EMAT 251: Materials Science

Phase Diagrams
(Chapter 9)

1
 Components and Phases
• Components:
Elements or compounds present (e.g. Aluminum and Copper)

• Phase:
Homogeneous portion that has uniform physical and chemical characteristics (e.g., a, b, L).

Aluminum-Copper Alloy

P CAt .
rich )

L ( Ca rich )
.

• How many components present? 2 ( Aluminum ,

Copper )

• How many phases present? 2K , B )

2
 Phase Diagram for Water

gash
-

• How many components? I

• How many phases in this diagram? 3 ( solid ,

liquid , vapor)
3
In this course, we’ll focus on two component (binary) systems:
For example:
• Lead and Tin
• Copper and Silver
• Water and Sugar

4
 Solubility Limit:
The maximum concentration of solute that may dissolve in the solvent
(maximum concentration for which only a single-phase solution exists)
Water-Sugar Phase Diagram

What is the solubility limit for

sugar in water at 60°C?
7 Of sugar

Pure Water Pure Sugar 5

 Binary Phase Diagram Example:
Copper (Cu) - Nickel (Ni) system
1600 How many phases?
• 2 phases: L L ,

1500 L (liquid)

Vertical Axis: 1400

Temperature
• 3 different phase fields:
T(°C) 1300
L X Lath
, ,

1200
a
1100 •
(FCC solid solution)
1000
0 20 40 60 80 100
Solid (α) wt% Ni
Pure Cu Pure Ni

Liquid (L) Horizontal Axis:

Composition

What is the melting point of pure copper? 1085°C 6

 Binary Isomorphous Phase Diagram
• Isomorphous: Same crystal structure for all solid compositions

of another
• Why is it isomorphous? Complete solubility component in
one
.

Cu-Ni system
1600

1500 L (liquid)

1400
T(°C) 1300
at
Substitution
1200 a Solid
solution

(FCC solid solution)

1100

1000
0 20 40 60 80 100
wt% Ni
7
 From Phase Diagrams, you can determine:
1) Phased ) present

of each phase
2) Composition N
Ca =
60 at t . :

wt t Can
40
.

Phase diagram:
of each
phase Cu-Ni system
3) Mass faction
1600
XL = O .
5

0.5
1500 L (liquid)
Xu -

1400
T(°C) 1300

1200 a
(FCC solid solution)
1100

1000
0 20 40 60 80 100
wt% Ni
8
 Determination of phase(s) present
Rule 1:
If we know Temp and Overall Composition (C0),
then we know which phase(s) are present.
• Examples:
1600
T = 1100°C, C0 = 60 wt% Ni L (liquid)
1500 Cu-Ni
phase
1400 diagram

2 -
solid T(°C) 1300
•

1200 a (solid)
T = 1250°C, C0 = 35 wt% Ni
i
1100 •

Solid (α)
1000
0 20 40 60 80 100
Liquid (L)
wt% Ni

Lt L

9
 Determination of phase compositions
Rule 2:
If we know Temp and Overall Composition (C0),
then we can determine the composition of each phase.
• Examples:
Consider C0 = 35 wt% Ni T(°C) Cu-Ni system
1) At TA = 1325°C:

BE
Liquid only •
A

65 wtf Cu
1300 L (liquid)
Cc = Co = 35nA .
Ni ,

43
2) At TD = 1180°C: •
.

L -

only a
wtf
.

35 wtf Ni 65 Ca 1200 (solid)

Cd = Co =
,
•
,

3) At TB = 1250°C:
-

20 30 32 40 50
Both L it
present
wtf
wt% Ni
( <
= 32 Ni

Cx =
43 wt 't Ni
-

10
“Weight Fraction” (Mass Fraction) of a Phase

-to
mass
of Liquid My
=

XL
m

Solid (α)
massot = Mme
X ,
=
total - ass
Liquid (L)

11
 Determination of phase weight fractions
Rule 3:
If we know Temp and Overall Composition (C0),
then we can determine the weight fraction of each phase.
• Examples:
Consider C0 = 35 wt% Ni
T(°C) Cu-Ni system
Resent
At TA = Only Liam 'd
A
X ,
= 1 tie line
present 1300 L (liquid)
At TD : Only L -

ftp.GO
Go
a-

XL = I B
a
.

I
R S I

I
I
a
At TB : Both α and L present 1200 (solid)
.

Do you think it’s mostly L or mostly α?

I
D i
,

Mostly L, because point is closer to L! '

. :

Need to use the Lever Rule to calculate! 20 30 32 40 43 50

5 43 - 35
0.73
XL ⇒
=
=
= RTs
wt% Ni
Xa =
Is =
355.332=0.27

12
Use Lever Rule to determine weight fraction of each phase

35%

32% 43%

Ca Co
435.357 0.73
-

Xu
.

=
.

Xa =
% =
7532=0.27

13
 Example:
Slow cooling of a L
35 wt% Ni, 65 wt% Cu Alloy
At what temp. does the
first solid phase form? α+L
Point b : -
1260°C

α (solid)
What is the composition
of this first solid phase?

Temperature (°C)
46 wtf .
N ,
.

At what temp. does the

solidification finish?
point doo n
1220°C

What is the composition

of this last liquid phase? α (solid)
24 ut 't Ni

Composition (wt% Ni) 14

 Mechanical Properties of Isomorphous Alloys
Example: Cu-Ni System
Tensile Strength Ductility (%EL)
60
Tensile Strength (MPa)

Elongation (%EL)
400
50

40
300
30
200
0 20 40 60 80 100 20
0 20 40 60 80 100
wt% Ni wt% Ni
Pure Cu Pure Ni Pure Cu Pure Ni

15
Review: Binary Isomorphous Phase Diagram

Example: Cu-Ni system

1600

1500 L (liquid)

1400

T(°C) 1300

1200 a
(FCC solid solution)
1100

1000
0 20 40 60 80 100
wt% Ni
Pure Cu Pure Ni
16
 Binary Eutectic Phase Diagrams

? T(°C) Example: Cu-Ag system

• How many
phases
1200
34,13 ,
L
) L (liquid)
1000
a L +a
800 L+ b b
":

#
8.0%
• Limited solubility of Ag in Cu; Cu in Ag
600
• Minimum Melting Temperature? a + b
⇒ se 400

Eutectic means “easily melted” 200

0 20 40 60 80 100
• Eutectic reaction: (Cu) wt% Ag (Ag)
.im#pc.n..aseIIiti:im
Hustad also
17
 Copper-Silver Phase Diagram

L
α α+L
β+L

α+β

α = red areas (Cu-rich)

β = “silver” areas (Ag-rich)

18
What is the solubility limit of Tin (Sn) in Lead (Pb) at 150°C? 11
at 't Su

Temperature (°C) Tin – Lead Phase Diagram

150°C Sooo

11 wt% Sn
wt% Sn
19
Given: 150°C and overall composition of 40 wt% Tin (Sn), 60 wt% Lead (Pb).
What phases are present? Lt ,,B
Tin – Lead Phase Diagram
Temperature (°C)

⇒
Bo

g
α+β

α = Dark areas (Pb-rich)

β = Light areas (Sn-rich)

wt% Sn
20
Given: 150°C and overall composition of 40 wt% Tin (Sn), 60 wt% Lead (Pb).
Find: Composition of the α phase? Hutt Sh .

Find: Composition of the β phase? 98 wtf Su .

• •

21
 Lever Rule
This is Lever Rule applied to a
Xi -

binary isomorphous system.

Know how to apply General Lever
Xa Rule to any phase diagram.
-
-

𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 "𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒" General Lever Rule to Determine

X = 𝑊𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 =
𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑖𝑒 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 Weight Fraction of a phase

11 wt% Sn 40 wt% Sn 98 wt% Sn

22
Given: 150°C and overall composition of 40 wt% Tin (Sn), 60 wt% Lead (Pb).
Find: Weight Fraction of the α phase? ya = CB 98-42 0.67
= =

C CL 98 Ii
p
- -

Find: Weight Fraction of the β phase?

xp 0.33
-

-
=
=

11 wt% Sn 40 wt% Sn 98 wt% Sn

11 wt% Sn 40 wt% Sn 98 wt% Sn

23
 Tin – Lead Phase Diagram

Start at 325°C and

cool to room temp?

15 wt% Sn
24
 L

Temperature (°C)

α+L
α

α+β

Composition (wt% Sn) 25

 Solder
Traditionally, solder has been a Tin-Lead alloy.

Desired properties?
Low melting point

Solder Soldering Iron

26
Traditionally, solder has been a Tin-Lead alloy. The lowest possible melting point is desired.
What composition is used? " " "
" "
" " "
" "
"

Tin – Lead Phase Diagram

)
Temperature (°C)

wt% Sn
A little more ductile A little stronger
27
 Solidification through the Eutectic Point
“Eutectic Reaction”: Liquid α+β

Eutectic structure of Lead-Tin alloy.

α: dark layers (lead-rich)
β: light layers (tin-rich)

What physical process must occur for these layers to form? Diffusion! 28
Growth of Eutectic Layers depends on Diffusion

Sn-rich

Pb-rich

Sn-rich

29
 Copper-Zinc Phase Diagram
How many components? 2 ( Cu Zn ),

How many phases? 8142 13,13 t

'
,
,
,

8 E. )
,
y
Temperature (°C)

Composition (wt% Zn)

30
 Eutectic, Eutectoid, & Peritectic Reactions

• Eutectic: liquid ⇌ two solid phases

cool
L a+b
heat

• Eutectoid: one solid phase ⇌ two other solid phases

cool
𝛿 𝛾+𝜖
heat

• Peritectic: liquid + one solid phase ⇌ another solid phase

cool
L+
heat

31
Temperature (°C) Copper-Zinc Phase Diagram

Composition (wt% Zn)

32
 Peritectic reaction: Peritectic reaction:
𝛾+𝐿 ⇌𝛿 𝛿+𝐿 ⇌𝜖

Eutectoid reaction:
𝛿 ⇌𝛾+𝜖
33
 All Steels and Cast Irons are
Iron-Carbon Phase Diagram iron-based alloys with < 6.7% carbon

L + Fe3C
Temperature (°C)

O
O3C
Cementite = Iron Carbide = Fe

Pure iron 6.7 wt% C34

 Iron-Carbon Phase Diagram(austenite)

L + Fe3C
Temperature (°C)

α (ferrite)

Cementite = Iron Carbide = Fe3C

Pure iron 6.7 wt% C35

 Where is the
Iron-Carbon Phase Diagram eutectic point?

/ L + Fe3C
Temperature (°C)

Cementite = Iron Carbide = Fe3C

Pure iron 6.7 wt% C36

 Where is the
Iron-Carbon Phase Diagram eutectoid point?
δ+L
Peritectic point

L + Fe3C
Temperature (°C)

°
ET
Cementite = Iron Carbide = Fe3C

Pure iron 6.7 wt% C37

 Eutectoid reaction
cool
Austenite ( ) α + Fe3C
heat

Pearlite

Austenite (Very important reaction

in heat treatment of steels)
Temperature (°C)

Pearlite: alternating layers of

α-ferrite (light) and Fe3C (dark)

Pearlite

0.76 wt% C
38
 Hypoeutectoid alloy
(“less than eutectoid”)
Less than 0.76 wt% C
Temperature (°C)

39
 Hypereutectoid alloy
(“more than eutectoid”)
More than 0.76 wt% C
Temperature (°C)

Pearlite Proeutectoid Fe3C

(formed before the
eutectoid Fe3C in pearlite)

40