Special Program For Science, Technology and Engineering: Pototan National Comprehensive High School

POTOTAN NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL
Pototan, Iloilo
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SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING
“PAPAYA (Carica papaya), CALAMANSI (Citrofortunella microcarpa), MALABAR
SPINACH (Basella alba) AND SWEET POTATO (Ipomoea batatas) LEAVES
MIXTURES AS FLEAS REPELLANTS”
A Research Study Presented to the
Faculty and Staff of Special Program for Science Technology and Engineering
Pototan National Comprehensive High School
Pototan, Iloilo
In Partial fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Completion
in the Junior High School
Group 7
Jaymar S. Chavez
Crysse L. Partisala
Mairel A. Gerzon
Wennieleen Jean A. Bisuelo
April 2019
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Approval Sheet
This research paper entitled “Papaya (Carica papaya), Calamansi (Citrofortunella

microcarpa), Malabar Spinach (Basella alba) and Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas)
Leaves as Fleas Repellants” prepared and submitted by Crysse L. Partisala, Mairel
Gerzon, Jaymar S. Chavez and Wennieleen Jean Bisuelo, in partial fulfillment for
completion in the Junior High School, is hereby accepted.
LILIBETH S. ISRAEL RUTH G. QUIMBA

Math Consultant English Consultant
_______________ _______________
Date Date
VIVIAN G. BELONIO
Adviser
_______________
Date
Accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for completion in the

Junior High School, Special Program for Science, Technology and Engineering,
Pototan National Comprehensive High School.
CYNTHIA F. TOLENTINO CYNTHIA L.PILLER

Head Teacher I Head Teacher I
English Department Mathematics Department
_______________ _________________
Date Date
MARITES P. TORRES RESTY T. MARGARSE

Research II Teacher Assistant Principal II
Head Teacher I, Science Department _________________
__________________ Date
Date
GEMMA B. PEÑARANDA, Ed. D.

Principal III
_________________
Date
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researcher is grateful to the following persons who helped for the
completion of the research proposal:
Ms. Vivian G. Belonio, Research Adviser, Pototan National Comprehensive
Highschool, for his untiring support and valuable insights for the improvement of the
study;
Mrs. Maria Theresa Luna B. Pelaez, Classroom Adviser, Pototan National
Comprehensive Highschool, for her love, untiring support and encouragements;
Similarly, the researchers would like to thank their parents for understanding
and support to the study. They understand them for staying late at night working in
front the computer and waking up very early to continue the typing of papers. Then, to
their classmates that lend them the laptops to work for their research papers. The time
and patience they lend enough for them to finish their papers. Next, their friends for the
valuable suggestions and opinions that help improve their grammars or sentence
structures. The researchers would like also to add in the list the school’s librarian for her
consideration in lending her the time and sources to support the researchers’ study.
Finally, the researchers would like to thank the Almighty God, for His grace and
guidance to them. Giving them good health throughout unhealthy practices during the
completion of the study. Guiding them every night going out in the house and going to
the computer shop for additional information that they will need in her papers,
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including; the references and etc. Therefore the research would not complete anything
in proper time and delayed without any support from all of you.
Crysse L. Partisala
Mairel A. Gerzon
Jaymar S. Chavez
Wennieleen Jean A. Bisuelo
April 2019
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An Abstract of a
Research Paper presented to the
Faculty of Special Program for Science, Technology and Engineering
Pototan, Iloilo
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for Completion
in the Junior High School
Crysse L. Partisala
Mairel Gerzon
Jaymar Chavez
Wennieleen Jean Bisuelo
April 2019
Pototan, Iloilo
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Partisala, Crysse L.,“VARIOUS KITCHEN WASTES AS FLEAS REPELLANTS.”

Unpublished Junior High School Research Paper, Special Program for Science,
Technology and Engineering, Pototan National Comprehensive High School,
Pototan, Iloilo, April 2018.
ABSTRACT
Fleas are harmful parasites that can cause diseases such as Lyme disease and
Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Most fleas come from domesticated dogs and cats. This
is because of the lack of proper hygiene among them. Extreme damage to the skeletal
system may happen if fleas bit a person. This had encouraged the screening of Papaya
(Carica papaya), Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa), Malabar Spinach (Basella alba)
and Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) leaves mixtures as fleas' repellants. The Papaya
and Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) leaves mixtures were gathered using scissors.
The mixtures were in the following amounts: 225ml Papaya ( Carica papaya),
Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) leaves mixture, 225ml Malabar Spinach (Basella
alba) and Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) leaves mixture, 225ml (Carica papaya),
Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa), Malabar Spinach (Basella alba) and Sweet
Potato (Ipomoea batatas) leaves mixture. These were put into three different spray
bottles, while the fleas were put in containers. After three months the treatments were
spayed to the fleas.
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The null hypothesis was accepted for there was no significant difference among
the variables with the mean rank of 2.83 for the papaya (Carica papaya) and calamansi
(Citrofortunellamicrocarpa) mixture, 7.50 for the Malabar spinach (Basella alba) and
sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) , and 4.67 for the four mixtures. The purpose of this
study was to determine the effectiveness of Papaya (Carica papaya), Calamansi
(Citrofortunellamicrocarpa), Malabar Spinach (Basellaalba) and Sweet Potato (Ipomoea
batatas) leaves mixture as fleas’ repellants.
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Contents
Preliminaries Page
Cover Page i
Approval Sheet ii
Acknowledgement iii
Cover Page v
Abstract vi
Preliminaries viii
Contents ix
Tables x
Figures xi
Appendices xii
Chapter
1. THE PROBLEM: RATIONALE AND BACKGROUND 1
Conceptual Framework 1
Paradigm of the Study 3
Statement of the Problem 4
Hypothesis 6
Significance of the Study 7
Definition of Terms 8
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Scope and Limitations 11
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 12
Review of Related Literature 12
Related Studies 15
Summary and Implications of the Study 18
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 20
Research Design 20
Materials 21
Tools, Apparatus and Equipment 22
Data Gathering Instrument 23
Procedure 24
Statistical Treatment 27
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 28
Descriptive Data Analysis 28
Inferential Data Analysis 30
5. SUMMARY, CONCCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 31
Summary 31
Conclusions 33
Recommendations 34
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TABLES
Table Page
3.1 Materials used in the study 21
3.2 Utensils used in the study 22
3.3 Observation sheet for the mean number of fleas killed 23
4.1 Data gathered for the mean of the fleas killed 28
4.2 Mean Rank 29
4.3 Kruskal-Wallis Test Results of the average fleas killed 30
4.4 Hypothesis Test Summary 30
x
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FIGURES
Figure Page
1.1 Shows the relationship between variables 3
3.1 Process Flow Chart for making fleas’ repellants 26
and application on the fleas
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37
APPENDICES
Appendix Page
A. Bibliography 38
B. Communications 40
C. Research Instrument 45
D. Statistical Computations 47
E. Structure Overview 49
F. Certificate of Editing 51
G. Research Locale Map 53
H. Pictorials 55
I. Curriculum Vitae 56
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CHAPTER 1
The Problem: Rationale and Background
This chapter presents the conceptual framework, statement of the problem,
hypothesis, paradigm of the problem, significance of the study, definitions of the terms
and scope and limitations of the study.
Conceptual Framework
Some people ignore that fleas are very harmful organisms. But, fleas that feed
on human are capable on passing many diseases. The disease which most people are
aware is called Lyme disease. Then, the other one is Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
Lyme disease can cause arthritis and swelling of the joints – resulting in a painful
lameness. Rocky Mountain spotted fever can cause fever, lameness and other signs.
There are also other diseases that fleas can transmit to a person. Although it is very
rare, fleas can consume enough of human’s blood to cause a deficiency called anemia.
Certain female fleas can also cause a rare paralysis in humans as a result of a toxin they
produce while feeding.

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2
These issues seem less significant if in a small number of victims. But, if a large
scale of victims are affected. It can be considered as a national concern. Actions and
solutions are necessary to be provided. Yet, these fleas are not moving by themselves.
They are carried by their hosts – commonly are the dogs and cats that are not the only
one affected but also their owners. Recently, owners used commercially sold hair-
conditioners and shampoos for dogs. But, those said products can cause blindness and
hair loss for the domesticated pets.
So the researchers came up with the idea of making fleas’ repellants using
Papaya (Carica papaya), Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa), Malabar Spinach
(Basella alba)and Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) leaves mixture to eliminate the fleas
and protect animals from harmful chemicals contained by the commercially sold
shampoos and conditioners.

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3
Paradigm of the Study
Independent Variable Dependent Variable
a. 225 ml solution of Papaya (Carica

papaya) and Calamansi (Citrofortunella
microcarpa) mixture
b. 225 ml solution of Malabar Spinach

(Basella alba) and Sweet Potato
(Ipomoea batatas) mixture Average number of fleas killed
c. 225 ml solution of Papaya (Carica

papaya), Calamansi (Citrofortunella
microcarpa), Malabar Spinach (Basella
alba) and Sweet Potato Leaves
(Ipomoea batatas) mixture
Figure 1.1 Shows the relationship between variables

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4
Statement of the Problem
The main purpose of the study is to determine the effectiveness of Papaya
and Sweet Potato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas) mixtures as tick repellants.
Specifically, this study provides answers to the following questions.
1. What is the average number of ticks killed when using the tick repellants with the
following components:
a. 225 ml solution of Papaya (Carica papaya) and Calamansi (Citrofortunella
microcarpa) mixture
b. 225 ml solution of Malabar Spinach (Basella alba) and Sweet Potato Leaves
c. 225 ml solution of Papaya (Carica papaya), Calamansi (Citrofortunella
microcarpa), Malabar Spinach (Basella alba) and Sweet Potato Leaves (Ipomoea
batatas) mixtures
2. Is there a significant difference in the average number of ticks killed when using
the tick killer repellants with the following components:
microcarpa) mixture
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5
batatas) mixtures
Hypothesis
In the view of preceding problems, the hypothesis is derived from the home-
made repellants with the following components:
There is no significant difference in the average number of ticks killed with tick
repellants:
microcarpa) mixture
batatas) mixtures
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6
Significance of the Study
This study will benefit the following:
Government. It will help the Department of Health (DOH) in reducing the
number of patients affected by different diseases which are acquired from ticks that
increases during warm and cold seasons.
Community. This study helps the community become safer and provide
convenience to the people on the area and eradicate diseases cause by fleas.
Housewives. By using these fleas’ repellants, they’ll be able to ward off and
kill ticks in their own homes then, be able to save more money rather than spending too
much for synthetic and harmful sprays.
Cats and Dogs. This study aids in protecting animals, specifically dogs and
cats from the harmful effects of different commercially sold shampoos and conditioners
which contains chemicals that affects their lives
Researcher. The study is significant for aspiring future researchers, as it
provides insight, inspiration and reference for future studies and investigation. It helps
them to be able to finish the study easily and faster.

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7
Definitions of Terms
For the purpose of clarity and precision the following terms are defined
conceptually and operationally.
Calamansi. a small, very round citrus fruit that’s ubiquitous in the Philippines.
The fruits mare often used when the thin rind is still green on the outside, and that is
the color associated with it. (Tagalog Lang, 2018)
In this study, Calamansi leaves is the source of 675 grams mixed with 3 Liters of
water and brown sugar and undergone the process of fermentation for three months
and was used as a component for fleas’ repellant.
Fleas. Tiny parasitic insect: a small wingless bloodsucking insect that lives on
the skin of the humans and warm-blooded animals and may transmit diseases. .
(Encarta Dictionaries, 2009)
This study utilizes the average number of fleas killed to determine the
effect of 675ml Calamansi, 675ml Papaya, 675ml Malabar spinach and 675ml Sweet
Potato leaves mixtures as fleas’ repellants.
Malabar spinach. a broad-leafed variety of spinach that is grown in the Far
Eastern countries for the shoots and leaves of the plant. It has numerous leaves that
are dark green in color. (Recipe Tips, 2018)

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8
In this study, Malabar spinach leaves is the source of 675 grams mixed with 3
Liters of water and brown sugar and undergone the process of fermentation for three
months and was used as a component for fleas’ repellant.
Papaya. A tropical fruit shaped like an elongated melon, with edible orange
flesh and small black seeds. (Merriam-Webster Dictionary 1828)
In this study, Papaya leaves is the source of 675 grams mixed with 3 Liters of
water and brown sugar and undergone the process of fermentation for three months
Repellant. Serving or tending to drive away or ward off (Merriam-Webster
Dictionary 1828)
In this study, it refers to fleas repellants with utilized Calamansi, Papaya,
Malabar spinach and Sweet potato leaves mixtures as fleas’ repellants.
Sweet Potato. Is a dicotyledonous plant that belongs to the family of
bindweed or morning glory family, Convolvulaceae. Its large, starchy, sweet-tasting,
tuberous roots bare a root plant. (Wikipedia, 2018)
In this study, Sweet potato leaves is the source of 675 grams mixed with 3 Liters
of water and brown sugar and undergone the process of fermentation for three months

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9
Scope and Limitations of the Study
This study utilizes Papaya (Carica papaya), Calamansi (Citrofortunella
batatas) mixtures as fleas’ repellants. It will focus in the effectiveness of utilized Papaya
and Sweet Potato Leaves (Ipomoea batatas) mixtures in terms of their average number
of fleas killed. This study is conducted at Matias Yusay St. Pototan, Iloilo on June 15,
2018 to June 16, 2018.
This focuses on the effectiveness of the different extracts in terms of average
number of fleas killed. The data is gather using an observation sheet.

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CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presents the review of related literature and related studies:
Papaya
Papaya, otherwise known as ( Carica papaya), had large leaves which ranges
from 50-70 centimeters in diameter. It was one of the many tropical fruit species that
contained a glucosinolate. Papaya specifically contained the glucosinolate,
'glucotropaeolin', which hydrolyses to form benzyl-isothiocyanate, a compound found to
be a significant inducer of chemoprotective phase 2 enzymes, have anti-proliferative
action against cancer cell growth, and have anthelmintic action. (Functional Foods,
Horticulture and Forestry Science, 2008)
Benefits of Papaya
It contained Vitamin C which was one of the strong points of papaya which was
effective as an infection fighter as well as a free radical-scavenging antioxidant. It also
contained Vitamin A required for healthy skin, mucous membranes, and vision, and was
really effective against macular degeneration. This fruit provided good amount of fiber
and potassium refered to a cell and body fluid component that helped control heart rate
and the blood pressure. Papayas were also indicated to be effective in anti- cancer
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activity with the used of its seeds and pulps which was due to the presence of benzyl
glucosinolate (BG) compounds. Vitamin K was present in papayas. Thus, low intakes
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of Vitamin K have been associated with much higher risk of bone fracture. The
consumption of these vitamin is important for having a good health because it improves
the calcium absorption and may reduce urinary excretion of calcium which means that
there will be more calcium in the body to strengthen and help rebuild the bones. (Ware,
2017)
Other possible health benefits of consuming papayas include the reduction of being
at risk to different kinds of heart diseases, diabetes, it also aids in digestion, improving
blood glucose control in people suffering with diabetes, and it lowers the blood pressure
as improve the wound healing process. (Ware, 2017)
Calamansi
Calamansi, (spelled kalamansiin native Tagalog orthography) was a small, spherical
citrus fruit that was widespread in the Philippines. The fruit were frequently used when
the thin peel is still green on the exterior, which is the color associated with it. It
belongs to the citrofortunella species which is a hybrid between the citrus and
Fortunella genus and it shares similar properties to lemon and lime.
Benefits of Calamansi
It was a rich source of vitamin C and used as a flavoring ingredient or as an
additive in different food preparations. Its pulpwas utilized in beverages, syrups,

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concentrates, and purees; whereas the peel needed in making jams, candies and
marmalade. Its alkalinizing effect helps blood circulate energy and promotes normal
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digestion. It eliminates toxins which results to a faster weight loss. It is also a perfect
vitamin for enhancing your beauty and bringing glow on your face.
Malabar Spinach
Malabar Spinach was a fast-growing, soft-stemmed vine, thatreached for 10
meters (33 feet) in length. It was rich in vitamins A and C, iron and calcium. It had
been shown to contain certain phenolic phytochemicals and it had antioxidant
properties. Its thick, heart-shaped leaves, semi-succulent had a mild flavor and
mucilaginous texture. It grew well under full sunlight in hot, humid climates and in
areas lower than 500 meters above sea level. Its development was slow in low
temperatures resulting in low yields. It was cultivated best in sandy loam soils rich in
organic matter pH ranging from 5.5 to 8.0.
Sweet Potato Leaves
The leaves are much prepared like spinach or turnip greens. Boiling the sweet
potato vine leaves in a small amount of water remove any bitterness or toughness.
Potato vine plant leaves are packed with nutrients. For starters, the leaves are an
excellent source of antioxidants and contain high levels of vitamin A and C, as well as
riboflavin and etc. Sweet potato vine leaves also provide impressive amounts of fiber,
along with calcium, magnesium, manganese, zinc copper and potassium.

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Related Studies
Several studies related to the present studies were also conducted as presented:
According to Paton, David, 1988; a case of acute poisoning followed inhalation
and cutaneous exposure to an over-the-counter flea and tick insecticide containing
0.15% pyrethrins.
A self-limited syndrome of cutaneous paresthesias, upper respiratory tract
irritation, dyspnea with productive cough, and repetitive vomiting and diarrhea
occurred. The patient recovered uneventfully with conservative therapy. A review of the
pharmacology and toxicity of pyrethrins and related products is discussed, as well as
management of pyrethrin poisoning.
Likewise in the study of Metayer, Catherine, 2008; like many chemicals,
carcinogenicity of pesticides is poorly characterised in humans, especially in children, so
that the present knowledge about childhood leukaemia risk derives primarily from
epidemiological studies. Overall, case–control studies published in the last decade have
reported positive associations with home use of insecticides, mostly before the child's
birth, while findings for herbicides are mixed. Previous studies relied solely on self-
reports, therefore lacking information on active ingredients and effects of potential
recall bias. Few series to date have examined the influence of children's genetic
susceptibility related to transport and metabolism of pesticides. To overcome these
limitations, investigators of the Northern California Childhood Leukaemia Study (NCCLS)

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have undertaken, in collaboration with a multidisciplinary team, a comprehensive
assessment of residential pesticide exposure, including: (1) quality control of self-
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reports; (2) home pesticide inventory and linkage to the Environmental Protection
Agency to obtain data on active ingredients; (3) collection and laboratory analyses of
∼600 home dust samples for over 60 pesticides and (4) geographic information studies
using California environmental databases to assess exposure to agricultural pesticides.
The NCCLS is also conducting large-scale genotyping to evaluate the role of genes in
xenobiotic pathways relevant to the transport and metabolism of pesticides. A better
quantification of children's exposures to pesticides at home is critical to the evaluation
of childhood leukaemia risk, especially for future gene–environment interaction studies.
In addition, Muller, Ludwig, 1999; The host range of the soilborne obligate
biotroph, Plasmodiophora brassicae was investigated. Evidence is presented that
infection by P. brassicae might occur in non-Brassica species, leading to the potential
formation of resting spores. Structures resembling P. brassicae were found in the root
cortex of Tropaeolum majus, Carica papaya, Reseda alba and Beta vulgaris as
demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy. Inoculation of Brassica rapa roots with
spores extracted from either T. majus or B. vulgaris roots which had been previously
inoculated with P. brassicae led to development of clubroot in the roots of B. rapa. It
was also shown that the development of the symptom might be correlated with
glucosinolate content, although other host factors are implicated in the B.
vulgaris interaction with P. brassicae. In the glucosinolate-containing non-Brassicas, T.
majus and C. papaya, the concentrations of benzylglucosinolate increased markedly in
roots inoculated with P. brassicae, compared with the controls. There were also
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increases in concentrations of benzylglucosinolate in leaves of T. majus after P.
brassicae infection. However, in R. alba roots, the total glucosinolate content decreased
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after inoculation with P. brassicae compared with the controls. High root concentrations
of 2-OH-2-phenylethylglucosinolate (glucobarbarin) compared with low root indole
glucosinolates in this species might limit P. brassicae infection and development. The
importance of our investigations in relation to cultivation of non- Brassicaspecies on
fields infested with P. brassicae is discussed.

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Summary and Implications

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CHAPTER 3
Materials and Methods
This chapter presents the research design, the materials, apparatus, tools and
utensils in the study, the procedure, the data gathering instrument and the statistical
tool.
This study aimed to utilize Papaya (Carica papaya), Calamansi (Citrofortunella
microcarpa), Malabar Spinach (Basella alba) and Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) leaves
mixtures as fleas’ repellants.
Research Design
This study is an experimental research made-up of three treatments. Single group
design is used in the study where the experimental set-ups were Calamansi and Papaya
leaves mixtures as treatment A; Malabar spinach and Sweet potato leaves mixtures as
treatment B, Calamansi, Papaya, Malabar spinach and Sweet potato leaves mixtures as
treatment C.
Mixtures were gathered and observed in this study. The mixtures were
measured and divided equally. Put into designated graduated cylinders with equal sizes.
Then they will be separated into three treatments and mixed with 3L of tap water and
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300 grams of brown sugar and was equally distributed in the containers and kept
afterwards.
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Materials
This study utilized the following materials; Calamansi and Papaya leaves mixture as
treatment A; Malabar spinach and Sweet potato leaves mixture as treatment B,
Calamansi, Papaya, Malabar spinach and Sweet potato leaves mixture as treatment C.
Table 3.1 Materials used in the study.
Materials Quantity
Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) leaves 675 grams
Papaya (Carica papaya) leaves 675 grams
Malabar Spinach (Basella alba) leaves 675 grams
Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) leaves 675 grams
Brown sugar 300 grams
Tap water 3 Liters
Dog Fleas ( Lupus canis familiaris) 135 pieces
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Tools, Utensils and Apparatus
The tools and apparatus used in conducting the study were the following:
Table 3.2 Utensils used in the study
Utensils Quantity
strainer 1 piece
funnel 1 piece
bottle sprays 3 pieces

gloves (rubber) 3 pairs
graduated cylinders 3 pieces

measuring cup 1 piece
scissors 4 pairs
medical masks 4 pieces

fine screens 3 meters
garbage bags 3 pieces
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Data Gathering Instrument

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The observation sheet was made to determine the average number of fleas
killed by the researchers. The first column indicates the four treatments: treatment A,
treatment B and treatment C. The second column indicated the replications done and
the average number of fleas killed. The final column indicated the mean number of fleas
killed in the three replications of different treatments.
Table 3.3 Observation Sheet for the mean number of mosquitoes killed.
Average number of ticks
Treatments killed Mean

R1 R2 R3
A – 225 ml solution of Papaya (Carica
papaya) and Calamansi (Citrofortunella
microcarpa) leaves mixture

B – 225 ml solution of Malabar
Spinach(Basella alba) and Sweet Potato
(Ipomoea batatas) leaves mixture

C – 225 ml solution of Papaya (Carica
papaya),Calamansi (Citrofortunella
microcarpa), Malabar Spinach(Basella
alba) and Sweet Potato (Ipomoea
batatas) leaves mixture
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Procedure
The following steps made during the conducting of experiment.
Breeding of Fleas. The researcher prepared containers filled with raw meat to
feed fleas’ nit that were expected would turn into adult fleas. The containers were
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covered with garbage bags and enclosed in netted boxes. After covering, the container
was left in the dark corner to let the nits to develop.
Gathering of Materials. The researcher gathered the fresh leaves of Papaya
(Caricapapaya),Calamansi(Citrofortunellamicrocarpa), Malabar Spinach(Basellaalba)and
Sweet Potato (Ipomoeabatatas)leaves. Ingredients were prepared as components in
making’ fleas repellants, bottle sprays served as medium, scissors for cutting, and
graduated cylinders as the treatments mixing place.
Preparation of Papaya. Fresh Papaya (Carica papaya) leaves were gathered
from Brgy. Malusgod Pototan, Iloilo. These were washed under running water then,
extracted using a strainer next, mixed with 3L of tap water and 300 grams of brown
sugar inside a graduated cylinder. Then, the mixture was poured into the designated
empty containers using a funnel. After, that kept for three to six months into a well-
ventilated cabinet.
Preparation of Calamansi. Fresh Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa)
leaves were gathered from Brgy. Malusgod Pototan, Iloilo. These were washed under
running water then, extracted using a strainer next, mixed with 3L of tap water and 300
grams of brown sugar inside a graduated cylinder. Then, the mixture was poured into
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the designated empty container using a funnel. After, that kept for three to six months
into a well-ventilated cabinet.

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Preparation of Malabar Spinach. Fresh Malabar Spinach (Basella alba)
leaves were gathered from Brgy. Malusgod Pototan, Iloilo. These were washed under
running water then, extracted using a strainer next, mixed with 3L of tap water and 300
grams of brown sugar inside a graduated cylinder. Then, the mixture was poured into
the designated empty containers using a funnel. After, that kept for three to six months
Preparation of Sweet Potato. Fresh Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) leaves
were gathered from Brgy. Malusgod Pototan, Iloilo. These were washed under running
water then, extracted using a strainer next, mixed with 3L of tap water and 300 grams
of brown sugar inside a graduated cylinder. Then, the mixture was poured into
thedesignated empty container using a funnel. After, that kept for three to six months
After the experiment, the data were gathered by the researcher on the
observation sheet.
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Gathering of Subjects
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225 grams of 225 grams of Papaya
Calamansi(Citrofortunellami (Carica papaya) leaves
crocarpa) leaves
675 grams of Malabar 675 grams of Sweet Potato
spinach (Basellaalba)leaves (Ipomoea batatas)leaves
Washing
Mixed with 3L of tap water and 300

grams of brown sugar inside three
graduated cylinders
Transferred into three separated

empty containers
Kept for three to six months
Transferred into three bottle

sprays
Sprayed on three netted boxes
Gathering of Data
Figure 3.1 Process Flow Chart for making the fleas’ repellants and application on the
fleas.
24
Statistical Treatment
Arithmetic mean was used to determine the average number of ticks killed when
treated with the following treaments:

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a.) Fleas Repellant A 225 ml Papaya (Carica papaya)and Calamansi
(Citrofortunella microcarpa) leaves mixture
b.) Fleas Repellant B 225 ml Malabar spinach(Basellaalba) and Sweet
Potato(Ipomoea batatas) leaves mixture
c.) Fleas Repellant C 225 ml Calamansi (Carica papaya), Papaya(Carica
papaya), Malabar Spinach(Basella alba), Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas)
leaves mixture
To determine whether there was a significant difference existed among the three
treatments, the researchers used the Kruskal-Walis, a non-parametric method for
testing whether the samples originate from the same distribution and method of testing
the equality of population medians among groups.It was used for comparing three
samples that were independent or not related. Chi Square was also a part of using
Kruskal-Walis test. This was used to test if the variables differ significantly.
The researchers set 0.05alpha (α) level of significance.
The results of this study were processed through the use of Statistical Package for
Social Sciences (SPSS) software.
CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

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This chapter presents the result and interpretation of data obtained from the
experiment. The gathered data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Walis for inferential
data analysis and the mean for descriptive data analysis.
Descriptive Data Analysis
The following were the data obtained were the average number of fleas killed.
In every mixtures of fleas’ repellant there were three replications conducted. Each
replication has 225 ml of fleas’ repellant.
The results were Set-up A with Fleas’ Repellant A 225 ml Papaya (Carica
papaya) and Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) leaves mixture has 5, 6, and 9 for
replications 1, 2 and 3 respectively with the total of 20 and a mean of 6.67.
Set-up B 225 ml Malabar spinach (Basella alba) and Sweet potato (Ipomoea
batatas) leaves mixture has the most effective effect on the fleas. The average number
of fleas killed for replication 1 is 9, for replication 2 is 12 and for replication 3 is 14 has
the total of 35 and a mean of 11.67.
Set-up C 225 ml Calamansi (Carica papaya), Papaya (Carica papaya), Malabar
Spinach (Basella alba), Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) leaves mixture has 7, 8 and 10
for replications 1, 2 and 3 respectively with the total of 25 and a mean of 8.33.
26
Table 4.1 Data gathered for the mean of fleas killed
Average number of fleas

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R1 R2 R3
A – Papaya (Carica papaya) and
Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) 5 6 9 6.67

leaves mixture
B – Malabar Spinach(Basella alba) and
Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) leaves 9 12 14 11.67

mixture
C – Papaya (Carica papaya),Calamansi
(Citrofortunella microcarpa), Malabar
spinach(Basella alba) and Sweet potato

7 8 10 8.33
27
Table 4.2 presents the mean ranks of the three treatments. As to the differences
in the average number of fleas killed, Papaya (Carica papaya) and Calamansi
(Citrofortunella microcarpa) leaves mixture which was replicated thrice had a mean rank
of 2.83. Malabar Spinach (Basella alba) and Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) leaves
mixture which was replicated thrice had a mean rank of 7.50. Papaya (Carica
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papaya),Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa), Malabar spinach(Basella alba) and
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) leaves mixture which was replicated thrice has a mean
rank of 4.67.
Table 4.2 Mean Rank
Average number of ticks

A – 225 ml solution of Papaya (Carica
papaya) and Calamansi (Citrofortunella 3 2.83

microcarpa) leaves mixture
B – 225 ml solution of Malabar
Spinach(Basella alba) and Sweet Potato 3 7.50

C – 225 ml solution of Papaya (Carica
papaya),Calamansi (Citrofortunella
microcarpa), Malabar spinach(Basella

3 4.67
alba) and Sweet potato (Ipomoea
batatas) leaves mixture
28
Inferential Data Analysis
Table 4.3 shows that the computed rho (ρ) value which is 0.067 is more than
the alpha (α) level of significance which is 0.05. This implies that the average number of
fleas killed of different fleas’ repellants Papaya (Carica papaya), Calamansi
(Citrofortunella microcarpa), Malabar spinach (Basella alba) and Sweet potato (Ipomoea
batatas) leaves mixtures has no significant difference. Therefore, the null hypothesis
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which states that there is no significant difference in average number of fleas killed
when subjected to different kinds of fleas’ repellants was not rejected.
Table 4.3 Kruskal-Wallis Test Results of the average number of fleas killed
Statistical tool Average number of fleas killed
Chi-square 4.459
Df 2
Asymp. Sig .108
Table 4.4 Hypothesis Test Summary
Null Hypothesis Test Significance Decision

The average Independent-
number of fleas Samples Kruskal- 0.067
killed is the Wallis Test Do Not Reject the
same across null hypothesis
categories of
fleas’ repellants
CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECCOMENDATIONS
Summary
This study was conducted at Matias Yusay St. Pototan, Iloilo. This study aims to
determine the average number of fleas killed when subjected to the following variables:
Fleas Repellant A 225 ml Papaya (Carica papaya) and Calamansi (Citrofortunella

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microcarpa) leaves mixture; Fleas Repellant B 225 ml Malabar spinach (Basella alba)
and Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) leaves mixture and Fleas Repellant and C 225 ml
Calamansi (Carica papaya), Papaya (Carica papaya), Malabar Spinach (Basella alba),
Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) leaves mixture. The hypothesis states that there is no
significant difference in the average number of fleas killed when subjected to the
following; A 225 ml Papaya (Carica papaya) and Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa)
leaves mixture; Fleas Repellant B 225 ml Malabar spinach (Basella alba) and Sweet
Potato (Ipomoea batatas) leaves mixture and Fleas Repellant C 225 ml Calamansi
(Carica papaya), Papaya (Carica papaya), Malabar Spinach (Basella alba), Sweet Potato
(Ipomoea batatas) leaves mixtures.
The materials are gathered from Wet Market at Brgy. Malusgod Pototan, Iloilo.
These were washed under running water then, extracted using a strainer next, mixed
with 3L of tap water and 300 grams of brown sugar inside a graduated cylinder. Then,
the mixture was poured into the designated empty containers using a funnel. After, that
kept for three to six months into a well-ventilated cabinet.
30
The results are Set-up A with Fleas’ Repellant 225 ml Papaya (Carica papaya)
and Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) leaves mixture has 5, 6, and 9 for
replications 1, 2 and 3 respectively with the total of 20 and a mean of 6.67.
Set-up B with Fleas’ Repellant 225 ml Malabar spinach (Basella alba) and Sweet
potato (Ipomoea batatas) leaves mixture has the most effective anti-fleas effect on the
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fleas. The average number of fleas killed for replication 1 is 9, for replication 2 is 12 and
for replication 3 is 14 had the total of 35 and a mean of 11.67.
Set-up C with Fleas Repellant 225 ml Calamansi (Carica papaya), Papaya (Carica
papaya), Malabar Spinach (Basella alba), Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) leaves
mixture has 7, 8 and 10 for replications 1, 2 and 3 respectively with the total of 25 and
a mean of 8.33.
31
Conclusions
Based on the results of the study, the following conclusions were drawn:
1. Malabar Spinach (Basellaalba) and Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) leaves mixture
had the highest mean for average number of fleas killed.
2. Papaya (Carica papaya), Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa), Malabar Spinach
(Basella alba) and Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) leaves mixtures fleas’ repellants
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effect does not differ significantly in the average number of fleas killed, thus, these
various kitchen wastes can be used as fleas’ repellants.
32
Recommendations
Based on the findings and the conclusions of the study, the following
recommendations were made:
1. Researchers can encourage the manufacturers to use Papaya ( Carica papaya),
Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa), Malabar Spinach (Basella alba) and Sweet

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Potato (Ipomoea batatas) leaves mixtures as their materials in making fleas’ repellants
to lessen their expenses.
2. Papaya (Carica papaya), Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa), Malabar Spinach
(Basella alba) and Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) leaves mixtures as fleas’ repellants
can be utilized by future researchers as different treatments for their study.
3. (Carica papaya), Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa), Malabar Spinach (Basella
alba) and Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) leaves can be used as fleas’ repellants on cat
fleas (Ctenocephalides felis).
BIBILIOGRAPHY
Belo, A. B. and M. S. Sule. 2012. “Optimum Temperature and Thermal Stability of
Polyphenol Oxydose from some common fruits.” Nigerian Journal of Basic
Science.Vol. 20 (1): 27-31 pp. (March, 2012).
Dcueza, Kilian S. and Robert J. Holmer. 2002. “Container Gardening: A way of
Growing Vegetables in the City.”Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied
Science.(August, 2002).
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Fernandez, Pamela G. 1994. “Indigenous Seed Practices for sustainable
Agriculture.”Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Science. Vol. 2 (2):.
1994.
Gatherum, Dawn M. 2009. Home and Garden Plants.Spring Semester. Laboratory
Manual.
Mosha, T. C. and H. E. Gaga. 1999. “Nutritive Value and Effect of blanching on the
trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor activities of selected leafy vegetables.”
Plant Foods for Human Nutrition.Vol. 54: 203- 271 pp. (October, 1999).
Savgente, Jose O. 1991. “Indigenous Seed Technology and Nursery Management.”
Nigerian JournalBasic and Applied Science. (November- September, 1991).
Ulrichova, K. J. 2003. “Prospective Andean Crops for the prevention of chronic
diseases.” Institute of Medicine Chemistry and Biochemistry.Vol. 117 (2):
119-130 pp. (October, 2003).
Appendices
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37
APPENDICES
Appendix Page
A Bibliography 38
B Communication 40
C Research Instrument 45
D Statistical Computation 47
E Structural View 49
F Certificate of Editing 51
G Research Local Map 53
H Pictorials 55
I Curriculum Vitae 56
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38
APPENDIX A
Bibliography
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39
References Cited
Belo, A. B. and M. S. Sule. 2012. “Optimum Temperature and Thermal Stability of
Polyphenol Oxydose from some common fruits.” Nigerian Journal of Basic
Science.Vol. 20 (1): 27-31 pp. (March, 2012).
Dcueza, Kilian S. and Robert J. Holmer. 2002. “Container Gardening: A way of
Growing Vegetables in the City.”Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied
Science.(August, 2002).
Fernandez, Pamela G. 1994. “Indigenous Seed Practices for sustainable
Agriculture.”Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Science. Vol. 2 (2):.
1994.
Gatherum, Dawn M. 2009. Home and Garden Plants.Spring Semester. Laboratory
Manual.
Mosha, T. C. and H. E. Gaga. 1999. “Nutritive Value and Effect of blanching on the
trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor activities of selected leafy vegetables.”
Plant Foods for Human Nutrition.Vol. 54: 203- 271 pp. (October, 1999).
Savgente, Jose O. 1991. “Indigenous Seed Technology and Nursery Management.”
Nigerian JournalBasic and Applied Science.(November- September, 1991).
Ulrichoua, K. J. 2003. “Prospective Andean Crops for the prevention of Chronic
diseases.” Institute of Medicine Chemistry and Biochemistry.Vol. 117 (2) :
119-130 pp. (October, 2003).
Ulrichova, K. J. 2003. “Prospective Andean Crops for the prevention of chronic
diseases.” Institute of Medicine Chemistry and Biochemistry.Vol. 117 (2):
119-130 pp. (October, 2003).

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40
APPENDIX B
Communication
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41
June 19, 2018
MRS. LILIBETH S. ISRAEL

Teacher III
Pototan, Iloilo
Dear Ma’am,
We, the Grade 10 Science Technology and Engineering (STE) class are
conducting a research study entitled as“VARIOUS KITCHEN WASTES AS FLEAS’
REPELLANTS”as an entry for the 2018 Science and Engineering Fair.
In line with this, we would like to ask you to be our Mathematics consultant in
our research study. We need your expertise and knowledge to guide us in conducting
our study.
Your approval regarding this matter is highly appreciated.
Respectfully
yours,
CRYSSE L. PARTISALA
Research Team Leader
NOTED:
MARITES P. TORRES
Research II Teacher
Science Department
Action Taken:
_________ Approved
_________Disapproved
LILIBETH S. ISRAEL
Mathematics Consultant
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42
June 19,2018
MRS. RUTH G. QUIMBA
Teacher II
Pototan, Iloilo
Dear Ma’am,
We, the Grade 10 Science Technology and Engineering (STE) class are
In line with this, we would like to ask you to be our English consultant in our
research study. We need your expertise and knowledge to guide us in conducting our
study.
Respectfully yours,
CRYSSE L. PARTISALA
NOTED:
MARITES P. TORRES
Research II Teacher
Science Department
Action Taken:
_________ Approved
_________ Disapproved
RUTH G. QUIMBA
English Consultant
Pototan, Iloilo
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43
June 19, 2018
MISS VIVIAN G. BELONIO

Teacher III
Pototan, Iloilo
Dear Ma’am,
We, the of Grade 10 Science Technology and Engineering (STE) class are
In line with this, we would like to ask you to be our Research adviser in our
research study. We need your expertise and knowledge to guide us in conducting our
study.
Respectfully yours,
CRYSSE L. PARTISALA
NOTED:
MARITES P. TORRES
Research II Teacher
Science Department
Action Taken:
_________ Approved
_________ Disapproved
VIVIAN G. BELONIO
Research Adviser
Pototan, Iloilo
SPECIAL PROGRAM FOR
44
June 19, 2018
DR. GEMMA B. PEÑARANDA

Principal III
Pototan, Iloilo
Dear Ma’am,
We, the Grade 10 Science Technology and Engineering (STE) class are required
to conduct a research study as an entry for the 2018 Science and Engineering Fair.
In relation to this, we would like to ask for your approval to allow as to conduct
our research study entitled, “VARIOUS KITCHEN WASTES AS FLEAS
REPELLANTS”
Respectfully yours,
CRYSSE L. PARTISALA
NOTED:
VIVIAN G. BELONIO
Research Adviser
MARITES P. TORRES
Head Teacher I
Science Department
Approved:
GEMMA B. PEÑARANDA Ed. D

Principal III
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45
APPENDIX C
Research Instrument
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46
NUMBER OF FLEAS KILLED
TREATMENTS MEAN
1 2 3
Treatment A
Treatment B
Treatment C
Observation Sheet
47
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APPENDIX D
Statistical Computation
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48
Descriptive Statistics
N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation
Numberoffleaskilledpapaya 3 5 9 6.67 2.082
numberoffleaskilledmalabar 3 9 14 11.67 2.517
Numberoffleaskilledboth 3 7 10 8.33 1.528
Valid N (listwise) 3
NPar Test
Kruskal-Wallis Test
Ranks
treatment N Mean Rank
numberoffleaskilled papayaandkalamansi 3 2.83
malabarandsweetpotato 3 7.50
oneandtwomixtures 3 4.67
Total 9
Test Statisticsa,b
numberoffleaskilled
Chi-Square 4.459
df 2
Asymp. Sig. .108
a. Kruskal Wallis Test
b. Grouping Variable: treatment

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49
APPENDIX E
Structural View
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50
Objectives
Hypothesis
1. What is the average number of fleas killed 1. There is no significant difference in the
using the fleas’ repellants with the following average number of fleas killed using the
three treaments:
components:
a) Treatment A- 225 ml of Papaya (Carica
a. 225 ml of Papaya (Caricapapaya)
andCalamansi(Citrofortunellamicrocarpa)leaves papaya) and Calamansi
mixture (Citrofortunellamicrocarpa) leaves mixture
b.225 ml of Malabar
Spinach(Basellaalba)and Sweet b) Treatment B- 225 ml of Malabar Spinach
Potato(Ipomoeabatatas) leaves mixture (Basellaalba) and Sweet Potato (Ipomoea
c. 225 ml of Papaya batatas) leaves mixture

(Caricapapaya),Calamansi(Citrofortunellamicrocar
pa), Malabar Spinach(Basellaalba)and Sweet c) Treatment C- 225 ml of Papaya (Carica
Potato (Ipomoeabatatas) leaves mixture
papaya),Calamansi
2. Is there a significant difference in the average
(Citrofortunellamicrocarpa), Malabar Spinach
number of fleas killed using the fleas’repellants
with the following components: (Basellaalba) and Sweet Potato (Ipomoea
a. 225 ml of Papaya (Caricapapaya) and batatas) leaves mixture

Calamansi(Citrofortunellamicrocarpa) leaves
mixture Statistical Tool
b.225 ml of Malabar
Spinach(Basellaalba)and Sweet Potato
(Ipomoeabatatas) leaves mixture 1. Arithmetic Mean
c. 225 ml of Papaya
(Caricapapaya),Calamansi(Citrofortunellamicrocar 2. Kruskal-Wallis Test
pa), Malabar Spinach(Basellaalba)and Sweet
Potato (Ipomoeabatatas) leaves mixture

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51
APPENDIX F
Certificate of Editing
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52
CERTIFICATION
To Whom It May Concern:
This is to certify that I have fully checked the grammar and sentence construction
of the high school research paper entitled “VARIOUS KITCHEN WASTES AS FLEAS
REPELLANTS”
RUTH G. QUIMBA
English Consultant
NOTED:
VIVIAN G. BELONIO
Research Adviser
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53
APPENDIX G
Research Local Map

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54
55
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APPENDIX H
Pictorials
56
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Gathering of Materials
Mixing of brown sugar and tap water
Mixing of kitchen wastes to tap water and brown sugar
57
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Harvesting of mixtures
Transferring of filtered mixtures into spray bottles
Preparation of materials for experimentation
58
Pototan, Iloilo
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Gathering of fleas
Application of treatments to fleas

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59
APPENDIX G
Curriculum Vitae
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60
1. Personal Information
1.1 Name: Cysse L. Partisala
1.2 Birth Date: April 3, 2002
1.3 Birth Place: Pototan, Iloilo
1.4 Parents:
Name of Father: Socrates Partisala
Occupation: Seaman
Name of Mother: RosebellePartisala
Occupation: Teaching
1.5 Siblings:
Aurea Andreinette L. Partisala
Bethany Braynne L. Partisala
Daniella Danise L. Partisala
Anna Nicole Porras
Yvonne Porras
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61
2. School Attended:
Rizal Elementary School 2006-2015
Pototan National Comprehensive High School 2015-Present

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62
1.1 Name: Wennieleen Jean A. Bisuelo
1.2 Birth Date: October 30, 2002
1.4 Parents:
Name of Father: William Bisuelo
Occupation: Seaman
Name of Mother: Jean Bisuelo
Occupation: None
1.5 Siblings:
None
2. School Attended:
Pototan Pilot Elementary School 2006-2015

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63
1.1 Name: Mairel A. Gerzon
1.2 Birth Date: November 11, 2002
1.4 Parents:
Name of Father: Ronnie Gerzon
Occupation: Driver
Name of Mother: Ma. Elena Gerzon
Occupation: Vendor
1.5 Siblings:
None
2. School Attended:
Pototan Pilot Elementary School 2006-2015

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POTOTAN NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL

“PAPAYA (Carica papaya), CALAMANSI (Citrofortunella microcarpa), MALABAR

SPINACH (Basella alba) AND SWEET POTATO (Ipomoea batatas) LEAVES

MIXTURES AS FLEAS REPELLANTS”

A Research Study Presented to the

Pototan National Comprehensive High School

of the Requirements for the Completion

in the Junior High School

Wennieleen Jean A. Bisuelo

This research paper entitled “Papaya (Carica papaya), Calamansi (Citrofortunella

LILIBETH S. ISRAEL RUTH G. QUIMBA

Accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for completion in the

CYNTHIA F. TOLENTINO CYNTHIA L.PILLER

MARITES P. TORRES RESTY T. MARGARSE

GEMMA B. PEÑARANDA, Ed. D.

completion of the research proposal:

Ms. Vivian G. Belonio, Research Adviser, Pototan National Comprehensive

Mrs. Maria Theresa Luna B. Pelaez, Classroom Adviser, Pototan National

Comprehensive Highschool, for her love, untiring support and encouragements;

Wennieleen Jean A. Bisuelo

“PAPAYA (Carica papaya), CALAMANSI (Citrofortunella microcarpa), MALABAR

SPINACH (Basella alba) AND SWEET POTATO (Ipomoea batatas) LEAVES

MIXTURES AS FLEAS REPELLANTS”

Research Paper presented to the

Faculty of Special Program for Science, Technology and Engineering

Pototan National Comprehensive High School

of the Requirements for Completion

in the Junior High School

Wennieleen Jean Bisuelo

Partisala, Crysse L.,“VARIOUS KITCHEN WASTES AS FLEAS REPELLANTS.”

(Carica papaya), Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa), Malabar Spinach (Basella alba)

(Carica papaya), Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa), Malabar Spinach (Basella alba)

Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) leaves mixture, 225ml Malabar Spinach (Basella

Calamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa), Malabar Spinach (Basella alba) and Sweet

spayed to the fleas.

study was to determine the effectiveness of Papaya (Carica papaya), Calamansi

(Citrofortunellamicrocarpa), Malabar Spinach (Basellaalba) and Sweet Potato (Ipomoea

batatas) leaves mixture as fleas’ repellants.

1. THE PROBLEM: RATIONALE AND BACKGROUND 1

Paradigm of the Study 3

Statement of the Problem 4

Significance of the Study 7

Scope and Limitations 11

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 12

Review of Related Literature 12

Summary and Implications of the Study 18

3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 20

Tools, Apparatus and Equipment 22

Data Gathering Instrument 23

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 28

Descriptive Data Analysis 28

Inferential Data Analysis 30

5. SUMMARY, CONCCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 31

3.1 Materials used in the study 21

3.2 Utensils used in the study 22

3.3 Observation sheet for the mean number of fleas killed 23

4.1 Data gathered for the mean of the fleas killed 28

4.2 Mean Rank 29