wildlife Institute of India.
10. Singh, S.K. 2005. Text Book of Wildlife Management. (India) Jharkhand.
11. SKB Conservation Committee. 1997. Wildlife Conservation Plan: IUCN,
Islamabad.

38. URBAN WILDLIFE 3 (2-1)

Objective:
To provides educational training in various aspects of urban wildlife
management and conservation.

Theory:
Introduction and importance of urban wildlife, related definitions, wildlife of
urban areas of Pakistan and their current status. Factors reducing urban
wildlife, Benefits of wildlife in urban areas, how to promote urban wildlife,
Related rules and regulations, role of urban areas in wildlife conservation.
Food chain and food web. Management problems associated with such
wildlife, planning resources for urban wildlife enrichment, management of
nuisance wildlife species. Role of parks and recreation sites in urban wildlife.
Needs for the establishment of zoo and wildlife parks in urban environment.

Practical:
Visit to different urban areas and identification of urban wildlife species.
Studying their food and feeding habits, useful and harmful impacts of such
wildlife species. Visit to local zoo and museums for wildlife identification.
Specimen collection and its preservation in laboratory. Data collection on
wildlife.
Recommended Books:
1. Chaudhri A.B,.2003.Wild and Ground Flora. Arumina printing Works. India.
2. Hosetti. B.B,. 2003.Wildlife Management in India. Pointer publishers Jaipur
India.
3. Hosetti B.B. 2005. Concepts in Wildlife Management (Revised edition.).
Daya Publishing house New Delhi. India.
4. Hudson, R.J. 1989. Wildlife production systems Cambridge University
Press, UK.
5. Prabhakar. V.k., 1999. Encyclopedia of Biodiversity Vol.3. Anmol
publications New Delhi India.
6. S.K. Singh, 2005. Wildlife Management. International Books Distributing
Co. Charbagh, India.

39. WETLAND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 3 (2-1)

Theory:
Importance of man-made lakes and wetlands, critical discussion on the forces
141
influencing location of wetlands such as topography, present material,
geopolitics, sociology, finance availability. Creation of wetlands, management
of wetland and lakes, Impacts of floods on wetland and lakes, role of drains on
the management of wetlands. Famous lakes and wetlands of Pakistan.
Environmental pollution and wetland management, Technology and industrial
development affecting wetlands, agricultural needs for water and power.
Identification, extent and analysis of major issues of man-made lakes. Various
approaches for overcoming these issues, adoption of various pre and post
lake construction measures for increasing the life of these lakes and
enhancing their utilization.

Practical:
Visits to various wetlands and lakes, collecting of relevant data on various
parameters. Studying problems of various lakes/wetlands and discussing
measures being adopted for lake management. Studying local wetlands and in
the current scenario of environmental changes. Report writing on the
management of given lake.
Recommended Books:
1. Atabaster 1985. Habitat Modification and Fresh Water Fisheries. FAO.
Butter Worth., London.
2. Choudry A.B. 2007. Endangered Wetland. Daya Publishing House. New
Delhi, India.
3. Hosetti B.B 2005. Concepts in Wildlife Management. (Revised edition.).
Daya Publishing House Delhi, India.
4. Nazir, A. and G.R. Chaudhary. 1988. Irrigated Agriculture of Pakistan. 61,
13/2 Ghulberg III, Lahore.
5. Singh S.K,.2005.Wildlife Management. International Books Distributing Co.
Charbagh, India.

40. FORESTRY, WILDLIFE AND RECREATION 3 (2-1)

Theory:
Introduction and importance of the subject. Role of forestry and wildlife for
various purposes. Wildlife habitats, Wildlife of urbanized areas of Pakistan.
Behaviour and food chain of major wildlife species. Management and
problems associated with such wildlife. Extent of wildlife conservation
management, Recreation area development. Major recreation legislation,
Forest recreation planning.
Practical:
Visit to an area having effective forestry and Wildlife programme. Determining
role of forestry and wildlife in recreational values of site. Visit of urban areas
and identification and collection of wildlife specimens. Study of their food
composition in the laboratory.
Recommended Books:
142
1. Bornkamm, R., J.A. Lee and M.R.D. Seaward. 1982. Urban Ecology.
Blackwell. Scientific Publications. Edinburgh Boston Melbourne.
2. Douglass R.W. 1975. Recreation. Pergamon Press Inc. New York.
3. Hosetti, B.B. 2005. Concepts in Wildlife Management. (2 nd Revised and
Enlarged ed) (India).
4. Payne, N.F and Bryant, F.C. 2005.Wildlife Habitat Management of
Forestlands, Rangelands, and Farmlands. Krieger Publishing Company,
ISBN-10: 1575240939, ISBN-13: 978-1575240930
5. Quraishi, M.A.A., R. A. Khan and S.M.A. Qayyum Hussain. 2003. Practical
Manual of Wildlife Management Vol. I, II. Univ. of Agri., Faisalabad.
6. Robert, T.J. 1992. The Birds of Pakistan, (Vol. I and II) Oxford University
Press.
7. Sale, J.B. 1988. Manual of Wildlife Management Techniques for India.
Special publication of the Wildlife Institute of India.
8. Sinclair,S., R.E, Fryxell, J.M and Caughley, G. 2006. Wildlife Ecology,
Conservation and Management. Wiley-Blackwell; 2nd edition, ISBN-10:
1405107375 ISBN-13: 978-1405107372.

41. Forest Soil and Water Conservation 3 (2-1)

Theory:
Characteristics of Forest Soil. Difference between Agricultural and Forest Soil.
Soil Erosion Control. Contour ditches and their design criteria, types and
design of terraces, vegetative measures. Construction of check dams,
vegetative measures. Control, Stream bank stabilization, rip-raping, retaining
walls, gabions, revetments, Vegetative control. Landslide Erosion control,
Identification and delineation of factors responsible for landslide hazards,
Engineering and vegetative control measures. Water Conservation, Water
harvesting techniques for Surface water Resource Development and Range
Improvements. Dry Zone Afforestation Techniques. Role of Water Harvesting in
dry land Forestry. Water spreading methods.
Practical:
Visit to watershed areas for gathering data for design of Terraces, Water Pond,
rip-raping for channel and Retaining walls.
Recommended Books:
1. Mingyuan Du, Peiming Du, Taichi Maki and Shigeto Kawashima. 2009.
Modelling Soil Erosion, Sediment Transport and Closely Related
Hydrological Processes. USDA Agricultural Research Service, Agricultural
handbook no. 703.
2. FAO. 2007. Conservation guides No.1,2,3,4 for Watershed Mgt. and
Conservation
3. Shah, B.H. 2006. Filed Manual on the role of water harvesting for
dryland management in Pakistan. Verve Communication, Islamabad.
4. Morgan, R. P. C. 2005. Morgan Soil Conservation: Problems and
Prospects. Spingier publisher.
143
5. Bill Mollison. 1998. A Designer's Manual, Tagari Press, India

42. DEVELOPMENTS IN WATERSHED MANAGEMENT

4 (3-1)
Theory:
Integrated Watershed Management, Forestry, grazing and farming.
Hydrological cycle. Advances in methods of improving watersheds. Watershed
management planning Evaluation of watershed management. Socio-economic
considerations and policy. Biological and engineering practices to control soil
erosion and conserve water. Numerical estimation of soil erosion.
Practical:
Visit to watershed projects and river dams. monitoring their characteristics:
evaluation of their performance, Reading of maps, aerial photographs.
Preparation of maps. Writing a report of a given watershed.

Recommended Books:
1. Brooks, N, K., Ffolliott, P.F., Gregersen, H.M and DeBano, L.F. 2003.
Hydrology and the Management of Watersheds. Blackwell, 3 rd edition,
ISBN-10: 0813829852, ISBN-13: 978-0813829852
2. Cech, T.V. 2002. Principles of Water Resources. John Wiley and Sons.
3. FAO. 1986. Strategies, approaches and systems in integrated watersheds
management. FAO., Rome.
4. ICIMOD. 1997. Recent concepts, knowledge, practices and new skills in
participatory integrated watershed management. ICIMOD, Kathmandu,
Nepal.
5. Quraishi, M. A. A. 2005. Watershed Management in Pakistan, University of
Agriculture, Faisalabad.
6. Quraihi, M. A. A. 2005, Basics of Forestry and Allied Sciences, Vol: 1 and
2:A-One Publishers Urdu Bazar Lahore.
7. Quraishi, M.M.A. and Tahir Siddiqui. 2001. Practical Manual of Watershed
Management in Pakistan, UAF. Faisalabad.
8. Raghunath, H.M. 2006. Hydrology: Principles, analysis, design. New age
international publications
9. Sharma, P.N. 1996. Recent developments, status and gaps in participatory
watershed management education and training in Asia, FAO, Rome.
10. Sharma, P.N. and M.P. Waglay. 1996. Case studies of people’s
participation in Watershed Management in Asia: Nepal, China and India.
FAO, Rome.
11. Sheikh, M. I. and S. M. Hafeez. 2001. Forest and Forestry in Pakistan. A-
One Publishers Urdu Bazar Lahore.
43. FOREST PROTECTION 3 (2-1)
Theory:
Entomology: Introduction: Scope of the subject. Brief introduction to the animal
kingdom. Brief study of important internal systems of a typical animal. Role of
harmful and beneficial worms, rodents, birds and insects in Pakistan. Forest
144
pests: Brief study and control of important pests of trees as follows:
Standing trees: Pests of Poplar, Shisham, Bakain, Deodar, Kail, Babul,
Mulberry and Semul.
Felled trees: Powder post beetles. Flat and Round headed borers, Pin hole
borers, Termites.
Nursery pests: Cockchafers, Cutworms, Crickets, Grasshoppers, Termites,
Weevils and Snails.
Seed Pests: Chilghoza cone borer, Walnut weevil and stored seed pests of
trees.
Beneficial Insects: Apiculture, Lac-culture, Sericulture and other useful insects.
Identification of honeybee, lac insect and silkworm.
Host plants. Methods of rearing and economic products obtained, parasites,
predators and scavengers.
Insect Control. General principles of control method. Natural control. Applied
control: Silvicultural, Biological, Mechanical, Physical and Chemical. Spraying
and dusting equipment.
Practical:
Drawing and Labeling of important internal systems of a typical animal.
Drawing and Labeling of different parts of an insect. Drawing and Labeling of
life history stages of a typical insect. Study of forest injuries caused by insects
with the help of specimens and slides in the lab: and field visits. Collection and
preservation of insects for presentation at the time of the final examination.
Method of dispatch of insect at their various stages of life to an Entomologist
for identification. Visits to sericulture, Apiculture and Lac-culture stations.
Recommended Books:
1. Edmonds, R.L., Agee, J.K and Gara, R.I. 2005. Forest Health and
Protection. Waveland Pr Inc, ISBN-10: 1577663969,ISBN-13: 978-
1577663966
2. Manoin, P.D. 1996. Tree Disease Concepts. Pearson Educational Press.
3. Negi, S.S. 2008.Handbook of Forest Protection. International Book
Distributors Publisher, ISBN-10: 8170892341 ISBN-13: 978-8170892342
4. Tainter, F.A and Baker, F.H 1996. Principles of Forest Pathology. Johgn
Wiley and Sons.

44. FOREST DISEASES AND PEST MANAGEMENT 3 (2-2)

Theory:
An overview of forest insects, Ecology of insects in the forest environment,
Insect pests in natural forests and plantations, Insect pest of stored timber,
Management of forest insect pests, Mycology, fungi classification, Bacteria,
Viruses, Nematodes and other pathogens. Specific fungi causing different
diseases such as wood decay, discoloration, cankers and foliage diseases etc.
Forest Pathology: Plant diseases and their effects. Pathology in relation to
forestry practices. Principles of forest diseases control. Symptoms, causal
organisms, modes of infection, biology and control diseases of important forest
tree species.
145
Pests of shisham, kail, chir, deodar, poplar, kikar, eucalyptus, etc. Vertebrate
pest of Forests, Important nursery pests, important seed pests, general control
methods. Integrated pest management.
Practical:
Identification and Collection of major fungi and insects causing diseases in
forest trees. Field study of important insects of major forest tree species and
their identification. Identification of important diseases of forest trees. Field
study of forest tree diseases in different ecological zones.
Recommended Books:
1. Blanchard, R.O. and T.A. Tattar. 1981. Field and laboratory Guide to Tree
2. Mehrotra, R.S. Plant Pathology 2nd edition. 2003. TATA McGraw-Hills.
3. NAIR, K. S. S. 2007. Tropical Forest Insect Pests: Ecology, Impact, and
Management,. Kerala Forest Research Institute Peechi, Kerala, India.
Cambridge university press, UK.
4. Wain and David. 2004. Ecological Methods in Forest Pest Management.
OUP Oxford.

45. GIS AND REMOTE SENSING IN FORESTRY 3 (2-1)

Theory:
Photogrammetry and Photo-interpretation: Aerial Photographic Systems,
Specifications of Aerial Photography, Taking of Aerial Photographs,
Procurement, Handling and Storage of Aerial Photographs, Measurement on
Aerial Photographs, Measurement of Tree Height, tree crown diameter, crown
closure, tree count, Problems in height estimation of trees, Measurement of
Slope, Measurement Characteristics of a Tree and a Stand, Aerial Photo-
Interpretation, Photo Characteristics of Some Important Forest Species: Chir
pine, Deodar, Blue pine, Oaks, etc., Difference between Photograph and a
Map, Application of Aerial Photographs in Forestry. Remote Sensing: History of
Remote Sensing, Space Imaging, Fundamentals of Remote Sensing, Remote
Sensing in Thermal Infrared Region of Spectrum, the interaction of thermal
infrared radiation with vegetation, soil and water, characteristics of thermal
infrared images, use of thermal imagery in forestry, Microwave Remote
Sensing, applications of space borne remote sensing techniques in forestry.
Practical:
Air Photo Interpretation: Size, Shape, Tone Texture, Pattern, Location and
Association, Identification of Vegetation on Aerial Photos, Broad Forest Types,
Species and Land Use, Introductory digital image analysis of satellite data for
Image enhancement, Image rectification, Supervised classification, Un-
supervised classification.
Recommended Books:
1. Abeedullah Jan 1972. Fundamentals of Photo interpretation and
Photogrammetry, A.F.I.P., Peshawar.
2. Leonard, W.B. 1988. Manual of Remote Sensing (Vol. I and II).
146
3. Lillesand, T.M., R.W. Kiefer and J.W. Chipman. 2004. Remote Sensing and
Image Interpretation. 5th Edition. Published by John Wiley and Sons, New
York, USA.
4. Sharma, M.K. 1986. Remote Sensing and Forest Surveys. International
Book Distributors. Dehra Dun. India.

46. FOREST EXTENSION AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

2 (2-0)
Theory:
Principles and types of extension, functions of forestry extension, factors
limiting forestry extension, communication processes, extension methods,
individuals methods, group methods. Mass media, speech communication,
Audio-visual aids, Diffusion of innovations. Role of extension and factors in
their success. Programme development and evaluation. Public administration
and community organization.
Recommended Books:
1. Bekkering, T., Naughton, G and Werter, F. 1993. Workshop on Forestry
extension in Pakistan. FAO and Government of Pakistan, Peshawar,
Pakistan.
2. Buford J. A., A. G. Bedeian and J. R. Lindner. 1995. Management in
Extension. 3rd Ed. Ohio State University, USA.
3. Lionberger, Herbert, F. and P.H. Gwin. 1983. Communication strategies: A
guide for Agricultural Change Agents. The Interstate Pronters and
Publishers, Inc. Danville, Illinois, USA.
4. Jha L.K. 2008. A manual of Forestry Extension Education.
5. Negi, S.S. 2008. Forestry Extension Handbook. International Book
Distributors, ISBN-10: 817089199X, ISBN-13: 978-8170891994

47. ROLE OF INSTITUTIONS IN AGRO-FOREST/ RANGE

PRODUCTIVITY 2 (1-1)
Theory:
Introduction and importance of the subject. Special need for institutional
support in view of peculiar features of Forestry/Agro-
forestry/Range/Watershed/Wildlife Management. Types of institutions: their
magnitude, mode of functioning, effectiveness, resourcefulness and efficiency.
Role of institutions in framing strategy policy for Forests, Agro-forests or other
allied disciplines. Enactment and their role in execution of law, resources
acquisition establishment, management and utilization. Direct versus indirect
role of institutions. Limitations on the role of institutions. Types of institutions,
their mode of functioning, effectiveness, resourcefulness and efficiency.
Practical:
Brief survey of federal, provincial, regional and local institutions in the country
with discussion on their mode of functioning and effectiveness. Annual
progress reports of various International, national, regional and local

147
organization, agencies and bodies like Economic Survey of Pakistan, Statistics
of Pakistan, Newsletters of PARC, SDPI, NIAB, HEC, Universities and
research institutions etc.
Recommended Books:
1. Annual Progress Reports of various International, National, Regional and
Local Organization, Agencies and Bodies.
2. Masood, Q. 2005. Basics of Forestry and allied Sciences. A-One Publisher
Al Fazal Market Urdu Bazar Lahore.
3. WAPDA. 1965-75. Management Plans of River Jhelum and Indus
Watersheds, Lahore.

48. RANGE AND FORESTRY RESEARCH METHODS 3 (2-1)

Theory:
Definitions and concepts of different research methods/techniques used in
range and forest science. Principles of research. Peculiarities of field research.
Peculiarities and role of various survey designs. Application of bio-
mathematical and statistical tools. Study plans, layout of experiments,
experimental designs, conduct of experiments and analysis, Discussion and
evaluation of research projects, Control measures for plagiarism.
Practical:
Designing and planning laboratory and field experiments related to climate,
soil, water, forage vegetation, grazing animals, wildlife and plant communities.
Designing experiments related to eco-systems research such as watershed,
food chain and nutrient cycle, etc. Preparing research plans on selected
topics.
Recommended Books:
1. Hussain, R.W. and M.I. Shieikh. 1988. A guidebook for forestry research,
PFI, Peshawar.
2. Katz, M.J. 2007. From Research to Manuscript: A Guide to Scientific
Writing. Springer; 1st edition, ISBN-10: 1402040458 ISBN-13: 978-
1402040450
3. Korner, A. 2008. Guide to Publishing a Scientific Paper. Routledge; 1st
edition, ISBN-10: 041545266X, ISBN-13: 978-0415452663
4. Methews, J.R., Brown, J.M and Methews, R.W. 2000. Successful scientific
writing: A step by step guide for bio-medical students. 2nd Ed., Cambridge
Uni. Press.
5. Peat, J., Elliot, E., Baur, L an Keena, V. 2002. Scientific Writing: Easy When
You Know. BMJ Books; 1 edition, ISBN-10: 0727916254, ISBN-13: 978-
0727916259
6. Salem, A. and S.D. Ripley. 1983. Handbook of the Birds of India and
Pakistan. Oxford Univ. Press: New York.

148
7. Schroth, G and Sinclair, F.L. 2003. Trees, Crops and Soil Fertility: Concepts
and Research Methods. CABI, ISBN-10: 0851995934, ISBN-13: 978-
0851995939
8. Shah, N.H. and W.W. Bryan. 1996. Tropical pasture research. Principles
and methods. Common Wealth Agriculture Bureau, UK.

49. THESIS RESEARCH FOR MS/MSc (Hons.) AGRICULTURE

(FORESTRY, RANGE, WATERSHED and WILDLIFE
MANAGEMENT) 10 (0-20)

50. SPECIAL PROBLEM 1 (1-0)

51. SEMINAR 1 (1-0)

149
 RECOMMENDATIONS
Following recommendations were given by the participant of the Final
meeting of NCRC in the discipline of Forestry.

i. Keeping in view the paucity of the latest national text books, the National
Curriculum Revision Committee (NCRC) recommended that experts in
the field of forest, range, watershed and wildlife management should be
encouraged by HEC to write and publish monographs, practical manuals
and text books.

ii. Forestry is a field based professional discipline therefore, physical

training and field visits should be integral part of forestry education.
Hence, universities and institutions’ administration should take up with
HEC to allocate adequate funds for conducting field.

iii. An Accreditation Council for Forestry degree (ACF) in Pakistan should

be established to ensure uniformity and quality standards in all
departments/ institutes offering Forestry degree(s) at graduate and Post-
graduate level. The ACF may be made responsible to ensure the quality
of forestry education.

iv. Adequate funds and facilities in laboratories for equipment, chemicals,

etc. should be made available. Special development funds need to be
provided on priority basis to strengthen newly established Forestry
Departments in different Universities/institutions in collaboration with
HEC.

v. Teachers training programmes may be organized in collaboration with

HEC on important and emerging aspects like forest certification, forest
modeling, climate change, GIS, CDM and REDD+.

vi. Regional orientation workshops may be organized by HEC for faculty

members regarding scheme of studies for BS (Forestry)/BSc (Hons.)
Agriculture major in Forestry and MS (Forestry)/MSc (Hons.)/MPhil.

vii. HEC may urge the provincial forest departments for providing possible
facilities for conducting research in natural forests and plantations,
under their jurisdiction.

viii. University authorities must give due consideration in nominating faculty

members to participate in the NCRC meetings.

150