Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing

EngineeringFaculty of Engineering, Universiti

EMM3806 Mechanical Engineering

MUHAMMAD AFIQ BIN JAMAL MOHAMED 206003

MUHAMMAD AZWAR BIN MOHAMMAD SHAM 206567

KHAIRUL NASHRAN BIN ANUAR 205951

MUHAMMAD IZZAT NAJMI BIN WAHAK 206870

ADAM MUHAMMAD BIN WIZMANIDZAL 205481

Date of laboratory/experiment: 16.4.2021

1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. EXPERIMENTAL WORK/METHODOLOGY 2

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3

4. CONCLUSION 5

5. REFERENCES 6

6. APPENDIX 6
INTRODUCTION

Impact test is test used in studying the toughness of material and if we focused on the definition of the
toughness is that the capacity of material to absorb energy and deform plastically before fracturing.
Toughness is connected with both ductility and the strength of the material. Impact test involves the sudden
and dynamic application of the load. In general, for this purpose, a pendulum is made to swing from a fixed
height and strike the standard impact specimen. There are two types of method to test impact test which
lzod test and Charpy test. These two mothods are different in placing the specimens. In lzod test, the
specimen is placed in vertical position and the notch area is facing the pendulum. In the meantime in
Charpy test, the specimen is placed horizontally with unnotched area facing the pendulum. Moreover, lzod
impact specimen only has a V-notch specimen while Charpy impact specimen has both U-notch and V-
notch specimen. Charpy test result can indicate how brittle the materials are. The most common method
for the measurement of impact strength that is Charpy tests is used in this experiment. In this test, after the
specimen broken with a mechanism of pendulum, the percentage of shiny surface shows us how much
cristality the material is and how much brittle this material is.

Figure 1 : G.U.N.T. WP400 Pendulum Impact Tester

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EXPERIMENTAL WORK/ METHODOLOGY

Material & Equipment:

Impact Testing of metals is used to calculate the amount of energy absorbed during fracturing to
assess the impact strength or hardness of materials. Many materials fail unexpectedly in this laboratory test
due to defects, holes, and notches. The Izod and Charpy tests are the two most popular methods for
determining impact strength. The form and size of the specimen, the mode of support, the shape and
geometry of the notch, and the impact velocities are all varied to provide precise test conditions. Three
items were used to perform the impact test which is pendulum impact tester, a vernier calipers, and impact
specimens. The G.U.N.T. WP400 Pendulum Impact Tester is the most critical piece of equipment, since it
is used to conduct notched bar impact bending tests, which is a classic material test. Another equipment
used in this experiment is Vernier Caliper used in the entire experiment to determine the dimensions of the
specimen more precisely. For the impact test, the materials of the specimen used were mild steel and carbon
steel. Each of the materials have V-notch and U-notch. So, the total specimen used in this impact test was
two units.

Experiment Set-up:

Firstly, the thickness of the specimen(h) and the dimensions of the unnotched length(l) should be
measured using the Vernier Caliper. So, the cross-section area of the test specimen can be determined by
using formula of area of cross section which is h x l. To avoid making a mistake when measuring the cross-
section area of the specimen, read the thickness and dimension of the unnotched length of the specimen
carefully. Next, the pendulum will be raised to the left until the upper indicator unit displays the maximum
energy range. To obtain a more accurate result, this step will be repeated three times to obtain the average
maximum energy range. When conducting the impact test, do not stand in front of a swinging hammer or
releasing hammer to ensure safety of the users.
Next, the Charpy test will be continued by striking the specimen with a striker which was mounted
at the end of a pendulum. Before that, the specimen was held horizontally between two vertical bars, with
the striker striking it directly behind a machined notch. The notch side of the specimen must be placed
opposite of the direction of the initial pendulum movement. The next move was to release the striker-
carrying pendulum by pressing the hand release, allowing the pendulum to fall and strike the specimen.
The amount of the energy consumed by the test specimen can be determined with the swing of the
pendulum. As peak swing through is identified, the indicator will be stopped and give an accurate reading
of the energy consumed by the specimen.
Then, by reading the value from the indicator device, the amount of energy absorbed by the test
specimen can be determined. In order to stop the pendulum from moving, a brake must be applied to the
pendulum to ensure it stops and goes back to the stable hanging vertical position. When the pendulum has
stopped, remove the specimen from impact tester and identify the failure on the surface after removing the
specimen from the testing area. Usually, the test specimen will start to break at the at the region near to the
notch. Lastly, perform and repeat all the steps but using different materials and notch.

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RESULTS
Table 1: Experimental results

Notch type V-notch U-notch

Thickness, h
[mm] 5.28 5

Unnotched
length, l 7.5 3
[mm]

𝑆0 [𝑚𝑚2 ] 39.6 15.0

𝐴𝑅𝑖 [𝐽] i=1 i=2 i =3 i=1 i=2 i=3

4.0 4.5 4.3 4 4.1 4.1

𝐴𝑅𝑚 [𝐽] 4.27 4.07

𝐴𝑘𝑎𝑏𝑔 [𝐽] 12.45 9.8

𝐴𝑘 [𝐽] 12.45 – 4.27 = 8.2 9.8 – 4.07 = 5.73

𝑎𝑘 [ J/𝑐𝑚2 ] 8.2÷ 0.396 = 20.71 5.73 ÷0.15 = 38.2

Metal Type Mild Steel Carbon Steel

Table 1 shows the measurement of the two specimens in thickness (h), unnotched length(l), cross sectional
area (𝑆0 ), 𝐴𝑅𝑖 , 𝐴𝑅𝑚 , 𝐴𝑘𝑎𝑏𝑔 , 𝐴𝑘 and 𝑎𝑘 . The cross-sectional area is calculated by using the thickness and
the unnotched length, and the other value is obtained from the experiment and the formula in the lab
manual. As example, 𝑎𝑘 =𝐴𝑘 /𝑆0 is obtain to calculate the impact value. 𝐴𝑘𝑎𝑏𝑔 is a value indicator when
the pendulum touches the specimen with impact. 𝐴𝑘 = 𝐴𝑘𝑎𝑏𝑔 -𝐴𝑅𝑚 is used to know the value of effective
notched bar impact.

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DISCUSSION

From the result of the experiment, we can see that the V-notch metal has a lower
impact value from the U-notch metal. The value might be different because both of the steel
is from two different kind which is mild and carbon steel. The type of steel can be the cause
different value of impact because each type has its own toughness. Besides that, the type
of notch can also affect the impact value because the notch is used to be fractured and the
shape of fracture is different. It also can be the cause of the difference between the impact
value.

The fracture of the steels is required to identify its ductility and the impact test are
used to test the impact value of the steel with a certain notch. With difference value of the
impact, we can identify which steel is tougher and stronger when a force is applied towards
the object and the fracture of the steel can be shown as the plastic deformation of the steel
that occur before the impact.

After the impact have been applied towards both of the specimens, both of it are
broke into half and each of the specimen has its own characteristic surfaces. For the U-
notch steel, it broke uneven but have smoother surface because the steel has smaller area
of unnotched cross section. For the V-notched, both of the broken pieces are breaking
evenly but it has a rougher surface. It is because the V-notched has the steel mark to the
center but the wide area of unnotched cross section make the pieces have a rougher surface.
The impact applied towards the pieces make the steel have rougher surface because of the
plastic deformation that occur during the impact.

Based on the result that can be seen, the factor that can affect this experiment is the
type of steel and the size of notch. This experiment used two different type of steel which
is mild steel and carbon steel. Each of these steels has its own characteristic and toughness.
The second factor is the type of notch. The notch that is on the steel give different value of
impact because the structure might have bigger fracture if using different type of notch.

Other than those two, the apparatus also can be one of the factors that cause the
impact value to be different than usual. The zero error and the placement of the pendulum
can also affect the result itself.

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CONCLUSION

In conclusion , the value of Ak for V-notch specimen is 5.73J while U-notch is 8.2J .
From the value of Ak , we get to know that the impact value which is the energy store in the
specimen of U-notch is much higher than V-notch since U-notch is made up of carbon steel
while V-notch is made up of mild steel . The effect of impact testing will measure based
on the material of the specimen . The toughest the material , more energy is stored inside
the material.
Impact test is test used in studying the toughness of material. Toughness is connected
with both ductility and the strength of the material and impact test involves the sudden and
dynamic application of the load. In this test, we will see response of the material under
dynamic loading. An impact loading applied to the specimen.

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REFERENCE

1. Şakar, B. (2016, August 9). Impact Test. Medium. Retrieved April 19,
2021,from https://medium.com/@behicsakar/impact-test-32b16edf2729

2. William D. Callister, Jr. , David G. Rethwisch. (2019). Materials

3. Abdul Karim Omar Alfitouri, Mahmut Ahsen Savas and Ali Evcil. 2018.
Charpy Impact and Tension Tests of Two Pipeline Materials at Room and
Cryogenic Temperatures.

APPENDIX