CHAPTER 13: MEASUREMENTS

Knowing how to calculate the surface area and volume of an object can be useful in
many contexts, particularly when we need to know how much a task is going to cost or
how much material is needed to create an object. Some examples of this are calculating
the surface area of a container, to help us work out the cost of the material, or
calculating the volume of a dam, so we know how much water the dam can hold.

This chapter examines the surface areas and volumes of three dimensional objects,
otherwise known as solids. In order to work with these objects, you need to know how to
calculate the surface area and perimeter of two dimensional shapes.

A tennis court. The position of each of the lines is

carefully calculated to ensure that the area of the rectangles is the same anywhere in the world.
To revise how to calculate the area and perimeter of squares and rectangles you can
watch the video below.

Video: 2GRM

13.1 Area of a polygon (EMA7K)

Area
Area is the two dimensional space inside the boundary of a flat object. It is
measured in square units.
The acre and the hectare are two common measurements used for the area of land.
One hectare is about 0,010,01 square kilometres and one acre is
about 0,0040,004 square kilometres.

Name Shape Formula

Square
area (A)=s2area (A)=s2

Rectangle
area (A)=b×harea (A)=b×h

Triangle
area (A)=12b×harea (A)=12b×h

Trapezium
area (A)=12(a+b)×harea (A)=12(a+b)×h

Parallelogram
area (A)=b×harea (A)=b×h

Circle
area (A)=πr2area (A)=πr2 (circumference=2

The video below shows some examples of calculations involving the area of a circle.
Video: 2GRN
WORKED EXAMPLE 1: FINDING THE AREA OF A POLYGON

Find the area of the following parallelogram:

Find the height BEBE

AB2∴BE2∴BE=BE2+AE2 (Pythagoras)=AB2−AE2=52−32=16=4 mmAB2=BE2+A
E2 (Pythagoras)∴BE2=AB2−AE2=52−32=16∴BE=4 mm
Find the area using the formula for a parallelogram

area=b×h=AD×BE=7×4=28 mm2area=b×h=AD×BE=7×4=28 mm2

The following Phet simulation allows you to build different shapes and calculate the area
and perimeter for the shapes: Phet: area builder.

EXERCISE 13.1
Find the area of each of the polygons below:

A=12b×h=12(10)(5)=25 cm2A=12b×h=12(10)(5)=25 cm2

Show Answer
 A=b×h=(10)(5)=50 cm2A=b×h=(10)(5)=50 cm2
Show Answer

The radius is half the diameter, therefore the radius is 55 cmcm.

A=πr2=π(5)2=78,5398...≈78,54 cm2A=πr2=π(5)2=78,5398...≈78,54 cm2
Show Answer

We first need to work out the height using the theorem of Pythagoras:

h2∴h=52−32=16=4 cmh2=52−32=16∴h=4 cm
Now we can calculate the area:
 A=b×h=(10)(4)=40 cm2A=b×h=(10)(4)=40 cm2
Show Answer

We first need to work out the height using the theorem of Pythagoras:

h2∴h=102−82=36=6 cmh2=102−82=36∴h=6 cm
Now we can calculate the area:

A=12b×h=12(6)(20)=60 cm2A=12b×h=12(6)(20)=60 cm2

Show Answer

We first need to construct the vertical (or perpendicular) height. For an isosceles
triangle if we construct the perpendicular height between the two equal sides then this
line will bisect the third side.

Now we can calculate the height using the theorem of Pythagoras:

 h2∴h=52−32=16=4 cmh2=52−32=16∴h=4 cm
Now we can calculate the area:

A=12b×h=12(6)(4)=12 cm2A=12b×h=12(6)(4)=12 cm2

Show Answer

We first construct the vertical (perpendicular) height. For an equilateral triangle the
perpendicular height will bisect the third side.

Now we can calculate the height using the theorem of Pythagoras:

h2∴h=102−52=75=75−−√ cmh2=102−52=75∴h=75 cm
Now we can calculate the area:

AAA=12base×height=12(10)(75−−√)=43,30 cm2A=12base×heightA=12(10)(75)A=43
,30 cm2
Show Answer
We first find the height using the theorem of Pythagoras:

h2h=152−92=144=12h2=152−92=144h=12
Now we can calculate the area:

AA=12(a+b)h=12(16+(21+9))(12)=12(46)(12)=276 cm2A=12(a+b)h=12(16+(21+9))
(12)=12(46)(12)A=276 cm2
Show Answer
Find an expression for the area of this figure in terms of zz and ππ. The circle has a
radius of −3z−2−3z−2. Write your answer in expanded form (not factorised).

A=πr2=π(−3z−2)2=9πz2+12πz+4πA=πr2=π(−3z−2)2=9πz2+12πz+4π
Show Answer
Find an expression for the area of this figure in terms of zz and hh. The height of the
figure is hh, and two sides are labelled as −3z−2−3z−2 and −z−z. Write your answer in
expanded form (not factorised).
 A=h2(a+b)=h2((−3z−2)+(−z))=−2hz−hA=h2(a+b)=h2((−3z−2)+(−z))=−2hz−h
Show Answer
Find an expression for the area of this figure in terms of xx and ππ. The circle has a
radius of x+4x+4. Write your answer in expanded form (not factorised).

A=πr2=π(x+4)2=πx2+8πx+16πA=πr2=π(x+4)2=πx2+8πx+16π
Show Answer
Find an expression for the area of this figure in terms of xx and hh. The height of the
figure is hh, and two sides are labelled as x+4x+4 and −3x−3x. Write your answer in
expanded form (not factorised).

A=h2(a+b)=h2((x+4)+(−3x))=−hx+2hA=h2(a+b)=h2((x+4)+(−3x))=−hx+2h
Show Answer

13.2 Right prisms and cylinders (EMA7M)

Right prism
A right prism is a geometric solid that has a polygon as its base and vertical
faces perpendicular to the base. The base and top surface are the same shape
and size. It is called a “right” prism because the angles between the base and
faces are right angles.

A triangular prism has a triangle as its base, a rectangular prism has a rectangle as its
base, and a cube is a rectangular prism with all its sides of equal length. A cylinder has
a circle as its base. Examples of right prisms and a cylinder are given below: a
rectangular prism, a cube and a triangular prism.
Surface area of prisms and cylinders (EMA7N)
Surface area
Surface area is the total area of the exposed or outer surfaces of a prism.

This is easier to understand if we imagine the prism to be a cardboard box that we can
unfold. A solid that is unfolded like this is called a net. When a prism is unfolded into a
net, we can clearly see each of its faces. In order to calculate the surface area of the
prism, we can then simply calculate the area of each face, and add them all together.
For example, when a triangular prism is unfolded into a net, we can see that it has two
faces that are triangles and three faces that are rectangles. To calculate the surface
area of the prism, we find the area of each triangle and each rectangle, and add them
together.

In the case of a cylinder the top and bottom faces are circles and the curved surface
flattens into a rectangle with a length that is equal to the circumference of the circular
base. To calculate the surface area we therefore find the area of the two circles and the
rectangle and add them together.

Below are examples of right prisms and a cylinder that have been unfolded into nets:

Rectangular prism

Rectangular prism

A rectangular prism unfolded into a net is made up of six rectangles.

Cube
Cube
A cube unfolded into a net is made up of six identical squares.

Triangular prism

Triangular prism

A triangular prism unfolded into a net is made up of two triangles and three rectangles.
The sum of the lengths of the rectangles is equal to the perimeter of the triangles.

Cylinder
Cylinder

A cylinder unfolded into a net is made up of two identical circles and a rectangle with a
length equal to the circumference of the circles.
This video explains how we can unfold solids into nets.

Video: 2GS2
WORKED EXAMPLE 2: FINDING THE SURFACE AREA OF A RECTANGULAR
PRISM

Find the surface area of the following rectangular prism:

Sketch and label the net of the prism

Find the areas of the different shapes in the net

large rectangle2×small rectangle=perimeter of small

rectangle×length=(2+5+2+5)×10=14×10=140 cm2=2(5×2)=2(10)=20 cm2large
 rectangle=perimeter of small rectangle×length=(2+5+2+5)×10=14×10=140 cm22×small
rectangle=2(5×2)=2(10)=20 cm2
Find the sum of the areas of the faces

large rectangle+2×small rectangle=140+20=160large rectangle+2×small

rectangle=140+20=160
Write the final answer

The surface area of the rectangular prism is 160160 cm2cm2.

WORKED EXAMPLE 3: FINDING THE SURFACE AREA OF A TRIANGULAR
PRISM

Find the surface area of the following triangular prism:

Sketch and label the net of the prism

Find the area of the different shapes in the net

To find the area of the rectangle, we need to calculate its length, which is equal to the
perimeter of the triangles.

To find the perimeter of the triangle, we have to first find the length of its sides using the
theorem of Pythagoras:

Find the sum of the areas of the faces

surface area=area large rectangle+(2×area of

triangle)=216+2(12)=240 cm2surface area=area large rectangle+(2×area of
triangle)=216+2(12)=240 cm2
Write the final answer

The surface area of the triangular prism is 240240 cm2cm2.

WORKED EXAMPLE 4: FINDING THE SURFACE AREA OF A CYLINDER

Find the surface area of the following cylinder (correct to 1 decimal place):

Sketch and label the net of the cylinder

Find the area of the different shapes in the net

area of large rectanglearea of circle=circumference of

circle×length=2πr×l=2π(10)×30=1 884,9555... cm2=πr2=π(10)2=314,1592... cm2
area of large rectangle=circumference of circle×length=2πr×l=2π(10)×30=1 884,9555... cm2area
of circle=πr2=π(10)2=314,1592... cm2
surface area=area large rectangle+(2×area of
circle)=1 884,9555...+2(314,1592...)=2 513,3 cm2surface area=area large
rectangle+(2×area of circle)=1 884,9555...+2(314,1592...)=2 513,3 cm2
Write the final answer

The surface area of the cylinder is 2 513,32 513,3 cm2cm2.

EXERCISE 13.2
Calculate the surface area of the following prisms:
 Area of large rectangleArea of 2× small rectangleArea of large
rectangle+2×(small rectangle)=perimeter of small
rectangle×length=(10+7+10+7)×6=34×6=204 cm2=2(7×10)=2(70)=140 cm2=20
4+140=344 cm2Area of large rectangle=perimeter of small
rectangle×length=(10+7+10+7)×6=34×6=204 cm2Area of 2× small
rectangle=2(7×10)=2(70)=140 cm2Area of large rectangle+2×(small
rectangle)=204+140=344 cm2
Show Answer

There are three different sized rectangles that make up the sides of this triangular
prism. We need to find the area of each one of them. All of the rectangles have a height
of 11 but each rectangle has a different base.

area of 2× trianglearea of rectangle 1area of rectangle 2area of rectangle

3Atriangular
prism=2(12b×h)=(32−−√)(7)=39,5979...=b×h=(7)(11)=77=b×h=(9)(11)=99=b×h
 =(32−−√)(11)=62,2253...=39,5979...+77+99+62,2253...=277,82 cm2area
of 2× triangle=2(12b×h)=(32)(7)=39,5979...area of rectangle 1=b×h=(7)(11)=77area of rectangle
2=b×h=(9)(11)=99area of rectangle 3=b×h=(32)(11)=62,2253...Atriangular
prism=39,5979...+77+99+62,2253...=277,82 cm2
Show Answer

Area of large rectangleArea of circleSurface area=circumference of

circle×length=2π×r×l=2π×(2)×5=20π=πr2=π(2)2=4π=area large
rectangle+2(area of circle)=20π+2(4π)=28π≈87,96 cm2Area of large
rectangle=circumference of circle×length=2π×r×l=2π×(2)×5=20πArea of
circle=πr2=π(2)2=4πSurface area=area large rectangle+2(area of
circle)=20π+2(4π)=28π≈87,96 cm2
Show Answer

Area of large rectangleArea of circleSurface area=circumference of

circle×length=2π×r×l=2π×(5)×10=100π=πr2=π(5)2=25π=area large
rectangle+2(area of circle)=100π+2(25π)=150π≈471,24 cm2Area of large
rectangle=circumference of circle×length=2π×r×l=2π×(5)×10=100πArea of
circle=πr2=π(5)2=25πSurface area=area large rectangle+2(area of
circle)=100π+2(25π)=150π≈471,24 cm2
Show Answer
There are 4 rectangles and 2 squares that make up this rectangular prism. The square
has a side length of 5. The rectangles have a base of 5 and a height of 11.

Arectangular prism=4×area rectangle+2×area

square=4(b×h)+2(s2)=4(11×5)+2(52)=4(55)+2(25)=270Arectangular prism=4×area
rectangle+2×area square=4(b×h)+2(s2)=4(11×5)+2(52)=4(55)+2(25)=270
Show Answer

We first need to find the missing side of the triangle. We can do this using the theorem
of Pythagoras.

x2x2x=52+(102)2=52+52=25+25=50−−√x2=52+(102)2x2=52+52=25+25x=50
Now we can find the area of the triangular prism:

perimeter of trianglearea of large rectanglearea of trianglesurface

area=10+50−−√+50−−√=24,1421...=perimeter of
triangle×length=24,1421...×20=482,8427...=12b×h=12×5×10=25=area large
rectangle+2(area of triangle)=482,8427...+2(25)=532,84 cm2perimeter of
triangle=10+50+50=24,1421...area of large rectangle=perimeter of
triangle×length=24,1421...×20=482,8427...area of triangle=12b×h=12×5×10=25surface
area=area large rectangle+2(area of triangle)=482,8427...+2(25)=532,84 cm2
Show Answer
If a litre of paint covers an area of 22 m2m2, how much paint does a painter need to
cover:
a rectangular swimming pool with dimensions 4 m×3 m×2,5 m4 m×3 m×2,5 m (the
inside walls and floor only);
We need to find the surface area of the pool. In this case we have a rectangular prism
but with one rectangle missing (which would be the top of the pool).

surface area=area of bottom of pool+2(area of long sides)+2(area of short

sides)=(4×3)+2(4×2,5)+2(3×2,5)=12+20+15=47 m2surface area=area of bottom of
pool+2(area of long sides)+2(area of short sides)=(4×3)+2(4×2,5)+2(3×2,5)=12+20+15=47 m2

The painter needs one litre of paint for every 22 m2m2 of area. So we must divide the
surface area by 2 to find the total amount of paint needed. Therefore, the painter will
need 472=24 l472=24 l of paint (rounded up to the nearest litre).
Show Answer
the inside walls and floor of a circular reservoir with diameter 44 mm and
height 2,52,5 mm.

We need to find the surface area of the reservoir. In this case we have a cylinder but
with one circle missing (which would be the top of the reservoir).
We are given the diameter of the reservoir. The radius is half the diameter and
so r=2 mr=2 m.
surface area=area of bottom of reservoir+area of inside of
reservoir=(πr2)+(circumference of base×height of
reservoir)=(π(2)2)+(2(π)(2)×2,5)=14π≈44 m2surface area=area of bottom of
reservoir+area of inside of reservoir=(πr2)+(circumference of base×height of
reservoir)=(π(2)2)+(2(π)(2)×2,5)=14π≈44 m2

The painter needs one litre of paint for every 22 m2m2 of area. So we must divide the
surface area by 2 to find the total amount of paint needed. Therefore, the painter will
need 442=22 l442=22 l of paint (rounded up to the nearest litre).
Show Answer

Volume of prisms and cylinders (EMA7P)

Volume
Volume is the three dimensional space occupied by an object, or the contents of
an object. It is measured in cubic units.

The volume of right prisms and cylinders is simply calculated by multiplying the area of
the base of the solid by the height of the solid.

The video below shows several examples of calculating the volume of a right prism.

Video: 2GSB

Rectangular Volume=area of base×height=area of

prism rectangle×height=l×b×hVolume=area of bas
rectangle×height=l×b×h
Triangular Volume=area of base×height=area of
prism triangle×height=(12b×h)×HVolume=area of
triangle×height=(12b×h)×H

Volume=area of base×height=area of
Cylinder
circle×height=πr2×hVolume=area of base×he
circle×height=πr2×h

WORKED EXAMPLE 5: FINDING THE VOLUME OF A CUBE

Find the volume of the following cube:

Find the area of the base

area of square=s2=32=9 cm2area of square=s2=32=9 cm2

Multiply the area of the base by the height of the solid to find the volume
 volume=area of base×height=9×3=27 cm3volume=area of base×height=9×3=27 cm3
Write the final answer

The volume of the cube is 2727 cm3cm3.

WORKED EXAMPLE 6: FINDING THE VOLUME OF A TRIANGULAR PRISM

Find the volume of the triangular prism:

Find the area of the base

area of triangle=12b×h=(12×8)×10=40 cm2area of triangle=12b×h=(12×8)×10=40 cm2

Multiply the area of the base by the height of the solid to find the volume

volume=area of base×height=12b×h×H=40×20=800 cm3volume=area of

base×height=12b×h×H=40×20=800 cm3
Write the final answer

The volume of the triangular prism is 800800 cm3cm3.

WORKED EXAMPLE 7: FINDING THE VOLUME OF A CYLINDER

Find the volume of the following cylinder (correct to 1 decimal place):

Find the area of the base

area of circle=πr2=π(4)2=16π cm2area of circle=πr2=π(4)2=16π cm2

Multiply the area of the base by the height of the solid to find the volume

volume=area of base×height=πr2×h=16π×15≈754,0 cm3volume=area of

base×height=πr2×h=16π×15≈754,0 cm3
Write the final answer

The volume of the cylinder is 754,0754,0 cm3cm3.

EXERCISE 13.3
Calculate the volumes of the following prisms (correct to 11 decimal place):
 V=l×b×h=6×7×10=420 cm3V=l×b×h=6×7×10=420 cm3
Show Answer

V=12×b×h×H=12×10×5×20=500 cm3V=12×b×h×H=12×10×5×20=500 cm3

Show Answer

V=πr2h=π(5)2(10)=250π≈785,4 cm3V=πr2h=π(5)2(10)=250π≈785,4 cm3

Show Answer
The figure here is a triangular prism. The height of the prism is 77 units; the triangles,
which both contain right angles, have sides which are 22, 21−−√21 and 55 units long.
Calculate the volume of the figure. Round to two decimal places if necessary.
 V=area of
base×height=[12b△h△](H)=[12(2)(21−−√)](7)=(21−−√)(7)≈32,06V=area of
base×height=[12b△h△](H)=[12(2)(21)](7)=(21)(7)≈32,06
Show Answer
The figure here is a rectangular prism. The height of the prism is 1212 units; the other
dimensions of the prism are 1111 and 88 units. Find the volume of the figure.

Vrectangular prism=area of base×height=(bh)(H)=(8×11)(12)=1 056Vrectangular

prism=area of base×height=(bh)(H)=(8×11)(12)=1 056
Show Answer
The picture below shows a cylinder. The height of the cylinder is 1111 units; the radius
of the cylinder is r=4r=4 units. Determine the volume of the figure. Round your answer
to two decimal places.

Vcylinder=(area of
circle)(H)=[πr2](H)=[π(4)2](11)=[16π](11)=176π≈552,92Vcylinder=(area of
circle)(H)=[πr2](H)=[π(4)2](11)=[16π](11)=176π≈552,92
Show Answer

13.3 Right pyramids, right cones and spheres (EMA7Q)

Pyramid
A pyramid is a geometric solid that has a polygon as its base and faces that
converge at a point called the apex. In other words the faces
are not perpendicular to the base.

The triangular pyramid and square pyramid take their names from the shape of their
base. We call a pyramid a “right pyramid” if the line between the apex and the centre of
the base is perpendicular to the base. Cones are similar to pyramids except that their
bases are circles instead of polygons. Spheres are solids that are perfectly round and
look the same from any direction.

Examples of a square pyramid, a triangular pyramid, a cone and a sphere:

Surface area of pyramids, cones and spheres (EMA7R)

Square Surface area=area of base +area of triangular

pyramid sides=b2+4(12bhs)=b(b+2hs)Surface area=area of b
sides=b2+4(12bhs)=b(b+2hs)
Triangular Surface area=area of base +area of triangular
pyramid sides=(12b×hb)+3(12b×hs)=12b(hb+3hs)Surface ar
triangular sides=(12b×hb)+3(12b×hs)=12b(hb+3hs)

Surface area=area of base +area of

Right cone
walls=πr2+12×2πrh=πr(r+h)Surface area=area of ba
walls=πr2+12×2πrh=πr(r+h)

Sphere
Surface area=4πr2Surface area=4πr2

WORKED EXAMPLE 8: FINDING THE SURFACE AREA OF A TRIANGULAR

PYRAMID

Find the surface area of the following triangular pyramid (correct to one decimal place):
Find the area of the base

area of base triangle=12bhbarea of base triangle=12bhb

To find the height of the base triangle (hb)(hb) we use the theorem of Pythagoras:

Find the area of the sides

area of sides=3(12×b×hs)=3(12×6×10)=90 cm2area of

sides=3(12×b×hs)=3(12×6×10)=90 cm2
Find the sum of the areas
 93√+90=105,6 cm293+90=105,6 cm2
Write the final answer

The surface area of the triangular pyramid is 105,6105,6 cm2cm2.

WORKED EXAMPLE 9: FINDING THE SURFACE AREA OF A CONE

Find the surface area of the following cone (correct to 1 decimal place):

Find the area of the base

area of base circle=πr2=π×42=16πarea of base circle=πr2=π×42=16π

Find the area of the walls

area of sides=πrharea of sides=πrh

To find the slant height, hh, we use the theorem of Pythagoras:
Find the sum of the areas

total surface area=16π+8π53−−√=233,2 cm2total surface area=16π+8π53=233,2 cm2

Write the final answer

The surface area of the cone is 233,2233,2 cm2cm2.

WORKED EXAMPLE 10: FINDING THE SURFACE AREA OF A SPHERE

Find the surface area of the following sphere (correct to 1 decimal place):

surface area of sphere=4πr2=4π(5)2=100π=314,2 cm2surface area of

sphere=4πr2=4π(5)2=100π=314,2 cm2
WORKED EXAMPLE 11: EXAMINING THE SURFACE AREA OF A CONE
If a cone has a height of hh and a base of radius rr, show that the surface area is:
πr2+πrr2+h2−−−−−−√πr2+πrr2+h2
Sketch and label the cone

Identify the faces that make up the cone

The cone has two faces: the base and the walls. The base is a circle of radius rr and the
walls can be opened out to a sector of a circle:

This curved surface can be cut into many thin triangles with height close
to aa (where aa is the slant height). The area of these triangles or sectors can be
summed as follows:
Area of sector=12×base×height (of a small triangle)=12×2πr×a=πraArea of
sector=12×base×height (of a small triangle)=12×2πr×a=πra

Calculate aa
aa can be calculated using the theorem of Pythagoras:
a=r2+h2−−−−−−√a=r2+h2
Calculate the area of the circular base ( AbAb)
Ab=πr2Ab=πr2
Calculate the area of the curved walls ( AwAw)
 Aw=πra=πrr2+h2−−−−−−√Aw=πra=πrr2+h2
Find the sum of the areas AA
A=Ab+Aw=πr2+πrr2+h2−−−−−−√=πr(r+r2+h2−−−−−−√)A=Ab+Aw=πr2+πrr2+h2=πr
(r+r2+h2)

EXERCISE 13.4
Find the total surface area of the following objects (correct to 1 decimal place if
necessary):

Surface area=area of base+area of walls=πr(r+hs)=π(5)(5+13)≈282,7cm2Surface

area=area of base+area of walls=πr(r+hs)=π(5)(5+13)≈282,7cm2
Show Answer
We first need to find hbhb by constructing the vertical (perpendicular) height and using
the theorem of Pythagoras:
(hb)2hb=(b)2−(b2)2=62−(62)2=36−9=27=27−−√ cm(hb)2=(b)2−(b2)2=62−(62)2=36−9
=27hb=27 cm

Now we can find the surface area:

surface area=area of base+area of triangular

sides=12b(hb+3hs)=12(6)(27−−√+10)≈45,6 cm2surface area=area of base+area of
triangular sides=12b(hb+3hs)=12(6)(27+10)≈45,6 cm2
Show Answer
 surface area=area of base+area of triangular
sides=b(b+2hs)=6(6+2(12))=180 cm2surface area=area of base+area of triangular
sides=b(b+2hs)=6(6+2(12))=180 cm2
Show Answer

surface area=4πr2=4π(10)2≈1 256,6 cm2surface area=4πr2=4π(10)2≈1 256,6 cm2

Show Answer
The figure here is a cone. The vertical height of the cone is H=9,16H=9,16 units and
the slant height of the cone is h=10h=10units; the radius of the cone is
shown, r=4r=4 units. Calculate the surface area of the figure. Round your answer to two
decimal places.

Acone=πr(r+h)=π(4)(4+10)=56π=175,9291...Acone=πr(r+h)=π(4)(4+10)=56π=175,9291
...

Therefore the surface area for the cone is 175,93175,93 square units.
Show Answer
The figure here is a sphere. The radius of the sphere is r=8r=8 units. Calculate the
surface area of the figure. Round your answer to two decimal places.

Asphere=4πr2=4π(8)2=256π=804,2477...Asphere=4πr2=4π(8)2=256π=804,2477...
Therefore the surface area is 804,25804,25 square units.
Show Answer
The figure here shows a pyramid with a square base. The sides of the base are
each 77 units long. The vertical height of the pyramid is 9,369,36 units, and the slant
height of the pyramid is 1010 units. Determine the surface area of the pyramid.
 Asquare pyramid=b(b+2hs)=(7)(7+2(10))=189Asquare
pyramid=b(b+2hs)=(7)(7+2(10))=189

The surface area for the pyramid is 189189 square units.

Show Answer

Volume of pyramids, cones and spheres (EMA7S)

Square
Volume=13×area of base×height of
pyramid
pyramid=13×b2×HVolume=13×area of base×heigh

Triangular Volume=13×area of base×height of

pyramid pyramid=13×12bh×HVolume=13×area of base×he
pyramid=13×12bh×H
Right cone Volume=13×area of base×height of cone=13×
of base×height of cone=13×πr2×H

Sphere
Volume=43πr3Volume=43πr3

This video gives an example of calculating the volume of a sphere.

Video: 2GST
WORKED EXAMPLE 12: FINDING THE VOLUME OF A SQUARE PYRAMID

Find the volume of a square pyramid with a height of 3 cm and a side length of 2 cm.

Sketch and label the pyramid

Select the correct formula and substitute the given values

V=13×b2×HV=13×b2×H
We are given b=2b=2 and H=3H=3, therefore
V=13×22×3=13×12=4 cm3V=13×22×3=13×12=4 cm3
Write the final answer

The volume of the square pyramid is 44 cm3cm3.

WORKED EXAMPLE 13: FINDING THE VOLUME OF A TRIANGULAR PYRAMID

Find the volume of the following triangular pyramid (correct to 1 decimal place):
Sketch the base triangle and calculate its area
The height of the base triangle ( hbhb) is:
82∴hb=42+h2b=82−42−−−−−−√=43√ cm82=42+hb2∴hb=82−42=43 cm
The area of the base triangle is:

area of base triangle=12b×hb=12×8×43√=163√ cm2 area of base

triangle=12b×hb=12×8×43=163 cm2

Sketch the side triangle and calculate pyramid height HH

Calculate the volume of the pyramid

V=13×12bhb×H=13×163√×130−−−√=105,3 cm3V=13×12bhb×H=13×163×130=105,3
cm3
Write the final answer

The volume of the triangular pyramid is 105,3105,3 cm3cm3.

WORKED EXAMPLE 14: FINDING THE VOLUME OF A CONE

Find the volume of the following cone (correct to 11 decimal place):

Find the area of the base

area of circle=πr2=π×32=9π cm2area of circle=πr2=π×32=9π cm2

Calculate the volume

V=13×πr2×H=13×9π×11=103,7 cm3V=13×πr2×H=13×9π×11=103,7 cm3

Write the final answer

The volume of the cone is 103,7103,7 cm3cm3.

WORKED EXAMPLE 15: FINDING THE VOLUME OF A SPHERE

Find the volume of the following sphere (correct to 1 decimal place):

Use the formula to find the volume

volume=43πr3=43π(4)3=268,1 cm3volume=43πr3=43π(4)3=268,1 cm3

Write the final answer

The volume of the sphere is 268,1268,1 cm3cm3.

WORKED EXAMPLE 16: FINDING THE VOLUME OF A COMPLEX OBJECT

A triangular pyramid is placed on top of a triangular prism, as shown below. The base of
the prism is an equilateral triangle of side length 2020 cmcm and the height of the prism
is 4242 cmcm. The pyramid has a height of 1212 cmcm. Calculate the total volume of
the object.
Calculate the volume of the prism

First find the height of the base triangle using the theorem of Pythagoras:

Next find the area of the base triangle:

area of base triangle=12×20×103√=1003√ cm2area of base

triangle=12×20×103=1003 cm2

Now we can find the volume of the prism:

 ∴volume of prism=area of base triangle×height of
prism=1003√×42=4 2003√ cm3∴volume of prism=area of base triangle×height of
prism=1003×42=4 2003 cm3
Calculate the volume of the pyramid

The area of the base triangle is equal to the area of the base of the pyramid.

∴volume of pyramid=13(area of base)×H=13×1003√×12=4003√ cm3∴volume of

pyramid=13(area of base)×H=13×1003×12=4003 cm3
Calculate the total volume

total volume=4 2003√+4003√=4 6003√=7 967,4 cm3total

volume=4 2003+4003=4 6003=7 967,4 cm3

Therefore the total volume of the object is 7 967,47 967,4 cm3cm3.

WORKED EXAMPLE 17: FINDING THE SURFACE AREA OF A COMPLEX
OBJECT

With the same complex object as in the previous example, you are given the additional
information that the slant height hshs = 13,313,3 cmcm. Now calculate the total surface
area of the object.
Calculate the surface area of each exposed face of the pyramid

area of one pyramid face=12b×hs=12×20×13,3=133 cm2area of one pyramid

face=12b×hs=12×20×13,3=133 cm2

Because the base triangle is equilateral, each face has the same base, and therefore
the same surface area. Therefore the surface area for each face of the pyramid
is 133133 cm2cm2.
Calculate the surface area of each side of the prism

Each side of the prism is a rectangle with base b=20 cmb=20 cm and
height hp=42 cmhp=42 cm.
area of one prism side=b×hp=20×42=840 cm2area of one prism
side=b×hp=20×42=840 cm2

Because the base triangle is equilateral, each side of the prism has the same area.
Therefore the surface area for each side of the prism is 840840 cm2cm2.
Calculate the total surface area of the object
 total surface area===area of base of prism+area of sides of prism+area of
exposed faces of pyramid(1003√)+3(840)+3(133)3 092,2 cm2total surface area=area
of base of prism+area of sides of prism+area of exposed faces of
pyramid=(1003)+3(840)+3(133)=3 092,2 cm2

Therefore the total surface area (of the exposed faces) of the object
is 3 092,23 092,2 cm2cm2.

This video shows an example of calculating the volume of a complex object.

Video: 2GSV

EXERCISE 13.5
The figure below shows a sphere. The radius of the sphere is r=8r=8 units. Determine
the volume of the figure. Round your answer to two decimal places.

Vsphere=43πr3=43π(8)3=43π(512)=20483π=2 144,6605...Vsphere=43πr3=43π(8)3=43
π(512)=20483π=2 144,6605...

Therefore the volume for the sphere is 2 144,662 144,66 units3.

Show Answer
H=7H=7 units and the slant
The figure here is a cone. The vertical height of the cone is
height is h=7,28h=7,28 units; the radius of the cone is shown, r=2r=2 units. Calculate
the volume of the figure. Round your answer to two decimal places.
Vcone=13×πr2H=13×π(2)2(7)=13π(4)(7)=283π=29,3215...Vcone=13×πr2H=13×π(2)2
(7)=13π(4)(7)=283π=29,3215...

Therefore the volume of the cone is 29,3229,32 units3.

Show Answer
The figure here is a pyramid with a square base. The vertical height of the pyramid
is H=8H=8 units and the slant height is h=8,94h=8,94 units; each side of the base of
the pyramid is b=8b=8 units. Round your answer to two decimal places.

Vsquare pyramid=13b2H=13(8)2(8)=13(64)(8)=5123≈170,6666...Vsquare
pyramid=13b2H=13(8)2(8)=13(64)(8)=5123≈170,6666...

Therefore the volume of the square pyramid is: 170,67170,67 units3.

Show Answer
Find the volume of the following objects (round off to 1 decimal place if needed):
We are given the radius of the cone and the slant height. We can use this to find the
vertical height (HH) of the cone:
H2H=132−52=144=12H2=132−52=144H=12
Now we can calculate the volume of the cone:

V=13×π(r)2×H=13π(5)2(12)=100π≈314,2 cm3V=13×π(r)2×H=13π(5)2(12)=100π≈314,
2 cm3
Show Answer
We first need to find the vertical (perpendicular) height of the triangle ( hh) using the
theorem of Pythagoras:
h2h=b2−(b2)2=36−9=27=27−−√ cmh2=b2−(b2)2=36−9=27h=27 cm
Now we can find the volume:

V=13×12bh×H=13×12(27−−√)(6)×(10)=1027−−√≈52,0 cm3V=13×12bh×H=13×12
(27)(6)×(10)=1027≈52,0 cm3
Show Answer
 V=13×b2×H=13(6)2(12)=144 cm3V=13×b2×H=13(6)2(12)=144 cm3
Show Answer

V=43πr3=43π(10)3≈4 188,8 cm3V=43πr3=43π(10)3≈4 188,8 cm3

Show Answer
Find the surface area and volume of the cone shown here. Round your answers to the
nearest integer.
The surface area of the cone is:

Acone=πr(r+h)=π(5)(5+20)=392,69908... cm2≈393 cm2Acone=πr(r+h)=π(5)(5+20)=39

2,69908... cm2≈393 cm2

For the volume we first need to find the perpendicular (or vertical) height using the
theorem of Pythagoras:

H2H=202−52=400−25−−−−−−−√=375−−−√H2=202−52H=400−25=375
Now we can calculate the volume of the cone:

Vcone=13πr2h=13π(5)2(375−−−√)=506,97233... cm3≈507 cm3Vcone=13πr2h=13π(5

)2(375)=506,97233... cm3≈507 cm3

Therefore the surface area is 393393 cm2cm2 and the volume is 507507 cm3cm3.
Show Answer
Calculate the following properties for the pyramid shown below. Round your answers to
two decimal places.
Surface area

We first calculate the vertical (perpendicular) height of the base triangle:

h2bhb=42−22=16−4=12−−√hb2=42−22=16−4hb=12
Now we can calculate the surface area of the pyramid:

Apyramid=12b(hb+3hs)=12(6)(12−−√+3(9))=91,39230... cm2Apyramid=12b(hb+3hs)
=12(6)(12+3(9))=91,39230... cm2

Therefore the surface area of the triangular pyramid is: 91,3991,39 cm2cm2.
Show Answer
Volume

We first need to find the vertical height ( HH):

H2H=92−32=81−9=72−−√H2=92−32=81−9H=72
Now we can find the volume:

Vpyramid=13×12(b)(hb)×H=16(6)(12−−√)×(72−−√)=29,39387... cm3Vpyramid=13×
12(b)(hb)×H=16(6)(12)×(72)=29,39387... cm3
Therefore the volume of the pyramid is: 29,3929,39 cm3cm3.
Show Answer
The solid below is made up of a cube and a square pyramid. Find its volume and
surface area (correct to 11 decimal place):

The height of the cube is 55 cmcm. Since the total height of the object is 1111 cmcm,
the height of the pyramid must be 66 cmcm.
We will work out the volume first:

Volume=volume of cube+volume of square

pyramid=s3+13bH=(5)3+13(5)2(6)=175 cm3Volume=volume of cube+volume of square
pyramid=s3+13bH=(5)3+13(5)2(6)=175 cm3

For the surface area we note that one face of the cube is covered by the pyramid. We
also note that the base of the pyramid is covered by the cube. So we only need to find
the area of 5 sides of the cube and the four triangular faces of the pyramid.

For the triangular faces we need the slant height. We can calculate this using the
theorem of Pythagoras:

h2shs=H2+(b2)2=(6)2+(2,5)2=42,25−−−−√hs2=H2+(b2)2=(6)2+(2,5)2hs=42,25
The surface area is:

Surface area =5(sides of cube)+4(triangle faces of

pyramid)=5(s2)+4(12bhs)=5(52)+4(12(5)(42,25−−−−√))=125+1042,25−−−−√=1
90 cm2Surface area =5(sides of cube)+4(triangle faces of
pyramid)=5(s2)+4(12bhs)=5(52)+4(12(5)(42,25))=125+1042,25=190 cm2
The surface area is 190190 cm2cm2 and the volume is 175175 cm3cm3.
Show Answer

13.4 The effect of multiplying a dimension by a factor

of k (EMA7T)
When one or more of the dimensions of a prism or cylinder is multiplied by a constant,
the surface area and volume will change. The new surface area and volume can be
calculated by using the formulae from the preceding section.

It is possible to see a relationship between the change in dimensions and the resulting
change in surface area and volume. These relationships make it simpler to calculate the
new volume or surface area of an object when its dimensions are scaled up or down.

Consider a rectangular prism of dimensions ll, bb and hh. Below we multiply one, two
and three of its dimensions by a constant factor of 55 and calculate the new volume and
surface area.
Dimensions Volume S

Original dimensions

V=l×b×h=lbhV=l×b×h=lbh A

Multiply one dimension by 55 V1=l×b×5h=5(lbh)=5VV1=l×b×5h=5(lbh)=5V A

Multiply two dimensions by 55

V2=5l×b×5h=5.5(lbh)=52×VV2=5l×b×5h=5.5(lbh)=52×V A

Multiply all three dimensions by 55

V3=5l×5b×5h=53(lbh)=53VV3=5l×5b×5h=53(lbh)=53V A

Multiply all three dimensions by k

Vk=kl×kb×kh=k3(lbh)=k3VVk=kl×kb×kh=k3(lbh)=k3V A
WORKED EXAMPLE 18: CALCULATING THE NEW DIMENSIONS OF A
RECTANGULAR PRISM

Consider a rectangular prism with a height of 44 cmcm and base lengths of 33 cmcm.

1.
Calculate the surface area and volume.

2. Calculate the new surface area ( AnAn) and volume (VnVn) if the base lengths
are multiplied by a constant factor of 33.
3.
Express the new surface area and volume as a factor of the original surface area and
volume.

Calculate the original volume and surface area

VA=l×b×h=3×3×4=36 cm3=2[(l×h)+(l×b)+(b×h)]=2[(3×4)+(3×3)+(3×4)]=66 c
m2V=l×b×h=3×3×4=36 cm3A=2[(l×h)+(l×b)+(b×h)]=2[(3×4)+(3×3)+(3×4)]=66 cm2
Calculate the new volume and surface area
Two of the dimensions are multiplied by a factor of 3.

VnAn=3l×3b×h=3(3)×3(3)×4=324 cm3=2[(3l×h)+(3l×3b)+(3b×h)]=2[(3(3)×4)+
(3(3)×3(3))+(3(3)×4)]=306 cm2Vn=3l×3b×h=3(3)×3(3)×4=324 cm3An=2[(3l×h)+(3l×3b)
+(3b×h)]=2[(3(3)×4)+(3(3)×3(3))+(3(3)×4)]=306 cm2
Express the new dimensions as a factor of the original dimensions

VVnVnV∴VnAAnAnA∴An=36=324=32436=9=9V=32V=66=306=30666=30666
A=5111AV=36Vn=324VnV=32436=9∴Vn=9V=32VA=66An=306AnA=30666∴An=30666A
=5111A
WORKED EXAMPLE 19: MULTIPLYING THE DIMENSIONS OF A
RECTANGULAR PRISM BY kk
Prove that if the height of a rectangular prism with dimensions ll, bb and hh is multiplied
by a constant value of kk, the volume will also increase by a factor kk.

Calculate the original volume

We are given the original dimensions ll, bb and hh and so the original volume
is V=l×b×hV=l×b×h.
Calculate the new volume

The new dimensions are ll, bb, and khkh and so the new volume is:
Vn=l×b×(kh)=k(lbh)=kVVn=l×b×(kh)=k(lbh)=kV
Write the final answer

If the height of a rectangular prism is multiplied by a constant kk, then the volume also
increases by a factor of kk.
WORKED EXAMPLE 20: MULTIPLYING THE DIMENSIONS OF A CYLINDER
BY kk
Consider a cylinder with a radius of rr and a height of hh. Calculate the new volume and
surface area (expressed in terms of rr and hh) if the radius is multiplied by a constant
factor of kk.

Calculate the original volume and surface area

VA=πr2×h=πr2+2πrhV=πr2×hA=πr2+2πrh
Calculate the new volume and surface area

The new dimensions arekrkr and hh.

VnAn=π(kr)2×h=πk2r2×h=k2×πr2h=k2V=π(kr)2+2π(kr)h=πk2r2+2πkrh=k2(πr2)+k
(2πrh)Vn=π(kr)2×h=πk2r2×h=k2×πr2h=k2VAn=π(kr)2+2π(kr)h=πk2r2+2πkrh=k2(πr2)+k(2πr
h)

EXERCISE 13.6
If the length of the radius of a circle is a third of its original size, what will the area of the
new circle be?

The area of the original circle is: πr2πr2. Now we reduce the radius by a third. In other
words we multiply rr by one third. The new area is:
Anew=π(13r)2=19πr2=19AAnew=π(13r)2=19πr2=19A
Therefore, if the radius of a circle is a third of its original size, the area of the new circle
will be 1919 the original area.
Show Answer
If the length of the base's radius and height of a cone is doubled, what will the surface
area of the new cone be?

We can find the new area by noting that the area will change by a factor of kk when we
change the dimensions of the cone. In this case we are changing two dimensions of the
cone and so the new area will be: Anew=k2AAnew=k2A
The value of kk comes from the word “doubled” in the question: the value of kk is 2.
So the new area of the cone will be Anew=4×AAnew=4×A if we double the height and
the base's radius of the cone.
Therefore the surface area of the new cone will be 4 times the original surface area.

Show Answer
If the height of a prism is doubled, how much will its volume increase by?

We do not know if we have a rectangular prism or a triangular prism. However we do

know that the volume of a prism is given by:

V=area of base×height of prismV=area of base×height of prism

Now we are changing just one dimension of the prism: the height. Therefore the new
volume is given by:

Vnew=area of base×2(height of prism)=2VVnew=area of base×2(height of prism)=2V

Therefore the volume of the prism doubles if the height is doubled.

Show Answer
Describe the change in the volume of a rectangular prism if the:

length and breadth increase by a constant factor of 33.

The volume of a rectangular prism is given by V=l×b×hV=l×b×h. If we increase the
length and breadth by a constant factor of 3 the volume is:
Vnew=3(l)×3(b)×h=9VVnew=3(l)×3(b)×h=9V
Therefore the volume of the prism increases by a factor of 9 when the length and
breadth are increased by a constant factor of 3.

Show Answer
length, breadth and height are multiplied by a constant factor of 33.
The volume of a rectangular prism is given by V=l×b×hV=l×b×h. If we increase the
length, breadth and height by a constant factor of 3 the volume is:
Vnew=3(l)×3(b)×3(h)=27VVnew=3(l)×3(b)×3(h)=27V
Therefore the volume of the prism increases by a factor of 27 when the length, breadth
and height are increased by a constant factor of 3.

Show Answer
If the length of each side of a triangular prism is quadrupled, what will the volume of the
new triangular prism be?

When multiplied by a factor of kk the volume of a shape will increase by k3k3. We are
told that the dimensions are quadrupled. This means that each dimension is multiplied
by 4. Therefore k=4k=4.
Now we can calculate k3k3.
k3=(4)3=64k3=(4)3=64
Therefore, if each side of a triangular prism is quadrupled, the volume of the new
triangular prism will be 64 times the original shape's volume.

Show Answer
Given a prism with a volume of 493493 cm3cm3 and a surface area
of 6 0076 007 cm2cm2, find the new surface area and volume for a prism if all
dimensions are increased by a constant factor of 44.
We are increasing all the dimensions by 4 and so the volume will increase by 4343. The
surface area will increase by 4242.
VSurface
area=493×43=31 552 cm3=6 007×42=96 112 cm2V=493×43=31 552 cm3Surface
area=6 007×42=96 112 cm2

Therefore the volume is 31 55231 552 cm3cm3 and the surface area
is 96 11296 112 cm2cm2.
Show Answer

13.5 Chapter summary (EMA7V)

Presentation: 2GTH

 Area is the two dimensional space inside the boundary of a flat object. It is
measured in square units.

 Area formulae:

 square: s2s2
 rectangle: b×hb×h
 triangle: 12b×h12b×h
 trapezium: 12(a+b)×h12(a+b)×h
 parallelogram: b×hb×h
 circle: πr2πr2
 A right prism is a geometric solid that has a polygon as its base and vertical sides
perpendicular to the base. The base and top surface are the same shape and size. It is
called a “right” prism because the angles between the base and sides are right angles.
 A triangular prism has a triangle as its base, a rectangular prism has a rectangle
as its base, and a cube is a rectangular prism with all its sides of equal length. A
cylinder is another type of right prism which has a circle as its base.

 Surface area is the total area of the exposed or outer surfaces of a prism.

 A net is the unfolded “plan” of a solid.

 Volume is the three dimensional space occupied by an object, or the contents of

an object. It is measured in cubic units.

 Volume formulae for prisms and cylinders:

 Volume of a rectangular prism: l×b×hl×b×h

 Volume of a triangular prism: (12b×h)×H(12b×h)×H
 Volume of a square prism or cube: s3s3
 Volume of a cylinder: πr2×hπr2×h
 A pyramid is a geometric solid that has a polygon as its base and sides that
converge at a point called the apex. The sides are not perpendicular to the base.

 The triangular pyramid and square pyramid take their names from the shape of
their base. We call a pyramid a “right pyramid” if the line between the apex and the
centre of the base is perpendicular to the base. Cones are similar to pyramids except
that their bases are circles instead of polygons. Spheres are solids that are perfectly
round and look the same from any direction.

 Surface area formulae for right pyramids, right cones and spheres:

 square pyramid: b(b+2h)b(b+2h)

 triangular pyramid: 12b(hb+3hs)12b(hb+3hs)
 right cone: πr(r+hs)πr(r+hs)
 sphere: 4πr24πr2
 Volume formulae for right pyramids, right cones and spheres:

 square pyramid: 13×b2×H13×b2×H

 triangular pyramid: 13×12bh×H13×12bh×H
 right cone: 13×πr2×H13×πr2×H
 sphere: 43πr343πr3
 Multiplying one or more dimensions of a prism or cylinder by a
constant kk affects the surface area and volume.

End Of Chapter Exercises

 Textbooks

 Mathematics Grade 10

 Measurements

 End Of Chapter Exercises

Previous
EXERCISE 13.7
Find the area of each of the shapes shown. Round your answer to two decimal places if
necessary.

Arectangle=l×b=(15)(5)=75 cm2Arectangle=l×b=(15)(5)=75 cm2

Show Answer
Acircle=πr2=(3,1415...)(7)2=153,93804...≈153,94 mm2Acircle=πr2=(3,1415...)(7)2=15
3,93804...≈153,94 mm2
Show Answer

We first need to find the height:

h2h=(14)2−(8)2=132−−−√h2=(14)2−(8)2h=132
Now we can find the area of the parallelogram. Note that the length of the base
is b=8+14=22b=8+14=22.
Aparallelogram=b×h=(22)(132−−−√)≈252,76 cm2Aparallelogram=b×h=(22)(132)≈252,76
cm2
Show Answer
Find an expression for the area of this figure in terms of yy. The dimensions of the
figure are labelled −5y−5y and −3y+2−3y+2. Write your answer in expanded form (not
factorised).
 AAA=bh=(−5y)(−3y+2)=15y2−10yA=bhA=(−5y)(−3y+2)A=15y2−10y
Show Answer
Find an expression for the area of this figure in terms of yy. The figure has dimensions
of −5y−5y and −3y+2−3y+2, as labelled. Write your answer in expanded form (not
factorised).

AAA=12bh=12(−5y)(−3y+2)=15y22−5yA=12bhA=12(−5y)(−3y+2)A=15y22−5y
Show Answer
The figure here is a triangular prism. The height of the prism is 1212 units; the triangles,
which are both right triangles, have sides which are 55, 1212 and 1313 units long. Find
the surface area of the figure.
A triangular prism is made up of 2 triangles and 3 rectangles. In this case the triangles
are right-angled triangles and so we have the height of the triangle. We also note that
each rectangle has a different length and breadth.

A△ prism=2Atriangles+3Arectangles=2[12b△h△]+b1h1+b2h2+b3h3=2[12(5)(12)]+(12)(
12)+(5)(12)+(13)(12)=60+144+60+156=420 A△ prism=2Atriangles+3Arectangles=2[1
2b△h△]+b1h1+b2h2+b3h3=2[12(5)(12)]+(12)(12)+(5)(12)+(13)(12)=60+144+60+156=420
Show Answer
The figure here is a rectangular prism. The height of the prism is 55 units; the other
dimensions of the prism are 88 and 55 units. Find the surface area of the figure.

A rectangular prism is made up of 6 rectangles. In this case there are 4 rectangles with
a breadth of 5 units and a height of 8 units and two rectangles with a breadth of 5 units
and a height of 5 units.

Arectangular prism=A6
rectangles=4(b1h1)+2(b2h2)=4(8)(5)+2(5)(5)=4(40)+2(25)=210 Arectangular prism=A6
rectangles=4(b1h1)+2(b2h2)=4(8)(5)+2(5)(5)=4(40)+2(25)=210
Show Answer
A cylinder is shown below. The height of the cylinder is 1111 cmcm; the radius of the
cylinder is r=6 cmr=6 cm, as shown. Find the surface area of the figure. Round your
answer to two decimal places.
A cylinder is made up of two circles and a rectangle. We can find the area of each of
these and add them up to find the surface area of the cylinder. For the rectangle we
note that the length is the circumference of the circle.

Acylinder=A2 circles+A1
rectangle=2(πr2)+b(2πr)=2(π(6)2)+(11)(2π(6))=2(36π)+132π=204π≈640,88Acylinde
r=A2 circles+A1 rectangle=2(πr2)+b(2πr)=2(π(6)2)+(11)(2π(6))=2(36π)+132π=204π≈640,88
Show Answer
The figure here is a triangular prism. The height of the prism is 1212 units; the triangles,
which both contain right angles, have sides which are 55, 1212 and 1313 units long.
Determine the volume of the figure.

V△prism=area of
base×height=[12b△h△](H)=[12(5)(12)](12)=(30)(12)=360V△prism=area of
base×height=[12b△h△](H)=[12(5)(12)](12)=(30)(12)=360
Show Answer
The figure here is a rectangular prism. The height of the prism is 55 units; the other
dimensions of the prism are 1212 and 55 units. Calculate the volume of the figure.

Vrectangular prism=area of base×height=(bh)(H)=(5×12)(5)=300Vrectangular

prism=area of base×height=(bh)(H)=(5×12)(5)=300
Show Answer
The picture below shows a cylinder. The height of the cylinder is 1212 cmcm; the radius
of the cylinder is r=7 cmr=7 cm. Calculate the volume of the figure. Round your answer
two decimal places.

Vcylinder=(area of
circle)(H)=[πr2](H)=[π(7)2](12)=[π49](12)≈1 847,26Vcylinder=(area of
circle)(H)=[πr2](H)=[π(7)2](12)=[π49](12)≈1 847,26
Show Answer
The figure here is a sphere. The radius of the sphere is r=7r=7 units. Find the surface
area of the figure. Round your answer two decimal places.
Asphere=4πr2=4π(7)2=4π(49)=196π≈615,75Asphere=4πr2=4π(7)2=4π(49)=196π≈615,75
Show Answer
The figure here shows a pyramid with a square base. The sides of the base are
each 44 units long. The vertical height of the pyramid is 8,778,77 units, and the slant
height of the pyramid is 99 units. Determine the surface area of the pyramid.

Asquare pyramid=A1 square+A4

triangles=(b)2+4(12bhs)=(4)2+4(12(4)(9))=16+2(36)=88 Asquare pyramid=A1
square+A4 triangles=(b)2+4(12bhs)=(4)2+4(12(4)(9))=16+2(36)=88

The total surface area for the pyramid is: 8888 square units.
Show Answer
The figure here is a cone. The vertical height of the cone is H=7,41H=7,41 units and
the slant height of the cone is h=8h=8units; the radius of the cone is
shown, r=3r=3 units. Find the surface area of the figure. Round your answer two
decimal places.
Acone=πr(r+h)=π(3)(3+8)=33π=103,6725...Acone=πr(r+h)=π(3)(3+8)=33π=103,6725...
Therefore the total surface area for the cone is 103,67103,67 square units.
Show Answer
The figure below shows a sphere. The radius of the sphere is r=3r=3 units. Determine
the volume of the figure. Round your answer to two decimal places.

Vsphere=43πr3=43π(3)3=43π(27)=36π=113,0973...Vsphere=43πr3=43π(3)3=43π(27)=3
6π=113,0973...

Therefore the volume for the sphere is 113,1113,1 units3.

Show Answer
The figure here is a cone. The vertical height of the cone is H=7H=7 units and the slant
height is h=8,60h=8,60 units; the radius of the cone is shown, r=5r=5 units. Find the
volume of the figure. Round your answer to two decimal places.
Vcone=13×πr2H=13×π(5)2(7)=13π(25)(7)=1753π=183,2595...Vcone=13×πr2H=13×
π(5)2(7)=13π(25)(7)=1753π=183,2595...

Therefore the volume is 183,26183,26 units3.

Show Answer
The figure here is a pyramid with a square base. The vertical height of the pyramid
is H=8H=8 units and the slant height is h=8,73h=8,73 units; each side of the base of
the pyramid is b=7b=7 units. Find the volume of the figure. Round your answer to two
decimal places.

Vsquare pyramid=13b2H=13(7)2(8)=13(49)(8)=3923Vsquare
pyramid=13b2H=13(7)2(8)=13(49)(8)=3923

Therefore the volume is: 130,67130,67 units cubed

Show Answer
Consider the solids below:
Calculate the surface area of each solid.

Cone

We first need to calculate the slant height:

h2shs=r2+h2=32+102=109−−−√hs2=r2+h2=32+102hs=109
Now we can calculate the surface area:

Surface area=πr(r+hs)=π(3)(3+109−−−√)≈126,67 cm2Surface

area=πr(r+hs)=π(3)(3+109)≈126,67 cm2

Square pyramid

We first need to calculate the slant height:

h2shs=b2+h2=(7,5)2+122=200,25−−−−−√hs2=b2+h2=(7,5)2+122hs=200,25
Now we can calculate the surface area:

Surface area=b(b+2hs)=(15)(15+2200,25−−−−−√)≈437,26 cm2Surface

area=b(b+2hs)=(15)(15+2200,25)≈437,26 cm2

Half sphere

For a half sphere we need to divide the surface area of a sphere by 2. We also need to
include the area of a circle.

Surface area=4πr22+πr2=2π(4)2+π(4)2=48π≈150,80 cm2Surface

area=4πr22+πr2=2π(4)2+π(4)2=48π≈150,80 cm2

Acone=126,67 cm2 Asquare

The surface area of each of the objects is:
pyramid=437,26 cm2 Ahalf sphere=150,80 cm2Acone=126,67 cm2 Asquare
pyramid=437,26 cm2 Ahalf sphere=150,80 cm2.
Show Answer
Calculate the volume of each solid.

Cone

V=13πr2H=13π(3)2×10=30π≈94,25 cm3V=13πr2H=13π(3)2×10=30π≈94,25 cm3

Square pyramid:

V=13b2×H=13(15)2×12=900 cm3V=13b2×H=13(15)2×12=900 cm3

Half sphere

The volume of a half sphere is half the volume of a sphere.

V=43πr3×12=43π(4)3×12=18π≈134,04 cm3V=43πr3×12=43π(4)3×12=18π≈134,04 cm3

The volume of each of the objects is: Vcone=94,25 cm3 Vsquare pyramid=900 cm3 Vhalf
sphere=134,04 cm3Vcone=94,25 cm3 Vsquare pyramid=900 cm3 Vhalf
sphere=134,04 cm3
Show Answer
If the length of each side of a square is a quarter of its original size, what will the area of
the new square be?

When we multiply the sides of a square by a factor of kk the area of the square will
increase by k2k2.
In this case we are making each side of the square a quarter of the original size so we
get:

Anew=(14s)2=116s2=116AAnew=(14s)2=116s2=116A
Therefore, if each side of a square is a quarter of its original size, the area of the new
square will be 116116 times the original square's area.
Show Answer
If the length of each side of a square pyramid is a third of its original size, what will the
surface area of the new square pyramid be?

When we multiply two dimensions of a square pyramid by a factor of kk the area of the
square pyramid will change by k2k2.
In this case the length each side of the square pyramid is a third of the original size so
we get:

Anew=13(13b)2H=19(13b2H)=19AAnew=13(13b)2H=19(13b2H)=19A
Therefore, if each side of a square pyramid is a third of its original size, the surface area
of the new square pyramid will be 1919 times the original shape's surface area.
Show Answer
If the length of the base's radius and the height of a cylinder is halved, what will the
volume of the new cylinder be?

In this case the base's radius and the height of a cylinder is half of the original size so
we get:

Anew=13π(12r)2(12H)=18(13πr2H)=18AAnew=13π(12r)2(12H)=18(13πr2H)=18A
Therefore, if the base's radius and the height of a cylinder is halved, the volume of the
new cylinder will be 1818 times the original shape's volume.
Show Answer
Consider the solids below and answer the questions that follow (correct to 11 decimal
place, if necessary):

Calculate the surface area of each solid.

Cylinder

A cylinder is composed of two circles and a rectangle. The breadth of the rectangle is
the circumference of the circle.

Surface area=2πr2+2πrh=2π(4)2+2π(4)(10)=112π≈351,9 cm2Surface

area=2πr2+2πrh=2π(4)2+2π(4)(10)=112π≈351,9 cm2

Triangular prism

A triangular prism is composed of three rectangles and two triangles. We are given the
vertical height of the triangles as well as the slant height.

Surface
area=2(12b×h)+2(H×hs)+(H×b)=2(12(8)(3))+2(20×5)+(20×8)=384 cm2Surface
area=2(12b×h)+2(H×hs)+(H×b)=2(12(8)(3))+2(20×5)+(20×8)=384 cm2
Rectangular prism

A rectangular prism is composed of 6 rectangles. We have the dimensions of all the

rectangles.

Surface area=2[(L×b)+(b×h)+(L×h)]=2[(5×4)+(4×2)+(5×2)]=76 cm2Surface

area=2[(L×b)+(b×h)+(L×h)]=2[(5×4)+(4×2)+(5×2)]=76 cm2

The surface area of each shape is:Acylinder=351,9 cm2 Atriangular

prism=384 cm2 Arectangular prism=76 cm2Acylinder=351,9 cm2 Atriangular
prism=384 cm2 Arectangular prism=76 cm2.
Show Answer
Calculate volume of each solid.

Cylinder

V=πr2h=π(4)2(10)=160π=502,7 cm3V=πr2h=π(4)2(10)=160π=502,7 cm3

Triangular prism

V=12×h×b×H=12(3)(8)(20)=240 cm3V=12×h×b×H=12(3)(8)(20)=240 cm3

Rectangular prism

Volume=l×b×h=5×4×2=40 cm3Volume=l×b×h=5×4×2=40 cm3

The volume of each shape is: Vcylinder=502,7 cm3 Vtriangular
prism=240 cm3 Vrectangular prism=40 cm3Vcylinder=502,7 cm3 Vtriangular
prism=240 cm3 Vrectangular prism=40 cm3.
Show Answer
If each dimension of the solids is increased by a factor of 33, calculate the new surface
area of each solid.
Cylinder

Surface
area=2π(3r)2+2π(3r)(3h)=2π9(4)2+2π(9)(4)(10)=1 008π≈3 166,7 cm2Surface
area=2π(3r)2+2π(3r)(3h)=2π9(4)2+2π(9)(4)(10)=1 008π≈3 166,7 cm2

Triangular prism
 Surface
area=2(12b×h)+2(H×S)+(H×b)=2(92(8)(3))+18(20×5)+9(20×8)=3 456 cm23 45
6Surface area=2(12b×h)+2(H×S)+(H×b)=2(92(8)(3))+18(20×5)+9(20×8)=3 456 cm23 456
Rectangular prism

Surface
area=2[9(L×b)+9(b×h)+9(L×h)]=2[9(5×4)+9(4×2)+9(5×2)]=684 cm2 Surface
area=2[9(L×b)+9(b×h)+9(L×h)]=2[9(5×4)+9(4×2)+9(5×2)]=684 cm2

The new surface area of each shape is: Acylinder=3 166,7 cm2 Atriangular
prism=3 456 cm2 Arectangular prism=684 cm2Acylinder=3 166,7 cm2 Atriangular
prism=3 456 cm2 Arectangular prism=684 cm2.
Show Answer
If each dimension of the solids is increased by a factor of 33, calculate the new volume
of each solid.
Cylinder

V=π(3r)23h=π(3(4))2(3(10))=4 320π≈13 571,9 cm3V=π(3r)23h=π(3(4))2(3(10))=4 32

0π≈13 571,9 cm3

Triangular prism

V=12×h×b×H=272(3)(8)(20)=6 480 cm3V=12×h×b×H=272(3)(8)(20)=6 480 cm3

Rectangular prism

V=27(L×b×h)=27(5×4×2)=1 080 cm3V=27(L×b×h)=27(5×4×2)=1 080 cm3

The new volume of each shape is: Vcylinder=13 571,9 cm3 Vtriangular
prism=6 480 cm3 Vrectangular prism=1 080 cm 3Vcylinder=13 571,9 cm3 Vtriangular
prism=6 480 cm3 Vrectangular prism=1 080 cm3
Show Answer
The solid below is made of a cube and a square pyramid. Answer the following:
Find the surface area of the solid shown. Give your answers to two decimal places.

Start with the faces of the cube, which are all squares:

Afive squares=5×s2=5×(7)2=245 cm2Afive squares=5×s2=5×(7)2=245 cm2

Next we note that the height of the pyramid is:

hpyramid=22−7=15hpyramid=22−7=15
And we need to calculate the slant height using the theorem of Pythagoras:

hs=(15)2+(12(7))2−−−−−−−−−−−−−−√=(225+12,25)−−−−−−−−−−−√=237,25−
−−−−√hs=(15)2+(12(7))2=(225+12,25)=237,25
Now we can calculate the area of each of the four triangles:

Afour triangles=4×12bhs=4×12(7)(237,25−−−−−√)=14237,25−−−−−√Afour
triangles=4×12bhs=4×12(7)(237,25)=14237,25

Finally we can calculate the total surface area:

Atotal=Atriangles+Asquares=14237,25−−−−−√+245=460,6409... cm2≈460,64 cm2Ato
tal=Atriangles+Asquares=14237,25+245=460,6409... cm2≈460,64 cm2

Therefore the surface area is: 460,64460,64 cm2cm2.

Show Answer
Now determine the volume of the shape. Give your answer to the nearest integer value.

Volume of the pyramid:

Vpyramid=13b2H=13(7)2(15)=245 cm3Vpyramid=13b2H=13(7)2(15)=245 cm3

Volume of the cube:

Vcube=l3=(7)3=343 cm3Vcube=l3=(7)3=343 cm3

Total volume:

Vtotal=Vcube+Vpyramid=343+245=588 cm3Vtotal=Vcube+Vpyramid=343+245=588 cm3

Therefore the total volume is: 588588 cm3cm3.
Show Answer
Calculate the volume and surface area of the solid below (correct to 1 decimal place):

Surface area

Cylinder:
 Surface area=πr2+2πrh=π(40)2+2π(40)(50)=17 592,91 cm2Surface
area=πr2+2πrh=π(40)2+2π(40)(50)=17 592,91 cm2

Cone:

Surface
area=2πrr2+h2−−−−−−√=2π(40)402+302−−−−−−−−√=12 566,4 cm2Surface
area=2πrr2+h2=2π(40)402+302=12 566,4 cm2

Total surface
area: 17 592,92+12 566,4=30 159,52 cm217 592,92+12 566,4=30 159,52 cm2.
Volume

Cylinder:

V=πr2h=π(40)2(50)=251 327,4 cm3V=πr2h=π(40)2(50)=251 327,4 cm3

Cone:

V=13πr2h=13π(40)2(30)=50 265,48 cm3V=13πr2h=13π(40)2(30)=50 265,48 cm3

Total
volume =251 327,4+50 265,48=301 592,88 cm3=251 327,4+50 265,48=301 592,88
cm3.
The total surface area and volume
is 30 159,5230 159,52 cm2cm2 and 301 592,88301 592,88 cm3cm3 respectively.
Show Answer
Find the volume and surface areas of the following composite shapes.
The shape is a half sphere on top of a right cone. We can calculate the volume of a
cone and add this to half the volume of a sphere. The volume is:

V=13πr2h+12(43πr3)=13π(10)2(15)+23π(10)3=3 5003π=3 665,19 cm3V=13πr2h+

12(43πr3)=13π(10)2(15)+23π(10)3=3 5003π=3 665,19 cm3

For the surface area we first need to find the slant height:

h2shs=102+152=325=513−−√hs2=102+152=325hs=513
We have a half sphere on top of a cone. The half sphere covers the circle on top of the
cone and so we need to exclude this part from our calculation. For the half sphere we
can use half the surface area of a sphere as this does not include the circle at the base
of the half sphere.

The surface area is:

surface area =πrhs+2πr2=π(10)(513−−√)+2π(10)2≈1 194,68 cm2surface

area =πrhs+2πr2=π(10)(513)+2π(10)2≈1 194,68 cm2

Therefore the volume and surface area

are 3 665,193 665,19 cm3cm3 and 1 194,671 194,67 cm2cm2 respectively.
Show Answer
We have a cylinder with two half spheres. We can calculate the volume of a cylinder
and add the volume of a sphere to this. The volume is:

V=πr2h+43πr3=π(6)2(11)+43π(6)3=684π=2 148,85 m3V=πr2h+43πr3=π(6)2(11)+43π(

6)3=684π=2 148,85 m3

For the surface area of the two half spheres we can use the surface area of a sphere.
For the cylinder we need to exclude the area of the two circles from our calculation
since these are covered up by the two half spheres. The surface area is:

surface area =2πrh+4πr2=2π(6)(11)+4π(6)2=276π≈867,08 m2surface

area =2πrh+4πr2=2π(6)(11)+4π(6)2=276π≈867,08 m2

Therefore the volume and surface area

are: 2 148,852 148,85 m3m3 and 867,08867,08 m2m2 respectively.
Show Answer
This shape consists of a triangular prism and a rectangular prism. The volume is:

V=12bhH+lbh=12(12)(9)(4)+(4)(6)(16)=600 ft3V=12bhH+lbh=12(12)(9)(4)+(4)(6)(16
)=600 ft3

For the surface area we need to exclude the base of the triangular prism as well as part
of the top of the rectangular prism.

We first need to calculate the slant height for the triangular prism:

h2shs=92+42=97=97−−√hs2=92+42=97hs=97
Now we can calculate the surface area of the triangular prism. Remember that we do
not need to include the base in our calculation so we only have 2 triangles and 2
rectangles.
 surface area =2(12bH)+2(bhs)=(12)(9)+2(12)(97−−√)=108+2497−−√ surface
area =2(12bH)+2(bhs)=(12)(9)+2(12)(97)=108+2497

For the rectangular prism we can calculate the full surface area and then subtract the
base of triangular prism from this.

surface area =2(bh)+2(bl)+2(hl)−base triangular

prism=2(16)(6)+2(16)(4)+2(6)(4)−(12)(4)=256surface area =2(bh)+2(bl)+2(hl)−base
triangular prism=2(16)(6)+2(16)(4)+2(6)(4)−(12)(4)=256

Now we can add the two surface areas together to get the total surface area:

surface area =256+(108+2497−−√)≈600,37 ft2surface

area =256+(108+2497)≈600,37 ft2

The volume and surface area are 600600 ft3ft3 and 600,37600,37 ft2ft2 respectively.
Show Answer
An ice-cream cone (right cone) has a radius of 33 cmcm and a height of 1212 cmcm. A
half scoop of ice-cream (hemisphere) is placed on top of the cone. If the ice-cream
melts, will it fit into the cone? Show all your working.
We can draw a quick sketch of the problem:

Now we can calculate the volume of the cone and the volume of the ice-cream. The
scoop of ice-cream is a half sphere and so the volume of this is half the volume of a
sphere.
VconeVscoop=π(3)3123=36π≈113,1=46×π(3)3=18π≈56,5Vcone=π(3)3123=36π≈113,1
Vscoop=46×π(3)3=18π≈56,5

Yes, the ice-cream will fit into the cone if it melts since the volume of the ice-cream is
less than the volume of the cone.

Show Answer
A receptacle filled with petrol has the shape of an inverted right circular cone of
height 120120 cmcm and base radius of 6060 cmcm. A certain amount of fuel is
siphoned out of the receptacle leaving a depth of hh cm.

Show that h=90 cmh=90 cm.

We can draw the following two triangles based on the information in the figure:

These two triangles are similar triangles. They are both right-angled and share a
common angle.
Therefore we can use the ratio of the sides to find hh:
h120∴h=4560(similar triangles)=(45)(120)60=90 cmh120=4560(similar
triangles)∴h=(45)(120)60=90 cm
Show Answer
Determine the volume of fuel that has been siphoned out. Express your answer in litres
if 1 l=1 000 cm31 l=1 000 cm3
The volume of fuel that has been siphoned out is the total volume of fuel minus the
volume of fuel left. The volume of a cone is 43πr2H43πr2H. From the previous question
we have the vertical height for both cones.
Volume siphoned
out =13πR2Hstart−13πr2Hend=13π(60)2(120)−13π(45)2(90)=144 000π−60 750π≈
261 537,59 cm3≈261,5 lVolume siphoned
out =13πR2Hstart−13πr2Hend=13π(60)2(120)−13π(45)2(90)=144 000π−60 750π≈261 537,59 c
m3≈261,5 l
Show Answer
Find the volume and surface area of the following prisms.

We are given the diameter of the cylinder. The radius is half the diameter.

V=πr2h=π(10)2(15)=15 000π≈47 123,89 cm3V=πr2h=π(10)2(15)=15 000π≈47 123,89 c

m3
A=2πrh+2(πr2)=2(π(10)(15))+2(π(10)2)=300π+200π≈1 570,80 cm2A=2πrh+2(πr2)
=2(π(10)(15))+2(π(10)2)=300π+200π≈1 570,80 cm2

Therefore the volume and surface area

are 47 123,8947 123,89 cm3cm3 and 1 570,801 570,80 cm2cm2 respectively.
Show Answer
This is a triangular pyramid. We are given the vertical height as well as an angle. Since
it is a right-angled triangle we can use trigonometry to help us find the missing length.

We redraw the triangle we are interested in:

Now we can calculate xx (the slant height) and yy (the base):

x8x8y8sin30°=tan30°=8tan30°=sin30°=yx8=tan⁡30°x=8tan⁡30°8y=sin⁡30°8sin⁡3
0°=y

Now we know all the lengths we need to know to calculate the volume.

V=(12bh)×H=(12(8)(8tan30∘))×5=160tan30∘≈92,38V=(12bh)×H=(12(8)(8tan⁡30∘))
×5=160tan⁡30∘≈92,38

And the surface area is:

A=2(12bh)+(H×hs)+(H×hs)+(H×b)+(H×h)=2(12(8)(8tan30∘)+(5×8sin30∘)+(5×8
tan30∘)+(5×8)=64tan30∘+40sin30∘+40tan30∘+40≈180,04A=2(12bh)+(H×hs)+(H×hs)
+(H×b)+(H×h)=2(12(8)(8tan⁡30∘)+(5×8sin⁡30∘)+(5×8tan⁡30∘)+(5×8)=64tan⁡30∘+40sin
⁡30∘+40tan⁡30∘+40≈180,04

The volume and surface area are: 92,3892,38 and 180,04180,04 respectively.
Show Answer
Let: L=9L=9, B=8B=8, H=15H=15, l=2l=2, b=2b=2 and h=15h=15.
We can view this shape as three rectangular prisms. Two of the three prisms are
exactly the same. The volume is therefore:

V=2(lbh)+LBH=2((2)(2)(15))+((8)(9)(15))=120+1 080=1 200V=2(lbh)+LBH=2((2)

(2)(15))+((8)(9)(15))=120+1 080=1 200

For the surface area we have several different rectangles. Each of the smaller prisms
has 5 exposed rectangles. The larger rectangular prism has 4 rectangles that are not
covered up by the smaller prisms. The remaining two rectangles are partly covered up
by the smaller prisms and so can be considered as 4 separate rectangles.

We will start by finding the surface area of one of the smaller prisms:

Asmaller prism=2(bl)+2(bh)+lh=2((2)(2))+2((2)(15))+(2)(15)=98 Asmaller

prism=2(bl)+2(bh)+lh=2((2)(2))+2((2)(15))+(2)(15)=98

For the larger prism we get:

Alarger prism=2(BH)+2(BL)+4(Hx)=2((8)(15))+2((9)(15))+4((15)(3))=690 Alarger

prism=2(BH)+2(BL)+4(Hx)=2((8)(15))+2((9)(15))+4((15)(3))=690

Therefore the total surface area is:

A=98+98+690=886A=98+98+690=886
The volume and surface area are 1 2001 200 and 886 respectively.
Show Answer
Determine the volume of the following:

We first need to find the vertical height ( HH):

H=(20)2−(12)2−−−−−−−−−−√=16H=(20)2−(12)2=16
V=13πr2H=13π(12)2(16)=768π≈2 412,743V=13πr2H=13π(12)2(16)=768π≈2 412,743
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ABCDABCD is a square, AC=12 cmAC=12 cm, AP=10 cmAP=10 cm.

We first find the vertical height:

H=(10)2−(6)2−−−−−−−−−−√=8H=(10)2−(6)2=8
We also need to find the length of the side of the square. To do this we note that
triangle ABCABC is a right-angled isosceles triangle. So we can find the length of the
side of the square using the theorem of Pythagoras:
AC212277∴AB=AB2+BC2=2(AB2)=AB2=77−−√AC2=AB2+BC2122=2(AB2)77=AB
2∴AB=77

Now we can find the volume:

V=13πb2H=13π(77)(8)=6163π≈645,07 cm3V=13πb2H=13π(77)(8)=6163π≈645,07 cm3

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The prism alongside has the following dimensions:

AB=4AB=4 units, EC=8EC=8 units, AF=10AF=10 units. BCBC is an arc of a circle

with centre DD. AB∥ECAB∥EC.

Explain why BDBD, the radius of the arc BCBC, is 44 units.

Since DD is the centre of the circle BD=DCBD=DC (they are both radii of the arc).
AB∥ECAB∥EC and BDBD joins ABAB and ECEC,
therefore AB=ED=4 unitsAB=ED=4 units.
We also know that EC=8 unitsEC=8 units and
since EC=ED+DCEC=ED+DC, DC=4 unitsDC=4 units. Therefore BDBD is 4 units.
Show Answer
Calculate the area of the shaded surface.
We have just calculated that BD=4BD=4. We also know that AB=ED=4AB=ED=4 and
so ABDEABDE is a square (AB∥ECAB∥EC). This means that we have the area of a
square plus one quarter the area of a circle.
The total area is:

A=AB2+14πr2=(4)2+14π(4)2=16+4π=28,57 units2A=AB2+14πr2=(4)2+14π(4)2=16+4
π=28,57 units2
Show Answer
Find the volume of the prism.

The area of the shaded piece is the area of the base. For the volume we know that we
can calculate the volume by multiplying the area of the base and the height.

V=area of base×height=(16+4π)×(10)=285,664 units3V=area of

base×height=(16+4π)×(10)=285,664 units3

You can also calculate the volume using the volume of a rectangular prism and one
quarter of the volume of a cylinder.

Show Answer
A cooldrink container is made in the shape of a pyramid with an isosceles triangular
base. This is known as a tetrahedron. The angle of elevation of the top of the container
is 33,557∘33,557∘. CI=7 cmCI=7 cm; JI=18 cmJI=18 cm.
1. Show that the length UIUI is 1515 cm.
2. Find the height JUJU (to the nearest unit).
3. Calculate the area of △CUI△CUI.
Hint: construct a perpendicular line from U to CICI
4. Find the volume of the container

1. △UIJ△UIJ is a right-angled triangle. We can use trigonometry to help us

find UIUI. In this case we will use the cosine ratio as we have the hypotenuse ( JIJI) and
are looking for the adjacent side ( UIUI).
cos33,577∘UI=UIJI=18cos33,577∘=15 cmcos⁡33,577∘=UIJIUI=18cos⁡33,577∘=15
cm

2. △UIJ△UIJ is a right-angled triangle. We can use trigonometry to help us

find JUJU. In this case we will use the sine ratio as we have the hypotenuse ( JIJI) and
are looking for the opposite side ( JUJU).
sin33,577∘JU=JUJI=18sin33,577∘=10 cmsin⁡33,577∘=JUJIJU=18sin⁡33,577∘=10
cm

3.
We first find hh:
h=152−3,52−−−−−−−−√=14,586h=152−3,52=14,586
Now we can find the area:

A=12bh=12(3,5)(14,586)=25,526 cm2A=12bh=12(3,5)(14,586)=25,526 cm2

4. VV=13×12(bh)×JU=13×(25,526)(9,950)=84,661 cm3V=13×12(bh)×JU=13×
(25,526)(9,950)V=84,661 cm3
Show Answer
The container is filled with the juice such that an 11,85%11,85% gap of air is left.
Determine the volume of the juice.
To find the volume of the juice we need to multiply the total volume of the container by
the percentage of juice in the container.

VjVj=V×(1−0,1185)=0,8815(84,661)=74,626 cm3Vj=V×(1−0,1185)=0,8815(84,661)
Vj=74,626 cm3
Show Answer
Below is a diagram of The Great Pyramid.
This is a square-based pyramid and OO is the centre of the square.

BA=AC=aBA=AC=a and OF=h=height of the pyramidOF=h=height of the pyramid.

The length of the side of the pyramid BC=755,79 feetBC=755,79 feet and the height of
the pyramid is 481,4481,4 feetfeet.
Determine the area of the base of the pyramid in terms of aa.
A=b2=(2a)2=4a2A=b2=(2a)2=4a2
Show Answer
Calculate AF(=s)AF(=s) to 55 decimal places.
BCAF=2a=a2+h2−−−−−−√=(0,5BC)2+(OF)2−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−√=(377,895)2
+(481,4)2−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−√=612,00538 feetBC=2aAF=a2+h2=(0,5BC)2+(OF)
2=(377,895)2+(481,4)2=612,00538 feet
Show Answer
From your calculation in question (b) determine sasa.
sa=612,00538377,895=1,620sa=612,00538377,895=1,620
Show Answer
Determine the volume and surface area of the pyramid.

V=13πb2H=13π(2a)2h=13π(755,79)2(481,4)≈91 661 532,5 feet3V=13πb2H=13π(2a

)2h=13π(755,79)2(481,4)≈91 661 532,5 feet3

A=b(b+2hs)=2a(2a+2(s))=755,79(755,79+1 224,0176)≈1 551 425,432 feet2A=b(

b+2hs)=2a(2a+2(s))=755,79(755,79+1 224,0176)≈1 551 425,432 feet2
The volume and surface area
are: 91 661 532,591 661 532,5 feet3feet3 and 1 551 425,4321 551 425,432 feet2feet
2 respectively.
Show Answer