Evolution

evolution
Ms. Debby Gien V. Quinto, LPT

think deeper!
If the creation of God were

perfectly crafted, why then
would God fix or
change it?
objectives
• Explain the development of evolutionary thought
• Discuss the basic mechanisms of evolution: natural

selection, mutation, genetic drift, and gene
flow/migration
• Describe the effects of evolution on the diversity of

the population
objectives
• Explain sources of evidence for evolution
• Discuss the patterns of descent with modification

TABLE OF CONTENTS
01 Introduction
What is Evolution?
Basic mechanisms of
02 Evolutionary school of 03 evolution
thoughts
04 EVIdences of evolution
INTRODUCTION
What is
Any change in the Evolution?
heritable characteristics
of biological populations
over successive
generations.
INTRODUCTION
What is
Evolution?
Evolution can easily be
summarized by the
phrase “going back to
your own roots”
WHAT IS EVOLUTION ACCORDING TO DARWIN?
Evolution brings a remarkable change in the morphology,

anatomy and genetic of a living organism which helps
them to adjust in a better manner in the environment and
coordinate with the fluctuating conditions with time.
Darwin's theory of evolution stated that all life is related
and has descended from a common ancestor.
Evolutionary school of
thoughts
02 evolutionary school of thoughts
JEAN-BAPTISTE LAMARCK
Theory of Adaptation
In the early nineteenth
century, he published a book
that detailed a mechanism for
evolutionary change.
CONCEPT OF INHERITANCE
OF ACQURED CHARACTERISTICS
CHARLES DARWIN
NATURAL SELECTION
The actual mechanism for
evolution was independently
conceived of and described by two
naturalists, Charles Darwin and
Alfred Russell Wallace, in the mid-
19th century.
H.M.S. Beagle
1831-1836
“Human population would
increase more rapidly than food
supply. This would lead to
competition for food and only
the fittest and most able would
survive.”
Natural Selection
ALFRED RUSSELL WALLACE

The father of Biogeography
Brazil
Malay
Archipelago
GREGOR MENDEL
MENDEL’S KEY TO THE
MISSING LINK
Pea Plants
Mechanism of evolution
03 basic mechanisms of evolution
Gene Pool
Populations evolve,
but individual organisms do not.
1. MUTATION
A driving force of
evolution, is a random
change in an organism’s
A mutation causing white genetic makeup, which
fur in Arctic foxes may influences the
lead to better camouflage population’s gene pool.
in winter.
2. GENE FLOW
It occur during the

migration of individuals
from one group or
location to another.
3. RECOMBINATIONS
Because of sexual
reproduction, new gene
combinations are
introduced into a
population.
4. GENETIC DRIFT
It can occur when a
small group of
individuals leaves a
population and
establishes a new one
in a geographically
isolated region.
Charles
Darwin
NATURAL SELECTION
Over the course of his travel, Darwin began to see very
interesting patterns in the distribution and features of
organisms.
The ground finches

inhabiting the
Galapagos Islands
comprised several
species that each had a
unique beak shape.
These species showed an example of adaptation
whereby they possessed characteristics that made them
well-suitable to their environment.
Natural selection
The process through
which populations of
living organisms adapt
and change.
Natural selection
Natural Selection, Darwin argued, was an

inevitable outcome of three principles that
operated in nature.
Natural selection
First, the characteristics of

organisms are inherited, or
passed from parent to
offspring.
Natural selection
Second, more offspring are produced than are able to

survive; in other words, resources for survival and
reproduction are limited.
Natural selection
Third, offspring vary among each other regarding their
characteristics and those variations are inherited.
Natural selection
Out of these three principles, Darwin and

Wallace reasoned that offspring with
inherited characteristics that allow them
to best compete for limited resources
will survive and have more offspring than
those individuals with variations that are
less able to compete.
DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION
is simply passing traits

from parent to offspring.
DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION
What is the
difference?
variation VS
adaptation
variation
Difference between
traits in individuals
of the same species
adaptation
A trait that improves
an organism's ability
to survive and
reproduce in an
environment
Evidences of evolution
04 evidences of evolution
Evidence from Paleontology:
FOSSIL RECORDS
• Fossil show a progression of
evolution.
• Scientists determine the age of

fossils and categorize them all
over the world to determine
when the organisms lived
relative to each other.
HOMOLOGY
–
any anatomical feature originally
possessed by an ancestor that
has subsequently been modified
by its descendants for a specific
function.
ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY
• Another type of evidence
for evolution is the
presence of structures in
organisms that share the
same basic form.
Pentadactyl limb – pattern of limb bones
(the ancestral terrestrial vertebrates limb plan)
• Scientists call these synonymous parts
homologous structures. Some
organisms may be very closely
related, even though a minor genetic
change caused a major
morphological difference to make
them look quite different.

• Some homologous structures can
be seen only in embryos. For
instance, all vertebrate embryos
(including humans) have gill slits
and a tail during early
development.
(Coccyx)
• We can use this idea to

"work backwards" and
figure out how organisms
are related based on
their shared features.
ANALOGOUS FEATURES
• they evolved independently
in different organisms
because the organisms lived
in similar environments or
experienced similar
selective pressures.
• For example, two distantly

related species that live in
the Arctic, the arctic fox
and the ptarmigan (a
bird), both undergo
seasonal changes of color
from dark to snowy white.
BIOGEOGRAPHY
• The geographic distribution of
organisms on the planet follows
patterns that are best explained
by evolution in conjunction with
the movement of tectonic plates
over geological time.
EVIDENCE FROM SELECTION
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE

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evolution

Ms. Debby Gien V. Quinto, LPT

If the creation of God were

• Discuss the basic mechanisms of evolution: natural

• Describe the effects of evolution on the diversity of

• Explain sources of evidence for evolution

• Discuss the patterns of descent with modification

Evolution brings a remarkable change in the morphology,

ALFRED RUSSELL WALLACE

It occur during the

The ground finches

Natural Selection, Darwin argued, was an

First, the characteristics of

Second, more offspring are produced than are able to

Out of these three principles, Darwin and

is simply passing traits

• Scientists determine the age of

ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY

• We can use this idea to

• For example, two distantly

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