EMM 3122

Engineering Materials
Chap. 5: Phase Diagrams-Part B

Dr. Che Nor Aiza Jaafar

Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Department
Engineering Faculty
University Putra Malaysia (UPM)
 CNAIZA
 Phase Diagrams
• Indicate phases as a function of T, C, and P.
• For this course:
- binary systems: just 2 components.
- independent variables: T and C (P = 1 atm is almost always used).
T(ºC)
Phase
1600 • 2 phases:
Diagram L (liquid)
1500
for Cu-Ni L (liquid) a (FCC solid solution)
system 1400 • 3 different phase fields:
L
1300 L+a
a
1200 a
1100
(FCC solid
solution)
1000
0 20 40 60 80 100 wt% Ni Chapter 9 -
 Isomorphous Binary Phase Diagram
• Phase diagram: T(ºC)
Cu-Ni system. 1600

• System is: 1500 L (liquid) Cu-Ni

-- binary phase
i.e., 2 components: 1400
diagram
Cu and Ni.
1300
-- isomorphous
i.e., complete 1200 a
solubility of one
component in 1100
(FCC solid
another; a phase solution)
field extends from 1000
0 to 100 wt% Ni.
0 20 40 60 80 100 wt% Ni

Chapter 9 - 3
Isomorphous Binary Phase Diagram

Composition at liquid
and solid phases at any
temperature can be
determined by drawing
a tie line.

Phase Diagram for Cu-Ni system

Interpretation of phase diagrams:
(1) Determination of phase(s) present
• Rule 1: Locates the temp. (T) and composition (C) point on the
diagram and notes the phase(s) with which the corresponding phase
field is labeled.
• Examples: T(ºC)
1600
Point A: L (liquid)

B (1250ºC,35)
(1100ºC, 60 wt% Ni and 1500
40wt% Cu): Cu-Ni
1 phase: a 1400 phase
diagram
 The alloy is completely
or 100% a
1300 a
(FCC solid
Point B: 1200
solution)
(1250ºC, 35 wt% Ni and
1100 A(1100ºC,60)
65 wt% Cu):
2 phases: L + a 1000
0 20 40 60 80 100 wt% Ni
 Phase Diagrams:
(2) Determination of phase compositions
Cu-Ni
• For an alloy having composition and system
T(ºC)
temp. located in two-phase region;
the following procedures is used: TA A
tie line
1300 L (liquid)
 A tie line is constructed across the
two phase region at the temp. of the B
TB
alloy. a
(solid)
 The intersections of the tie line & the 1200
TD
D
phase boundaries on either side are
noted. 20 3032 35 4043 50
CL C0 Ca wt% Ni
 Perpendiculars are dropped from
these intersections to the horizontal
composition axis from the
composition of each of the respective
phase is read.
 The Lever Rule
• The Lever rule gives the weight % of phases in any two phase
regions.
 Tie line – connects the phases in equilibrium with each other – also
sometimes called an isotherm.
What fraction of each phase?
T(ºC)  Think of the tie line as a lever
tie line (teeter-totter) – mass balance.
1300 L (liquid) ML Ma
B
TB
a
1200 (solid) R S
R S
Ma x S  ML x R
20 30CL 40 50
C0 Ca
wt% Ni
ML S C  C0 R C  CL
WL    a Wa   0
M L  M a R  S Ca  CL R  S C a  CL
 Phase Diagrams:
(2) Determination of phase compositions
• Rule 2: If we know T and C0, then we can determine:
-- the composition of each phase.
• Examples:
Consider C0 = 35 wt% Ni Cu-Ni
At TA = 1320ºC: T(ºC) system
Only Liquid (L) present TA A
tie line
CL = C0 ( = 35 wt% Ni) 1300 L (liquid)
At TD = 1190ºC:
B
Only Solid (a) present TB
Ca = C0 ( = 35 wt% Ni) a
1200 D (solid)
At TB = 1250ºC: TD
Both a and L present
20 3032 35 4043 50
CL = C liquidus ( = 32 wt% Ni) CL C0 Ca wt% Ni
Ca = C solidus ( = 43 wt% Ni)
 Phase Diagrams:
(3) Determination of phase weight fractions
• Rule 3: If we know T and C0, then can determine:
-- the weight fraction of each phase (phase amount) .
• Examples:
Consider C0 = 35 wt% Ni
At TA : Only Liquid (L) present
WL = 1.00, Wa = 0 T(ºC)
At TD : Only Solid ( a ) present TA A
tie line
WL = 0, W a = 1.00 1300 L (liquid)
At TB : Both a and L present B
TB R S
43  35 a
S
WL    0.73 1200 D (solid)
R +S 43  32 TD

R 35  32
  0.27
20 3032 35 40 43 50
Wa  CL C0 Ca wt% Ni
R +S 43  32
Cu-Ni system
 Development of m/str in isomorphous alloys
Cooling of a Cu-Ni Alloy T(ºC)
L (liquid) L: 35wt%Ni

• Equilibrium cooling.
1300 A
• Cu-Ni system L: 35 wt% Ni
a: 46 wt% Ni B
35 46
• Consider the 35wt%Ni-65 32 C 43
wt%Cu as it slow cooled
from 1300ºC. 24 D L: 32 wt% Ni
35
a: 43 wt% Ni
• Cooling of this alloy 1200 E
L: 24 wt% Ni
corresponds to moving down
a: 35 wt% Ni
the vertical dashed line. a
(solid)

1100
20 30 35 40 50
C0 wt% Ni
Cu-Ni system
 Example: Cooling of a Cu-Ni Alloy
• Consider microstuctural T(ºC) L (liquid) L: 35wt%Ni
changes that accompany
the cooling of a C0 = 35 wt%
Ni alloy. 1300 A
L: 35 wt% Ni
• At 1300ºC (point A)  all a: 46 wt% Ni B
35 46
liquid. 32 C 43

• At point B (1260ºC) solid 24 D L: 32 wt% Ni

35
α begins to form = 46wt%Ni- a: 43 wt% Ni
120 0 E
54wt%Cu, noted as α (46
L: 24 wt% Ni
Ni)]. L = 35wt%Ni-65wt%Cu
a: 35 wt% Ni
noted as L(35 Ni). a
(solid)
• At 1250 ºC (point C)  L
phase = 32wt%Ni-68wt%Cu,
noted as L(32 Ni)] and for α 110 0
20 30 35 40 50
phase = 43wt%Ni-57wt%Cu
noted as α (43 Ni). C0 wt% Ni
Cu-Ni system
 Example: Cooling of a Cu-Ni Alloy
T(ºC) L (liquid) L: 35wt%Ni

1300 A
• At 1220ºC (point D)  L: 35 wt% Ni
Solid α phase = a: 46 wt% Ni B
35 46
35wt%Ni-65wt%Cu but 32 C 43
L = 24wt%Ni-76wt%Cu.
24 D L: 32 wt% Ni
35
• Point E  a: 43 wt% Ni
polycrystalline α phase 1200 E
L: 24 wt% Ni
SS = 35wt%Ni-
65wt%Cu. a: 35 wt% Ni
a phase
(solid)
a: 35 wt% Ni
1100
20 30 35 40 50
C0 wt% Ni
Cu-Ni system
TERIMA KASIH

Chapter 9 -