DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Shahabad Daulatpur village, Bawana road, Delhi

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

EE-302 Electrical Engineering

PRACTICAL FILE

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY :

Dr. Vanjari Venkata Ramana Siddartha Aggarwal

Assistant professor 2K20/EE/266
Department of EE, DTU
 INDEX

Sno. Experiment Date

1 To study single phase and three phase half and full 13/01/2023
controlled converters with R, RL, RLE (DC machine) loads
using MATLAB simulations.

2 To study a single-phase half-controlled converter with RLE 27/01/2023

(DC machine) load using MATLAB simulation.

3 To Study chopper fed DC drive using MATLAB. 10/02/2023

4 To study dynamic braking of DC drives. 17/02/2023

5 To study speed control of a three-phase squirrel cage 31/03/2023

induction motor using stator voltage control.

6 To study speed control of a three-phase wound induction 21/04/2023

motor using rotor resistance control.

7 To study speed control of a three-phase squirrel cage 21/04/2023

induction motor using v/f control.

8 To study closed loop control of DC drive using MATLAB. 28/04/2023

 Experiment-1

Aim: To study single phase and three phase half and fully controlled converters with R, RL, RLE (DC
machine) loads using MATLAB simulations.

Theory:
A rectifier is an electronic device that converts an alternating current into a direct current by using one or
more P-N junction diodes. A diode behaves as a one-way valve that allows current to flow in a single
direction. This process is known as rectification.
The single-phase half and full controlled bridge converter is obtained by replacing half, all diodes of the
corresponding uncontrolled converter by thyristors respectively. Thyristors T1 and T2 are fired together while
T3 and T4 are fired 180º after T1 and T2.
A half-controlled converter cannot function in the inverter mode because the output voltage does not go
negative. In the continuous conduction mode, the half-controlled converter produces a larger output voltage
than a fully controlled converter for the same firing angle and input voltage.
A three-phase half-wave-controlled rectifier is a circuit that uses three thyristors to convert three phase AC
voltage to rippling DC voltage. The full wave-controlled rectifier uses six thyristors to convert three phase
AC voltage to rippling DC voltage. The full controlled rectifier has less ripples than the half controlled with
higher frequency.
Using R, RL, RLE loads, different output voltage waveforms are produced accordingly. The resistive load is
responsible for reducing the output current magnitude and heat losses, the inductive load stores energy and
reduces the sudden changes in current by acting as a energy source when required, the battery load charges
itself when the potential across it is less than the input voltage and gives voltage difference across its
terminals when the input voltage is less.

Simulation
1. Single-Phase Half and Full converter with R, RL load
Fig 1.1: single phase half converter with R load

Fig 1.2: single phase half converter with RL load

Fig 1.3: single phase full converter with R load
Fig 1.4: single phase full converter with RL load
1. Three phase half and full with R, RL load

Fig 2.1: Three phase half converter with R load

Fig 2.2: Three phase half converter with RL load

Fig 2.3: Three phase full converter with R load

Fig 2.4: Three phase full converter with RL load
2.Single phase, half and full of DC motor load

Fig 3.1: single phase half converter with DC motor load

Fig 3.2: single phase full converter with DC motor load
2. Three phase half and full with DC motor load

Fig 4.1: three phase half converters with DC motor load

Fig 4.2: three phase full converter with DC motor load
 Experiment-2

Aim: To study a single phase half controlled converter with RLE (DC machine) load using MATLAB
simulation.

Theory:
Single Phase Half Controlled Rectifier Control is shown in Fig. 5.29(a). In a cycle of source voltage defined
by Eq. (5.71), T1 receives gate pulse from α to π and T2 from (π+ α) to 2π. Motor terminal voltage and
current waveforms for the dominant discontinuous and continuous conduction mode are shown in Figs.
5.29(b) and (c) respectively.In discontinuous conduction mode, when T1 is fired at α, motor gets connected to
the source through T1 and D1 and va = vs. The armature current flows and D2 gets forward biased at π.
Consequently, armature current freewheels through the path formed by D1 and D2, and the motor terminal
voltage is zero. Conduction of D2 reverse biases T1 and turns it off. Armature current drops to 0 at β and
stays zero until T2 is fired at (π+ α). Similarly, the continuous conduction mode can be explained.

A Single Phase Half Controlled Rectifier Control is cheaper and gives a higher power factor compared to
single-phase fully-controlled rectifiers. But then it only provides control in quadrant I.

Simulation
 Simulation of single-phase half controlled rectifier with RLE load

Input
Single phase AC voltage with
Amplitude = 100 V
Frequency = 50 Hz

Pulse of first, second thyristor

Period = 0.02 secs
Phase delay of first thyristor = 0.0025
Phase delay of second thyristor = 0.0125

Constant load torque = 5 Nm

Simulation Results:
Rms armature voltage = 65.99 v
Average armature voltage = 52.52 v
Armature voltage ripple factor = 1.257

THD of armature current = 0.2951

Motor speed = 13.48 rad/sec

Armature current = 81.47 A
Field current = 0.2083 A
Mechanical torque = 30.55 Nm
 Output waveforms

Speed vs Torque curve Torque vs Current curve

Result
The Simulation of single-phase half controlled converter with RLE (DC machine) as load has been
successfully performed.
 Experiment-3

Aim: To Study chopper fed DC drive using MATLAB.

Theory:
The variable voltage to the armature of a dc motor for speed control can be obtained from a dc chopper which
is a single stage dc to dc conversion device. The voltage variation at the load terminals can be obtained by
using time ratio control.
When the chopper is controlled by TRC the ratio of TON/TOFF of the chopper is changed. In this case the
operation is at fixed frequency if (TON+TOFF) is kept constant. TON only is varied to obtain voltage control.
The operation will be at variable frequency with TON kept constant and (TON+TOFF) varied. But owing to
several advantages of simplicity, a fixed frequency TRC is normally used. Chopper circuits are used to
control both separately excited and series motors.
In a separately excited DC motor, the variation of time ratio provides variable voltage during the period the
current in the load grows and in the OFF period the current decays. Due to the back emf present in the circuit
the variation of currents is almost linear. A combination of constant frequency and variable TRC strategies
gives a better performance.

Simulation:

Type C chopper fed Separately excited DC drive

Input
DC voltage = 240 V
Pulses:
Time period = 0.9 secs
Pulse width = 60 %

Constant load torque = 5 Nm

Simulation Result

Result
The Simulation of working of a type C chopper fed separately excited DC drive has been successfully
performed.
 Experiment-5

Aim: To study speed control of a three-phase squirrel cage induction motor using stator voltage control.

Theory:
The speed of a 3-phase induction motor can be varied by changing the supply voltage. The torque developed
in the motor is proportional to the square of the supply voltage and the slip corresponding to maximum torque
is independent of the supply voltage. The figure shows the torque-speed characteristics of the 3-phase
induction motor for varying supply voltage.

By the stator voltage control method, the speed of the motor can be varied within a small range. As the
operation of the motor at voltages higher than the rated voltage is not permissible, thus this method allows the
speed control only below the rated speed of the motor.

The speed control by the stator voltage control method is more suitable where intermittent operation of the
motor is required. This method is also suitable for the speed control of the induction motors driving fans or
pumps where the load torque varies as the square of the speed, since these motor drives require low torque at
low speeds and this can be achieved with lower applied voltage without excessive motor current.

Simulation:
Input:
Frequency = 60 Hz
Input Dc voltage = 400 V

Mechanical Torque:
Starting value = 10 Nm
Ending value = 25 Nm
Step time = 0.6 secs

Voltage
Starting amplitude = 400
Ending Amplitude = 300
Step time = 1 sec

stator voltage control

Result
The Simulation of speed control of a three phase induction motor using stator voltage control has been
successfully performed.
 Experiment-6

Aim: To study speed control of a three-phase wound induction motor using rotor resistance control.

Theory:
The speed of the wound induction motor can be controlled by connecting an external resistance in the rotor
circuit through slip rings. This method is not applicable to cage rotor induction motors.If the resistance of the
motor is increased, then the pull-out speed of the motor decreases. But the maximum torque remains constant.
Thus, by Rotor Resistance Control method, the speed control is provided by the rated speed to the lower
speeds. This method of speed control is very simple. It is possible to have a large starting torque, low starting
current, and large values of the pullout torque at a small value of slip.

Rotor resistance can also be varied sleeplessly using circuits as shown. The ac output voltage of the rotor is
rectified by a diode bridge and fed to a parallel combination of a fixed resistance R and a semiconductor
switch realized by a transistor Tr.

Resistance between terminals A and B will be zero when the igbt is on and it will be R when it is off.
Therefore, the average value of resistance between the terminals is given by.
RAB= (1-δ)R
Simulation:
Input:
Frequency = 60 Hz
Input Dc voltage = 400 V
Mechanical torque = 10 Nm
Resistance = 20 Ω
Step (0-1) at 1 sec

Pulse to Igbt:
Time period = 0.001secs
Pulse width = 50 %

Rotor resistance control

Result
The Simulation of speed control of a three phase induction motor using rotor resistance control has been
successfully performed.
 Experiment-7

Aim: To study speed control of a three-phase squirrel cage induction motor using v/f control.

Theory:
A three phase induction motor is basically a constant speed motor so it’s somewhat difficult to control its
speed. The speed control of the induction motor is done at the cost of decrease in efficiency and low electrical
power factor. Before discussing the methods to control the speed of three phase induction motor one should
know the basic formulas of speed and torque of three phase induction motor as the methods of speed control
depend upon these formulas.

Where,
E2 is the rotor emf
Ns is the synchronous speed
R2 is the rotor resistance
X2 is the rotor inductive reactance
V / f Control or Frequency Control

Whenever three phase supply is given to three phase induction motor rotating magnetic field is produced
which rotates at synchronous speed given by

In three phase induction motor emf is induced by induction similar to that of transformer which is given by

Where, K is the winding constant, T is the number of turns per phase and f is frequency. Now if we change
frequency synchronous speed changes but with decrease in frequency flux will increase and this change in
value of flux causes saturation of rotor and stator cores which will further cause increase in no load current of
the motor . So, it's important to maintain flux , φ constant and it is only possible if we change voltage. i.e if
we decrease frequency flux increases but at the same time if we decrease voltage flux will also decease
causing no change in flux and hence it remains constant.So, here we are keeping the ratio of V/f as constant.
Hence its name is V/ f method. For controlling the speed of three phase induction motor by V/f method we
have to supply variable voltage and frequency which is easily obtained by using converter and inverter set.

Simulation:
Input:
Frequency = 0-60 Hz
Input Dc voltage = 0-400 V
Mechanical torque = 10 Nm
Ramp function {x<1: (y=0.75*x), x>1: (y=1)}

v/f control

Result
The Simulation of speed control of a three-phase induction motor using v/f control has been successfully
performed.
 Experiment-8

Aim: To study closed loop control of DC drive using MATLAB.

Theory:
Closed Loop Speed Control of DC Motor – The converters (rectifiers and choppers) are built using
semiconductor devices, which have very low thermal capacity. Consequently, their transient and steady state
current ratings are the same. The dc motors can carry 2 to 3.5 times the rated current during transient
operations of short duration, such as starting, braking, and reversing. The higher the current, higher is the
torque and faster is the transient response. Therefore, when fast response during transient operations is
required, motor current is allowed to have maximum permissible value. The converter rating is then chosen
equal to the maximum permissible value of motor current. Because of the large current rating, the converter
cost will now be higher. When fast transient response is not required, the converter current rating is chosen to
be equal to the motor current rating to keep the converter cost low.

Simulation:

Input:
Field voltage = 240V
Mechanical torque = 5 Nm
Reference speed = 1500 rpm
 Pid auto tuner

Closed loop speed control

Result
The Simulation of closed loop control of DC drives has been successfully performed.