Year 4

(Entry into Year 5)

25 Hour Revision Course
Mathematics
Section 1 – Geometry
4 hours

~2~
Shape Properties
Any two-dimensional shape made up of straight lines is called a polygon. Although circles and
ovals are shapes, they have curved lines, and are therefore not polygons. Polygons can be regular or
irregular. Regular polygons are shapes that have equal angles and equal lengths for all sides. Irregular
polygons can have different lengths and angles, but the total sum of the angles is the same as for regular
polygons.

Some examples of polygons include Triangles, Squares, and Pentagons, although there are others with
more sides.

To find the total sum of the interior angles in a polygon, you can do so using the following formula.

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠 = (𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 − 2) 𝑋 180

For example, with a Triangle

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠 = (3 − 2) 𝑋 180 = 180°

Therefore, the total sum of the interior angles in a Triangle is 180°. For a regular triangle, the size of
each angle would be

180°
= 60°
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 (3)

For exterior angles of polygons, the total sum of the angles is 360°. To find the individual exterior
angle of regular polygons, you need to do the following sum;

360°
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠

For the regular 5-sided polygon (Pentagon) below.

~3~
 360°
= 72°
5

The external angle of a regular Pentagon is 72°.

~4~
Using the Information above, please fill in the rest of the table below.

Number of Name of Total Sum of Size of Total Sum of Size of

Sides Shape Angles Interior angle Exterior Exterior
of a regular Angles Angle of a
polygon regular
polygon

3 Triangle 180° 60° 360°

4 360°

5 360°

6 360°

7 360°

~5~
Perimeter
Perimeter is the distance around a two-dimensional shape, and possibly better described as the
length of all of the sides added together. In circles, it is known as the circumference.

For example:

With this rectangle, the length is 6cm and the width is 3cm. In this shape, there are two lengths, and
two widths, so the sum we are trying to work out is;

(2 𝑋 6) + (2 𝑋 3) = 12 + 6 = 18

For each of the shapes below, please find the perimeter.

For each of the shapes below, please find the perimeter. Also write the name of the shape
next to the shape.

(Drawings are not to scale.)

~6~
~7~
~8~
Area
To work out the area of squares and rectangles (4-sided polygons), we multiply the length and
the width together.

For example;

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ × 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 9 𝑋 4 = 36𝑐𝑚2

When working out areas, you need to pay attention to the units that you put after your answer. The
unit above is square centimetres (written as 𝑐𝑚2 ). If the lengths of the sides are metres, then the area
would be in square metres (𝑚2 )

Work out the area of the quadrilaterals below. Some come with a diagram, others will just
give the dimensions.

~9~
~10~
5m × 3m

10cm × 9cm

4cm × 8cm

6cm × 6cm

7m × 7m

To work out the area of triangles (3-sided polygons), we multiply the base and the height together, and
then we divide by 2. The formula looks like this;

1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠 = × 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 × 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
2

For example;

In this example, the base of the triangle is 3cm, and the height is 4cm. Therefore, the area of the
Triangle will be as follows;

1 1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑠 = × 3𝑐𝑚 × 4𝑐𝑚 = × 12 = 6𝑐𝑚2
2 2

~11~
Work out the area of the Triangles below. Some come with a diagram, others will just give
the dimensions.

~12~
Base: 5cm Height: 6cm

Base: 2cm Height: 12cm

Base: 5cm Height: 4cm

Base: 8cm Height: 8cm

Base: 10cm Height: 5cm

~13~
Section 2 – Order of Operations
2 hours

~14~
Order of Operations
‘Operations’ are the parts of sums that indicate the actions taking place in the sum. Examples
of operations include adding, subtracting, multiplying, or dividing. Sometimes we are presented with a
sum that is confusing in its layout. For example;

4+3×2+4

Fortunately, there is an order that we can use to help us to solve this problem.

B Brackets

O Order

D Division

M Multiplication

A Addition

S Subtraction

By using the BODMAS order, we can make sure that we solve all difficult questions correctly. The
DMAS are areas that we have already covered, but Brackets and Order may require further explanation.
Brackets are operations or numbers within brackets, like this (6+2). These are always done first. Order,
or Indices as they are sometimes known, refer to powers of numbers, such as 𝑥 2 or 𝑥 3 .

Here are some worked examples of BODMAS at work.

4+3×2

=4+6

= 10

5 × (3-1) ÷ 2

= (5 × 4) ÷ 2

= 10

3 × 22 - 3

= (3 × 4) – 3

=9

~15~
Work out the answer to the sums below. Please pay attention to the Order of Operations.

20 ÷ 4 +17 × 6

14 ÷ 7 - 5 × 5

20 ÷ 4 - 3 + 6

7 - 4 × 12 ÷ 2

12 ÷ 6 × 2 +13

8÷4×6+2

10 ÷ 2 + 6 × 12

~16~
8 + 8 - 24 ÷ 12

17 - 11 × 18 ÷ 2

4 + 7 × 11 – 3

(42 - 2 ) ÷ 8 - 32

( 4 × 7 - 52 ) – 4

(34 - 6 ) ÷ 7 - 22

3 × (12 - 3 ) + 52

~17~
( 8 × 9 + 32 ) - 7

~18~
Section 3 – Multiplication
1 hours

~19~
Multiplication
Work out the answer to the Long Multiplication sums below.

Th H T U
9 3
× 1 2

Th H T U
8 5
× 1 5

Th H T U
5 4
× 2 9

~20~
 Th H T U
7 3
× 1 8

Th H T U
4 1
× 3 3

Th H T U
1 4 4
× 2 7

Th H T U
2 2 3
× 2 0

~21~
 Th H T U
4 1 0
× 4 2

Th H T U
5 8 3
× 6 5

Th H T U
8 6 3
× 4 8

~22~
Section 4 – Division
1 hours

~23~
Division
Please work out the following sums using Division (whether Long Division or otherwise).

6 5 4

4 5 2

3 7 8

5 7 7

6 9 3

8 1 0 6

2 8 8 4 0

~24~
3 6 6 8 4

2 0 9 8 0

2 8 7 8 4

~25~
Section 5 – Negative Numbers
2 hours

~26~
Negative Numbers
In some questions, we will often be presented with negative numbers to deal with. Here are
some tips to remember.

Addition

8 + 3 = 11

8 + -3 = 5

Subtraction

8-3=5

8 – (-3) = 8

Multiplication

8 × 3 = 24

8 × (-3) = -24

(-8) × 3 = -24

(-8) × (-3) = 24

Division

8÷4=2

8 ÷ (-4) = -2

(-8) ÷ 4 = -2

(-8) ÷ (-4) = 2

~27~
Work out the answers to the questions involving negative numbers below.

8 + (-6) =

-6 + 9 =

10 + (-7) =

6 + (-5) =

-2 + 5 =

11 - 4 =

9 – (-3) =

5 – (-4) =

12 – (-6) =

-8 - 7 =

8 × (-3) =

(-12) × (-2) =

5 × (-7) =

(-9) × (-4) =

6 × (-3) =

9 ÷ (-3) =

(-16) ÷ 4 =

(-20) ÷ (-5) =

21 ÷ (-7) =

(-24) ÷ (-8) =

~28~
Section 6 – Fractions
7 hours

~29~
Mixed Numbers
Mixed Numbers are fractions that contain both integers (whole numbers) and fractions. They
look something like this;

1
3
2

Mixed numbers often come from Improper fractions (also known as top-heavy fractions). Learning
how to convert improper fractions into mixed numbers is extremely important.

To convert Mixed numbers into Improper fractions

In order to convert mixed numbers into improper fractions, we multiply the integer by the
denominator of the fraction. Once we have done that, and received our answer, we add in the
numerator of the fraction to get our improper numerator.

For example;

1 (3 × 2) + 1 7
3 = =
2 2 2

To convert Improper fractions into Mixed numbers

To convert improper fractions into mixed numbers, we divide the top-heavy numerator by the
denominator of the fraction. This gives us the integer value, and the remainder is the numerator value
for the fraction section. The denominator of the fraction is as before.

For example;

9
= 9 ÷ 4 = 2 𝑟1
4
1
=2
4

~30~
Convert these Mixed numbers into Improper fractions.

1
4
2

1
2
3

1
2
5

3
5
4

2
6
3

1
10
2

3
5
7

5
4
6

7
3
8

7
1
12

~31~
Convert these Improper fractions into Mixed Numbers.

13
4

16
5

7
3

9
5

16
6

15
9

65
8

44
7

27
11

25
12

~32~
Adding and Subtracting Mixed Numbers
To add and subtract mixed numbers, first you must convert the numbers into improper
fractions. Once you have done that, you can add or subtract the fractions as normal. If the
denominators are the same, you simply add or subtract the numerators. If the denominators are
different, then you need to make them the same by finding the Lowest Common Multiple and finding
the equivalent fractions for each part of the equation. Once the denominators are the same, add or
subtract as necessary. Your answer may be an improper fraction; if it is, then follow the steps required
to turn it into a mixed number. You should not give answers as improper fractions, and answers should
be in their simplest form, where possible.

For example;

1 1 (2 × 5) + 1 (3 × 3) + 1 11 10 33 50 83 8
2 +3 = + = + = + = =5
5 3 5 3 5 3 15 15 15 15

Please solve these additions using Mixed Numbers.

1 2
4 +6 =
2 5

1 2
3 +7 =
2 3

1 2
4 +6 =
2 5

1 2
6 +4 =
2 5

5 3
2 +3 =
10 5

1 1
3 +4 =
4 3

~33~
 1 9
1 +8 =
2 10

3 1
3 +5 =
2 3

2 2
6 +4 =
3 6

1 6
5 +8 =
5 10

Please solve these subtractions using Mixed Numbers.

1 2
9 −1 =
2 10

8 2
6 −3 =
10 3

2 1
8 −3 =
4 10

3 5
6 −3 =
4 8

6 1
8 −1 =
10 5

8 2
7 −3 =
10 3

4 12
9 −1 =
5 15
~34~
 5 3
8 −3 =
12 4

3 1
5 −1 =
5 10

3 1
7 −2 =
4 3

~35~
Multiplying and Dividing Mixed Numbers
To multiply and divide mixed numbers, first you must convert them to improper fractions.
Once this is done, you multiply or divide as you would a normal fraction, cross-cancelling if you are
able to. To finish, turn the answer from an improper fraction to a mixed number (if applicable).

For example;

1 1 (2 × 5) + 1 (3 × 3) + 1 11 102 22 1
2 × 3 = 𝑋 = × = =7
5 3 5 3 51 3 3 3

Please solve these multiplications using Mixed Numbers.

1 9
2 × 3 =
2 10

2 4
2 × 4 =
3 5

1 2
2 × 3 =
2 3

1 1
3 × 4 =
5 2

9 4
2 × 3 =
10 5

1 1
4 × 4 =
2 3

2 1
3 × 2 =
5 3

~36~
 1 1
4 × 3 =
4 3

1 2
3 × 3 =
3 5

1 2
4 × 3 =
2 3

Please solve these divisions using Mixed Numbers.

1 1
2 ÷ 2 =
5 4

3 2
3 ÷ 2 =
5 3

1 1
4 ÷ 2 =
2 5

3 4
2 ÷ 3 =
4 5

3 3
5 ÷ 1 =
8 4

1 1
5 ÷ 3 =
2 5

4 4
3 ÷ 3 =
6 6

1 9
3 ÷ 2 =
3 10
~37~
 3 1
5 ÷ 2 =
5 5

2 4
3 ÷ 3 =
3 5

~38~
Section 7 – Factors
2 hours

~39~
Prime Factorization
Factorization is finding which numbers multiply together to get a number. Prime Factorization
is about finding which Prime numbers multiply together to make a number. It is particularly useful to
do, as it have help us to find the Highest Common Factor.

To work out the Prime Factors of a number, you divide it by the lowest possible prime numbers
repeatedly, until you reach 1. When you reach 1, make a note of the factors, and write them as below.
For example, for the number 42;

2 42
3 21
7 7
1

The prime factors of 42 are 2 × 3 × 7.

Another example, 60;

2 60
2 30
3 15
5 5
1

The prime factors of 60 are 22 × 3 × 5.

~40~
List the Prime Factors of each of the following numbers

12

40

65

72

80

95

110

38

56

~41~
Section 8 – Ratios
3 hours

~42~
Ratios
Ratios explain how much of there is of one thing compared to another thing. They are useful
in everyday life as they can help with things such as getting the right proportions for recipes, but they
are also extensively used in Maths, for things such as working out equivalent fractions of for separating
objects into groups according to a prescribed proportion.

For example;

What is the ratio of Oranges to Apples?

There are 4 Oranges and 3 Apples, so the ratio is 4:3.

What are the ratios of the objects below?

~43~
~44~
To find out whether the following fractions are equivalent, divide one fraction by another. The
numerator and denominator should be the same number of times larger or smaller.

For example;

2 10
𝑎𝑛𝑑 are equivalent. 10 ÷ 2 is 5, and 25 ÷ 5 is also 5.
5 25

3 16
4
𝑎𝑛𝑑 20
are not equivalent. 16 ÷ 3 is 5.33333, and 20 ÷ 4 is 5. These numbers are different, so they
are not equivalent.

Work out whether the following fractions are equivalent.

2 12
𝑎𝑛𝑑
4 20

3 15
𝑎𝑛𝑑
4 20

5 30
𝑎𝑛𝑑
6 36

~45~
1 8
𝑎𝑛𝑑
2 14

1 25
𝑎𝑛𝑑
2 50

1 3
𝑎𝑛𝑑
4 12

1 15
𝑎𝑛𝑑
4 50

7 40
𝑎𝑛𝑑
8 35

4 20
𝑎𝑛𝑑
7 35

9 36
𝑎𝑛𝑑
10 45

Using your knowledge of equivalent ratios, find the unknown value

5 𝑎
=
14 42

3 12
=
4 𝑏

𝑐 6
=
2 12

5 20
=
𝑑 24

~46~
3 𝑒
=
5 30

9 36
=
11 𝑓

𝑔 42
=
7 49

63 9
=
ℎ 10

4 𝑖
=
7 21

3 9
=
7 𝑗

~47~
Ratio Problems using words
Sometimes we are not always given pictorial evidence to help us build ratios, sometimes we
only have words. When tackling the examples below, please put them in their simplest form. To do
this, divide both sides of the ratio by the Highest Common Factor (HCF)

Using your knowledge of ratios, identify the ratio in its simplest form

12 beetles out of 66 insects

4 points out of 28 points

10 cheeses to 25 cheeses

6 inches to 12 inches

28 cakes out of 56 cakes

15 footballs to 18 footballs

18 rainy days out of 54 days

4 feet out of 14 feet

30 snowy days out of 33 days

42 metres to 77 metres

4 miles out of 20 miles

54 blue cars out of 72 cars

21 red bikes out of 84 bikes

8 swans out of 22 swans

18 pints to 20 pints

35 pounds to 60 pounds

15 kilos to 21 kilos

4 litres to 40 litres

42 cups to 56 cups

20 hours to 50 hours

~48~
Section 9 – Probability
2 hours

~49~
Probability

Probability in Maths involves estimating how likely (or probable) it is that something will
happen. Probability can be used to predict a range of daily events, from simple actions such as tossing
a coin, to whether it’s likely to snow today.

Estimating Probability

Probability is often used in daily life. In our conversations, we often evaluate the probability
of events happening.

e.g. Is it going to rain today?

- No, it’s unlikely…

As estimates, we can use 7 basic statements to evaluate probability;

 Certain
 Very Likely
 Likely
 Even
 Unlikely
 Very Unlikely
 Impossible

Using these statements, evaluate the probability of the following points;

 That it will rain today

 That more people speak English than Swahili
 That pigs can fly
 That I will eat dinner today

As will become apparent, there are some questions which allow for subjective interpretation. Each
person will have their own view and assessment of the probability. In other cases, there is no doubt –
the answer is fixed.

~50~
Which of these points is subjective?

 That car is good

 That car is white

Basic Probability

Although estimates for probability are useful, their subjectivity makes life tricky. If different
people have different views, which causes problems (see the rain example above…)

Mathematicians, and people in general, prefer certainty. Certain events can be accurately mapped and
are definite. Their probability ranges from 0 (impossible) to 1 (certain).

Probability can be expressed as a fraction, decimal, or percentage

Events of Equal Probability

Events of equal probability refer to areas where each value should be as likely as another. Examples of
this involve tossing a coin, or rolling a dice

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛 ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑛

𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

For example

1 (𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 ′ 𝑠 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑜𝑛𝑒 2 𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑒)

𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎 2 =
6 (6 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑒

3 (2,4,6) 1
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = 6
= 2

~51~
Please answer the following questions on probability

Fill in the boxes to show the probabilities of different actions when flipping a coin

Probability
Heads
Tails

Fill in the boxes to show the probabilities of different actions when rolling a dice

Probability
1
2
3
4
5
6

 What is the probability of rolling an odd number?

 What is the probability of rolling a 2 or a 4?

 What is the probability of rolling 1, 3, 5, or 6?

~52~
Section 10 – Volume
1 hours

~53~
Volume
Earlier in the booklet, we explained Perimeter and Area. These are measurements used within
two-dimensional shapes. Volume helps us to measure the amount of space that a substance or object
occupies in the third-dimension.

For cuboids, volume is identified as length × width × height. For example;

In this shape, the volume would be 8cm × 5cm × 3cm = 120cm3. Please note that the unit is cubed

Work out the volume of the following cuboids

Length: 4cm Width: 3cm Height: 5cm

Length: 6cm Width: 2cm Height: 5cm

Length: 3cm Width: 7cm Height: 4cm

Length: 2cm Width: 5cm Height: 3cm

~54~
Length: 4cm Width: 4cm Height: 4cm

Length: 6cm Width: 6cm Height: 6cm

Length: 10cm Width: 5cm Height: 8cm

Length: 1cm Width: 3cm Height: 6cm

Length: 2.5cm Width: 5cm Height: 7cm

Length: 9cm Width: 2cm Height: 5cm

~55~