PHY 206 Thermal Physics Multiple Choice Questions

PHY 206: Thermal Physics
1. What are the two main parts of Thermal Physics?
a) Thermodynamics and Quantum Mechanics
b) Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics
c) Quantum Mechanics and Statistical Mechanics
d) Thermodynamics and Electromagnetism
2. What is the main goal of Thermal Physics?
a) To provide understanding of temperature dependence or thermal property of a microscopic

thermodynamic quantity.
b) To provide understanding of temperature dependence or thermal property of a macroscopic

c) To provide understanding of electrical properties of matter.
d) To provide understanding of magnetic properties of matter.
3. What is a thermodynamic system?
a) A two dimensional region of space consisting of a collection of matter that is bounded by one or more
surfaces.
b) A three dimensional region of space consisting of a collection of matter that is bounded by one or
more surfaces.
c) A four dimensional region of space consisting of a collection of matter that is bounded by one or more
surfaces.
d) A five dimensional region of space consisting of a collection of matter that is bounded by one or more
surfaces.
4. Which field deals with relations between heat and mechanical energy or work?
a) Quantum Mechanics
b) Electromagnetism
c) Thermodynamics
d) Statistical Mechanics
5. Which branch describes thermal effects in matter in a manner which is independent from the
macroscopic details?
a) Quantum Mechanics
b) Electromagnetislla
c) Thermodynamics
d) Statistical Mechanics
6. What is the main goal of Thermodynamics?


7. What is a thermodynamic equilibrium?
a) A state where the temperature and pressure are constant throughout the system.
b) A state where the temperature and pressure are different throughout the system.
c) A state where the temperature is constant but pressure varies throughout the system.
d) A state where the pressure is constant but temperature varies throughout the system.
8. What is Statistical Mechanics?
a) The field of Physics concerned with relations between heat and mechanical energy or work.
b) The branch of physics describing thermal effects in matter in a manner which is independent from the
macroscopic details.
c) The study of how microscopic particles behave in bulk matter using statistical methods.
d) The study of how macroscopic particles behave in bulk matter using statistical methods.
9. What is a p process?
a) A process that involves energy transfer between a system and its environment.
b) A process that involves energy transfer within a system only.
c) A process that involves changes in volume only.
d) A process that involves changes in pressure only.
10. What is an example of a macroscopic thermodynamic quantity?
a) The number of atoms in a molecule
b) The mass of an electron
c) The volume of a system
d) The charge on an ion
11. What is the definition of Thermodynamics?
a) The study of how microscopic particles behave in bulk matter using statistical methods.
c) The field of Physics concerned with relations between heat and mechanical energy or work.
Answer: c
12. What is the definition of a thermodynamic system?
surfaces.
more surfaces.
surfaces.
surfaces.
Answer: b
13. What does Statistical Mechanics study?
a) How microscopic particles behave in bulk matter using statistical methods.
b) How macroscopic particles behave in bulk matter using statistical methods.
c) Relations between heat and mechanical energy or work.
d) Thermal effects in matter in a manner which is independent from the macroscopic details.
Answer: a
14. What does Thermodynamics mainly deal with?
a) Systems in thermodynamic equilibrium
b) Systems out-of-equilibrium
c) Systems at constant temperature only
d) Systems at constant pressure only
Answer: a
15. What are the two parts of Thermal Physics?
a) Quantum Mechanics and Statistical Mechanics
b) Thermodynamics and Electromagnetism
c) Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics
d) Quantum Mechanics and Electromagnetism
Answer: c
16. What are the two parts of Thermal Physics?
a) Thermodynamics and Quantum Mechanics

b) Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics
c) Quantum Mechanics and Statistical Mechanics
d) Thermodynamics and Electromagnetism
Answer: b
17. What is the main goal of Thermal Physics?


Answer: b
18. What is a macroscopic thermodynamic quantity?
a) A quantity that can only be measured using microscopic methods.
b) A quantity that can only be measured using macroscopic methods.
c) A quantity that can be measured using both microscopic and macroscopic methods.
d) A quantity that cannot be measured at all.
Answer: b
19. What is Thermodynamics?
a) The study of how microscopic particles behave in bulk matter using statistical methods.
c) The field of Physics concerned with relations between heat and mechanical energy or work.
Answer: c
surfaces.
more surfaces.
surfaces.
surfaces.
Answer: b
21. What is a state function?
a) A function that depends only on the initial and final states of a system, not on the path taken between
them.
b) A function that depends only on the path taken between two states of a system, not on the initial and
final states.
c) A function that depends both on the initial and final states of a system and on the path taken between
them.
d) A function that does not depend on either the initial or final state or the path taken between them.
Answer: a
22. What is an example of an extensive property?
a) Temperature
b) Pressure
c) Volume
d) Density
Answer: c
23. What is an example of an intensive property?
a) Mass
b) Energy
c) Temperature
d) Entropy
Answer: c) Temperature
24. What is internal energy?
a) The energy associated with motion of particles in a system.
b) The energy associated with position or configuration of particles in a system.
c) The sum of kinetic and potential energies in a system.
d) The total energy contained within a system.
Answer: d) The total energy contained within a system.
25. What is enthalpy?
a) The sum of internal energy and pressure-volume work done by or to a system.
b) The sum of kinetic and potential energies in a system.
c) The energy associated with motion of particles in a system.
d) The energy associated with position or configuration of particles in a system.
Answer: a) The sum of internal energy and pressure-volume work done by or to a system.
26. What is statistical mechanics?

a) The branch of physics that deals with average properties of the molecules, atoms or elementary
particles in random motion in a system of many such particles and relates these properties to the
thermodynamic and other macroscopic properties of the system.
b) The study of heat and temperature and their relationship to energy and work.
c) The study of how objects move and interact with each other under the influence of forces.
d) The study of electric charges at rest.
Answer: a
27. What does statistical mechanics start with?
a) A macroscopic level
b) A microscopic level
c) An intermediate level
d) A quantum level
Answer: b) A microscopic level
28. What does statistilcal mechanics derive conclusions for?
a) Microscopic world
b) Macroscopic world
c) Both microscopic and macroscopic worlds
d) None of the above
Answer: b) Macroscopic world
29. How are microscopic details related to macroscopic properties in statistical mechanics?
a) They are not related.
b) They are directly proportional.
c) They are inversely proportional.

d) They are related through averaging.
Answer: d) They are related through averaging.
30. What is an example of a macroscopic property?
a) Temperature
b) Mass
c) Energy
d) Velocity
Answer: a) Temperature
31. What is the difference between a microstate and a macrostate?
a) A microstate refers to the overall state of a system, while a macrostate refers to the individual states
of its components.
b) A microstate refers to the individual states of a system’s components, while a macrostate refers to
the overall state of the system.
c) A microstate refers to the energy distribution within a system, while a macrostate refers to its
temperature.
d) A microstate refers to the entropy of a system, while a macrostate refers to its enthalpy.
Answer: b) A microstate refers to the individual states of a system’s components, while a macrostate
refers to the overall state of the system.
32. What is entropy?
a) The measure of how much energy is available in a system.
b) The measure of how much energy is unavailable in a system.
c) The measure of how much disorder or randomness there is in a system.
d) The measure of how much order or structure there is in a system.

Answer: c) The measure of how much disorder or randomness there is in a system.
33. What does it mean for entropy to increase?
a) Energy has been added to the system.
b) Energy has been removed from the system.
c) Disorder or randomness has decreased in the system.
d) Disorder or randomness has increased in the system.
Answer: d) Disorder or randomness has increased in the system.
34. What is an example of an irreversible process?
a) Melting ice
b) Boiling water
c) Mixing two gases
d) All processes are reversible
Answer: c) Mixing two gases
35. What is an example of an adiabatic process?
a) A system exchanging heat with its surroundings
b) A system not exchanging heat with its surroundings
c) A system at constant pressure
d) A system at constant volume
Answer: b) A system not exchanging heat with its surroundings
a) A system that exchanges energy but not matter with its surroundings.
b) A system that exchanges matter but not energy with its surroundings.
c) A system that exchanges both matter and energy with its surroundings.
d) A system that does not exchange matter or energy with its surroundings.
Answer: c) A system that exchanges both matter and energy with its surroundings.
37. What is an open system?
a) A system that can exchange both matter and energy with its surroundings.
b) A system that can exchange only matter but not energy with its surroundings.
c) A system that can exchange only energy but not matter with its surroundings.
d) A system that cannot exchange either matter or energy with its surroundings.
Answer: a) A system that can exchange both matter and energy with its surroundings.
38. What is an example of a closed system?
a) An insulated container of gas
b) An open beaker of water
c) An oven heating up food
d) All systems are open
Answer: a) An insulated container of gas
39. What is an adiabatic process?
a) A process in which no heat is exchanged between the system and its surroundings.
b) A process in which no work is done by or on the system.
c) A process in which no mass is exchanged between the system and its surroundings.
d) None of the above.
Answer: a) A process in which no heat is exchanged between the system and its surroundings.
40. What is an example of an isolated system?
a) The Earth’s atmosphere
b) An insulated container of gas
c) The human body
d) All systems are open
Answer: b) An insulated container of gas
41. What is a bounding surface?
a) The region of physical space that lies outside the selected boundaries of a system.
b) The interface between a system and its surroundings.
c) The combination of a system and its surroundings.
Answer: a) The region of physical space that lies outside the selected boundaries of a system.
42. What is a boundary?
Answer: b) The interface between a system and its surroundings.
43. What is an example of an open boundary?
a) A rigid container
b) A flexible container
c) A piston-cylinder device with frictionless walls
d) All boundaries are closed

Answer: b) A flexible container
44. What is an example of an adiabatic boundary?
a) A boundary that allows heat to flow freely between the system and its surroundings.
b) A boundary that does not allow heat to flow between the system and its surroundings.
c) A boundary that allows matter to flow freely between the system and its surroundings.
Answer: b) A boundary that does not allow heat to flow between the system and its surroundings.
45. What is an example of an impermeable boundary?
a) A boundary that allows matter to flow freely between the system and its surroundings.
b) A boundary that does not allow matter to flow between the system and its surroundings.
c) A boundary that allows heat to flow freely between the system and its surroundings.
Answer: b) A boundary that does not allow matter to flow between the system and its surroundings.
46. What is the thermodynamic surroundings or environment?
Answer: a) The region of physical space that lies outside the selected boundaries of a system.
47. What is an example of a thermodynamic system?
a) A cup of coffee
b) A book on a shelf
c) A tree in a forest
d) All objects are thermodynamic systems
Answer: a) A cup of coffee
48. What is an example of an open system?
a) A rigid container
b) A flexible container
c) A piston-cylinder device with frictionless walls
d) All systems are closed
Answer: b) A flexible container
49. What is an example of an isolated system?
a) An insulated container filled with gas
b) An open beaker filled with water
c) The human body
Answer: a) An insulated container filled with gas
50. What is an example of an adiabatic process?
a) Heat flowing from hot coffee to cold air in a room.
b) Work done by pushing on a piston in a cylinder.
c) No heat exchange between the system and its surroundings during compression or expansion.
Answer: c) No heat exchange between the system and its surroundings during compression or expansion
51. What is an isolated system?
a) A system that can exchange both mass and energy with its surroundings.
b) A system that can exchange energy but not mass with its surroundings.
c) A system that cannot exchange either mass or energy with its surroundings.
d) A system that can exchange mass but not energy with its surroundings.
Answer: c) A system that cannot exchange either mass or energy with its surroundings.
52. Which of the following is an example of an isolated system?
a) A cup of coffee in a thermos flask
b) An engine in a car
c) A pot of boiling water on a stove
Answer: a) A cup of coffee in a thermos flask
53. What is the defining characteristic of an isolated system?
a) It can exchange both mass and energy with its surroundings.
b) It can only exchange energy but not mass with its surroundings.
c) It cannot exchange either mass or energy with its surroundings.
d) It can only exchange mass but not energy with its surroundings.
Answer: c) It cannot exchange either mass or energy with its surroundings.
54. Why is a thermos flask considered an isolated system?
a) Because it can only exchange heat but not matter with its surroundings.
b) Because it can only exchange matter but not heat with its surroundings.
c) Because it cannot exchange either matter or heat with its surroundings.
d) Because it can freely exchange both matter and heat with its surroundings.
Answer: c) Because it cannot exchange either matter or heat with its surroundings.
55. Which type of thermodynamic system allows for the transfer of both matter and energy across the
boundaries?
a) Isolated systems
b) Closed systems
c) Open systems
Answer: c) Open systems
56. What is a closed system?
Answer: b) A system that can exchange energy but not mass with its surroundings.
57. Which of the following is an example of a closed system?
Answer: b) An engine in a car
58. What is the defining characteristic of a closed system?

Answer: b) It can only exchange energy but not mass with its surroundings.
59. Why is an engine in a car considered a closed system?
a) Because it cannot exchange either matter or heat with its surroundings.
b) Because it can freely exchange both matter and heat with its surroundings.
c) Because it can only exchange heat but not matter with its surroundings.
d) Because it can only exchange matter but not heat with its surroundings.
Answer: b) Because it can freely exchange both matter and heat with its surroundings.
60. Which type of thermodynamic system allows for the transfer of energy, but not matter, across the
boundaries?
a) Isolated systems
b) Closed systems
c) Open systems
Answer: b) Closed systems
61. What is an open system?
Answer: a) A system that can exchange both mass and energy with its surroundings.
62. Which of the following is an example of an open system?
Answer: c) A pot of boiling water on a stove
63. What is the defining characteristic of an open system?
Answer: a) It can exchange both mass and energy with its surroundings.
64. Why is a pot of boiling water on a stove considered an open system?
a) Because it cannot exchange either matter or heat with its surroundings.
b) Because it can freely exchange both matter and heat with its surroundings.
c) Because it can only exchange heat but not matter with its surroundings.
d) Because it can only exchange matter but not heat with its surroundings.
Answer: b) Because it can freely exchange both matter and heat with its surroundings.
65. Which type of thermodynamic system does not allow for the transfer of either matter or energy
across the boundaries?
a) Isolated systems
b) Closed systems
c) Open systems
Answer: a) Isolated systems
d) A system that can only exchange mass but not energy with its surroundings.
67. Which of the following is an example of a closed system?
Answer: b) An engine in a car
68. Which type of thermodynamic system allows for the transfer of both matter and energy across the
boundaries?
a) Isolated systems
b) Closed systems
c) Open systems

69. What is an isolated system?
d) A system that can only exchange mass but not energy with its surroundings.
70. Which type of thermodynamic system has no interaction whatsoever with the environment?
a) Isolated systems
b) Closed systems
c) Open systems
71. What is the difference between an open system and a closed system?
a) An open system can exchange both mass and energy with its surroundings, while a closed system can
only exchange energy.
b) An open system can only exchange energy but not mass with its surroundings, while a closed system
can exchange both mass and energy.
c) An open system cannot exchange either mass or energy with its surroundings, while a closed system
can exchange both mass and energy.
d) An open system can freely exchange both matter and heat with its surroundings, while a closed
system has no transfer of matter but allows for energy transfer.
Answer: d) An open system can freely exchange both matter and heat with its surroundings, while a
closed system has no transfer of matter but allows for energy transfer.
72. Which type of thermodynamic system is most commonly found in nature?
a) Isolated systems
b) Closed systems
c) Open systems
73. What is an example of a closed thermodynamic system?
a) A pot of boiling water on a stove
b) A refrigerator
c) A rocket engine
Answer: b) A refrigerator
74. Which type of thermodynamic system has fixed boundaries that do not allow for any interaction
with the environment?
a) Isolated systems
b) Closed systems
c) Open systems
Answer: a) Isolated systems
75. What is the defining characteristic of a closed thermodynamic system?
a) It cannot exchange either mass or energy with its surroundings.
b) It can only exchange heat but not matter with its surroundings.
c) It can only exchange matter but not heat with its surroundings.
d) It has no transfer of matter but allows for energy transfer.
Answer: d) It has no transfer of matter but allows for energy transfer
76. What is a control volume?
a) A region in space through which mass can flow.
b) A region in space where energy can be exchanged with the surroundings.
c) A region in space where both mass and energy can be exchanged with the surroundings.
d) A region in space where neither mass nor energy can be exchanged with the surroundings.
Answer: c) A region in space where both mass and energy can be exchanged with the surroundings.
77. Which of the following is an example of a control volume?
a) The inside of a closed container
b) The area around a jet engine
c) The inside of a refrigerator
Answer: b) The area around a jet engine
78. What is the difference between a control volume and a thermodynamic system?
a) A control volume has fixed boundaries, while a thermodynamic system does not.
b) A control volume allows for both mass and energy exchange, while a thermodynamic system only
allows for energy exchange.
c) A control volume is an open system, while a thermodynamic system can be open, closed or isolated.
d) There is no difference between them.

Answer: b) A control volume allows for both mass and energy exchange, while a thermodynamic system
only allows for energy exchange.
79. How is mass flow rate defined?
a) As the amount of heat transferred per unit time across the boundary of a control volume.
b) As the amount of work done per unit time by or on a fluid flowing through a control volume.
c) As the amount of fluid passing through any cross-sectional area per unit time.
Answer: c) As the amount of fluid passing through any cross-sectional area per unit time.
80. What is conservation of mass?
a) A principle that states that the total mass of a closed system remains constant over time.
b) A principle that states that the mass flow rate into a control volume must equal the mass flow rate
out of the control volume.
c) A principle that states that the total energy of a closed system remains constant over time.
Answer: b) A principle that states that the mass flow rate into a control volume must equal the mass
flow rate out of the control volume
81. What is a control volume?
a) A system with fixed volume through which mass can pass in and out of its boundary.
b) A system that has a constant mass but possibly variable volume.
c) A region in space where both mass and energy can be exchanged with the surroundings.
Answer: a) A system with fixed volume through which mass can pass in and out of its boundary.
82. What is an example of a control volume?
a) A closed container filled with gas.
b) A piston-cylinder arrangement where gas is defined as the system.
c) An engine in a car.
Answer: b) A piston-cylinder arrangement where gas is defined as the system.
83. What happens to the boundary of a control volume when work is done on or by it?
a) The boundary remains fixed.
b) The boundary moves, but mass does not move across it.
c) The boundary moves, and mass can move across it.
Answer: b) The boundary moves, but mass does not move across it.
84. What is conservation of mass for a control volume?
a) The total mass inside the control volume remains constant over time.
b) The mass flow rate into the control volume must equal the mass flow rate out of it.
c) Mass cannot cross the boundary of a control volume under any circumstances.
Answer: b) The mass flow rate into the control volume must equal the mass flow rate out of it.
85. How does a control volume differ from a thermodynamic system?
a) A thermodynamic system has fixed boundaries, while a control volume does not.
b) A thermodynamic system only allows for energy exchange, while a control volume allows for both
mass and energy exchange.
c) A thermodynamic system is always an open system, while a control volume can be open, closed or
isolated.
Answer: b) A thermodynamic system only allows for energy exchange, while a control volume allows for
both mass and energy exchange.
86. What is a control surface?
a) A fixed region of space chosen for the thermodynamic study of mass and energy balances.
b) An imaginary envelope that surrounds a control volume.
c) A boundary that separates a control volume from its surroundings.
Answer: b) An imaginary envelope that surrounds a control volume.
87. What is the purpose of a control surface?
a) To define the boundaries of a control volume.
b) To allow for mass and energy exchange between a system and its surroundings.
c) To study mass and energy balances for flowing systems within a fixed region of space.
Answer: c) To study mass and energy balances for flowing systems within a fixed region of space.
88. How is mass flow rate defined for a control volume with multiple inlets and outlets?
a) As the sum of all mass flow rates into the control volume minus the sum of all mass flow rates out of
it.
b) As the difference between all mass flow rates into the control volume and all mass flow rates out of it.
c) As the average mass flow rate across all inlets and outlets to the control volume.

Answer: a) As the sum of all mass flow rates into the control volume minus the sum of all mass flow
rates out of it.
89. What is conservation of energy for a control volume?
a) The total energy inside the control volume remains constant over time.
b) The rate at which energy enters or leaves through heat transfer, work, or both must equal to rate at
which it accumulates or depletes inside it.
c) Energy cannot cross the boundary of a control volume under any circumstances.
Answer: b) The rate at which energy enters or leaves through heat transfer, work, or both must equal to
rate at which it accumulates or depletes inside it.
90. What is the difference between a control volume and a control mass?
a) A control volume allows for mass and energy exchange with its surroundings, while a control mass
only allows for energy exchange.
b) A control volume has fixed boundaries, while a control mass does not.
c) A control volume is an open system, while a control mass can be open, closed or isolated.
Answer: a) A control volume allows for mass
91. What is a property of a system?
a) A measurable characteristic that depends only on the state of the system.
b) An unmeasurable characteristic that depends only on the state of the system.
c) A measurable characteristic that depends on both the state and history of the system.
Answer: a) A measurable characteristic that depends only on the state of the system.
92. Which of the following is an example of an extensive property?
a) Temperature
b) Pressure
c) Volume
Answer: c) Volume
93. Which of the following is an example of an intensive property?
a) Mass
b) Energy
c) Density
Answer: c) Density
94. What is a state postulate?
a) A statement that defines a unique relationship between two or more properties in a given state.
b) A statement that defines how properties change as a system undergoes a process.
c) A statement that defines how properties vary with time in a given state.
Answer: a) A statement that defines a unique relationship between two or more properties in a given
state.
95. What is thermodynamic equilibrium?
a) The condition where all properties within a system are uniform and unchanging over time.
b) The condition where all properties within a system are uniform and unchanging at any instant in time.
c) The condition where all properties within a system are uniform, but may change over time due to
external factors.
Answer: b) The condition where all properties within a system are uniform and unchanging at any
instant in time.
96. What is the state of a system?
a) The set of all possible values that its properties can take.
b) The condition as described by observable or measurable macroscopic properties.
c) The history of the system up to a given point in time.
Answer: b) The condition as described by observable or measurable macroscopic properties
97. What are the properties of a system?
a) Quantities whose values depend on the history of the system.
b) Quantities whose values determine the state of a system.
c) Quantities whose values depend on both the state and history of the system.
Answer: b) Quantities whose values determine the state of a system.
98. What is the relationship between the properties of a system and its state?
a) The properties of a system are independent of its state.
b) The properties of a system determine its state.
c) The state of a system determines its properties.

Answer: b) The properties of a system determine its state.
99. What is meant by the statement that the property of a system only depends on its state?
a) The property can change even if the state remains the same.
b) The property cannot change even if the state changes.
c) The property depends on both the state and history of the system.
Answer: b) The property cannot change even if the state changes.
100. Which of the following is an example of an intensive property?
a) Mass
b) Total volume
c) Temperature
Answer: c) Temperature. According to the paragraph, intensive properties are those that are
independent of the mass of the system, and examples include temperature and pressure.
101. What happens to extensive properties when a system is cut in half and re-measured?
a) They remain unchanged.
b) They are doubled.
c) They are halved.
d) It depends on the specific property.
Answer: c) They are halved. According to the paragraph, if you cut a system in half and re-measure its
properties, extensive properties are cut in half while intensive properties remain unchanged.
102. Which of the following is an example of an extensive property?
a) Temperature
b) Pressure
c) Total energy
Answer: c) Total energy. According to the paragraph, extensive properties are those that depend on the
mass or extent of the system, and examples include mass, total volume, and total energy. Temperature
and pressure are examples of intensive properties.
103. Under what condition are properties defined for a system?
a) When the system is in equilibrium.
b) When the system is out of equilibrium.
c) When the system is undergoing a phase change.
Answer: a) When the system is in equilibrium. According to the paragraph, properties are defined for
systems which are in equilibrium.
104. What is equilibrium?
a) A state in which spontaneous changes are observed with respect to time.
b) A state in which no spontaneous changes are observed with respect to time.
c) A state in which the system is undergoing a phase change.
Answer: b) A state in which no spontaneous changes are observed with respect to time. According to
the paragraph, equilibrium is a state in which no spontaneous changes are observed with respect to
time.
105. What is thermodynamic equilibrium?

a) A state in which the temperature of a gas is the same throughout the system.
b) A state in which a system is characterized by equal pressure.
c) A state in which a system is undergoing a phase change.
Answer: d) None of the above. According to the paragraph, thermodynamic equilibrium is when a
system is in equilibrium with regard to all possible changes in state.
106. What is an example of thermal equilibrium?
a) When a gas has equal pressure throughout the system.
b) When a gas has equal temperature throughout the system.
c) When a gas is undergoing a phase change.
Answer: b) When a gas has equal temperature throughout the system. According to the paragraph, if
the gas that comprises a system is in thermal equilibrium, then its temperature will be the same
throughout the system.
107. What is steady state for an isolated system?
a) The state at which no spontaneous changes occur over time.
b) The state at which all possible changes have occurred over time.
c) The state at which there are no external forces acting on it.
Answer: a) The state at which no spontaneous changes occur over time. According to the paragraph, for
an isolated system, the steady state is the state of thermodynamic equilibrium.
108. What is mechanical equilibrium?
a) A state in which the temperature of a gas is the same throughout the system.
b) A state in which a system is characterized by equal pressure.

c) A state in which a system is undergoing a phase change.
Answer: b) A state in which a system is characterized by equal pressure. According to the paragraph,
mechanical equilibrium is when a system is characterized by equal pressure
109. What is chemical equilibrium?
a) A state in which a system is characterized by equal pressure.
b) A state in which a system is undergoing a phase change.
c) A state in which the concentrations of reactants and products in a chemical reaction are constant over
time.
Answer: c) A state in which the concentrations of reactants and products in a chemical reaction are
constant over time. According to the paragraph, chemical equilibrium is a state in which the
concentrations of reactants and products in a chemical reaction are constant over time.
110. What is an example of mechanical equilibrium?
a) When a gas has equal temperature throughout the system.
b) When a gas has equal pressure throughout the system.
c) When a gas is undergoing a phase change.
Answer: b) When a gas has equal pressure throughout the system. According to the paragraph,
mechanical equilibrium is when a system is characterized by equal pressure.
111. What does it mean for an isolated system to be in steady state?
a) The state at which no spontaneous changes occur over time.
b) The state at which all possible changes have occurred over time.
c) The state at which there are no external forces acting on it.

Answer: a) The state at which no spontaneous changes occur over time. According to the paragraph, for
an isolated system, the steady state is the state of thermodynamic equilibrium.
112. What distinguishes thermodynamic equilibrium from other types of equilibrium?
a) It involves changes in temperature throughout the system.
b) It involves changes in pressure throughout the system.
c) It involves being in equilibrium with regard to all possible changes in state.
Answer: c) It involves being in equilibrium with regard to all possible changes in state. According to the
paragraph, thermodynamic equilibrium is when a system is in equilibrium with regard to all possible
changes in state, while other types of equilibrium (such as mechanical and chemical) are characterized
by specific conditions such as equal pressure or constant concentrations
113. What does thermodynamics deal with?
a) Systems in thermodynamic equilibrium.
b) Systems undergoing a phase change.
c) Systems with constant temperature.
Answer: a) Systems in thermodynamic equilibrium. According to the paragraph, thermodynamics deals

chiefly with systems in thermodynamic equilibrium.
114. What happens to state variables during a change of state?
a) They remain constant.
b) They decrease.
c) They increase.
d) They change.
Answer: d) They change. According to the paragraph, during a change of state, one or more of the state
variables of the system change.
115. What is a thermodynamic process?
a) A system in thermodynamic equilibrium.
b) A system undergoing a phase change.
c) The path of succession of states through which a system passes during a change of state.
Answer: c) The path of succession of states through which a system passes during a change of state.
According to the paragraph, the path of succession of states through which the system passes during a
change of state is called the thermodynamics process.
116. What is an example of a thermodynamic process?
a) Maintaining constant pressure while increasing temperature.
b) Maintaining constant temperature while increasing pressure.
c) Maintaining constant volume while decreasing pressure.
Answer: a) Maintaining constant pressure while increasing temperature. According to the paragraph, an
example of a thermodynamic process is increasing the temperature of a fluid while maintaining constant
pressure.
117. What is an example where one or more state variables might change?
a) A gas undergoing thermal equilibrium.
b) A solid changing phase from liquid to gas.
c) A fluid increasing in volume at constant temperature.

Answer: c) A fluid increasing in volume at constant temperature. According to the paragraph, during a
change of state, one or more of the state variables of the system change. An example given is increasing
the volume of a fluid while maintaining constant temperature.
118. What distinguishes a thermodynamic process from thermodynamic equilibrium?
a) A thermodynamic process involves changes in state variables.
b) Thermodynamic equilibrium involves changes in state variables.
c) A thermodynamic process involves maintaining constant pressure.
Answer: a) A thermodynamic process involves changes in state
119. What is an example of increasing the temperature of a fluid while maintaining constant pressure?
a) Boiling water in a pot.
b) Inflating a balloon.
c) Heating a gas in a sealed container.
Answer: a) Boiling water in a pot. According to the context, bringing a pot of water to boiling point is an
example of increasing the temperature of a fluid while maintaining constant pressure.
120. What is an example of increasing the pressure of a confined gas while maintaining constant
temperature?
a) Boiling water in a pot.
b) Inflating a balloon.
c) Heating a gas in a sealed container.
Answer: b) Inflating a balloon. According to the context, an example of increasing the pressure of a
confined gas while maintaining constant temperature is the gradual pumping up of a balloon.
121. What distinguishes these two examples from each other?
a) One involves heating and one involves cooling.
b) One involves changing volume and one involves changing pressure.
c) One involves changing temperature and one involves changing pressure while keeping another
variable constant.
Answer: c) One involves changing temperature and one involves changing pressure while keeping
another variable constant. According to the context, one example (boiling water in a pot) involves
increasing the temperature while maintaining constant pressure, while the other example (inflating a
balloon) involves increasing pressure while maintaining constant temperature.
122. What is a cyclic process?
a) A process in which a system undergoes changes in state.
b) A process in which a system maintains constant pressure.
c) A process in which a system maintains constant temperature.
d) A process in which a system undergoes changes in state and returns to its initial values.
Answer: d) A process in which a system undergoes changes in state and returns to its initial values.
According to the paragraph, when a system goes through various processes and finally returns to its
initial values, it has undergone a cyclic process.
123. What happens to the properties of a system at the conclusion of a cycle?
a) They remain constant.
b) They decrease.
c) They increase.
d) They change.
Answer: a) They remain constant. According to the paragraph, at the conclusion of a cycle, all the
properties have the same value they had at the beginning.
124. What is an example of a cyclic process?
a) Boiling water in an open container.
b) Heating up metal until it melts.
c) Boiling water in a covered container and allowing it to cool back down.
Answer: c) Boiling water in a covered container and allowing it to cool back down. According to the
paragraph, an example of a cyclic process is bringing water to its boiling point in a covered container,
observing steam, and then allowing it to cool back down so that it becomes water again.
125. What happens when water boils?
a) It turns into steam.
b) It turns into ice.
c) Its temperature decreases.
Answer: a) It turns into steam. According to the paragraph, when water boils, we observe steam.
126. What happens when steam is allowed to cool?
a) It turns into water.
b) It turns into ice.
c) Its temperature increases.
Answer: a) It turns into water. According to the paragraph, if steam is allowed to cool, it becomes water
again.
127. What distinguishes a cyclic process from other processes?
a) A cyclic process involves changes in state that return to initial values.
b) Other processes involve changes in state that do not return to initial values.
c) A cyclic process involves maintaining constant pressure.
Answer: a) A
128. What is a reversible process?
a) A process that can be reversed and leaves no change in the system or surroundings.
b) A process that cannot be reversed and leaves no change in the system or surroundings.
c) A process that can be reversed but leaves a change in the system or surroundings.
Answer: a) A process that can be reversed and leaves no change in the system or surroundings.
According to the paragraph, a reversible process for a thermodynamic system is defined as a process
that once having taken place, can be reversed, and in so doing leaves no change either in the system or
surroundings.
129. Why do we study reversible processes?
a) Because they represent an ideal of the most we can hope to achieve.
b) Because they are easy to understand.
c) Because they are common in nature.
Answer: a) Because they represent an ideal of the most we can hope to achieve. According to the
paragraph, we study reversible processes because they represent an ideal of the most we can hope to
achieve.
130. Are there truly reversible processes in reality?
a) Yes, there are many truly reversible processes.
b) No, there are no truly reversible processes.
c) It depends on the system being studied.

Answer: b) No, there are no truly reversible processes. According to the paragraph, in reality, there are
no truly reversible processes.
131. Is it possible to restore a system to its original state after a process has taken place?
a) Yes, it is always possible.
b) No, it is never possible.
c) It depends on the process and system being studied.
Answer: c) It depends on the process and system being studied. According to the paragraph, although it
may be possible to restore a system to its original state after a process has taken place, it may not be
possible for both the system and surroundings.
132. What distinguishes a reversible process from an irreversible one?
a) A reversible process can be reversed with no change in system or surroundings; an irreversible one
cannot be reversed without change in system or surroundings.
b) A reversible process cannot be reversed; an irreversible one can be reversed with no change in
system or surroundings.
c) A reversible process involves maintaining constant pressure; an irreversible one does not.
Answer: a) A reversible process can be reversed with no change in system or surroundings; an

irreversible one cannot be reversed without change in system or surroundings. According to the
paragraph, a reversible process is defined as a process that can be reversed and leaves no change in the
system or surroundings, while an irreversible one cannot be reversed without change in the system or
surroundings.
133. What is an example of a reversible process?
a) Boiling water in an open container.
b) Melting ice into water.

c) Compressing a gas quickly.
Answer: b
134. How can real processes be made to approximate reversible processes?
a) By carrying out the process in a series of small, or infinitesimal steps.
b) By carrying out the process in one large step.
c) By increasing the temperature difference between the system and its surroundings.
Answer: a) By carrying out the process in a series of small, or infinitesimal steps. According to the
paragraph, one way to make real processes approximate reversible processes is to carry out the process
in a series of small, or infinitesimal steps.
135. What is an example of a reversible heat transfer?
a) Transferring heat across a large temperature difference.
b) Transferring heat across a small temperature difference.
c) Transferring heat from hot water to cold air.
Answer: b) Transferring heat across a small temperature difference. According to the paragraph, heat
transfer may be considered reversible if it occurs due to small temperature difference in the system and
its surroundings.
136. What is an example of melting ice reversibly?
a) Putting ice in an open container at room temperature.
b) Putting ice in a metal box at room temperature.
c) Putting ice in boiling water.

Answer: b) Putting ice in a metal box at room temperature. According to the paragraph, an example of
melting ice reversibly is putting it in a 0 °C metal box and then infinitesimally raising or lowering its
temperature to make heat flow into or out of it.
137. What happens when we raise or lower the temperature of a metal box containing ice?
a) Heat flows into the ice and melts it.
b) Heat flows out of the water and freezes it.
c) The ice and water remain at the same temperature.
Answer: a) Heat flows into the ice and melts it. According to the paragraph, by infinitesimally raising or
lowering the temperature of a metal box containing ice, we can make heat flow into the ice to melt it.
138. What is the benefit of approximating real processes as reversible processes?
a) It allows us to achieve ideal results.
b) It is easier to do than real processes.
c) It is more common in nature.
Answer: a) It allows us to achieve ideal
139. What is the benefit of carrying out a process in a series of small, or infinitesimal steps?
a) It makes real processes approximate reversible processes.
b) It makes real processes irreversible.
c) It makes real processes faster.

Answer: a) It makes real processes approximate reversible processes. According to the paragraph, one
way to make real processes approximate reversible processes is to carry out the process in a series of
small, or infinitesimal steps.
140. What is an example of an irreversible heat transfer?
a) Transferring heat across a small temperature difference.
b) Transferring heat from hot water to cold air.
c) Transferring heat from cold water to hot air.
Answer: c) Transferring heat from cold water to hot air. According to the paragraph, an example of an
irreversible heat transfer is transferring heat across a large temperature difference, such as transferring
heat from cold water to hot air.
141. What is the difference between a reversible and an irreversible process?
a) A reversible process can be reversed with no change in system or surroundings; an irreversible one
b) A reversible process cannot be reversed; an irreversible one can be reversed with no change in
c) A reversible process involves maintaining constant pressure; an irreversible one does not.
Answer: a) A reversible process can be reversed with no change in system or surroundings; an

irreversible one cannot be reversed without change in system or surroundings. According to the
paragraph, a reversible process is defined as a process that can be reversed and leaves no change in the
system or surroundings, while an irreversible one cannot be reversed without change in the system or
surroundings.
142. Why is it difficult to achieve truly reversible processes?
a) Because they require large temperature differences.
b) Because they require large pressure differences.
c) Because they involve changes that are not infinitesimal.

Answer: c) Because they involve changes that are not infinitesimal. According to the paragraph, truly
reversible processes are difficult to achieve because they involve changes that are not infinitesimal.
143. What is an irreversible process?
a) A process that can return both the system and the surroundings to their original conditions.
b) A process that cannot return both the system and the surroundings to their original conditions.
c) A process that involves maintaining constant pressure.
Answer: b) A process that cannot return both the system and the surroundings to their original
conditions. According to the paragraph, an irreversible process is a process that cannot return both the
system and the surroundings to their original conditions.
144. What happens when a block of ice slides down an inclined plane?
a) It spontaneously moves up the incline plane of its own accord.
b) It remains stationary on the inclined plane.
c) It overcomes frictional force and slides down.
Answer: c) It overcomes frictional force and slides down. According to the paragraph, a block of ice can
slide down an inclined plane if it overcomes frictional force.
145. Can a block of ice spontaneously move up an inclined plane of its own accord?
a) Yes, it can.
b) No, it cannot.
c) It depends on how steep the incline is.

Answer: b) No, it cannot. According to the paragraph, a block of ice can slide down an inclined plane if it
overcomes frictional force, but it cannot spontaneously move up the incline plane of its own accord.
146. What happens when mechanical energy is converted by friction to heat as a block of ice slides
down an inclined plane?
a) The conversion is reversible.
b) The conversion is irreversible.
c) The block of ice stops sliding down due to loss of energy.
Answer: b) The conversion is irreversible. According to the paragraph, the conversion of mechanical
energy by friction to heat as a block of ice slides down an inclined plane is irreversible.
147. What distinguishes an irreversible process from a reversible one?
a) An irreversible process can be reversed with no change in system or surroundings; a reversible one
b) An irreversible process cannot be reversed; a reversible one can be reversed with no change in
c) An irreversible process involves maintaining constant pressure; a reversible one does not.
Answer: b
148. What is an example of an irreversible process?
a) A ball rolling down a hill.
b) A pendulum swinging back and forth.
c) Water evaporating from a lake.
Answer: a) A ball rolling down a hill. According to the paragraph, an example of an irreversible process is
the conversion of mechanical energy by friction to heat as a block of ice slides down an inclined plane.
149. Can an irreversible process be in thermal equilibrium?
a) Yes, it can.
b) No, it cannot.
c) It depends on the specific process.
Answer: b) No, it cannot. According to the paragraph, unlike reversible processes, an irreversible process
is not always in or very close to thermal equilibrium.
150. What is required for a reversible process to occur?
a) Large temperature differences between the system and its surroundings.
b) Small temperature differences between the system and its surroundings.
c) Constant pressure maintained throughout the process.
Answer: b) Small temperature differences between the system and its surroundings. According to
another paragraph in this PDF file (Page 19), one way to make real processes approximate reversible
processes is to carry out the process in a series of small, or infinitesimal steps. Heat transfer may be
considered reversible if it occurs due to small temperature difference in the system and its surroundings.
151. What happens when an irreversible process occurs?
a) The system and surroundings return to their original states if the process is reversed.
b) The system and surroundings do not return to their original states if the process is reversed.
c) The system remains unchanged but surroundings change irreversibly.
Answer: b) The system and surroundings do not return to their original states if the process is reversed.
According to the paragraph, an irreversible process is a process that cannot return both the system and
the surroundings to their original conditions.
152. What is an adiabatic process?

a) A process in which there is heat transfer into or out of the system.
b) A process in which there is no heat transfer into or out of the system.
c) A process that involves maintaining constant pressure.
Answer: b) A process in which there is no heat transfer into or out of the system. According to the
paragraph, an adiabatic process is one in which there is no heat transfer into or out of the system.
153. What can be said about a system undergoing an adiabatic process?
a) It can exchange heat with its surroundings.
b) It cannot exchange heat with its surroundings.
c) It maintains constant pressure throughout the process.
Answer: b) It cannot exchange heat with its surroundings. According to the paragraph, an adiabatic
process is one in which there is no heat transfer into or out of the system, so it cannot exchange heat
with its surroundings.
154. What does it mean for a system to be perfectly insulated during an adiabatic process?
a) The system has no insulation during the process.
b) The system has some insulation but not enough to prevent all heat transfer.
c) The system has enough insulation to prevent all heat transfer.
Answer: c) The system has enough insulation to prevent all heat transfer. According to the paragraph,
during an adiabatic process, the system can be considered to be perfectly insulated, meaning that it has
enough insulation to prevent all heat transfer.
155. Can an adiabatic process occur without any work being done on or by the system?
a) Yes, it can.
b) No, it cannot.
c) It depends on the specific process.
Answer: a) Yes, it can. The paragraph does not mention anything about work being done on or by the
system during an adiabatic process, so it is possible for an adiabatic process to occur without any work
being done on or by the system.
156. What is thermodynamics?
a) The field of physics that deals with relations between heat and mechanical energy or work.
b) The study of the properties of matter.
c) The study of the behavior of light.
Answer: a) The field of physics that deals with relations between heat and mechanical energy or work.
According to the paragraph, thermodynamics is the field of physics that deals with relations between
heat and mechanical energy or work.
157. What kind of systems does thermodynamics mainly deal with?
a) Systems in motion.
b) Systems in thermal equilibrium.
c) Systems at rest.
Answer: b) Systems in thermal equilibrium. According to the paragraph, thermodynamics deals mainly
on systems in thermodynamic equilibrium
a) A two-dimensional region of space consisting of a collection of matter.
b) A three-dimensional region of space consisting of a collection of matter bounded by one or more

surfaces.
c) A four-dimensional region of space consisting only of imaginary surfaces.
Answer: b) A three-dimensional region of space consisting of a collection of matter bounded by one or

more surfaces. According to the paragraph, a thermodynamic system is a three dimensional region of
space consisting of a collection of matter that is bounded by one or more surfaces.
159. What are state variables or thermodynamic coordinates?
a) Quantities whose values determine the state and properties of a system.
b) Quantities whose values determine only the state but not properties of a system.
c) Quantities whose values determine only properties but not state of a system.
Answer: a) Quantities whose values determine the state and properties of a system. According to the
paragraph, the properties of a system are quantities whose values determine the state of a system.
These properties are called state variables or thermodynamic coordinates.
160. What is the difference between real and imaginary surfaces in a thermodynamic system?
a) Real surfaces are physical boundaries of the system, while imaginary surfaces are not.
b) Imaginary surfaces are physical boundaries of the system, while real surfaces are not.
c) Real and imaginary surfaces have no difference in a thermodynamic system.
Answer: a) Real surfaces are physical boundaries of the system, while imaginary surfaces are not.
According to the paragraph, a thermodynamic system is a three-dimensional region of space consisting
of a collection of matter that is bounded by one or more surfaces. These surface may be real or
imaginary. They may be at rest or in motion.
161. What is meant by “thermodynamic equilibrium”?
a) A state where there is no heat transfer into or out of the system.

b) A state where all properties of the system remain constant over time.
c) A state where there is no change in temperature throughout the system.
Answer: b) A state where all properties of the system remain constant over time. According to the
paragraph, thermodynamics deals mainly on systems in thermodynamic equilibrium, which means that
all properties of the system remain constant over time.
162. What is an example of a state variable?
a) Temperature
b) Heat
c) Work
Answer: a) Temperature. According to the paragraph, state variables or thermodynamic coordinates are
quantities whose values determine the state and properties of a system. Examples include temperature,
pressure, volume, and internal energy.
163. What does it mean for two systems to be in thermal contact?
a) They have different temperatures and cannot exchange heat.
b) They have different temperatures but can exchange heat.
c) They have the same temperature and cannot exchange heat.
d) They have the same temperature and can exchange heat.
Answer: d) They have the same temperature and can exchange heat. The paragraph does not explicitly
mention thermal contact, but it does state that thermodynamics deals with relations between heat and
mechanical energy or work, which implies that systems can exchange heat. If two systems are in thermal
contact, they are in contact with each other and can exchange heat until they reach thermal equilibrium.
164. What are state variables?
a) Properties of a system that determine its state.

b) Properties of a system that determine its motion.
c) Properties of a system that determine its color.
Answer: a) Properties of a system that determine its state. According to the paragraph, macroscopic
properties that are used to describe the state of a system are called state variables.
165. What are some examples of state variables?
a) Pressure, volume, temperature, and density.
b) Mass, velocity, acceleration, and force.
c) Color, texture, shape, and size.
Answer: a) Pressure, volume, temperature, and density. According to the paragraph, macroscopic
properties that are used to describe the state of a system include pressure, volume, temperature and
density.
166. When is a system in thermodynamic equilibrium?
a) When its state variables change spontaneously with time.
b) When its state variables do not change spontaneously with time.
c) When it is in motion.
Answer: b) When its state variables do not change spontaneously with time. According to the paragraph,
a system is in thermodynamic equilibrium when its state variables do not change spontaneously with
time.
167. What does it mean for two systems to be in thermal equilibrium?
a) They have different temperatures and cannot exchange heat.
b) They have different temperatures but can exchange heat until they reach thermal equilibrium.
c) They have the same temperature and cannot exchange heat.
d) They have the same temperature and can exchange heat until they reach thermal equilibrium.
Answer: d) They have the same temperature and can exchange heat until they reach thermal
equilibrium. The paragraph does not explicitly mention thermal equilibrium between two systems but
implies that if a system is characterized by equal temperature throughout the entire system, it is in
thermal equilibrium. Two systems can be in thermal equilibrium if they have the same temperature and
can exchange heat until they reach thermal equilibrium.
170. What is thermal equilibrium?
a) A state where a system’s state variables change spontaneously with time.
b) A state where a system’s state variables do not change spontaneously with time.
c) A state where a system is in motion.
Answer: b) A state where a system’s state variables do not change spontaneously with time. The
paragraph states that if a system is left by itself, it tends towards thermal equilibrium, which implies that
thermal equilibrium is a state where a system’s state variables do not change spontaneously with time.
171. What happens to a system that is left by itself?
a) It remains in its initial state forever.
b) It tends towards thermal equilibrium.
c) It becomes more disordered over time.
Answer: b) It tends towards thermal equilibrium. The paragraph states that if a system is left by itself, it
tends towards thermal equilibrium.
172. What happens to a system that is not in thermal equilibrium?
a) Its temperature remains constant over time.
b) Its temperature changes spontaneously over time.

c) Its pressure remains constant over time.
Answer: b) Its temperature changes spontaneously over time. The paragraph states that most times, a
system may not be in a state of thermal equilibrium, which implies that its temperature changes
spontaneously over time until it reaches thermal equilibrium.
173. What is relaxation time?
a) The time required for a system in thermal equilibrium to change spontaneously with time.
b) The time required for a system in non-equilibrium state to come to thermal equilibrium.
c) The time required for a system to reach its maximum temperature.
Answer: b) The time required for a system in non-equilibrium state to come to thermal equilibrium.
According to the paragraph, relaxation time is the time required for a system in non-equilibrium state to
come to thermal equilibrium.
174. Does relaxation time vary from case to case?
a) Yes, it varies as the case varies.
b) No, it is always constant.
c) It depends on the size of the system.
Answer: a) Yes, it varies as the case varies. According to the paragraph, relaxation time varies as the case
varies.
175. What is meant by “non-equilibrium state”?
a) A state where all properties of a system remain constant over time.
b) A state where a system’s state variables change spontaneously with time.
c) A state where a system is not at rest.

Answer: b) A state where a system’s state variables change spontaneously with time. According to the
paragraph, relaxation time is the time required for a system in non-equilibrium state (i.e., where its state
variables change spontaneously with time) to come to thermal equilibrium.
176. What is thermal contact?
a) A state where two systems have different temperatures and cannot exchange heat.
b) A state where two systems have different temperatures but can exchange heat.
c) A state where two systems have the same temperature and cannot exchange heat.
d) A state where two systems have the same temperature and can exchange heat.
Answer: d) A state where two systems have the same temperature and can exchange heat. According to
the paragraph, if two thermodynamic systems are capable of exchanging thermal energy by conduction
or electromagnetic radiation, and they undergo thermal exchange, then they are said to be in thermal
contact.
177. What happens when two systems in thermal contact undergo thermal exchange?
a) Their states of equilibrium are disrupted.
b) Their states of equilibrium remain unchanged.
c) They become more ordered over time.
Answer: a) Their states of equilibrium are disrupted. According to the paragraph, given that the
thermodynamic equilibrium of a system can be changed to another state only at the detriments of
effects on other system, such exchange of thermal energy will usually disrupt the states of equilibrium of
both systems.
178. What is the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics?
a) The principle that if two thermodynamic systems are in thermal contact and do not undergo
spontaneous change in their respective equilibria, then they are in mutual thermal equilibrium with
each other.
b) The principle that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to
another.
c) The principle that entropy always increases over time in an isolated system.
d) None the above..
Answer: a) The principle that if two thermodynamic systems are in thermal contact and do not undergo
spontaneous change in their respective equilibria, then they are in mutual thermal equilibrium with
each other. According to the paragraph, this principle of mutual thermal equilibrium constitutes a most
fundamental law of thermodynamics called Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics.
179. What are the two ways in which thermodynamic systems can exchange thermal energy?
a) Conduction and radiation.
b) Convection and absorption.
c) Radiation and absorption.
d) Conduction and convection.
Answer: a) Conduction and radiation. According to the paragraph, two thermodynamic systems are
capable of exchanging thermal energy either by conduction or electromagnetic radiation (emission and
absorption).
180. What is meant by “electromagnetic radiation”?
a) The transfer of heat through a fluid or gas.
b) The transfer of heat through direct contact between two objects.
c) The transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves such as light or infrared radiation.
Answer: c) The transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves such as light or infrared radiation.
According to the paragraph, thermodynamic systems can exchange thermal energy either by conduction
or electromagnetic radiation (emission and absorption), which refers to the transfer of heat through
electromagnetic waves such as light or infrared radiation.
181. What is the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics?

a) The law that states that if two systems are in thermal contact and do not undergo spontaneous
change in their respective equilibria, then they are in mutual thermal equilibrium with each other.
b) The law that states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to
another.
c) The law that states that entropy always increases over time in an isolated system.
Answer: a) The law that states that if two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system
independently, then they are in mutual thermal equilibrium with each other. According to the
paragraph, this principle of mutual thermal equilibrium constitutes a most fundamental law of
thermodynamics called Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics.
182. Why is the Zeroth Law important to experimental thermodynamics?
a) It enables us to define temperature by introducing the concept of thermometer.
b) It enables us to measure temperature of various systems in a reproducible manner.
c) Both a and b.
Answer: c) Both a and b. According to the paragraph, the Zeroth Law is of fundamental importance to
experimental thermodynamics because it enables us to define temperature by introducing the concept
of thermometer and to measure temperature of various systems in a reproducible manner.

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PHY 206: Thermal Physics

1. What are the two main parts of Thermal Physics?

a) Thermodynamics and Quantum Mechanics

b) Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics

c) Quantum Mechanics and Statistical Mechanics

d) Thermodynamics and Electromagnetism

2. What is the main goal of Thermal Physics?

a) To provide understanding of temperature dependence or thermal property of a microscopic

b) To provide understanding of temperature dependence or thermal property of a macroscopic

c) To provide understanding of electrical properties of matter.

d) To provide understanding of magnetic properties of matter.

3. What is a thermodynamic system?

6. What is the main goal of Thermodynamics?

a) To provide understanding of temperature dependence or thermal property of a microscopic

b) To provide understanding of temperature dependence or thermal property of a macroscopic

c) To provide understanding of electrical properties of matter.

d) To provide understanding of magnetic properties of matter.

7. What is a thermodynamic equilibrium?

8. What is Statistical Mechanics?

b) A process that involves energy transfer within a system only.

c) A process that involves changes in volume only.

d) A process that involves changes in pressure only.

10. What is an example of a macroscopic thermodynamic quantity?

a) The number of atoms in a molecule

b) The mass of an electron

c) The volume of a system

d) The charge on an ion

11. What is the definition of Thermodynamics?

12. What is the definition of a thermodynamic system?

13. What does Statistical Mechanics study?

a) How microscopic particles behave in bulk matter using statistical methods.

b) How macroscopic particles behave in bulk matter using statistical methods.

c) Relations between heat and mechanical energy or work.

14. What does Thermodynamics mainly deal with?

a) Systems in thermodynamic equilibrium

c) Systems at constant temperature only

d) Systems at constant pressure only

15. What are the two parts of Thermal Physics?

a) Quantum Mechanics and Statistical Mechanics

b) Thermodynamics and Electromagnetism

c) Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics

d) Quantum Mechanics and Electromagnetism

16. What are the two parts of Thermal Physics?

a) Thermodynamics and Quantum Mechanics

c) Quantum Mechanics and Statistical Mechanics

d) Thermodynamics and Electromagnetism

17. What is the main goal of Thermal Physics?

a) To provide understanding of temperature dependence or thermal property of a microscopic

b) To provide understanding of temperature dependence or thermal property of a macroscopic

c) To provide understanding of electrical properties of matter.

d) To provide understanding of magnetic properties of matter.

18. What is a macroscopic thermodynamic quantity?

a) A quantity that can only be measured using microscopic methods.

b) A quantity that can only be measured using macroscopic methods.

d) A quantity that cannot be measured at all.

19. What is Thermodynamics?

20. What is a thermodynamic system?

21. What is a state function?

22. What is an example of an extensive property?