CHAPTER II

This chapter indicates the ideas relevant to the present study relating to other

studies and is briefly discussed to provide the foundation of the proposed. In order to

develop a new method and procedures, careful review of literature and studies had been

done for the development of the system.

Related Literature

Economic Stressors. According to the study of Lu, X., Lin, Z. (2021) pandemic

affects individual mental health and coping behaviors from the perspective of individual

economic status, individual context, and social context. In support, Bazzoli, A., Probst,

T., Lee, H. (2021) latent class analysis confirms that employees can be meaningfully

classified into three groups with varying levels of each economic stressor. Moreover,

while membership per se did not predict enactment of the CDC-recommended COVID-

19 prevention behaviors, membership was associated with employees’ ability to translate

worries about the pandemic and attitudes toward the recommended guidelines into

behavior. Both findings highlight the importance of understanding psychosocial factors

that may serve as barriers or facilitators of engaging in behaviors meant to stem the tide

of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, authors namely Simonse, O., Van Dijk, W., Van

Dillen, L., Van Dijk, E. (2021) increases in financial stress predicted decreases in mental

health, whereas decreases in financial stress predicted increases in mental health. While

income did not explain financial stress changes, fewer savings and more debts were

related to increased financial stress, which was, in turn, negatively related to mental

health. We discuss the implications of our findings for mental health care and financial
security policy. Therefore, breadwinners have different levels of stress many of them had

financial problems and had a lot of debt during the pandemic.

Adjustment. According to the study of Zoleta (2020), three primary social

classes exist in the Philippines: the low-income class, the middle-income class, and the

high-income class. The latest Family Income and Expenditure Survey by the Philippine

Statistics Authority (PSA) shows that the majority (58.4%) of Filipinos belong to the

low-income class, while the middle class comprises around 40% of the population. Only

1.4% fall in the high-income class. For policy-making and public service purposes, the

Philippine government looks at the per capita income (in relation to the poverty

threshold) to classify the income level of its citizens and to assesstheir standard of living.

The current official poverty threshold in the Philippines is PHP 10,481, which is the

minimum amount a family of five needs in a month to buy their basic food and non-food

items. If your family income is higher than the poverty threshold, the government doesn’t

consider you poor. As found in the study performed by (Walsh, 2020) the role of the

family in protecting its members from COVID-19 and its consequences has also been

deemed important to develop their individual and collective resilience. On the other side,

according to Alampay, L., Jocson, R. (2020), in a typical Filipino family set up,

breadwinners may not always be the head of the family. It is very common in our culture

for the eldest child to accept the responsibility of becoming the primary income earner of

the family. Since the Philippines is characterized as a developing third world country, we

may observe that almost everyone in the country is striving extra hard especially when it

comes to finances. As a result, some breadwinners have retooled their talents in remote

work or flexed into freelance and consulting roles. Others have had to take on additional
jobs and even develop skills in new fields such as electronic commerce or digital

marketing. Many breadwinners have also had to adjust to the challenge of earning a

living without reliable access to child care, face-to-face communication, and other

resources.

Government. According to UNICEP (2020) the Philippine government has

taken aggressive steps to help households cope with the effects of the COVID-19 crisis.

In April, the government launched an emergency subsidy program, the Social

Amelioration Program (SAP), which provides a one-time (or, in some areas, two-time)

payment between PHP5,000 and PHP8,000 (with the amount dependent on the local

minimum wage) targeting 18 million households, making the Philippines one of the first

countries without a comprehensive national ID system to deliver an emergency cash

transfer in response to COVID-19. Eligibility for SAP was determined through the use of

a paper-based application (the Social Amelioration Card) and a grievance mechanism

was established to receive and handle complaints. The central government, through local

government units (LGUs), also distributed in-kind relief consisting of food and non-food

items and provided 10 to 30 days employment to approximately 800,000 displaced

workers. The government also waived all program conditions for the Pantawid Pamilyang

Pilipino program (4Ps), the flagship conditional cash transfer program, for six months. A

study performed by Zamora, S., Fernandez, K. (2016) this is especially true in Philippine

culture that values strong family orientation. The sense of well-being of Filipinos is

attached to the positive welfare of their family. On the contrary, Reyes, P. (2020) the

Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS) showed income class brackets in the

country, which the government uses to categorize families into social classes. Families in
the Philippines are identified as rich or poor depending on their pooled monthly income.

Thus, goverment must implement policies that provide economic security, health and

safety, and educational opportunities for all. Let us come together and form a synthesis

government that works for all of us in the face of great uncertainty.

Related Studies

The study entitled "Monitoring COVID-19 impacts on firms and families in

the Philippines" by the World Health Organization (2020), The escalating spread of

COVID-19 has posed the gravest threat not only to the world economy but also to lives

and livelihoods. What started as a health shock has now been transformed into a global

economic crisis. In a heavily globalized and interconnected world, this has translated into

a state of unparalleled economic recession (Ozili and Arun 2020). COVID-19 has

become a global systemic economic risk as it has affected almost all the economies of the

world, no matter how small or large they are. Because of high globalization, economic

integration and interconnectedness among the different sectors of the economy, a change

in any part of the economy or any country now affects other sectors of the economy in

other parts of the world as well. Like climate change, pandemics are now global risks as

it can spread around the world quickly, regardless of where it originates (Acharya and

Porwal, 2020; Ibn-Mohammed et al., 2020).

Correspondingly, the study sought by Alak, P. (2020) with a title" Phycological

and livelihood Impact of COVID-19 on Bangladeshi lower income" the global impact

of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is expanding daily on the poor due to

job loss and other shocks to income and diminished livelihoods. The most vulnerable

portion of society includes poorer households and those dependent on informal

have less access to social protection because of a smaller amount of savings or limited

alternative sources of income both in urban and rural settings. In rural areas, poor people

are at risk of losing their prime income source as they cannot sell their agricultural

products or are incapable of storing their produce or have difficulties in the process of

producing new products. On the other hand, in the urban context, poor people are

completely dependent on incomes from labor or self-employment. The shocks and

stresses of the COVID-19 crises worldwide are leading to devastating socio economic

disruptions of people and both lives and livelihoods are at risk due to this pandemic. Tens

of thousands of people are losing their income and falling into the trap of impending

poverty, as a direct consequence of the economic crisis.

Lastly, according to the study of David, E., Over, M. (2020) entitled "The

Economic Impact of COVID-19 in Low- and Middle-Income Countries" As travelers

cancel flights, businesses ask workers to stay home, and stocks fall, a global health crisis

becomes a global economic crisis. In any health crisis, our first concern is (and should

be) with the health of those affected. More than 4,000 people have died worldwide and

more than 113,000 cases have been confirmed in over 110 countries. But unfortunately,

the economic impacts also have dramatic effects on the wellbeing of families and

communities. For vulnerable families, lost income due to an outbreak can translate to

spikes in poverty, missed meals for children, and reduced access to healthcare far beyond

COVID-19. While the spread in the United States and Europe absorbs much of the media

coverage, confirmed cases from Bangladesh to Brazil, from Cameroon to Costa Rica, and
in many other low- and middle-income countries mean that many of the economic

impacts may affect the world’s most vulnerable populations.

According to the study made by Neale, B., Davies, L. (2020) entitled "Becoming

a Young Breadwinner? The Education, Employment and Training Trajectories of

Young Fathers" Our evidence shows a strongly held ideology among young fathers of

the value of ‘being there’ for their children and of ‘stepping up’ to a breadwinner role and

identity. This was the case regardless of their EET trajectories and skills levels, their

relationships with the mothers or their co-resident status with their children. While

fatherhood was not planned, parenthood was seen as a positive turning point in their

lives, a source of meaning and an opportunity for a renewed focus on their future goals.

In line with existing evidence (Duncan, 2007), this finding challenges the view of early

parenthood as a social ill. Our findings also attest to the sheer hard work and

determination of young fathers in pursuing a breadwinning role, whether studying for a

degree, juggling several jobs at a time or the relentless search for casual work. Many

young men faced a triple burden of earning, learning and caring that required great

commitment and fortitude. Such evidence should dispel any last vestige of the idea that

young fathers are feckless.

Another investigation "A Year Into the Pandemic, Long-Term Financial

Impact Weighs Heavily on Many Americans" conducted by Horowitz, J., Brown, A.,

Minkin, R. (2021) The economic fallout from COVID-19 continues to hit some segments

of the population harder than others. Lower-income adults, as well as Hispanic and Asian

Americans and adults younger than 30, are among the most likely to say they or someone

in their household has lost a job or taken a pay cut since the outbreak began in February
2020.1 Among those who’ve had these experiences, lower-income and Black adults are

particularly likely to say they have taken on debt or put off paying their bills in order to

cover lost wages or salary.

Lastly, study with a title "Socio-Economic Implications of COVID-19

Pandemic in South Asia: Emerging Risks and Growing Challenges" by (n.d.). The

COVID-19 pandemic has posed a huge risk and severely impacted the socio-economic

condition and livelihood of people in South Asia. The coronavirus is still spreading and it

is difficult to predict when it will be completely contained. The unprecedented challenge

posed by the COVID-19 pandemic calls for very urgent and decisive actions to ensure

that people’s lives are saved, livelihoods are protected and the economy recovers. The

Covid-19 outbreak has caused direct high costs on human health and economic activities,

and poses the most adverse effects on livelihoods of the poor and the most vulnerable

communities. This study discusses some of the crucial key points that may help assist

vulnerable group of people who are suffering from this pandemic. Since the coverage of

social security system is minimal or absent altogether in most of the South Asian

countries, the government should manage to give some sort of social security facilities to

the poorest population, more specifically when they lose their informal employment

opportunities. Improving saving habits of the poor and providing access to banking

services would, for instance, provide safety nets during times of crisis.

According to the study of Spring (2020) entitled "Projection of the Effects of

the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Welfare of Remittance-Dependent Households in

the Philippines" Using a household-level dataset in heavy migrant-dependent regions

before the outbreak in the Philippines and the 2020 GDP projections made by the IMF
and the WB, we evaluated the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Our

projection shows that remittance inflow will decrease by 14–20% and household

spending per capita will decline by 1–2% (food expenditure per capita by 2–3%) in one

year as a result of the pandemic. The pandemic is still ongoing. Future research should

use the actual data in migrant-sending countries after the COVID-19 outbreak to quantify

the adverse effects on household living standards. While it is not easy to conduct a survey

during the pandemic, this line of research will be very informative for future policy

responses.

Likewise, another study conducted by Fisher, J., Languilaire, J. (2020) with a title

"Community, work, and family in times of COVID-19" in large parts of the world,

including but certainly not limited to the Global South, seemingly simple measures to

keep the spread of COVID-19 at bay, like keeping distance from other people and even

washing hands with water and soap, are mere luxuries to many. Many people, such as

healthcare workers (and other essential occupations) who give their all to save lives,

people who are otherwise forced to go to work, those who live in slums, or those who

previously found some form of refuge in camps such as Moria in Greece or Niatak in

Iran, may simply not have the option to be safe. Similarly, those who can afford to have

groceries or other goods delivered to their homes may be able to limit their exposure

more effectively than those who are economically less fortunate. For communities,

workers, and families who are safe in times of COVID-19, and have more resources, this

is the time to show solidarity. Although the COVID-19 pandemic may likely exacerbate

inequality, this is also an opportunity for all to come together as a global community to

understand, respect, and help each other. As the Editorial Board of Community, Work &
Family, we will do our part by continuing to post relevant research and other resources on

our social media account, welcoming all research that helps us to understand the effect of

COVID-19 on community, work, family, and its intersections, including informed

editorials on these issues for our Voices column.

Moreover, the investigation done by Yang a, F., Chu b, R., Cai a, Y., Chen, Z.

(2022) entitled "Breadwinning: Migrant workers’ family motivation in facing life-

threatening events and its performance implications" Migrant workers face

challenging work and lives, a situation particularly aggravated by the COVID-19

pandemic. Unlike previous theorizations predicting work intention from a self-focused

approach, we focus on fundamental, family-focused reasons for engaging in a job. Our

work explains why and how committing themselves to work helps migrant workers cope

with the threat posed by the pandemic. Drawing on behavioral reasoning theory, we posit

that this threat prompts migrant workers to think about the key reason for working, i.e.,

family motivation. Family motivation further enhances their intended work effort and

actual job performance after returning to work. The results derived from two experiments

and a two-source, two-wave field study conducted in China provide consistent support

for our predictions.

According to Herlusia, S., Paramita, T., Witni, V., Susilorini, B. (2021) in the

study entitled "Unearthing the Role of Female Breadwinners in Family Resilience

During a Crisis" COVID-19 can negatively impact family resilience as the pandemic

causes social disruptions and mental distress, whether due to financial insecurity,

physical distancing or confinement. Based on previous studies, such impacts were

disproportionately felt by vulnerable families, including those with female breadwinners.

families in Artisanal and Small-scale Gold Mining (ASGM) communities in Tewang

Pajangan Village, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, twenty-five households, some of whom

have women as their main breadwinners. This study aims further to understand the family

resilience of the aid recipients. Qualitative data gathering method was employed, which

were mostly conducted through interviews with four female panners and village head,

along with field observation. It is found that the family of female panners being studied

experience financial insecurity due to more competitive working environment, a decline

in income and increase in the price of daily needs as the supply chain is disrupted by the

large-scale social restrictions. Some families are more vulnerable due to physical illness,

children’s mental health status and spouse’s drug addiction. These contribute to the

family dynamics and resilience, seen from many aspects, namely emotion, control,

meaning and maintenance. However, despite these adversities, the female breadwinners

play a central role in their family resilience during the pandemic. Among their emerging

characteristics is a determination to survive and investment to the family.

Moreover, according to Abushammala, S. (2022) in their study "The Impact of

the COVID-19 Pandemic on Household Financial Well-being" The study's findings

showed a negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the households' financial well-

being under unstable economic circumstances. It was revealed that the pandemic even

worsened households' economic situation. It was evident that most households in the

Gaza strip suffered from bad financial conditions; more than half of households'

breadwinners completely or partially lost their jobs, and they complained of insufficient

financial and humanitarian assistance during the pandemic. Additionally, the results
showed that many household breadwinners in the Gaza Strip were exposed to low levels

of financial resilience due to financial difficulties. On other words, they lost their source

of income or used their savings, given the fact that more than half of the households'

breadwinners claimed that they do not have any savings. Also, they confirmed that they

face difficulties making ends meet without borrowing. Generally, the Palestinian

households face financial strains at different levels of their current financial well-being,

as they failed to pay the basic installments and bills during the pandemic. With regard to

financial security, the Palestinian households are anxious about the availability of their

financial needs in the near future. The statistical results showed no statistically significant

differences at (α <= 0.05) in the households' mean financial well-being scores due to

gender neither before nor during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results showed that there

are statistically significant differences at (α <= 0.05) in the households' mean scores of

financial well-being due to (education level, number of household members,

employability status, and the number of household breadwinners) before and during the

COVID-19 pandemic.

Lastly, in the study made by Global Development Review (2020) with a title

"Study on Impact of Occupational Stress on Job Satisfaction of Teachers during

Covid-19 Pandemic Period" The COVID-19 pandemic has brought changes in several

sectors, the notable among that is working from home and usage of electronic gadgets for

official work. Along with this, the methodology of teaching has gone in to drastic change,

chalks and boards are replaced by electronic gadgets and the teachers are forced to adapt

the changes. This compulsion to change and challenges in conducting online classes

gives enormous stress to the teachers. Finding of this paper ensures their stress due to
online classregardless of demographic factors and this has prominent influence on their

job satisfaction (Gopinath, 2020 e), which might indirectly influence their performance

also.

In line with this, in the study made by Wemesa, R., Wagima, C., Bakaki, I.,

Turyareeba, D. (2020) with a title "The Economic Impact of the Lockdown Due to

COVID-19 Pandemic on Low Income Households of the Five Divisions of Kampala

District in Uganda" The impact of the nationwide lockdown due to COVID-19

pandemic is causing tremendous and continuing hardships to low income Ugandans

specifically the casual worker’s section that earns and spends on a daily basis.

Households in the lowest income brackets are the hardest hit, due to inconsistency in

income streams of these household breadwinners and the inelastic nature of basic

expenditure of these households. The government has been providing food relief support

packages of posho and beans to this section of Ugandans starting with residents of

Bwaise, a suburb in Kawempe Division of the capital Kampala. The government has also

appealed to well off Ugandans to donate food relief packages to the COVID-19 national

task force to ensure food relief donations continue throughout the whole specifically to

the hard hit areas because the duration of the food support relief cannot be estimated now

but it will depend on how long the lockdown situation will remain and what rate of

normalization is in the coming days after lifting of the lockdown. Objective of this paper:

The objective of this short paper is, first to provide realistic assessment of the massive

impact of the lockdown due to COVID-19 situation in Uganda from a household

perspective of low income families and secondly is to propose a food relief support

packages to low income households that have been hit hard by this lockdown situation.
Both must be considered in the short term situation until the economy is able to bounce

back in the medium term situation.

Moreover, according to Muzuva, P., Hlungwani, P. (2022) in their study "Impact

of COVID 19 on livelihoods of female entrepreneurs in Marondera urban" COVID-

19 which was accompanied by several lockdown measures which suffocated the

livelihood strategies among the low-income group of the economy. This situation is more

pronounced in the high-density suburbs where most female breadwinners are employed

in the informal sector. COVID-19-induced lockdowns aggravated the potential of small-

scale female entrepreneurial projects to cushion the affected families, forcing them to

skip meals, default on rental and user fees payment to the city council as well as fail to

meet medical bills among other livelihood outcomes. Using the sustainable livelihood

framework, this study foregrounds that the advent of COVID-19 in Marondera urban

stifled the sustainability of female entrepreneurial projects. Amongst the 12 respondents

who were purposively selected to participate in this study, findings reveal that 80% of the

projects collapsed due COVID-19 restrictions. The study therefore recommends that the

government and other non-state actors should introduce safety net measures to enable the

affected entrepreneurs to recover their lost income.

According to the study of Kaushik, M., Guleria, N. (2020) entitled "The Impact

of Pandemic COVID -19 in Workplace" The COVID-19 is likely to lead to certain

permanent or long-lasting. By the time, when the pandemic ends, we will probably see a

new world, a new lexicon, a new social norm with far reaching economic and social

destruction. When COVID-19 outbreak started spreading across the world, thousands of

people started facing severe health issues and death rates increased. The only way to stop
the spread of the pandemic was to stop all social and economic activities in the affected

countries for indefinite period of time. This led many countries to impose complete lock-

down all across the globe which is still going on going on. In such a scenario all business

activities, across all industries were completely stopped. The lockdown impacted various

sectors in varied degree. For example, the airlines, hospitality, hotel, manufacturing

industry is totally stopped and will take a long time to come out of this situation, if at all.

Millions of people in these sectors are likely to lose jobs in these sectors. COVID-19

pandemic caused enormous disruption in businesses, which will take years to recover, if

at all. The disruption is likely to lead to permanent shut down of many businesses, unable

to bear the financial losses and disruptions caused by the pandemic. To get over the

current situation, companies are trying to run offices and administration jobs through

“Work from Home” mode. Companies are trying to cope up with economic turbulence

caused due to COVID 19 through the usage of disruptive technology by working from

home concept. Earlier work from home was an acceptable business practice only in IT

and Technology sectors. However, other industry sectors were reluctant to adopt WFH as

a good business practice. The biggest business change that we can see today, forced by

the global spread the pandemic, is that many companies have been forced to

implementing Work from Home mode for their employees.

Lu, X., Lin, Z. (2021) COVID-19, Economic Impact, Mental Health, and Coping

Behaviors

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8660126/

Bazzoli, A., Probst, T., Lee, H. (2021) Economic Stressors, COVID-19 Attitudes, Worry,

and Behaviors among U.S. Working Adults: A Mixture Analysis

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7967737/

Simonse, O., Van Dijk, W., Van Dillen, L., Van Dijk, E. (2021) The role of financial

stress in mental health changes during COVID-19

https://www.nature.com/articles/s44184-022-00016-5

Zoleta, V. (2020) Understanding social class in the Philippines: Which class do you

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Alampay, L., Jocson, R. (2020) Attributions and Attitudes of Mothers and Fathers in the

Philippines

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3150789/

Reyes, P. (2020) How much does the middle class contribute to taxes?

https://www.pids.gov.ph/details/news/in-the-news/how-much-does-the-middle-class-

contribute-to-taxes

Walsh (2020) Overseas Filipino Worker's Families in the time of pandemic

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Employment and Training Trajectories of Young Fathers

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4697289/

Horowitz, J., Brown, A., Minkin, R. (2021) A Year Into the Pandemic, Long-Term

Financial Impact Weighs Heavily on Many Americans

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(n.d.) 2021 Socio-Economic Implications of COVID-19 Pandemic in South Asia:

Emerging Risks and Growing Challenges

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https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S014829632200580X

Herlusia, S., Paramita, T., Witni, V., Susilorini, B. (2021) Unearthing the Role of Female

Breadwinners in Family Resilience During a Crisis

https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/icpsyche-20/125955816

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Financial Well-being

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Lockdown Due to COVID-19 Pandemic on Low Income Households of the Five

Divisions of Kampala District in Uganda

https://www.scirp.org/html/13-1531318_101421.htm

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entrepreneurs in Marondera urban

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