Barotac Viejo National High School

Senior High School

The Feasibility of Making an Alternative Ohmic Heater Out of Recyclable Materials in Killing Food

Pathogens (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus)

A Research Paper Presented to the Faculty of Senior High School of

Barotac Viejo National High School

Barotac Viejo, Iloilo

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion

Rogen Babiera Erna Angelika Gumaquil

Norman Baldevarona Jr. Angel Ann Manalo

Laiza Barrameda Cherry Anne Pabiona

Chelsea Ann Bonio Jenefer Villalobos

Angel Carnate II

April 2018
 Barotac Viejo National High School
Senior High School
Barotac Viejo, Iloilo

Approval Sheet

This Research Paper entitled “The Feasibility of Making an Alternative Ohmic Heater Out of
Recyclable Materials in Killing Food Pathogens (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus).”
prepared and submitted by Rogen A. Babiera, Norman S. Baldevarona Jr. Laiza D. Barrameda,
Chelsea P. Ann Bonio, Angel D. Carnate II, Erna Angelika C. Gumaquil, Angel Ann B. Manalo,
Cherry Anne B. Pabiona, Jenefer C. Villalobos, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion is hereby accepted.

HILCRIS GIDEON F. ESLABRA HERNAN B. GUMAQUIL

(Date Signed) (Date Signed)

CLARK B. BANABATAC Ph.D. LEDENILA R. CAGUAN

(Date Signed) (Date Signed)

Accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for Inquiries, Investigations and

Immersion subject of Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics of Barotac Viejo

National High School.

WELLET A. DEL CASTILLO, Ed. D.

(Date Signed)

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 Barotac Viejo National High School
Senior High School
Barotac Viejo, Iloilo

Babiera, Rogen A., Baldevarona, Norman S. Jr.,Barrameda, Laiza D.,Bonio, Chelsea Ann
P.,Carnate, Angel D. II, Gumaquil, Erna Angelika C., Manalo, Angel Ann B., Pabiona, Cherry
Anne B., Villalobos, Jenefer C.,“The Feasibilty of Making Alternative Ohmic Heater out of
Recyclable Materials in Killing Food Pathogens (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus)”
Unpublished Research Paper. Senior High School,Barotac Viejo National High School. Barotac
Viejo Iloilo, April 2018.

Abstract

This study used experimental research to identify the feasibility of making an Alternative Ohmic

Heater out of recyclable materials in killing food pathogens. In this study the researchers used

(Escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus). This study aimed to create an alternative ohmic

heater used to kill food pathogens. The materials used in the construction of ohmic heater are

all recyclable materials, and can resist the process temperature. The tank is the site where the

treatments were placed, with different temperature points (60oC, 75oC, and 90oC) were used to

test the effectiveness of ohmic heater in killing food pathogens, and also the same temperature

points were used in oven. The bacteria were sterilized using the autoclave at 121 oC per square

inch at 15 minutes. Using the 0.5 Mc Farland standards with 1.5x10 8, the E. coli and S. aureus

were inoculated unto sterile. The inoculated culture plates were exposed for 1 minute under the

ohmic heater, same procedure used for the oven. A total 36 petri dishes were incubated at 35 oC

to 37oC aerobically for 18 to 24 hours. The results were obtained by counting the aerobic plate

growth of bacteria.

Using the kruskal-wallis test, the result revealed that the alternative ohmic heater is the

same compared to the oven in killing the food pathogens. Hence, the researchers concluded

that there is no significant difference in the effect of alternative ohmic heater and oven in killing

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Barotac Viejo, Iloilo

food pathogens. This stuidy will able to help the community to lessen the harmful s caused by

the food pathogens.

Rogen A. Babiera

Norman S. Baldevarona Jr.

Laiza D. Barrameda

Chelsea P. Ann Bonio

Angel D. Carnate II

Erna Angelika C. Gumaquil

Angel Ann B. Manalo

Cherry Anne B. Pabiona

Jenefer C. Villalobos

April 2018

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 Barotac Viejo National High School
Senior High School
Barotac Viejo, Iloilo

Acknowledgement

Immeasurable appreciation and deepest gratitude for the help and support extended to us

by the following persons making this study possible.

First of all to the Almighty God, who gave us strength, will and knowledge in order to

accomplish this study.

Dr. Wellet A. Del Castillo, Principal IV of Barotac Viejo National High School for allowing

the researchers to conduct their study at Janiuay Comprehensive National High School, for the

opportunity and support given to the researchers.

Dr. Clark B. Banabatac, research teacher, for his support, words of encouragement and for

his time and patience rendered to the researchers.

Mr. Hilcris Gideon F. Eslabra, research adviser and statistician for his advices, suggestions,

comments and provision that benefited the researchers much in completion and success of this

study. Sharing his knowledge and helped in the analysis of data and its statistical computations.

Mr. Hernan B. Gumaquil, English critic, for his effort and time in correcting the grammatical

error of the papers.

Mr. Felix Delos Santos and Mr. Gerome Rea, ICT teachers, for shared an idea to the

researchers about the ohmic heater process.

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 Barotac Viejo National High School
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Barotac Viejo, Iloilo

Ms. Jia Marie E. Balayo, 12 STEM Adviser, for understanding the researchers in sharing her

time for the completion of this study.

To all the parents of the researchers, for understanding, support, giving time and effort

especially for the financial needs of the researchers.

And to the other people who really supported and helped the researchers to make this

study a successful one.

Rogen A. Babiera

Norman S. Baldevarona Jr.

Laiza D. Barrameda

Chelsea P. Ann Bonio

Angel D. Carnate II

Erna Angelika C. Gumaquil

Angel Ann B. Manalo

Cherry Anne B. Pabiona

Jenefer C. Villalobos

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 Barotac Viejo National High School
Senior High School
Barotac Viejo, Iloilo

Table of Contents

Page

Title Page i

Approval Sheet ii

Abstract iii

Acknowledgement v

Table of Contents vii

List of Tables x

List of Figures xi

Chapter I

INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY 1

Background of the Study 2

Statement of the Problem 4

Conceptual Framework 4

Hypotheses 5

Significance of the Problem 5

Definition of terms 6

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Barotac Viejo, Iloilo

Page

Scope and Limitation of the Study 8

Chapter II

Review of Related Literature 9

Ohmic Heater 10

Escherichia coli 11

Staphylococcus aureus 12

Review of Related Studies 12

Ohmic Heating as an Alternative Food Processing Technology 12

Effect of Ohmic Heating of Buffalo Milk on Microbial Quality and Tesure of Paneer 13

Effects of Ohmic Heating, Including Electric Field Intensity and Frequency on

Thermal Inactivation of Bacillus subtilis Spores 14

Chapter III

METHODOLOGY 15

Research Design 15

Preparation of Materials and Equipment 16

Development of Ohmic Heating Setup 16

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Barotac Viejo, Iloilo

Page

Culturing and Preparation of Bacteria 17

Data and Statistical Procedure 18

Statistical Data Analysis Procedure 19

Chapter IV

RESULT AND DISCUSSION 22

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 27

Summary 27

Conclusion 28

Recommendation 29

REFERENCES 30

APPENDICES 32

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Barotac Viejo, Iloilo

List of Tables

Page

Table

1. Total Aerobic Plate Count (Colony Forming Units (cfu ) ) in microliter of

Escherichia coli using Alternative Ohmic Heater as experimental group

and commercial electric oven as control group. 20

2. Total Aerobic Plate Count (Colony Forming Units (cfu ) ) in microliter of

Staphylococcus aureus using Alternative Ohmic Heater as experimental group

and commercial electric oven as control group. 21

3. Total Aerobic Plate Count (Colony Forming Units (cfu ) ) in microliter of

Escherichia coli using Alternative Ohmic Heater as experimental group

and commercial electric oven as control group. 22

4. Total Aerobic Plate Count (Colony Forming Units (cfu ) ) in microliter of

Staphylococcus aureus using Alternative Ohmic Heater as experimental group

and oven as control group. 24

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 Barotac Viejo National High School
Senior High School
Barotac Viejo, Iloilo

List of Figures

Page

Figure

1. Conceptual Framework

The relationship of the effect of Ohmic Heater to food Pathogens. 4

2. Schematic Flow chart of the construction of alternative Ohmic heater

until to the application and statistical analysis of the data. 19

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