NRIAG Journal of Astronomy and Geophysics (2016) 5, 334–350

National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics

NRIAG Journal of Astronomy and Geophysics

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FULL LENGTH ARTICLE

Integration of seismic interpretation

and petrophysical studies on Hawaz Formation
in J-field NC-186 concession, Northwest Murzuq
basin, Libya
A.K. Mohamed a,*, E.I. Selim b, A. Kashlaf c

a
Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Egypt
b
Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, Damietta, Egypt
c
Engineering Geology Department, Faculty of Natural Resources, Zawia University, Libya

Received 29 March 2016; revised 14 June 2016; accepted 15 June 2016

Available online 9 July 2016

KEYWORDS Abstract This study has been carried out by the integration of seismic interpretations and the well-
Murzuq basin; logging analysis of ten wells distributed in J-field of concession NC-186, Murzuq basin, Libya.
Hawaz Formation; Twenty (3D) seismic lines and ten wells have been analyzed. The results of this study indicated that,
Seismic; the main reservoir in this concession is Hawaz Formation. Hawaz has been split into 8 units with a
Hydrocarbon potentialities; subdivision of Hawaz H4 into three subunits with the objective of better characterization of the
Petrophysical parameters three general fine upward intervals. The lower interval of H4 zone presents the better reservoir
properties. The depth of reflector H4 ranges from 4100 ft in the northwestern part of the study area
and increases to 4600 ft in the southeastern part of the study area. In this study, the outline of the
Hawaz paleohighs which is NC-186 Field ‘‘J” is generally trending in the NW-SE direction. The
well logging analysis particularly quick look interpretation indicates that Hawaz Formation in
the studied wells is mainly oil-bearing with some water-bearing sand levels at the horizons from
H4 to and H6 which are potentially the main reservoirs. The water bearing zones are beyond these
horizons starting from the sub-horizon H6c and the oil water contact is probably at depth 4495 ft.
The crossplot of porosity-saturation for H5 and H6b indicates firmly that these horizons are indeed
at irreducible state and will produce mainly oil as indicated in J4-NC186 well, while the crossplot of
H8 shows wide scattering of points which is the main characteristic for water producing horizon.

* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: [email protected], [email protected] (A.K. Mohamed).
Peer review under responsibility of National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics.

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Integration of seismic interpretation and petrophysical studies 335

The depth of Hawaz Formation H4 is more than 4160 ft in J4, J12 and J16 wells in the northwestern
parts of this field and increases to 4400 in the central part of the concession at well J1.
Ó 2016 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of National Research Institute of Astronomy
and Geophysics. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.
org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction an erosional remnant of a much larger Paleozoic sedimentary

basin which originally covered most of North Africa (Fig. 1).
The Murzuq basin located on SW Libya is one of the most The Paleozoic and some Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimen-
important basins on the North African Platform. The struc- tary sequences are overlying the Pre-Cambrian crystalline
tural fabric imparted to the North African continental litho- basement. In the central part of the basin the total sedimentary
sphere during the Late Proterozoic, Pan-African event has thickness exceeds 3500 m (Thomas, 1995).
played an important role in controlling the structural and The north-south ridge of the Ghat/Tikiumit Arch separated
stratigraphic evolution of the basin. During Early Paleozoic the Murzuq basin from the Illizi Basin, Algeria, to the west
tectonism, a series of NNW-SSW trending arches and sub- and it is located between three tectonic elements: El Qarqaf
basins across the North Africa, and shallow marine deposits uplift in the north, the Tibesti/Haruj uplift in the east and
and transgressive open marine facies are created. The Early the Pre-Cambrian Hogger on the west which extends into
Paleozoic tectonism effectively controlled the distribution of Algeria and Niger (Conant and Goudarzi, 1967; Bennacef
Late Ordovician reservoirs and distribution of Silurian ‘‘Hot et al., 1971).
Shale” which onlap early formed fault blocks (Klitzsch, The whole sedimentary succession is well exposed along
2000; Fello et al., 2006). much of the edge of the basin, as well as on the southern flank
Four main sedimentary basins are present in Libya, and the of the Qarqaf Arch. The full sedimentary succession is present
Murzuq basin is one of them. Three of these basins are in only a few outcrop areas connected with the Caledonian and
assigned to the Paleozoic while the fourth is assigned to the Hercynian orogenies, and other lesser unconformities affecting
Mesozoic (Fig. 1). It has a roughly triangular shape, narrowing all formations. In the core of the Qarqaf arch the crystalline
toward the south from Libya into Niger. It is characterized by basement outcrops in relatively small areas (Selley, 1997).

Figure 1 Location map of Libya showing the main sedimentary basins.

336 A.K. Mohamed et al.

Figure 2 Location of the NC-186 concession including J oil field.

Figure 3 Generalized tectonic map of Libya showing major structural features and the main sedimentary basins (Hallet, 2002).
Integration of seismic interpretation and petrophysical studies 337

Figure 4 Shot points location map including the 3D seismic lines and the location of ten wells drilled in the study area.

Figure 5 Composed interpreted seismic section showing the identified main reflectors in the NC-186 concession, NW Murzuq basin.
338 A.K. Mohamed et al.

Figure 6 Selective example of the log curves for well J1-NC186.

Integration of seismic interpretation and petrophysical studies 339

concession area is 4295 km2 and it is situated between latitudes

26° 400 and 27° 000 and longitudes 12° 000 and 13° 100 (Fig. 2).
In November 2000 Repsol YPF (Madrid) announced an oil
discovery in well A1-NC186 in the exploration block NC-186
of the Murzuq basin. The well A1-NC186, has found a signif-
icant oil column in the sandstone of the Hawaz Formation.
The Hawaz Formation was studied first by Massa and
Collomb (1960) and named after Jabal Hawaz (West of Jabal
Qarqaf). Pierobon (1991) described it as ‘‘typically consisting
of cross-bedded, quartzitic sandstone in part kaolinitic, with
thin shaley intercalations. Tigillites-bioturbated levels and rip-
ple marks are conspicuous". Melez Shuqran Formation con-
formably overlain Hawaz Formation. Clark-Lowes (1985)
describes a similar type section in the Ghat region. Hawaz For-
mation thickness ranges from 50 m (Dor Al Qussah) to 280 m
(Al Qarqaf) in outcrops, and 30 m to 170 m in the subsurface.
Pierobon (1991) speculated that, Hawaz Formation was a
Middle Ordovician (Llanvirnian-Llandeilian) age for the
whole succession of the Hawaz Formation, based on palyno-
logical data from Braspetro type well C1-NC58. It also showed
a probable transition to a shallow marine depositional setting
(foreshore to shoreface), with the offshore tidal sands (shoal
massifs) of the continental shelves of northern Brazil, the
North Sea and China´s Yellow Sea as possible modern deposi-
tional analogues.
This paper is carried out to analyze the petrophysical char-
acteristics to evaluate the hydrocarbon potentialities of Hawaz
Formation in J oil field. The hydrocarbon potentialities of the
studied formation have been studied through the implementa-
tion of (20) 3D seismic sections, and well logging, in order to
deduce the petrophysical parameters to assign the depth to
the reservoir from the interpreted seismic sections. The well-
logging data comprise shallow and deep resistivity, sonic, neu-
tron, density, spontaneous potential, caliper, gamma ray logs,
whereas the geologic data are represented by composite logs.

2. Geologic setting

During the Ordovician, the North African part of West Gond-

wana constituted a passive margin and was covered by a wide,
shallow-water marine platform (Sutcliffe et al., 2000; Kuhn
and Barnes, 2005). Most sedimentary units forming the strati-
graphic column of the basin are widespread and have good
correlation in the subsurface and outcrop. The Murzuq basin
has a relatively structure and simple stratigraphy, and it con-
tains sedimentary rocks ranging in age from Cambrian to
Tertiary-Quaternary. The maximum thickness in the Murzuq
basin centre (Awbari Trough) is about 3500 m. The structure
of the Murzuq basin is quite simple (Fig. 3) where the sub-
horizontal or gently dipping strata are faulted and the faults
are most frequently parallel to the axis. Tectonic movements
affected the basin to a greater or lesser degree from middle
Paleozoic (Caledonian) to Post-Oligocene (Alpine) times
(Bellini and Massa, 1980).
Figure 7 Selective example of the log curves for well J4-NC186.
Pierobon (1991) indicated that, during the Paleozoic time
the sedimentary fill of the Murzuq basin is a typical section
of cratonic Paleozoic basins in other parts of the world and
the marine incursions came from the northwest. The deposi-
The NC-186 concession is situated north of NC-115 in the tional history of Murzuq basin is relatively uncomplicated with
southwest of Libya in the Sahara desert near the village of some conspicuous characteristic facies patterns. The major
Ubari, some 720 km from the Mediterranean Sea. The sedimentary deposits defined in the Ghadames basin in
340 A.K. Mohamed et al.

Figure 8 Average Shale Indicator (Ish%) contour map for J-NC186 oil field, NC186 concession, NW Murzuq basin, SW Libya.

subsurface areas and on the outcrops are also found more to 3. Methods of the study
the south in the Murzuq basin.
The structure of the classic Hawaz Paleo-high is created The available data used in NC-186 concession consist of 20
during the erosional event of Hawaz. The Hot Shale member (3D) seismic sections and ten wells that penetrated the study
of basal Tanezzuft is the main source rock in the area, whereas, area (Fig. 4). These wells located on or near the selected
the main regional seal is the Silurian shale formation. seismic lines. These wells are used as guide points to tying
Integration of seismic interpretation and petrophysical studies 341

our seismic sections to the geology of the investigated area. 70

The seismic lines available in the present study are distributed

along the J field of NC-186 concession. They are variegated 60

into dip (xlines) and strike (inlines) lines. These seismic data
were acquired and processed by seismic crews and centers to 50

get rid the extraneous factors affecting the seismic wave prop-
agation in the subsurface section of the studied area. 40

Swirr%
Several specific analysis steps are employed in the well log-
ging data in the study area for interpretation process: (1) filter- 30

ing the raw log response data to remove and correct

0 .06
anomalous data points, (2) correct neutron, sonic, density 20
0.04
DE PTH (FT)
and resistivity logs for environmental conditions, and (3) plot-
ting the well logging data after correction as a function of 10 0.02
0.01
depth. The processing and interpretation of data depend 0.005
4114-4166

mainly on the quick look view of log responses, and then dis- 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
playing the data using interactive petrophysics program, and Ø%
plotting the petrophysical parameters in the form of cross
plots. Figure 9 Porosity versus water Saturation (Buckle) Cross-Plot
for Hawaz Formation (Horizon H5) in J4-NC186.
4. Results and interpretations
70
After analysis and interpretation of many seismic sections in
this area, many seismic horizons are interpreted and identified 60
on basis of their acoustic characters. These characteristics
include continuity, geometry, spacing, arrangement and the 50

relation between these reflectors and tectonic sedimentary fea-

tures. After applying these characters on these seismic sections, 40
Swirr%

many reflectors can be identified. Some of these reflectors are

prominent in the area of Murzuq basin such as Tanezzuft 30
and Hawaz. These reflectors are arranged from the top to
0 .06
the bottom as follows: Marar, Awaynat Wanin, top Tanezzuft 20 DEPTH (FT)
0.04
and hot shale base Tanezzuft, upper Hawaz, Achebyat,
Hasaaouna and finally basement surface. Only, two surfaces 10 0.02 4170-4231
0.01
of them Tanezzuft and top Hawaz Formations are inter- 0.005
preted and mapped as two way time. The top of the studied 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
surface is converted to the depth map by using the average
Ø%
velocity.
Through Hawaz Formation, there are a number of Figure 10 Porosity versus water Saturation (Buckle) Cross-Plot
identified reflectors arranged from H1 to H8. On many seismic for Hawaz Formation (Horizon H6b) in J4-NC186.
sections H4, H5 and H6 are characterized by high amplitudes
(Fig. 5). These horizons are the productive reservoir in the
study area when they are compared to H1, H2 and H3
70
horizons, where they have the poor petrophysical parameters.
The preliminary investigation of the well logging data
60
response is of prime importance after doing environmental
corrections (Mohamed et al., 2013). The quick Look technique
50
of log records is well known and used, as an alternative to
quantitative comprehensive formation evaluation of Hawaz
40
Swirr%

reservoir (Mohamed, 2016), to describe many petrophysical

characteristics such as the nature of the reservoir in the form
30
of the prevailing lithology, shaliness, porosity, and the possible
presence of movable hydrocarbons. Also connate water resis- 0 .06
20 DE PTH (FT)
tivity (Rw) can be quickly estimated when the reservoir is
0.04
homogeneous clean with intergranular porosity fully saturated
10 0.02
with water. Since J field is only oil bearing zone with no gas, 4325-4537
0.01
the prolific oil zones of good reservoir quality are clearly seen 0.005
0
between horizons H4-H6 in that field but it differs from well to 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
well. Fig. 6 is selective example of J4-NC186 well. Here the Ø%
positive resistivity separation between Rxo and Rt is picked
in the interval (from 4114 to 4231 ft) representing the oil Figure 11 Porosity versus water Saturation (Buckle) Cross-Plot
bearing horizons from H4 to H6 in that well. The extremely for Hawaz Formation (Horizon H8) in J4-NC186.
342 A.K. Mohamed et al.

high Rt value (>2000 X m) is distinctive in these zones and curves with quick look porosity of 15%. The well logging
accordingly to this character, a movable oil is expected. The response of J1-NC186 well is represented in Fig. 7 as another
low gamma ray (GR) response reflects the clean nature of this selective example. Hawaz Formation in J1-NC186 well extends
interval and this is confirmed from the neutron and density from depths 4405 to 4762 ft and represents only horizons from

Figure 12 Interpreted seismic section of inline 2845 showing the internal reflectors H4, H5 and H6 is characterized by high amplitudes
(bright spot) due to the hydrocarbon importance. This also indicates the basement surface is characterized by high amplitudes and its
continuity. Pinch out of Tanezzuft against Hawaz Formation that is characterized by paleo-high topography.

Figure 13 Interpreted seismic section of xline 5601 showing the Hawaz surface is the classic paleo-high surface created during the post
Hawaz erosional event and unconformably underlies Tanezzuft formation.
Integration of seismic interpretation and petrophysical studies 343

H5 to H8. This formation is overlain by Horizon H1 of This value of 0.24 ohm m is the same as that obtained for
Mamuniyat Formation of good reservoir quality. The positive H-NC186 field (Selim et al., 2015) indicating the reservoir in
separation of resistivity curves is very clear over H1 of Mamu- the two fields is related dispositionally. The information
niyat Formation and H5 and H6b of Hawaz Formation. Also, obtained from Repsol oil operation of this well gives Rw value
GR log reads very low values opposite to H5, H6b and H6c of 0.3 ohm m, which is very close with that mentioned above.
horizons indicating clean formation. Horizon H6a has high Porosity-Saturation have been plotted in the form of
GR response with coincidence of neutron and density curves Buckle crossplot (Figs. 9 and 10) for H5 and H6b. They indi-
representing shale streak separating H5 from H6b. The shale cate firmly that these horizons are indeed at irreducible state
indicator calculated from gamma ray log for Hawaz Forma- and produce mainly oil as the plotted points track exactly
tion as a whole has maximum value of 11.8% at well J14 BVW curve of 0.02. Horizon H8, which is well known water
(Fig. 8). The corresponding (Vsh) is 5.35%. This means that bearing throughout Hawaz Formation in J Field, when plotted
the sandstone reservoir for Hawaz Formation in the studied on Buckle plot (Fig. 11) shows wide scattering of points as
wells is definitely clean. characteristic for water producing horizon.
The disappearance of resistivity separation and reduction
of resistivity values with depth suggests the possible location 5. Mapping top of Hawaz (Hz)
of water below H6b at the inflection point at depth 4495 ft.
Applying Archie and Humble equations, in the absence of core Top Hawaz Formation is the main target in this study and it is
data, yields Rw value. The oil and water zones have the same overlain principally by Tanezzuft surface and unconformably
clean matrix (sandstone) and porosity (12%). At water zone of overlies Hawaz (Middle Ordovician age). It is characterized
depth 4495 ft (lower H6b), the true resistivity equals the for- by a medium to low amplitudes and discontinuous due to
mation water resistivity (RT = Ro = 15 X m). Formation the uplift of this surface. It can be classified into eight (8)
2 ) then Rw equals 0.35 X m
0:62
resistivity factor F is 43 (=0:12 reflectors (Fig. 12). The structure is the classic paleo-high
(Ro = FRw). Also, water saturation can be calculated for formed during the post Hawaz erosional event (Figs. 13 and
oil zones. For example, H5 which has Rt = 700 X m (deep 14). This top Hawaz surface is traced at 540 ms (TWT) in
resistivity reading) contains 15% water saturation the northeastern part of the study area and increases to
qffiffiffiffiffi
(Sw = 700 15
). This indicates potentially oil zone. Rw is also 855 ms (TWT) in the southwestern part of the study area
(Fig. 15). This surface indicates the outline of the Hawaz
calculated to the lower part of H8, which has been selected
paleo-highs in NC-186. ‘‘J” field is generally trending from
since the best fully saturated water zone can be picked clearly
northwest to southeast direction. The main reservoir (Middle
at 4820 ft with the lowest resistivity value of Ro equals
Ordovician) in NC-186 concession especially is in the western
6 ohm m and porosity 18% as given in the following:
part of J-field.
0:62 0:62 Ro 6 The depth structure contour map of top Hawaz in this
F¼ ¼ ¼ 24:7 RW ¼ ¼ ¼ 0:24 X m
£ 2:15
0:182:15 F 24:7 study has been generated by using the ‘‘average velocity”

Figure 14 Interpreted seismic section of xline 6182 showing H4 and H5 are characterized by high amplitude in the Hawaz Formation.
Hawaz surface was overlain by Tanezzuft formation and underlain by high amplitude basement surface.
344 A.K. Mohamed et al.

method. The average velocity map was constructed for the

Hawaz horizon. This map includes the 10 wells of J-field
NC186 where, the average velocity in J-NC186 field ranges
between 9410 ft/s in J5 and J1N-186 in the eastern part of this
field. The average velocity of this field increases to the northern
part of this field to 9650 ft/s in J13-Nc-186 (Fig. 16).
Depth structural contour map of the top Hawaz surface
indicates the depth of Hawaz surface ranges between 4109 ft
in the northwestern in J4 field and increases to more than
4500 ft in J11 field in northwestern parts of the study area
(Fig. 17). J-field depths gradually decrease again toward the
south to 4195 ft in J5 field in southeastern and finally increase
to more than 400 ft in J14 well in the southeastern parts of this
area.
Hawaz Formation is overlain unconformably by the main
source in this concession (Tanezzuft Formation). This reflector
can be picked up all over the study area. It is mainly composed
of dark greyish to black color, graptolitic shales with interca-
lation of siltstone and very fine-grained sandstones, often
forming rhythmic alternations (Pierobon, 1991). It is a medium
to high amplitude and high frequency and it is characterized by
its continuity (Figs. 12 and 13). This reflector is picked at
3500 ft in the northern part of the study area and increases
to 3800 ft in the southeastern and northeastern parts of the
study area (Fig. 18). This reflector is widely known as one of
the important reflectors identified in the NC-186 concession
in Murzuq basin. Three interpreted horizons H4, H5 and H6
are characterized by very high amplitudes on seismic sections,
and they are represented as depth and thickness maps of ‘‘J”
field in NC-186 concession.

5.1. Mapping of H4, H5, and H6 units

Horizon H4 is the one of the most important reflectors inter-

preted from this study. This horizon is characterized on seismic
section by its continuity with little irregularities and character-
ized by high amplitude (Fig. 5). Depth structure contour map
of H4 NC-186 indicates the depth of this horizon ranges from
4100 ft in the southwestern part of the J-field especially in J2
well in the southeastern and increases to more than 4500 ft Figure 15 Two way time contour map of top Hawaz Fm.
in the southeastern part of this field at J14 NC-186 and J13 CI = 10 ms.
NC-186 wells (Fig. 19). The thickness of this formation ranges
from 5 ft in the northwestern part of this field especially in J4
and increases to more than 60 ft in the central western part of
this field in J1 and J8 wells in NC-186 concession (Fig. 20). map of horizon H6 (Fig. 23) indicates, the depth of this surface
The second surface mapped from Hawaz package is Hori- ranges between 4300 ft and 4600 ft. The highest depth is
zon H5. It is characterized by parallel reflector and closely located in the southeastern part at J14 well and J11 well in
spaced to Horizon H4 on seismic section (Fig. 5). The mapping the central part and decreases to the lowest value at J12 and
of this horizon indicates that the depth of this surface ranges J4 wells in the northwestern part of this field, respectively.
between 4200 ft and 4450 ft (Fig. 21). The lowest depth is The thickness H6 unit (Fig. 24) ranges from 62 ft in the
located in the northwestern part of j-field especially in J12 northern part of this field especially at J12, J4 and J6 fields
and J4 fields and increases to the highest value at J14 well in and increases to more than 165 ft in the southeastern part
the southeastern part of this field. The thickness of this forma- of this field and in the southeastern part of J field at J14
tion (Fig. 22) ranges from 40 ft in the northern part of this field NC-186.
at J13 NC-186 well and increases to more than 72 ft in the The basement surface is located at the base of the sedimen-
southeastern part of this field and in the southeastern part of tary succession in Murzuq basin and marked by strong, high
J field at J2 NC-186. amplitude (Figs. 12 and 13). This reflector, which locally shows
Horizon H6 is the third reflector in Hawaz Formation a polarity reversal from a negative (trough) to a positive
mapped by this interpretation. It is characterized on seismic (peak), is onlapped by more continuous overlying reflectors.
section by high amplitudes, parallel reflector and closely This surface is unpenetrated by the drilled wells in the north
spaced to Horizon H5 (Figs. 12 and 13). The depth contour Murzuq basin.
Integration of seismic interpretation and petrophysical studies 345

Figure 16 Average velocity contour map of Hawaz Formation of J field in the NC-186 concession, NW Murzuq basin. CI = 10 ft/ms.

Figure 17 Depth contour map of Hawaz Formation of J field in the NC-186 concession, NW Murzuq basin. CI = 20 ft.
346 A.K. Mohamed et al.

Figure 18 Depth contour map of Tanezzuft formation of J field in the NC-186 concession, NW Murzuq basin. CI = 20 ft.

Figure 19 Depth contour map of H4 surface in Hawaz Formation of J field in the NC-186 concession, NW Murzuq basin. CI = 20 ft.
Integration of seismic interpretation and petrophysical studies 347

Figure 20 Thickness contour map of H4 unit in Hawaz Formation of J field in the NC-186 concession, NW Murzuq basin. CI = 0.5 ft.

Figure 21 Depth contour map of H5 surface in Hawaz Formation of J field in the NC-186 concession, NW Murzuq basin. CI = 20 ft.
348 A.K. Mohamed et al.

Figure 22 Thickness contour map of H5 unit in Hawaz Formation of J field in the NC-186 concession, NW Murzuq basin. CI = 2 ft.

Figure 23 Depth contour map of H6 surface in Hawaz Formation of J field in the NC-186 concession, NW Murzuq basin. CI = 20 ft.
Integration of seismic interpretation and petrophysical studies 349

Figure 24 Thickness contour map of H6 unit in Hawaz Formation of J field in the NC-186 concession, NW Murzuq basin. CI = 5 ft.

6. Conclusion 5. The well logging data analysis illustrates that horizons from
H4 to H6 are mainly oil bearing zones while horizons from
H6c to H8 are mainly water bearing zones.
This research has been carried out using integrated 3D seismic
and petrophysical studies of Hawaz Formation in J-field NC-
Generally, it can be recommended to focus on horizons
186 concession, Murzuq basin, Libya. 3D seismic data have
from H4 to H6 for any future drilling and detailed study
been processed and interpreted by Petrel software (2013).
should be given to these units.
The petrophysical prosperities have been evaluated through
the analysis of well-logging data using quick look interpreta-
tion technique and plotting crossplots. The results can be con- References
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Paleozoic of the southern basins of Libya. In: Salem, M.J.,
1. The main reservoir in this concession is Hawaz Formation
Busrewil, M.T. (Eds.), The Geology of Libya I. Academic Press,
(Middle Ordovician). Hawaz Formation is a paleo-high
London, pp. 3–56.
structure generally trending in the NE-SW direction. Bennacef, A., Beuf, S., Biju-Duval, B., De Charpal, O., Gariel, O.,
2. Hawaz Formation is subdivided into 8 units from H8 to Rognon, P., 1971. Example of cratonic sedimentation: lower
H1. The Main productive reservoir comprises from H4 to palaeozoic of Algerian Sahara. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull. 55,
H6. The upper units H3 to H1 present poor reservoir 2225–2245.
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western in J4 field and increases to more than 4500 ft in University of London, p. 171.
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framework of Libya. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull. 51, 719–730.
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