TE3050E-Ch3-First Law
TE3050E-Ch3-First Law
TE3050E-Ch3-First Law
3.1.1 Heat:
Heat
2
Calculation of heat
4
3.1.2 Work
Work is the energy transfer associated with a force acting through a distance.
dwFlow= d(pv)
6
External wok:
7
3.1.3 Total energy of a system
The energy of interest includes internal energy U), kinetic (KE), potential
(PE) and flow work for open system.
For closed system, the change of velocity and PE is normally small compared
to U,
it can consider:
E = U
and e = u
8
The total energy E of an open system:
The total energy of a flowing fluid for unit mass will include the flow work:
e = u + pv + 2/2 + gz
h = u + pv is defined enthalpy
e = h + 2/2 + gz
e = h
9
3.2 The first law of thermodynamics for closed system
Statement of the law: energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but rather
transformed from one form to another.
For a closed system that does not move with a velocity and has no change in
elevation
- For 1 kg of mass
q = u + w
11
Expression of 1st law for ideal gas
consider constant volume process:
dq = du + pdv = du +0
dq = du
cvdT= du u = cvdT
Where cv= (du/dT)v is specific heat at constant volume, can determined based
on experiment.
Or dq = cpdT - vdp 12
Specific heat relations of ideal gas:
V2 = V 1
T2/T1 = p2/p1
dQ = dU + pdV
= +
W1-2 = = 0
p2 = p1
V2/V1 = T2/T1
dQ = dU + pdV
= +
with then
Q1-2 = mR(T2 - T1)
15
¨ Constant temperature process or isothermal process
T = T1
p=
dQ = dU + pdV
Q1-2 = = +
dU = mcvdT = 0
And Q1-2 = 0
® T2=T1()k-1
dQ = dU + pdV = 0
Q1-2 = +
17
(p =constant)
¨ Polytropic process
(T =const.)
pVn = constant
(V =constant)
n = k, adiabatic process
W1-2 = = =
Note that R =cv(k-1) W1-2 =
18
¨ Polytropic process
pV n = constant
n is polytropic index (–∞ to
+∞) conditions of process.
(p =const.)
(T =const.)
(V =const.)
n = k, adiabatic process
19
Brief of processes PV n
constant
No Val. of n Process Description Result of IGL Work
20
¨ In brief
k k k
k
k
k
k
k 21
22
¨ Excersises
1) Figure shows a system comprising of gas in cylinder at
pressure of 689 kPa. Fluid expands from a volume of
0.04 m3 to 0.045 m3 while pressure remains constant.
Paddle wheel in the system does a work of 4.88 kJ on the
system. Determine (a) work done by system on the piston
(b) the net amount of work done on or by the system.
2) A gas at 65 kPa, 200°C is heated in a closed, rigid vessel till it reaches to 400°C.
Determine the amount of heat required for 0.5 kg of this gas if internal energy at
200°C and 400°C are 26.6 kJ/kg and 37.8 kJ/kg respectively.
Solution
3) A closed system of mass 2 kg undergoes an adiabatic process. The work done on
the system is 30 kJ. The velocity of the system changes from 3 m/s to 15 m/s.
During the process, the elevation of the system increases 45 meters. Determine the
change in internal energy of the system.
25
4)
26
27
5)
28
29
3.4 The first law of thermodynamics applied to an open system
mout
min
A
p
m1,1, v1 CV
m2,2, v2
dx
31
The steady flow process
The fluid properties can change from point to point within the control
volume, but at any fixed point they remain the same during the entire
process (no change with time).
- Conservation of mass:
(Total mass entering (Total mass leaving CV
CV per unit time ,in) = per unit time, out)
= .A. = A. = constant = +
– = out - in
33
- For steady flowing fluid with no change in and z
or Q = H + Wexternal
- For 1 kg of mass
q = h + w
dq = dh - vdp
34
3.5 Some processes of gas and vapour in engineering devices
35
3.5.1 Flow process in nozzle and diffuser
36
Energy balance (nozzle & diffuser):
. . . in 2 . . . 2
Qin Win m in Qou Wou
2 gz t
m houtout 2out gzout
in h
in in
t
out
Q =0, ΔPE = 0, ΔKE = 0
. 2 . out2
m in h in
2 m out h out
in
2
Steady flow
1 2>>1
2 22
1
h1 h2 2 1 2<<1
2
37
3.5.2 Processes in turbine and compressor
. . . in 2 . . . 2
Qi Win m
in h
in Qou Wou
2 gz t
m h out gz
2
n in in
t out
out out
ou
.
. .
m in
h W out
m out
h
in
out
Steady flow
.
W out . m h1 h2
39
Energy balance for compressor, pump and fan
out
. . . 2 . . . 2
Qi Wi m in
Qou Wou m houtout 2
ou
n n in h
in in
in
gz t t
out
gz t
2.
Q =0, ΔPE = 0, ΔKE = 0
. .
W in
m in
h h
m out out
in
Steady flow
. .
W in m h2 h1
40
3.5.3 Gas mixing processes in a mixing chamber (MC)
3
For example, an ordinary T-elbow
or a Y-elbow in a shower serves
as the mixing chamber for the
cold- and hot-water streams. 2
41
Mass balance:
m1 + m2 = m3
Energy balance:
m 1 · h1 + m 2 · h2 = m 3 · h3
m1 · cp · T1 + m2 · cp · T2 = m3 · cp · T3
42
3.5.4 Process in heat exchanger (HE)
- Energy balance
Conservation of mass:
or
45
Conservation of energy: mi me
If the changes in kinetic energy and potential energy are negligible, then:
46
Exercise 1
Steam at 0.4 MPa, 300ºC, enters an adiabatic nozzle with a low velocity
and leaves at 0.2 MPa with a quality of 90%. Find the exit velocity.
Summary
=0 V2 = ?
Solution:
48
Exercise 2
In a nozzle air at 627°C and twice atmospheric pressure enters with
negligible velocity and leaves at a temperature of 27°C. Determine
velocity of air at exit, assuming no heat loss and nozzle being horizontal.
Take Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg.K for air
Solution
Solution
Displacement work
Exercise 4
Air at 10°C and 80 kPa enters the diffuser of a jet engine steadily with a
velocity of 200 m/s. The inlet area of the diffuser is 0.4 m2. The air
leaves the diffuser with a velocity that is very small compared with the
inlet velocity.
Determine: (a) the mass flow rate of the air and
(b) the temperature of the air leaving the diffuser
Summary
V2 = 0
=?
T2=?
51
Solution
52
Exercise 5
53
Solution
saturated
54
Exercise’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’’
Compressed air bottle of 0.3 m3 volume contains air at 35 bar, 40°C. This
air is used to drive a turbo-generator supplying power to a device which
consumes 5 W.
Calculate the time for which the device can be operated if the actual
output of the turbo-generator is 60% of the maximum theoretical output.
The ambient pressure to which the tank pressure has fallen is 1 bar. For
air, = 1.4.
Summary
P1 = 35 bar P2 = 1 bar
V1 = 0.3 m3 V2 = 0.3 m3
T1 = 40oC T2 = ?
m 1= ? m2 = ?
Assume the air expansion in the bottle from 35 bar to 1 bar to occurs isentropically
with =1.4
55
Solution
56
Problems
1. A gas at 65 kPa, 200°C is heated in a closed, rigid vessel till it reaches to
400°C. Determine the amount of heat required for 0.5 kg of this gas if
internal energy at 200°C and 400°C are 26.6 kJ/kg and 37.8 kJ/kg
respectively.
2. Carbon dioxide passing through a heat exchanger at a rate of 50 kg/hr is to
be cooled down from 800°C to 50°C. Determine the rate of heat removal
assuming flow of gas to be of steady and constant pressure type. Take cp =
1.08 kJ/kg K.
3. A system comprising of a gas of 5 kg mass undergoes expansion process from
1 MPa and 0.5 m3 to 0.5 MPa. Expansion process is governed by, p.v1.3 =
constant. The internal energy of gas is given by, u = 1.8 pv + 85, kJ/kg. Here
‘u’ is specific internal energy, ‘p’ is pressure in kPa, ‘v’ is specific volume in
m3/kg. Determine heat and work interaction and change in internal energy.
4. A gas contained in a cylinder is compressed from 1 MPa and 0.05 m3 to 2
MPa. Compression is governed by pV1.4 = constant. Internal energy of gas is
given by U = 7.5 pV – 425, kJ. where p is pressure in kPa and V is volume in
m3. Determine heat, work and change in internal energy assuming
compression process to be quasi-static. Also find out work interaction, if the
180 kJ of heat is transferred to system between same states. Also explain, 57
5. Determine the heat transfer and its direction for a system in which a perfect
gas having molecular weight of 16 is compressed from 101.3 kPa, 20°C to a
pressure of 600 kPa following the law pV1.3 = constant. Take specific heat at
constant pressure of gas as 1.7 kJ/kg.K.
6. In a nozzle air at 627°C and twice atmospheric pressure enters with
negligible velocity and leaves at a temperature of 27°C. Determine velocity
of air at exit, assuming no heat loss and nozzle being horizontal. Take CP =
1.005 kJ/kg.K for air.
7. An air compressor requires shaft work of 200 kJ/kg of air and the
compression of air causes increase in enthalpy of air by 100 kJ/kg of air.
Cooling water required for cooling the compressor picks up heat of 90 kJ/kg
of air. Determine the heat transferred from compressor to atmosphere.
8. An inelastic flexible balloon is inflated from initial empty state to a volume
of 0.4 m3 with H2 available from hydrogen cylinder. For atmospheric
pressure of 1.0313 bar determine the amount of work done by balloon
upon atmosphere and work done by atmosphere.
58
9. In a gas turbine installation air is heated inside heat exchanger upto 750°C
from ambient tempera- ture of 27°C. Hot air then enters into gas turbine with
the velocity of 50 m/s and leaves at 600°C. Air leaving turbine enters a nozzle
at 60 m/s velocity and leaves nozzle at temperature of 500°C. For unit mass
flow rate of air determine the following assuming adiabatic expansion in
turbine and nozzle, a) heat transfer to air in heat exchanger
b) power output from turbine
c) velocity at exit of nozzle.
Take cp for air as 1.005 kJ/kg°K.
10.One mol of air at 0.5 MPa and 400 K, initially undergoes following processes,
sequentially
a) heating at constant pressure till the volume gets doubled.
b) expansion at constant temperature till the volume is six times of
initial volume.
Determine the work done by air.
11. Determine the work done by gas for the arrangement shown in Fig. 3.39.
Here spring exerts a force upon piston which is proportional to its
deformation from equilibrium position. Spring gets deflected due to heating
of gas till its volume becomes thrice of original volume. Initial states are 0.5
MPa and 0.5 m3 while final gas pressure becomes 1 MPa. Atmospheric
pressure may be taken as 1.013 × 105 Pa. 59
12.A closed insulated container has frictionless and smooth moving insulated
partition as shown in Fig below such that it equally divides total 1 m3 of
volume, when both the gases are at initial pressure of 0.5 MPa and ambient
temperature of 27°C. Subsequently the nitrogen is heated using electrical
heating element such that volume of N2 becomes 3/4 of total volume of
container. Determine, (i) final pressure of hydrogen, (ii) Work done by
partition, (iii) Workdone by N2 and H2 (iv) Heat added to N2 by electric heater.
13. A cylinder of 2 m3 has air at 0.5 MPa and temperature of 375°K. Air is released
in atmosphere through a valve on cylinder so as to run a frictionless turbine.
Find the amount of work available from turbine assuming no heat loss and
complete kinetic energy being used for running turbine. Take Cp, air = 1.003
kJ/kg . K, Cv, air = 0.716 kJ/kg . K, Rair = 0.287 kJ/kg . K.
14. A rigid and insulated tank of 1 m3 volume is divided by partition into two
equal volume chambers having air at 0.5 MPa, 27°C and 1 MPa, 500 K.
Determine final pressure and temperature if the partition is removed.
15.An evacuated bottle of 0.5 m3 volume is slowly filled from atmospheric air
at 1.0135 bars until the pressure inside the bottle also becomes 1.0135 bar.
Due to heat transfer, the temperature of air inside the bottle after filling is
equal to the atmospheric air temperature. Determine the amount of heat
transfer. [U.P.S.C., 1994].
16.A compressed air bottle of 0.3 m3 volume contains air at 35 bar, 40°C. This
air is used to drive a turbogenerator sypplying power to a device which
consumes 5 W. Calculate the time for which the device can be operated if
the actual output of the turbogenerator is 60% of the maximum theoretical
output. The ambient pressure to which the tank pressure has fallen is 1 bar.
For air, k= 1.4.
61
17. 3 kg of air at 1.5 bar pressure and 77°C temperature at state 1 is
compressed polytropically to state 2 at pressure 7.5 bar, index of
compression being 1.2. It is then cooled at constant temperature to its
original state 1. Find the net work done and heat transferred.
18.A compressed air bottle of volume 0.15 m3 contains air at 40 bar and
27°C. It is used to drive a turbine which exhausts to atmosphere at 1 bar. If
the pressure in the bottle is allowed to fall to 2 bar, determine the amount
of work that could be delivered by the turbine.
62
19. Two tanks are connected by a valve. Tank A contains 2 kg of
carbon monoxide gas at 77°C and 0.7 bar. Tank B holds 8 kg of
the same gas at 27°C and 1.2 bar. Then the valve is opened
and the gases are allowed to mix while receiving energy via
heat transfer from the surrounding. The final equilibrium
temperature is found to be 42°C. Determine (a) the final
pressure (b) the amount of heat transfer. Also state your
assumption. [P2=105
kPa, Q =+37.25 kJ]
20. A piston cylinder device contains 0.2 kg of water initially at 800
kPa and 0.06 m3. Now 200 kJ of heat is transferred to the water
while its pressure is held constant. Determine the final
temperature of the water. Also, show the process on a T-V
diagram with respect to saturation lines.
[ 721.1oC]
63
21. 3. A piston-cylinder device contains 6 kg of refrigerant-134a at 800
kPa and 50oC. The refrigerant is now cooled at constant pressure
until it exist as a liquid at 24oC. Show the process on T-v diagram
and determine the heat loss from the system. State any assumption
made. [1210.26 kJ]
65
26. Four kg of water is placed in an enclosed volume of 1m3. Heat is
added until the temperature is 150°C. Find (a) the pressure, (b) the
mass of vapor, and ( c ) the volume of the vapor.
27. A piston-cylinder device contains 0.1 m3 of liquid water and 1 m3 of
water vapor in equilibrium at 800 kPa. Heat is transferred at constant
pressure until the temperature reaches 350°C.
(a) what is the initial temperature of the water,
(b) determine the total mass of the water,
(c) calculate the final volume, and
(d) show the process on a P-v diagram with respect to saturation lines.
28. For a specific volume of 0.2 m3/kg, find the quality of steam if the
absolute pressure is (a) 40 kPa and ( b ) 630 kPa. What is the
temperature of each case?
29. Water is contained in a rigid vessel of 5 m3 at a quality of 0.8 and a
pressure of 2 MPa. If the a pressure is reduced to 400 kPa by cooling
the vessel, find the final mass of vapor mg and mass of liquid mf.
66
67
3.6 Processes of moist air (Psychrometrics)
cpT
hdry air
Dalton’s Law: P Pa Pv
P
NRT
m(R /M)T
V V
• Partial pressures
Dry Air N a R T
Pa
ma(R /Ma)T
V
Water vapour Pv N RT
V v
mv(R /Mv )T 69
V
• Specific humidity (or humidity Ratio )
is the ratio of the mass of water vapour to the mass of dry air
(kg water vapour per kg dry air)
P
mv V/(R T) P /R 0.622
ω v v
v v
Pa
Pv
Mv Pv ma PaV/(RaT) Pa /Ra
Use P Pv MaPa
Pa Pv
0.622
P Pv
If air is saturated with moisture,
Pg
sat 0.622
P Pg
Pg is saturation vapour pressure at a given temperature, Pg@T.
70
• Relative humidity
yyv |T,P
Pv
| 1
g
Pg T,P
Pg Psat
@T
Pv Pg
0.622P 0.622 Pg
P P v
P
v
Pg 71
T-v diagram for water vapour in an air-water mixture
AIR-WATER VAPOUR MIXTURES (PSYCHROMETRICS)
Pg
• Constant pressure 1-2:
T Dew point (Point.2) -
V = constant Pv
The air-vapour mixture
temperature at which
vapour condenses when it
is cooled at constant
pressure.
P1 = constant 4 1 Tdp = Tsat@Pv
Mixture Temp
P2 = constant
• Constant volume 1-3: If
Typical state of
2 water vapour the mixture is cooled at
in moist air constant volume,
saturated moist air 3 condensation would begin
at Piont.3 (with a lower
temperature than dew
point)
v
• Constant temperature 1-4: If water is added to mixture until saturation occurs
(called saturated air) the vapour will have a partial pressure equal to the
saturation vapour pressure at the mixture temperature, Pg = [email protected] (values
of vapour pressure are available from Table -properties of saturated water) 72
Example 1. Amount of water vapour in room air
Known: Air of known volume (75 m3) at 1 bar, 25oC; Relative
humidity = 75%
Determine: (a) Partial pressure of dry air,
(b) specific humidity,
(c) moist air enthalpy per kg dry air,
(d) masses of dry air and water vapour
(a) Pa P Pv
m
P aV a (97.62)(75) 85.61 kg
a
Ra T (0.287)(298)
mv ma 1.3 kg
74
Adiabatic SATURATION
ADIABATIC saturation process (isometric
PROCESS ANDenthalpy):
WET BULB TEMPERATURE
Dry air: a1 a2 a
m
f v2 m
v1
since
m
Energy
mbalance
( m v
a 2 a
1)
Ein Esys 0 Ein
Eout Eout
H1 H added vapour
H2
m a(ha1 1hg1) m a(2 1)hf 2 m a(ha2
2hg2 )
76
Rearranging for 1:
c pa (T2 T1) 2(hg2 hf
1 where
2) (hg1 hf 2 ) hg1 (T1 ), hf 2(T2), hg2 (T2 )
p g1
77
Measuring specific humidity with wet-bulb temperature
• Basic features:
• The chart is made based on the total air–water vapour pressure of 1 atmosphere
(101 kPa).
• For other pressures, calculations must be carried out to obtain the relative
humidity, specific humidity, and enthalpy.
79
Ashrae psychrometric chart
80
8
1
Example 2 ( Using psychrometric chart)
Assume that the outside air temperature is 32°C with a relative humidity φ = 60%. Use the
psychrometric chart to determine the specific humidity ω, the enthalpy h, the wet-bulb
temperature Twb, the dew-point temperature Tdp, and the specific volume of the dry air v.
Indicate all the values determined on the chart.
Answer:
ω = 18 g-moisture
/kg-air,
h = 78 kJ/kg-air,
Twb = 25.5°C,
Tdp = 23°C,
v = 0.89m3/kg.
82
Application 1: Cooling, dehumidification, and reheating
2100%
Moist air T3 T2
T2 T1
3 2
2 1
m a, T1,
1 1
P 1 atm Outdoor air
m f
Condensate-saturated at T2 3
2=100%
Supply air
P
Pvg |
T ,P T2 T3 T1 84
Mass balance
Dry air:
m a1 m a2 m a3
m
m a
v/
Water vapour:
m a
1-2
m v1 m f m m a( 1
2-3
2
m v2 f 23)
H1 H2 Hf
m v2 Emin v3E out
Energy balance: Qo
ut
1-2 (m aha1 m v1hv1) (m aha2
Qout
Q
m v2hv2o) m hf pa(T1 T2 ) (1hg1 2hg2 ) (2
m af[C
2-3
ut
1)hf ]
H2 Qin H3 Qi (m aha2 m
n h )
v2 v2
(m h m
a a3
85
v3 hv3 )
Example 3
Cooling coil Heating coil
Known:
1 2 3
State 1 (Outdoor air) m r
Condensate-saturated at T2
21.0 2 3
Determine:
State 3 (Supply air)
P3 1 atm T3 m f , T2 , Qout ,
24C Qin 86
0.4
State points:
To find 2 and T2
State 1:
P1 1 atm T1 28 0C 0.7
1 (AV )1 50 m3/min
Pa1 Pv1
Pa1(AV )1
Pv1 ma RaT1 56.35 kg/ min
Pv1 1Pg (T1)
1
m v1 P
1 0.622 v1 0.01691
m Pa1
a
m a m v1 1 87
State 3: 30.4 Pv3 3Pg (T3)
P3 1 atm T3 24 0C 3
Pa3 P3
Pv3
m v3 Pv3 0.007516 v3 3
3 0.622 m a
m Pa3 m
a
Mass balance: Water vapour
Dry air
1-2 cooling 2-3 heating
m m
m a1 m a2 m a3 m v1 m v2
v m
f2
a m v2 m v3
m f 2 m v1 m v3 (1 3) m a 0.529
kg/min
State 2: 2 1 2 3 0.00751
Cooling coil:
Qo (m aha1 m v1hv1) m v2hv2 ) m f
ut
(mmah a2 a1 ha2 ) (1hv1
a[(h 2 ) (1 2 )hf 2
22hhf v2
)]
Answer:
(a)=11.5g-H20/kg-dry-air,
(b) qcool = 48kJ/kg-dry-air,
(c) qheat = 10kJ/kg-dry-air.
90
Example 5
Outside air at 35°C and 60% relative humidity is to be conditioned by cooling and
heating so as to bring the air to within the "comfort zone". Using the
Psychrometric Chart neatly plot the required air conditioning process and
estimate:
(a) the amount of moisture removed,
(b) the heat removed, and
(c) the amount of heat added.
91
Application 2: adiabatic mixing
Outdoor
Air
Vapour m a3
m
m v11m
m m a2 3m
v2 2
a1
m
Energy
v
balance: H1 H2 H3
a m v3 a3 Ein
Eout
(m a1ha1 m v1hv1) (m a2ha2 m v2hv2 ) m
Substituting from mass balance equation:
a3ha3 m v3hv3
Mass balance:
a2
The enthalpy of moist air (kJ/kg dry air)
h CpT hg
State points:
V2 20
m a2
22.5 kg/min
v2 0.889
Mass balance:
m a3 m a1 m a2 83
kg/min
m v1 m v2 a1
1m 2m a2 3m a3
97
Mass flow rate:
V1 50
m a1
60.5
kg/min
v1 0.826
V 20
m a2 2
22.5 kg/min
v2 0.889
Mass balance:
m a3 m a1 m a2 83
kg/min
m v1 m v2 1m a1 2m a2 3m a3
m v3 3 0.0122 kg H20/kg dry air
98