Electrical & Electronics Engineering Department

BRCM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

BAHAL 127028 ( Distt. Bhiwani ) Haryana, India

ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB II

EE-327-F
L T P
0 0 2

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-II LAB

CLASS WORK
EXAM
TOTAL
DURATION OF EXAM

:
:
:
:

25 Marks
25 Marks
50 Marks
3 HRS

List of Experiments:
1. Study of the No Load and Block Rotor Test in a Three Phase Slip Ring Induction Motor & draw its
circle diagram
2. To Study the Starting of Slip Ring Induction Motor by Rotor Resistance Starter.
3. To Study and Measure Direct and Quadrature Axis Reactance of a 3 phase alternator by Slip Test
4. To Study and Measure Positive, Negative and Zero Sequence Impedance of a Alternator
5. To Study and Measure Synchronous Impedance and Short circuit ratio of Synchronous Generator.
6. Study of Power (Load) sharing between two Three Phase alternators in parallel operation condition
7. Synchronization of two Three Phase Alternators, by
a)
b)
c)

Synchroscope Method
Three dark lamp Method
Two bright one dark lamp Method

8. To plot V- Curve of synchronous motor.

7. To study and verify Load characteristics of Long Shunt & short shunt Commutatively Compound
Generator using 3 phase induction motor as prime mover.
10. To perform O.C. test on synchronous generator. And determine the full load regulation of a three
phase synchronous generator by synchronous impedance method
NOTE: At least 10 experiments are to be performed, with at least 7 from above list, remaining three may
either be performed from above list or designed & set by concerned institution as per scope of syllabus.

Electrical & Electronics Engineering Department

BRCM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
BAHAL 127028 ( Distt. Bhiwani ) Haryana, India

ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB II

S.NO
1
2
3
4
5

Name of Experiment
To perform the brake test on a 3- slip ring induction motor and obtain its
performance characteristics
To start a 3-Phase slip ring induction motor by rotor resistance starter.
To determine the Xd & Xq of the salient pole type Synchronous Machine
To pre determine the regulation of an alternator at full load at different
power factors using synchronous impedance and MMF methods.
To pre determine the regulation of an alternator at full load at different
power factors using

V and inverted V curves of a 3-phase synchronous motor.

To determine positive sequence, negative sequence and zero sequence

reactances of an alternator

To study the Synchronization of the alternator with infinite bus bar

Study of the No Load and Block Rotor Test in a Three Phase Slip Ring
Induction Motor & draw its circle diagram

10

Start the induction motor by using star- delta starting method

Page NO

Electrical & Electronics Engineering Department

BRCM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
BAHAL 127028 ( Distt. Bhiwani ) Haryana, India

ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB II

Experiment-1
Brake test on a SIip Ring Induction Motor
Objective :
To perform the brake test on a 3- slip ring induction motor and obtain its performance characteristics.

Nameplate details:
AC slip ring induction motor.
Stator
Voltage
Current
Winding
Power
Speed

Rotor

415V
7.5A
Star
5.0 h.p
1440 r.p.m

200v
11.0A
Star

Apparatus:
Voltmeter 0-300V ac digital
Ammeter 0-10A ac digital
Wattmeter 0-5KW digital
Tachometer 0-9999rpm digital

01
01
01
01

Theory:
The slip ring induction motor consists of two main parts. They are stator and rotor.
Stator: It is a star connected 3- winding. Each phase winding is separated by 1200
electrical. Il 3- supply is connected to the stator, it produces a rotating magnetic field in
the stator core.
Rotor: It is also a star connected 3- winding and wound for the same number of poles as
the stator. Its external terminals are short-circuited. Due to the relative speed between the
rotating flux in the stator and the stationary flux in the rotor. The rotor rotates nearer to
the synchronous speed maintaining a low slip.
The synchronous speed of the rotating flux in the
l20f
stator Ns =
P
Where 'f is the supply frequency in Hz and 'P' is the number of poles.
Slip : It is the relative speed of the rotor with respect to synchronous speed of the rotating
magnetic field.
(Ns N)
X100

Percent Slip =

Ns
Torque = 9.81(1 2). R, Where R is at the radius of the brake drum.
2N
Output =

watts

60
output
% =
input x100

Power factor = cos =

Pph

Vph. Iph
(Where 'Pph' is the input power per phase)

Procedure:

* Connect the circuit diagram as shown in the fig 4.1

* Keep the 3- auto transformer at zero voltage position.
* Loosen the rope on the brake drum and set the tension meters at zero position.
* Switch - ON the motor and increase the auto - transformer gradually till the voltmeter
reads the rated phase voltage 230V.
* Note down the readings of the voltmeter, ammeter, tachometer, spring balances and
wattmeter readings at no-load.
* Now increase the load gradually by tightening the rope till the ammeter reads the rated
current. Pour some water in side the break drum for cooling.
* Note down Vph, Iph, Pph, T1, T2 and speed.
* Switch OFF the supply and adjust the 3- auto - transformer at zero position.

Sample Observations : Ns = 1500 rpm

Practical Observations:

Sample Calculations:

Practical Calculations:

Graph :
Draw the graph for
(i). Iph Vs

(ii) lph Vs (iii) lph Vs N (iv) lph Vs slip

Conclusion:
The performance characteristics of the slip ring induction motor are drawn from the
readings obtained form the brake test.

Electrical & Electronics Engineering Department

BRCM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
BAHAL 127028 ( Distt. Bhiwani ) Haryana, India

ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB II

Experiment-2
AIM:- To start a 3-Phase slip ring induction motor by rotor resistance starter.

Apparatus:
3-Phase slip-ring induction motor (both stator & rotor 'Y'
connected) 1 3-Phase resistance board - 1
Timers-2
Power contactors - 3.

Theory:
These motors are practically started with full line voltage applied across the stator terminals.
Starting current is adjusted by introducing a variable resistance or rheostat in the rotor circuit. The
rheostat connected in star & the resistance being gradually cut out of the rotor circuit equally in each
phase as motor picks up the speed. By increasing the rotor resistance, is the rotor current is reduced
at starting and the starting torque is also increased due to improvement in power factor.
The controlling rheostat is either contact type as in this experiment on that of the stud type.
Starter usually having a line switching contactor for the stator along with no voltage and order current
protective device. There is some kind of interlocking to ensure sequential operation of the line
contactor and the starter. This interlocking prevents the closing of stator contactor unless the starter is
all in. The additional external resistance in the rotor circuit enables a slip ring motor to develop a high
starting torque with moderate starting current. Additional resistance cuts as the motor gains speed

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure for rotor resistance starter:

* Connect the circuit as shown in the control circuit diagram fig.
* Do not connect the power supply for the stator
* Set the timers for T1 and T2 seconds
* Switch on the supply and push the start button.
* Check the sequence of operation
* C1 contactor is ON and timer T2 coil is energized
* After T1 sec. T2 contactor is ON
* T2 timer is energized simultaneously with C2 and T1 supply is disconnected.
* After t2 sec, C3 contractor is ON and C2 ,T2 are de-energized.
* Now C1 and C2 are in ON condition.
* Switch off the supply and connect the supply for the stator
* Connect the jumper from R1 bank to C2 contactor and R2 bank to C3 contactor as
shown in the circuit diagram.
* Switch on the supply.
* Check the sequence of operation.
* If the sequence of operation is correct, then switch off the supply and connect the Power
circuit.
* Switch on the main motor.

Conclusions:
By connecting the control circuit the rotor resistance of starting method on a 3Phase slip - ring induction motor can be performed.

Electrical & Electronics Engineering Department

BRCM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
BAHAL 127028 ( Distt. Bhiwani ) Haryana, India

ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB II

Experiment-3
SLIPTEST
Objective:
To determine the Xd & Xq of the salient pole type Synchronous Machine.

Apparatus:

- , 16 amps auto - transformer

3 - 01
0 - 2 Amps dc ammeter
- 01
0 - 300 V dc voltmeter
- 01
0 - 20 Amps ammeter
- 01
0 300 V ac voltmeter
- 01
0 - 600 V ac voltmeter
- 01
0 - 2000 rpm tachometer
- 01

Motor Ratings :
DC Motor
P = 5.2KW
N = 1500 rpm
V=180V
I = 3.4A
Winding = shunt
Excitation Voltage = 180 V
Current = 1.5 A

AC Generator
KVA=5
N = 1500 rpm

V=415V
I=7A
" Y" connected
Excitation voltage = 180 V
Current =1.8A

p.f=0.8, f=50Hz

Theory:
Direct axis synchronous reactance, Xd :
Direct axis synchronous reactance ofsynchronous machine in per unit is
equal to the ratio of field current, Ifsc at rated armature current from the short circuit
test, to the field current , Ifo at the rated voltage from open circuit test. Therefore direc
t axis synchronous reactance is given by,
Xd = Ifsc / Ifo per unit
Thus Xd can be determined by performing o.c & s.c test on an alternator.
Quadrature axis synchronous reactance, Xq:
For slip test, the machine should be driven at a speed, slightly less than
synchronous speed, with its field circuit open. Three phase balanced reduced voltage at
rated frequency is applied to the armature terminals of the alternator. This voltage is
to be adjusted so that the current drawn the stator winding is full load current , under
these conditions of operation , the variation of current drawn by the stator winding
and no voltage across the field winding. These wave forms clearly indicate that these
are changing between minimum and maximum values. When the crest of the stator
mmf wave Coincides with the direct axis of the rotating field, the induced emf in the
open field is zero, the voltage across the stator terminals is maximum and the current
drawn by the stator winding is minimum. Thus the approximate value of the direct9

axis synchronous reactance Xds is given by

Xds = Emax/Imin
When the crest of the stator mmf wave coincides with the quadrature axis of the
rotating field, the induced emf in the open circuit field is maximum, voltage across the
stator terminals is minimum and current drawn by the stator winding is maximum.
Xqs = Emin/Imax

The most accurate value of quadrature axis synchronous reactance Xq is given by Xq = x Xd =

x x Xd.
where Xd , is measured from OC and SC tests.
10

Observations:
Vmax = 327 V
Iph = 9.67A
Xd = = 34.98

Vmin= 306V
Iph(min) = 9.40 A

Xq = = 31.64 .

Procedure :
Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.\
Set the DC drive potentiometer, 3 - Phase auto - transformer at zero position
and DC motor field auto - transformer at the maximum position as marked on
the panel.
Switch on the supply and set the dc motor field auto transformer such that the
field current is 1.2 Amps.
Slowly increase the motor till it reaches slightly above or below the
synchronous speed by potentiometers.
Adjust the 3-phase auto - transformer till the alternator phase current reaches 7.0
amps.
Record the minimum and maximum values of the induced AC voltage across
the field of the alternator and also min. and max. phase currents of the
alternator.
Switch off the supply and set the potentiometers and 3-phase auto- transformer at
zero position.
Conclusions: The values of Xd and Xq of salient pole machine are determined from slip
test.

11

Electrical & Electronics Engineering Department

BRCM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
BAHAL 127028 ( Distt. Bhiwani ) Haryana, India

ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB II

Experiment-4
0.C and S.C. Test of a 3-phase Alternator
Objective :
To pre determine the regulation of an alternator at full load at different power factors
using

synchronous impedance and MMF

methods.
Apparatus:
0 - 300 V dc Voltmeter - 01
0 - 10 amps dc Ammeter - 01
0 - 2 amps dc Ammeter - 02
0 - 300 V ac Voltmeter - 0l
0 - 10 amps ac Ammeter - 0l
0 - 2000 rpm Tachometer - 01
Motor Ratings:
DC Motor

Alternat
or

Voltage : 220V
Current : 19
Amps power: 3.7
KW

Voltage: 415 V
current: 5 Amps
Power: 3.5 KVA
Speed: 1500 rpm

Theory:
Voltage Regulation:
The voltage regulation of an alternator is defined as " the rise in voltage from fullload to no-load and (field excitation and speed remaining the same) divided by the rated
terminal voltage" . percent regulation 'up'= X 100.
Where E0 and V are respectively the no Load voltage and full load voltage.
Regulation of an alternator by synchronous impedance method:
Ra per Phase: It is obtained from direct voltmeter and ammeter method by applying DC
supply or by using multimeter to the stator winding. The effective value of Ra is increased
due to skin effect,
Ra=1.3 x Ra(DC)
O.C.C: O.C.C is plotted from the given data as shown in Fig8.1 as in D.C Machines, this is
plotted by running the machine on no-load and by noting the values of induced voltage and
field excitation current. It is just like a B-H curve.

12

Electrical & Electronics Engineering Department

BRCM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
BAHAL 127028 ( Distt. Bhiwani ) Haryana, India

ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB II

Experiment-5
O. C and S.C. Test of a 3-phase Alternator
Objective :
To pre determine the regulation of an alternator at full load at different power factors
using

synchronous impedance and MMF

methods.
Apparatus:
0 - 300 V dc Voltmeter - 01
0 - 10 amps dc Ammeter - 01
0 - 2 amps dc Ammeter - 02
0 - 300 V ac Voltmeter - 0l
0 - 10 amps ac Ammeter - 0l
0 - 2000 rpm Tachometer - 01
Motor Ratings:
DC Motor

Alternat
or

Voltage : 220V
Current : 19
Amps power: 3.7
KW

Voltage: 415 V
current: 5 Amps
Power: 3.5 KVA
Speed: 1500 rpm

Theory:
Voltage Regulation:
The voltage regulation of an alternator is defined as " the rise in voltage from fullload to no-load and (field excitation and speed remaining the same) divided by the rated
terminal voltage" . percent regulation 'up'= X 100.
Where E0 and V are respectively the no Load voltage and full load voltage.
Regulation of an alternator by synchronous impedance method:
Ra per Phase: It is obtained from direct voltmeter and ammeter method by applying DC
supply or by using multimeter to the stator winding. The effective value of Ra is increased
due to skin effect,
Ra=1.3 x Ra(DC)
O.C.C: O.C.C is plotted from the given data as shown in Fig8.1 as in D.C Machines, this is
plotted by running the machine on no-load and by noting the values of induced voltage and
field excitation current. It is just like a B-H curve.

13

Diagram:-

S.C.C: S.C.C is drawn from the data given by the short-circuit test as shown in Fig.
It is obtained by short circuiting the armature (i.e. Stator) windings through a low resistance ammeter.
The excitation is so adjusted as to give the rated full load current. Both these curves are drawn on a common
field - current base. At rated field current I, of the alternator, draw a horizontal line which intersects the S.C.C.
at a point. Now draw a perpendicular on to the X - axis from this point which gives the necessary field current
for O.C. voltage E1 . It may be assumed that the whole of this voltage E1 is being used to circulate the armature
short circuit current I1 against the synchronous impedance Zs.

Zs=
E1 = I1Zs
Since Ra can be found as discussed earlier, the synchronous reactance Xs is
given by Xs = (Zs-Ra )

0.C. and S.C characteristics of alternator

Knowing Ra and Xs Phasor diagram can be drawn for any
load. No load voltage E0 is given by
E0 =((vcos +IRa) +(VsinIXs) )0.5
When V is the rated terminal voltage per phase and I is rated load
current per phase cos is power factor.
Regulation by mmf method: This method also utilizes o.c. and s.c. test data and the armature
leakage reactance is treated as an additional armature reaction. In other words it is assumed that
14

the change in the terminal potential difference on load is due to entirely armature reaction and
due to ohmic resistance drop which in most cases is negligible.
Now field AT required to produce a voltage of V on full load is the vector sum of the
following.
Field AT required to produce a voltage of V(or Ra is to be taken into account, then V+IRa
cos) on no load.
Field AT required to overcome the demagnetizing effect of armature reaction on full load.
This value is found from SC test. In other-words the demagnetizing armature AT on full
load are equal and opposite to the field AT, required to produce a full load current on
short circuit.
From the complete diagram of O.C and S.C characteristics, OA represents I f for normal
voltage V. OC represents If required for producing full load current on S.C vector AB=OC is
drawn at an angle of (90+) to OA. (if the p.f is lagging and 90- if pf is leading). The total field
current is OB for which the corresponding O.C voltage is E0.
:. percentage regulation= X 100.
Observation Table :
Practical Observations:
If
OC Test
Eoc
If
83

0.153

102

0.193

133

0.257

156

0.31

184

0.387

201

0.443

222

0.534

230

0.59

240

0.664

250

0.74

SC
Test

Isc =
Vsc = 21 V 5A
Calculations:
Zs = E1/I1 = 226/5 = 45.2 . Ra = 8.8 .
Xs = = 44.3 . V= 240 V
E0 =
=443.2 Volts.
% Regulation = X 100= 84.3%
15

Procedure :
Connect the circuit as shown in the fig. 8.1 for O.C. Test.
Keep the dc drive potentiometers and auto - transformer of the alternator field at zero position. Switch
- on the supply and slowly increase, the dc motor speed, (prime mover) to its rated speed. After
attaining the rated speed, gradually increase the auto -transformer and record the field

current and phase voltage of the alternator.

When the phase voltage is reached to the rated value 230V, switch - off the supply and
keep the potentiometers and auto - transformer at zero position.
Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram for S.C. Test.
Switch - on the supply and slowly increase the dc motor speed to its rated speed.
After attaining the rated speed, gradually increase the auto - transformer and record
the field current and phase current of the alternator.
Switch ofsf the supply when the phase current is reached the rated value, (5A).
Switch - off the supply and keep the potentiometers and auto - transformer back
to zero position.

16

Electrical & Electronics Engineering Department

BRCM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
BAHAL 127028 ( Distt. Bhiwani ) Haryana, India

ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB II

Experiment-6
'V' and inverted 'V' curves of a 3 - phase
Synchronous motor
Objective:
To draw the V and curves of a 3-phase synchronous motor at no-load and load conditions.

Apparatus:
0-300V dc Voltmeter
0-300V ac Voltmeter
0-l0A dc Ammeter

0-A dc Ammeter
0-3 KW wattmeter
Frequency meter
Phase sequence meter

01
01
01

01
01
01
01

Motor Specifications :
DC Motor:
Voltag
e
: 220 V.
Curre
nt
: 19 Amps
Speed : 1500 rpm

Synchronous Machine:
Voltage
Curren
t
Speed
Power

--- 220 V
--- 5 Amps
--- 1500 rpm
--- 3.5 KVA

Theory:
The input power = 3 VI cos. Thus, if the power factor for constant output is plotted
against the field current, out a constant load it will be as inversion of V curve. The V and inverted
V curves of a synchronous motor can be obtained by performing the synchronization test. The vcurves of synchronous machine motor show how armature current varies with I f , when motor
input is kept constant. These curves are obtained by plotting as armature current against dc field
current while motor input is kept constant.
The inverted v-curves of synchronization machine motor shows how pf varies with If ,
when motor input is kept constant, such that they change with power factor change.
The synchronization switch is closed when (1) frequency of voltage on both sides of the
switch is same. (2) Line to neutral voltage on the supply side must be equal to corresponding line
17

to neutral voltage on the synchronous machine side closing the synchronizing switch is called
synchronization.
If the phase angle between V and I is less than 900 the power per phase delivered by ac
supply source Vl cos is positive. Machine is acting as a synchronous generator if the phase angle
lies between 900 and 1800 , cos is negative, then ac supply source actually now receives power.
The synchronous machine acts as a generator.
Synchronous motor runs at a constant speed. If the load is kept constant the power output remains
constant. As excitation varies its power factor varies where as the input also remains constant.

Thus the current drawn decreases in magnitude which the phase angle (of lag) also
decreases and power factor increases. At a certain Stage, pf = 1, further increase in excitation pf
decreases thus angle increases.
Now on load condition, if line to neutral voltage of the machine coincide with those of the
supply the voltages of the lamps become zero all times lamps are dark. This time the
synchronization switch is closed, if not the phase move away from synchronization. At one point
the voltage across each lamp becomes twice a phasor voltages and lights reach maximum
intensity. .The limit of stability depends on the excitation. The stronger the excitation the more
stable is the machine.
The input power is constant at a constant load on the motor. The armature current and
power factor changes with the change in the excitation.

Procedure:
* Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
* Keep the dc motor (prime mover) potentiometers and synchronous machine fi eld autotransformer at zero position.
* Switch on S, switch.
* Push the start button and slowly increase the potentiometer till the motor attains the rated
speed.
* Check the phase voltage, frequency and phase sequence of the A.P.S.E.B. supply at the
synchronizing switch (contactor).
* Adjust the auto-transformer (to increase the excitation of the syn. machine) till the phase
voltage of the synchronous machine is same as the A.PS.E.B. supply at the synchronizing switch.
* Check the frequency and phase sequence of the the A.P.S.E.B. supply and the synchronous
machine are same on both sides of the synchronizing switch.(connect the frequency meter across
the R-Phase, Neutral on the supply side and simultaneously check at the generate side. Adjust the
prime mover (DC Motor) speed till the frequencies are equal.
* Check the lamps connected across the synchronization switch.
* lf the lamps are not gradually becoming dark then adjust the dc motor speed very gently till the
lamps become dark.
* Push the synchronizing ON button when all the lamps are dark.

Fig.3.1: Circuit Diagram:

18

*
Now, the syn. machine is parallel to the power supply and starts working as a synchronous
motor. Switch off the S1 switch (to disconnect the supply to the DC motor.
Gradually, decrease the excitation of the syn. motor by decreasing the auto- transformer position
and record I. Ino and power per phase of the synchronous motor
* Similarly, increase the excitation of the syn. Motor by increasing the auto - transformer position
and record If, Iph and power per phase of the synchronous motor. Do not exceed the field current
more than 1.2 amps(rating of the field current).
* Switch - off the power supply contactor and set the auto transformer and dc drive
potentiometer to zero position. Synchronous machine contactor is also becomes off .
(Note : Do not touch the Synchronization switch OFF button)

Sample Observation Table:

Practical Observation Table:

19

Model Graphs:

Result: Thus, the test is carried out and V and curves are drawn as noload.

20

Electrical & Electronics Engineering Department

BRCM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
BAHAL 127028 ( Distt. Bhiwani ) Haryana, India

ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB II

Experiment:-7
OBJECTIVE: - To determine positive sequence, negative sequence and zero sequence reactances
of an alternator.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED
1. Ammeter: 0 - 15A; 0 - 2.5A.
2. Voltmeter: 0 40V; 0 250V.
3. Wattmeter: 0 -1400 W.

Connection Diagram

4. Fig 3.1 Connection Diagram for open circuit

5.

6. Fig 3.2 Connection Diagram for short circuit

Fig 3.3 Connection Diagram for Determination of X2

21

Fig 3.4 Connection Diagram for Determination of X0

THEORY OF THE EXPERIMENT
DETERMINATION OF X1 (Positive Sequence reactance):
It is a reactance of a synchronous machine under steady state condition in the direct axis. The
positive sequence impedance can also be defined as the impedance offered by the machine to the
flow of positive sequence currents in the armature windings create a magnetic field that rotates in
the normal direction in the air gap.
X2=Z2sinQ
1. Open Circuit Test
Table 1 - Open Circuit Test
S.No. Voltage Field Current Speed
1.

2.

3.

a. Run the machine at rated speed.

b. Connect a voltmeter and ammeter according to the circuit diagram.
c. Note the reading at different exciting current.
2. Short Circuit Test
S.No. Armature Current Field Current Speed
1.
.
.
.
2.

3.

a. Run the machine at rated speed.

b. Apply low voltage to the field circuit so that exciting current is small. Alternately connect
a high resistance rheostat in the field circuit with full field voltage applied connect an
armature in the field circuit.
c. Apply three-phase short circuit at the synchronous machine terminal with an ammeter
connected in any phase.
d. Measure the short circuit current corresponding to the field current given by the ammeter
reading.

22

DETERMINATION OF X2 (Negative Sequence Reactance):

S.No. Voltage Current Power Z2

X2

1.

2.

3.

The negative sequence reactance X2 can be determined by driving the machine at rated speed
with low excitation. Short circuit ant two phases and open circuit one phase. Measure the short
circuited current Isc and voltage of open circuited phase Vos. The current coil of voltmeter is
excited by Isc and voltage coil by Vos. The negative sequence impedance can be calculated.
Z2=Vos / 3.Isc
X2=Z2sinQ , where Q = cos-1(P / Vsc.Vsc)
a. Run the machine at rated speed
b. Short circuit two phases of the alternator through an ammeter and the current coil of the
wattmeter.
c. Connect the voltage coil of the wattmeter and the voltmeter between the open phase and
any short circuited phase.
d. Gradually increase the excitation such that the short circuit current does not exceed its
full load value.
e. Take reading of voltmeter, Ammeter and Wattmeter.
Determination of X0 (Zero Sequence Reactance):S.No. Voltage Current Speed X0
1.

2.

3.

The machine is driven at rated speed. The windings of all phases are connected in parallel.
Connect the voltmeter and ammeter according to the circuit diagram shown in Fig 3.1.
a. Connect the armature winding in parallel according to the circuit diagram.
b. Run the machine at rated speed.
c. Apply low voltage from a variac and measure both voltage and current taken by the
armature windings
X0= 3. V0 / I0
23

Electrical & Electronics Engineering Department

BRCM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
BAHAL 127028 ( Distt. Bhiwani ) Haryana, India

ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB II

Experiment:-8
OBJECTIVE To study the Synchronization of the alternator with infinite bus bar.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED
1.
2.
3.
4.

DC Motor - Alternator Set

Voltmeter-1
Rheostats-2
Tachometer- 1

Theory
Before synchronization, following conditions must be satisfied:
(1) EQUALITY OF VOLTAGE
The terminal voltage of both the systems i.e. the incoming alternator and the bus bar voltage or
other alternator must be same.
(2) PHASE SEQUENCE
The phase sequence of both the systems must be same.
(3) EQUALITY OF FREQUENCY
The frequency of both the systems must be same. The condition (1) can be checked with the help
of voltmeter and the condition (2) and (3) by any synchronizing method.
There are two synchronizing methods a. Using incandescent lamp
b. Using synchroscope.
24

Now we discuss in detail about these methods.

(a) Using Incandescent lamp
Let machine G2 be synchronized with machine G1 which is already connected with the bus bar,
using three lamps (L1, L2 and L3) method. These lamps are known as synchronizing lamps
connected as shown in Fig.1
If the speed of machine 2 is not brought upto that of machine 1 then its frequency will also be
different, hence there will be a phase difference between their voltages as shown in Fig.2. Due to
difference in frequencies the resultant voltage will under go changes similar to the frequency
changes of beats produced when two sound sources of nearly equal frequencies are sounded
together.

Fig. 1 Synchronization using three lamp method

The resultant voltage is sometimes maximum and sometimes minimum. Hence, the lamps will
flicker, sometimes dark and sometimes bright. Synchronization is done at the middle of the dark
period. This method of synchronizing is known as dark lamp method.

Fig. 2 Waveforms when two systems operating at different frequencies

Lamp L1 is connected between A1 and A2, L2 between B1 and C2 and L3 between C1 and B2.
These three lamps slowly brighten and darken in cyclic successor in a direction depending upon
25

whether incoming machine 2 is fast or slow. The synchronizing switch will be closed at the
moment when lamp L1 will be completely dark. This transposition of two lamps suggested by
Siemens and Aalske helps to indicate whether the incoming machine 2 is running too slow or too
fast. If lamps were connected symmetrically, they would dark out or glow up simultaneously (if
phase rotation is same.).
This method has following drawbacks:

1. The lamps become dark at about one third of the rated voltage. Hence, faulty
synchronizing may be done in dark period.
2. Using this method it is not possible to find out that how much the machine is slow or
fast.
3. This method is not applicable for high voltage alternators, because lamp ratings are
normally low. For such situations we need an extra transformer to step down the voltage.
(b) SYNCHRONIZING BY SYNCHROSCOPE:
Synchroscope is a device that shows the correct instant of closing the synchronizing switch with
the help of a pointer which will rotate on the dial. The rotation of pointer also indicates whether
the incoming machine is running too slow or too fast. If incoming machine is slow then pointer
rotates in anticlockwise direction and if machine is fast then pointer rotates in clockwise
direction.

Fig. 3 Synchronizing by Synchroscope

CONNECTION DIAGRAM

26

Fig 1.1:Connection diagram for synchronizing the alternator with 3-lamp method
PROCEDURAL STEPS
1. Make the connection diagram as shown in figure 1.1
2. Run one of the alternators and adjust its voltage at rated value and close switch to bus
bar.
3. Start the second set (alternator 2), bring it upto proper speed equal to that of the running
alternator (or bus bar voltage).
4. Synchronize the incoming alternator by any one method described in theory.
PROCEDURAL STEPS:
1. Make the connections.
2. Run one of the alternators and adjust its voltage at rated value and close the switch to
connect with the bus bar.
3. Start the second set (incoming machine 2), bring it upto proper speed equal to that of the
running machine (bus bar voltage).
4. Synchronize the incoming machine by any one synchronization method

Observations
1. Measure and adjust voltage of incoming machine (Vg) and bus bar (Vs) till Vg=Vs.
2. Measure and adjust the speed of incoming machine, till synchroscope needle creeps.
3. Close synchronizing switch

27

Electrical & Electronics Engineering Department

BRCM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
BAHAL 127028 ( Distt. Bhiwani ) Haryana, India

ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB II

Experiment:-9
NO LOAD AND BLOCKED ROTOR TEST ON 3 SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION
MOTOR
AIM
To conduct no load test and blocked rotor test on given 3 squirrel cage induction motor
and to draw the circle diagram..
APPARATUS REQUIRED

28

S.No

APPARATUS

RANGE

TYPE

QUANTITY

FORMLULAE
Coso=Wo / 3 VoIo
Cosr=Wbr / 3 VbrIbr
Ibm = Ibr (Vo/Vbr)
Wbm = Wbr (Vo/Vbr)2
Stator copper loss = 3 Ibr2Rs
MEASUREMENT OF PARAMETER AT FULL LOAD
Stator current = OP x X
% = (PQ/PV)x 100
%Slip = (QR/PR)x 100
Torque = (PRxV/(2NT/60))
Pf
= PV/OP
MAXIMUM OUTPUT
The perpendicular at OA line cuts the circle at P and OA at PQ.
Maximum output = P1Q1x power scale (W)
MAXIMUM TORQUE
The perpendicular bisector of line cuts the circle at PR and OF at Q2.
Maximum torque = (PFx power scale)/T
Nm
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
NO LOAD AND BLOCKED ROTOR TEST ON THREE PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE
INDUCTION MOTOR:

Fuse
M

R
S1

C
T
P
S
T

S2

ROTOR

( 0 600)V,MI
29

BRAKE
DRUM

415V,50Hz,
3 SUPPLY

STATO
R
M

FUSE RATING CALCULATION:

125% of full load current rating
NAME PLATE DETAILS:
NO LOAD TEST
S.No

Vo (V)

Io (A)

Wo (W)
W1 W2

Wo=(W1+W2)
W

Wo (W)
W1 W2

Wo=(W1+W2)
W

BLOCKED ROTOR TEST

S.No

Vo (V)

Io (A)

MEASUREMENT OF STATOR RESISTANCE

S.No

Voltage (V)

Current (A)

Rs = (Vx1.5) /2I

30

PRECAUTION
1. The 3 autotransformer should be kept at initial position.
2. Initially the machine should be under no load condition.
PROCEDURE
NO LOAD TEST
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. 3 AC supply is increased gradually using 3 autotransformer till rated voltage is
applied.
3. Readings of voltmeter and wattmeter are noted.
BLOCKED ROTOR TEST
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram and rotor is blocked from rotating.
2. Applied voltage is increased until rated load current flows.
3. Readings of all meters are noted.
MEASUREMENT OF STATOR RESISTANCE
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Supply is given by closing the DPST switch.
3. Readings of voltmeter and ammeter are noted.
4. Stator resistance in ohms is calculated as
Ra/phase = (Vx1.5) /2I
PROCEDURE FOR CONSTRUCTING THE CIRCLE
1. Vector OO is drawn at an angle of phase with respect to OY represents the output line.
2. OX is drawn parallel to OX.
3. Vector OA is Ibr plotted at an angle of phasor with respect to OY. OA is joined which
represents the output line.
4. A perpendicular bisector from output line which cuts OY at C. With C as centre and OC
as radius draw a semi-circle passing through A.
5. From A, a perpendicular is drawn meeting OX at E and OD at D.
6. AD represents Wbr in CM.
EF represents stator copper loss in CM.
AD represents rotor copper loss in CM.
7. Join OF which represents the torque line.
8. Line AD is extended and points S is marked, where AS is equal to rated output power.
9. Line PS is drawn parallel to output line.
10. From P, perpendicular line is drawn meeting OX at y.
11. Join OP.
RESULT:
31

Electrical & Electronics Engineering Department

BRCM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
BAHAL 127028 ( Distt. Bhiwani ) Haryana, India

ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB II

Experiment -10
Star - Delta Starter
Objective
Start the induction motor by using star- delta starting method.

Apparatus:
0-20A AC Ammeter
0-600V AC Voltmeter
Start contactor(Y)

01
01
01

32

On-delay timer(T1)
Main contactor MC

01
01

Motor Specifications :
Speed
Power
Voltage
Current
Frequency

--------------------------

1400rpm
3.7kw(5hp)
415V
7.9A
50Hz

Theory:
This method is used in the case of motors which are built to run normally with a deltaconnected stator winding. It consists of a two-way switch which connects the motor in star for starting
and then in delta for normal running. The usual connections are shown in Figure 30'21. When starconnected, the applied voltage over each motor phase is reduced by a factor of Jf and hence the torque
developed becomes 1/3 of that which would have been developed if motor was directly connected in
delta. The line current is reduced to 1/3. Hence, during starting period when motor is Y connected,

it takes 1/3rd as much starting current and develops 1/3rd as much torque as would have
been developed were it directly connected in delta.

Relation Between Starting and F.L. Torques:

Ist per phase = Isc per phase
Where Isc is the current / phase which connected motor would have taken if switched on to
the supply directly however, line current at start = l/3 of line current.)
Tst KIst (s = 1)
Tt KIf/sf
Sf = sf = f =sf
Here Ist and Isc represent phase values.
It is clear that the star-delta switch is equivalent on an auto-transformer of ratio I/3
or 58% approximately.
This method is cheap and effective provided the starting torque required to be not
more than I.5 times the full-load torque. Hence, it is used for machine tools, pumps and
motor-generation etc.

Procedure:
* Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram.
* Set the timer at the marked position ( 10 secs).
* Check the three phase supply at the voltmeter.
* check the sequence of the operations of the contactors after switching the start
button.
* Connect the power supply terminals R Y B to the M C and delta power terminals
RYB on the
board.
* Record the no-load current at starting and at rated speed.

Circuit Diagram for Faulty Automatic Star-Delta Starter

33

Circuit Diagram for Control Circuit:

Sequence of Operation :
* When start button is pushed :
(a) Y contactor is energized through the path R-Stop-Start-Timer NC-NC -Y Coil-Y
Phase
(b) Timer is also energized simultaneously with start contactor is it is connected parallel to
it.
(c) When Y is energized Y NO becomes Y NC and YNC becomes Y NO.
(d) MC is energized through the path R-Stop-Star - Y NO.
(e) Mc coil-Y and also 4 is not energized since YNC has becomes YNO.
34

(f) At this point, MNO becomes MNC.

* When the push button is released the MC and YC are continuously energized and the
motor is running is star mode. The path for MC is R-Stop-MNC-M coil-Y path for YContactor -- R-Stop-MNCYNC-TNC- 1NC-Y Coil-Y Phase.
* As per time set on the on-delay timer the time is energized after the set time. Hence
TNC becomes TNO.
* When TNC becomes TNO, the supply Y contactor is cut off and hence Y is deenergized and YNC
becomes YNO and YNO become YNC i.e., during on start points how in the figure are
re-established. * Now, a contractor is energized through the path -R-Stop-MNCYNC- Coil-Y Phase.
* Now the motor switches from Y to 6 mode and continues to run.
* When stop button is pushed the supply for MC & 6 are cut off and the motor goes to off
condition.

35