Outline

• Review various AC circuits

• AC circuit analysis
• Thevenin theorem
MKT 210
• Power computation in AC circuits
Tahrik Sistemleri • Power generation
• 3 phase systems
AC Devrelere Giriş
iriş • ∆ - Y connection in 3 phase systems
• 3 Phase loads

Ders – 3

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AC Resistive Circuits AC Resistive Circuits

• First, concentrate on a purely resistive circuit: Example:

Resistor attribute: ( )
Consider a purely resistive circuit. If R=5Ω, and iR = 12sin ω t −18 A
Current is directly proportional to voltage (Proofed determine VR and draw the waveform.
by Ohm’s Law)

V V sin ω t Vm Solution:
iR = R = m = sin ω t = I m sin ω t
R R R VR = RI R = 5 x12 sin (ω t − 18) = 60 sin (ω t − 18)V
• It is noticed that there are no phase different. That’s why voltage an current
are in phase.

v and i waveforms and phasor diagrams of resistive circuits

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 AC Inductive Circuits AC Inductive Circuits
• Concentrate on a purely inductive circuit:

Ideal Inductor attribute:

VL is proportional to the rate
of change of current

v and i waveforms and phasor diagram of an inductive circuit

di L d
VL = L = L (I m sin ωt ) = ωLI m cos ωt
dt dt
= Vm cos ω t Vm
= 2π f L = XL
Im

Since, ω = 2 π f and cos x = sin (x + 900) “Inductive reactance”

Unit is Ω
VL = Vm sin (ω t + 90)
I L = I m sin ω t
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AC Inductive Circuits AC Capacitive Circuits

Example: • Concentrate on a purely capacitive circuit:
Consider a purely inductive circuit. The voltage across a 0.2H inductance is
Ideal Capacitor attribute:
VL = 100sin (400t + 70) V
iC is proportional to the rate of change of voltage
Determine iL and sketch it.

ω = 400 rad/s X L = ωL = 400 × 0.2 = 80Ω

V 100
Im = m = = 1.25 A dVc d
X L 80 ic = C = C (Vm sin ωt ) = ωCVm cos ωt
The current lags voltage by 900, therefore I L = 1.25sin (400t − 20)A dt dt
= I m cos ω t
Vm 1
= = Xc
Since, ω = 2 π f and cos x = sin (x + 900) Im 2 π f C
VC = Vm sin ω t “Capacitive reactance”
iC = I m sin (ω t + 900 ) Unit is Ω

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 AC Capacitive Circuits AC Capacitive Circuits
Example
Consider a purely capacitive circuit. The current through a 0.1µF capacitor
iC = 5sin (1000t +120) mA
Determine vC and sketch it.
1 1
ω = 1000 rad/s XC = = = 10kΩ
v and i waveforms and phasor diagram of a capacitive circuit ωC 1000 × 0.1µ
Vm = I m X C = (5m)(10k ) = 50V
The voltage lags current by 900, therefore vC = 50sin (1000t + 30)V

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RL, RC and RLC Circuits RL, RC and RLC Circuits

Apply KVL Apply KVL

V = VR + VL V = VR + VC
VC = IX C VR = IR
VL = IX L VR = IR

Phasor diagram: V = VR 2 + VL 2 Phasor diagram: V = VR 2 + VC 2

I (Reference) VR
V = ( I R 2 R2 + I L2 X L 2 ) = ( I R 2 R 2 + IC 2 X C 2 )
VL
2 2
= I (R + X L ) VC = I (R2 + X C 2 )
I (Reference) VR = IZ V = IZ
Z
Impedance
Z
Impedance
Impedance triangle
XL V VC R
φ = tan −1 φ = tan −1 L φ = tan −1 φ = cos −1
R VR VR Z

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 RL, RC and RLC Circuits RL, RC and RLC Circuits

Apply KVL Example:

VR = IR
V = VR + VL + VC A circuit having a resistance of 12Ω, an inductance of 0.15H and a
2 capacitance of 100µF in series, is connected across a 100V, 50 Hz
VL = IX L V = VR + (VL − VC )2 supply. Calculate
a) the impedance;
VC = IX C
b) the current;
c) the voltages across R, L and C;
Phasor diagram:
V [Z] d) the phase different between the current and the supply voltage
VL-VC I (Reference)
[XL-XC] VC-VL
I (Reference)
VR [R] [XC-XL] Answers:
If VC>VL or if a) 19.439Ω;
If VL>VC or if XC>XL V [Z] b) 5.1443A;
XL>XC
c) VR=61.7316V, VL=242.4195V VC=163.7482V ;
Z = R + j( X L − X C ) d) 51.880
Z = R 2 + ( X L − X C )2
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RL, RC and RLC Circuits RL, RC and RLC Circuits

Example: First, draw the circuit:

Three branches, possessing a resistance of 50Ω, an inductance of 0.15H and a
capacitance of 100µF respectively, are connected in parallel across a 100V max,
50 Hz
supply. Calculate:
a) the current in each branch;
b) the supply current; 100V,
c) the phase angle between the supply current and the supply voltage 50 Hz
100µF
50Ω 0.15H

X L = 2 π f L = 2 π (50)(0.15) = 47.12Ω
Solution for AC series-parallel can be done by 2 methods: 1 1
XC = = = 31.83Ω
•Phasor method 2 π f C 2 π (50 )(100µ )
•Complex number method
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 RL, RC and RLC Circuits RL, RC and RLC Circuits
• The current in each branch; Since it is parallel, we know that Voltage same b) the supply current;
at each branch. Therefore, V is taken as reference
Z = R + j (XL – XC) Apply KCL, I S = I1 + I 2 + I 3
Phasor Method: Complex Number Method:
Phasor Method: Complex Number Method:
V 100
IR = = = 2A V 100 100∠0 0 IT I3-I2= I T = I1 + I 2 + I 3
R 50 I branch1 = = = = 2∠0 0 A
Z1 50 + j 0 50∠0 0 3.14-
I & V in phase in R.
2.12 = = 2∠00 + 2.12∠ − 900 + 3.14∠900
I R = 2∠00 A V 1.02A
V 100 100∠0 0
I1 = 2A = 2 + ( − j 2.12) + ( +3.14 j )
V 100 I branch 2 = = =
IL = = = 2.12 A Z 2 0 + j 47.12 47.12∠90 0
X L 47.12 IT = (2) + (1.02)2
2
= 2.25 A = 2 + j1.02
= 2.12∠ − 90 0 A
I lags V by 900
I L = 2.12∠ − 90 0 A  1.02  IT = 2.25∠27.02 A
V 100 100∠0 0 θ = tan −1   = 27.02
0

V 100 I branch 3 = = =  2 
IC = = = 3.14 A Z 3 0 − j 31.83 31.83∠ − 900
X C 31.83 = 3.14∠90 0 A IT = 2.25∠ 27.02 A
I leas V by 900
0
I C = 3.14∠90 A
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RL, RC and RLC Circuits RL, RC and RLC Circuits

Another method is to find the input impedance Zin: Example:
A circuit having a resistance of 12Ω, an inductance of 0.15H and a
capacitance of 100µF in series, is connected across a 100V, 50 Hz
Zin = R // jX L // − jX C supply. Calculate
a) the impedance;
 1 1 1 
Zin = 1 /  + −  b) the current;
 50 j 47. 12 j 31.83  c) the voltages across R, L and C;
d) the phase different between the current and the supply voltage

Zin Zin = 44.55∠ − 27.01

V 12Ω
IT = = 2.24∠27.01 A Z = 19.44∠51 .87 0 Ω
Zin 100V, 50 Hz
0.15H I = 5.14∠00 A
100µF 51.87

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 Thevenin’s Theorem Applied to AC Circuits Thevenin’s and Norton Theorems
• Any circuit with sources (dependent • Any circuit with sources (dependent
A linear circuit containing any number of sources and elements
and/or independent) and resistors can be and/or independent) and resistors can be
(viewed from two terminals) can be replaced by an equivalent voltage replaced by an equivalent circuit replaced by an equivalent circuit
source (VT) and in series with an equivalent impedance (ZT). Here, VT containing a single voltage source and a containing a single current source and a
is the open circuit voltage. single resistor parallel single resistor
• Thevenin’s theorem implies that we can • Norton’s theorem implies that we can
replace arbitrarily complicated networks replace arbitrarily complicated networks
In this circuit, maximum power is transferred when the load impedance is with simple networks for purposes of with simple networks for purposes of
equal to the Thevenin impedance. analysis analysis like in the case of Thevenin

ZT
RTh

_ Voc
+ Isc
_ VT RTh
_ –

Circuit with Thevenin Circuit with Norton

independent equivalent independent equivalent
sources circuit sources circuit

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Thevenin’s Theorem Thevenin’s Theorem

• Circuits with independent sources: Example: Determine the Thevenin equivalent circuit
of the given circuit across the terminals.
– Find Voc and/or Isc
– Compute RTh (= Voc / Isc)
• Circuits without independent sources:
– Apply a test voltage (current) source
– Find resulting current (voltage)
RTh=24 ohms
– Compute RTh (= Vtest / Itest)

1. Remove the load from the circuit.

Open circuit voltage
2. Set all sources in the circuit to zero.
Vab is;  28V 
3. Determine the Thévenin equivalent resistance. IL =   = 0.7 A
Vab= 20 V - 24Ωx2A
4. Replace the sources, and determine the open-circuit voltage between the terminals.  24Ω + 16Ω 
= -28V
The resulting open-circuit voltage will be the value of the Thévenin voltage, ETh.

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 Power Computation Power Computation

• In DC circuits, the equation for power, P = VI Watts. We can draw a power diagram by plotting P along the real axis and Q
along the imaginary axis in the complex plane. Here, θ is the power
• In AC circuits, this power is referred to as real power or active power. factor angle.
• P is the power that does useful work- light a lamp, power heater, turn Complex (apparent) power
an electric motor, etc.
• Reactive power – Energy that first delivered to the load and then it is S = P + jQ
returned to the source and so on.
• Reactive power occurred when there are reactance elements in the Active power Reactive power
AC circuit- QL, QC
• Both active & reactive power involve if there is R & L , R & C, or R,L&C in the
circuit
• This will lead to Apparent Power (S), power being supplied to the load and Units:
defined as • Complex (apparent) power [VA]
• Active power [W]
S=VI (VA) • Reactive power [Var]

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Power Computation – Power Triangle AC Power Conclusion

Purely resistive case •P – Active power, real power or average power. (Unit : Watt) P = VI cos θ
•Q – Reactive power. QL or QC. (Unit: VAR) Q = VI sin θ
Z=R V=IR S=P
X=0 Q=0
•S – Apparent power. (Unit: VA) S = VI

Resistive + inductive case

Z • V & I in rms value
jXL
IZ S
jIXL jQL • θ is the angle between V and I
θ
R θ θ
IR P The complex power, S= P + j (QL – QC)
Resistive + capacitive case
R IR P
θ θ θ
jXC jQC
ZI S
Z

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 Power Factor Power Computation - Example
Power factor used to describe how much of its apparent power is Example: Lighting = 10kW
actually real power. Motor load = 15kW (cosθ=0.8)
Power Factor, pf = cos θ = P/S = cos (difference angle between V and I)
Total active power: P=25kW
Reactive power: Q=Pmotortan37 = 11.3kVar
Pf can be categorized into:
•Unity Total app. Power: S = P+jQ=25+j11.3 kVA
•Lagging θ= 24.3o = 27.43 < 24.3o kVA

•leading S 27.43 kVA

Io = = = 114 .3 A Io = 114.3 ∠ − 24.3 A
E 240 V Inductive load!
To tell it is pf leading or lagging, we’ll see the I with respect to V. θ =37
V = E + Io Zt
If I is lagging V, the pf is lagging. P=15kW

If I is leading V, the pf is leading. V = 240∠0 + 114.3∠ − 24.3 x ( 0.02 + 0.5 j ) = 270.5∠10.9 V

Example
pf = 0.85 lagging Using phasor diagram :

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Power Generation

Why AC is required? Whereas we already have DC

• DC cannot be transmitted as economically as AC transmission
MKT 210 systems
• AC can be step-up and down
Tahrik Sistemleri
• Nowadays, many electrical appliances are using AC system

3 Fazlı
Fazlı Sistemlere Giriş
Giriş

Ders – 3

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 Power Generation Poly-phase or 3-Phase Systems
Examples: power transmission and electric motors

Hydro
Tidal
How to turn the
coils?

Most electric motors are

Generation and distribution of in 3-phase motors
Wind 3-phase system
Geothermal
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Power Generation – Electrical Generators Poly-phase or 3-Phase Systems

Why 3-phase systems?
• much more efficiency motors and generators
• can transmit much more power with the same amount of copper weight
• instantaneous power does not pulsate

Think about a set of coils 120 degree apart from each other

120o a
c’ b’

b c
a’

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 Poly-phase or 3-Phase Systems 3 Phase Systems

Y - Connected 3-Phase Source ∆ - Connected 3-Phase Source

a R
E 0o
i = I m cos( ωt + θ )
L
E m cos( ωt ) a’

b R
E 120o i = I m cos( ωt + θ + 120 )
L
E m cos( ωt + 120 ) b’

c • Can be visualized as single phase sources

R
E -120o i = I m cos( ωt + θ − 120 ) • Amplitude of each voltage is the same
L • Each voltage source is 120 degree apart
E m cos( ωt − 120 ) c’

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3 Phase Systems 3 Phase Systems

Voltage waveforms Line-to-line voltages Phase and line voltages of Y-
connected source
_ _ _
Vab = Van −Vbn = 3 V ∠30 = Vl ∠30
_ _ _
Vbc = Vbn −Vcn = 3 V ∠ − 90 = Vl ∠ − 90
_ _ _
Vca = Vcn −Van = 3 V ∠150 = Vl ∠150
Time domain Phasor form
_
van (t ) = V cos(ωt ) Van = V∠0 Vl = 3V or Vl = 3Vφ
_
vbn (t ) = V cos(ωt − 120) Vbn = V ∠ − 120
In a Y-connected 3-phase balanced system, the
_
vcn (t ) = V cos(ωt + 120) Vcn = V ∠ + 120 magnitude of the line voltage is 3 times the
phase voltage
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 3 Phase Systems 3 Phase Systems

For a ∆ - Connected 3-Phase Source: Summary:

• Line and phase voltages are the same and equal to Y - Connected 3-Phase Source ∆ - Connected 3-Phase Source
_
Vab = V ∠0 Vl = Vφ
_ Vl = 3V or Vl = 3Vφ
Vbc = V ∠ − 120
_
Vca = V ∠120 Il = I φ Il = 3I or Il = 3Iφ
• Algebraic sum of the voltages are equal to zero (Kirchoff’s Law)
_ _ _
• In a Y-connected 3-phase • In a ∆ -connected 3-phase balanced
Vab + Vbc + Vca = 0 balanced system, the magnitude system, the magnitude of the line
_ of the line voltage is 3 times current is 3 times the phase current
• Line currents are Assumed Iba = I ∠φ the phase voltage and lags the phase voltage by 30
_ _ _
degrees
Ia = Iba − Ica = 3 Iba ∠ − 30 = 3 I ∠( φ − 30 )
_
∆ –Y Transformation:
Ib = 3 I ∠( φ − 150)
_
Ic = 3 I ∠( φ + 90 ) Phase impedances: Z∆ = 3ZY
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3 Phase Systems – Load and Power 3 Phase Systems – Load and Power

3-Phase Loads 3-Phase power is equal to 3 times the single phase power. That is;

P3φ = 3P1φ
P3φ = 3VφIφ cos θ

P3φ = 3 VL IL cos θ for both Y or ∆ connected systems

Example:
Vφ 380/ 3 220
i an + i bn + icn = 0 Vab + Vbc + Vca = 0 c IL = Iφ = = = = 7.76∠ − 45 A
a Z Z Z 20+ 20j 28.28∠45

From the Kirchoff’s current and voltage law, the sum of 380 V
currents in Y and voltages in ∆ are equal to zero!
P3φ = 3VφIφ cosθ
Z=20+20j
P3φ = 3 x 220x 7.76 x cos45= 3621W
b

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