Differentiation by Trockers

Differentiation
Compiled by: Nyasha P. Tarakino (Trockers)
+263772978155/+263717267175
[email protected]
9 January 2020
Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

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SYLLABUS (6042) REQUIREMENTS
 differentiate from first principles excluding

logarithmic and exponential functions
 differentiate polynomials, rational functions,
natural logarithms, exponentials and
trigonometrical functions
 differentiate sums, differences, products,
quotients and composite functions
 carry out implicit and parametric differentiation
 locate stationary points
 distinguish between maxima, minima and point of
inflexion
 solve problems involving differentiation
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Differentiation
Definition
(i) It is all about finding the rate of change of one quantity compared to another or
(ii) The process of finding the derivative of a function at any given point or
(iii)The derivative of a function regarding the independent variable and can be applied to
measure the function per unit change in the independent variable or
(iv) Finding the rate of change of a function or
(v) Differentiation is an aspect of calculus that enables us to determine how one quantity
changes with regard to another or simply
(vi) Differentiation is all about measuring change.
Notations used
Notes
o The derivative of is called the first derivative.
o Now, we denote the second derivative of a function to be the derivative of ,

denoted by or or or .
o Thus, to differentiate higher order derivatives we simply find the derivative of the
th
preceding function. eg we simply find the derivative of the term

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Differentiation from 1st principles
Definition
It is the process of finding the derivative function using the definition:
Notes
o A curve does not have a constant gradient, it changes on every point. At any point on a
curve, the gradient is equal to the gradient of the tangent at that point
o A tangent line to a function at a point is the line that best approximates the function at
that point better than any other line or a tangent to a curve is a line touching the curve at
one point only or a straight line that just touches a curve
o The gradient of a curve at a given point is defined to be the gradient of the
tangent at that point or simply the gradient of a curve at a point is the gradient of the
tangent line to the curve at that point.
o The gradient of a curve shows the rate at which a quantity changes on a graph.
Geometrical Illustration
o Let the equation of the function be .

o Suppose is the initial point with a slight increase , thus substituting and
into yield and , respectively.
o The expression refers to a minute (tiny/very small) increase in and means delta.

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Estimating the Gradient of PQ
To find the gradient of the Chord PQ we use the basic formula:
Remember the points and have the following coordinates:
Estimating the Gradient of the tangent at P
o Now to find the gradient of , we try to change the positions of , denoted , etc.
The gradient at is closer to the gradient of than the gradient of , and
since the chord is shorter.

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o The gradient of the chord will become closer to the gradient of the curve at as we move
closer to point along the curve
o Eventually, when the chord becomes so short that it is almost the tangent, the gradient of
the graph will equal the gradient of this tangent.
Now the gradient of the tangent is obtained when the chord is at its
limit. This is as (as delta tends towards zero)
NB: is never equal to zero (cannot divide by zero).
Gradient of the tangent (from first principles)
Example
(a) Differentiate, from first principles, the functions:

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(b) Hence, deduce the formula for differentiating
Solution
a) (i)
Now

Page 6
.
a) (ii)
Now

Page 7
.
a) (iii)
Now
b)
Now:

Page 8
Follow up exercise
Differentiate, from first principles, the functions:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Basic Differentiation
Differentiation of functions of the form
If then
If then
If then
NB: When differentiating polynomials we differentiate each term separately.
Example
Differentiate the functions:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)

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Solution
(i) then
(ii) then
(iii) then
If then
If then
If then
Example
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Solution
(i) then
(ii)

Page 10
Now
(iii) then
The Chain Rule
If is a function of , and is a function of , then is also a function of .

Thus:
Example
Solution
Let
Now
But

Page 11
Follow up exercise
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Exponential Functions and Natural Logarithms
If then
If then
Example

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(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Solution
(i) then
(ii) then
(iii) then
(iv)
Now
Follow up exercise
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Page 13
Trigonometric Functions
Differentiation of Trigonometrical functions
A thorough understanding of trigonometric functions is needed in order to master this

concept properly.
(i) If , then
(ii) If , then
(iii)If , then
(iv) If , then
(v) If , then
(vi) If , then
o Learners need to commit to memory the derivatives of and use the rules
of calculus to find the derivatives of the reciprocal functions and . The
derivatives of need not be committed to memory.
o Derivatives for (iii), (iv), (v) and (vi) are derived using the Quotient rule as illustrated
below under Quotient rule section below.
o We can use the product, quotient and chain rules to differentiate functions that are
combinations of the trigonometric functions.
o We can use the Power Trigonometric function Algebra ( ) method or the chain
rules to differentiate functions that are combinations of the trigonometric functions.
Example
(i)

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(ii)
(iii)
Solution
(i)
Method 1
Using the PTA method:
Method 2
Using the Chain rule method:
Let
Let
But
But

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(ii)
Method 1
Method 2
Let
But
(iii)
Method 1

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Method 2
Let
Let
But
But
Follow up exercise
Differentiate the functions using both methods:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)

Page 17
Answers
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
The Product Rule
o The Product Rule must be utilized when the derivative of the product of two functions is
to be taken.
o If and are two functions of then the derivative of the product is given by:

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The Product Rule in Words
The Product Rule says that the derivative of a product of two functions is the first function
times the derivative of the second function plus the second function times the derivative of
the first function.
NB: The product rule does NOT say that the derivative of a product is the
product of the derivatives.
Example 1
Find the derivative of
Solution
Let then and then
Now
Example 2
Find the derivative of
Solution

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Let then and then
Now
Follow up exercise
(i) Find if . Answer:
(ii) Find if . Answer:
(iii)Find if . Answer:
(iv) Find if . Answer:

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The Quotient Rule
o A quotient is just a fraction
o The Quotient Rule must be utilized when the derivative of the quotient of two functions
is to be taken.
o If and are two functions of then the derivative of the product is given by:
The Quotient Rule in Words

The Quotient Rule says that the derivative of a quotient is the denominator times the
derivative of the numerator minus the numerator times the derivative of the denominator, all
divided by the square of the denominator.
NB (i): It doesn’t matter if you reverse the terms in the product rule, but it
does matter in the quotient rule.
NB (ii): can be written as and apply the product rule.
Example 1
Show that if , then
Solution
Remember the ‘C’ ‘S’ relationship: and .
Thus:

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Let then and then
Now
Example 2
Find the derivative of the function
Solution
Let then and then
Now

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Follow up exercise
(i) Show that if , then
(ii) Show that if , then
(iii)Show that if , then
Implicit Differentiation
Implicit differentiation is a method for finding the slope of a curve, when the equation of the
curve is not given in “explicit" form but in \implicit" form by an equation
.
Example 1
Find by implicit differentiation given that
Solution

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Example 2
Find by implicit differentiation given that
Solution
Example 3
Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve

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Solution
At

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Horizontal and Vertical Tangents
(i) When the tangent is horizontal we equate to i.e.
(ii) When the tangent is Vertical we equate the denominator of to i.e.
Example
A curve has equation .
(i) Find .
(ii) Write down the equation(s) of the tangent(s) of the curve that are parallel to:
(a) axis
(b) xis
Solution
(i)
(ii) Finding the equation(s) of the tangent(s) of the curve that are parallel to:
(a) axis
Along the -axis

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Now finding the value(s) of :
Now the points are and

The equations are and .
(b) xis
Along the -axis
Now finding the value(s) of :
Now the points are

The equations are .
Follow up exercise
1. Differentiate the functions:
(i)
(ii)

Page 27
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
2. If , find . Find the coordinates on the curve for which the
tangent is
(i) parallel to xis
(ii) parallel to xis
Answer: , (i)
3. Find the points on the curve .
(i) Find .
(ii) Write down the equation(s) of the tangent(s) of the curve that are parallel to
xis
Answer: and the equation of the tangent is: .
Past Examinations Questions
ZIMSEC November 2004 Paper 1
A curve is given by the equation .
(i) Show that . [3]

(ii) Hence show that the gradient of the curve cannot be equal to . [3]
ZIMSEC 2017 June Paper 2
Find the equation of the normal to the curve , at a point [5]

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Answer: and the equation of the normal is: .
A curve has equation .
Find the equation of the tangent to the curve at the point where and . [8]
Answer: and the equation of the tangent is: .
Given that , where ’
(i) Show that
(ii) find . [5]
Answer:
Parametric Differentiation
o Parametric equations are two equations, in which one relates with the third
variable/quantity, say , and one relates with the same third variable/quantity, say .
This third variable/quantity is called a parameter. So in this case, the function , is not
defined explicitly in terms of the independent variable but it both and are defined
explicitly in terms of the parameter.
o To differentiate parametric equations, we must use the chain rule.

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o If and are two functions of then the derivative is given by:
Example 1
Show that the equation of the tangent line to the semicircle with parametric equations
at is .
Solution
Now then and then
At
Now
Thus the equation is given by:

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Example 2
If find .
Solution
Now then and then
Example 3
Find the derivative of the parametric function .
Hence find the equation of the normal to the curve when . Express your answer in the
form .
Solution
Now then and then

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At
Normal gradient
Now
Thus the equation is given by:
Follow up exercise
1. For the sets of parametric equations find :
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
2. Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve
Answer: ,

Page 32
The parametric equations of a circle are
(i) Show that . [3]

(ii) Find the equation of the normal to the curve at the point where in the form
. [4]
Answer: The equation of the tangent is: .
ZIMSEC June 2015 Paper 1
A curve has parametric equations
Find
(i) in terms of in its simplest form and state the exact value of when , [3]
(ii) the Cartesian equation of the curve and describe fully what it represents
geometrically. [4]
Answer: ; and the cartesian equation is: ;
It is an equation of a circle with radius and centre
The curve has parametric equations , where .
(i) Write down the cartesian equation of in terms . [2]

(ii) Given that point lies on , show that the equation of the normal to at when
, . [4]

Page 33
(iii)This normal meets again at point . Given that is the diameter of the
circle, show that the equation of this circle is
Answer:
A curve has parametric equations where .
Find in terms of , hence show that the coordinates of the turning points are . [7]
Answer:
A curve is represented parametrically by
(i) Find in terms of . [3]
(ii) By expressing in terms of and in terms of , use an appropriate identity

to show that

Page 34
Stationary Points
Increasing and Decreasing Functions
A function, is said to be increasing if its gradient is positive,
A function, is said to be decreasing if its gradient is negative,
Example
Find the values of which make the function, – – ,
(a) an increasing function,

(b) a decreasing function.
Solution
– –
– –

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(a) If the function is increasing then
Critical values are or .
There the solution set is: or .
(b) If the function is decreasing then
Critical values are or .
There the solution set is: .
Stationary/Turning Points
o A graph of a function of is said to have a turning point (or points) if its derivative/
gradient can take a value of zero for some value(s) of .
o The gradient at any point on the curve is zero when the tangent to the graph is horizontal
o Turning points are also known as stationary points.
o All quadratic graphs have one turning point, i.e. one occurrence of a zero derivative.
o There are 3 types of stationary points: maximum points, minimum points, and points of
inflexion.

Page 36
NB: Not all points where are turning points, i.e. not all stationary points are
turning points.
.
Local maxima and minima

o Local maxima and minima are called turning points.
o The gradient at a local maximum or minimum is 0
Maximum point
o Just before a maximum point the gradient is positive.

o At the maximum point the gradient is zero
o Just after the maximum point it is negative.
o The value of is decreasing, so the rate of change of with respect
to is negative. This means at the maximum point.
Minimum point
o Just before a minimum point the gradient is negative

o At the minimum the gradient is zero,
o Just after the minimum point it is positive.

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o The value of is increasing, so the rate of change of with respect
to x is positive. This means at the maximum point.
Points of inflexion
 It is a point which is neither maximum nor minimum
 At the point of inflexion, and
To sketch a curve
(i) Find the stationary point(s)
Steps
o Find an expression for and put it equal
o Solve the resulting equation to find the x coordinate(s) of the stationary point(s).
o Find and substitute each value of x to find the kind of stationary point(s).
o ( suggests a minimum, – a maximum, could be either of these or a point of

inflexion)
o Use the curve’s equation to find the coordinate(s) of the stationary point(s).
(ii) Find the point(s) where the curve meets the axes
Steps
o Remember every graph cuts the axis when and cuts the axis when
.
o Substitute in the curve’s equation to find the y coordinate of the point
where the curve meets the axis.

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o Substitute in the curve’s equation.
o If possible, solve the equation to find the coordinate(s) of the point(s) where the
curve meets the axis.
(iii)Sketch the curve.
Example
For the curve – :

(a) find the stationary point and what type it is;
(b) find the co-ordinates of the point(s) where the curve meets the and y axes;
(c) sketch the curve –
Answer
(a) –
Now – .
its minimum at
(b) When , and when , Then the curve meets axes at

.
(c)

Page 39
Follow up exercise
Questions
For each of the curves whose equations are given below:
a. find each stationary point and what type it is;
b. find the co-ordinates of the point(s) where the curve meets the and y axes;
c. sketch the curve;
(i) –
(ii) –
(iii) –
(iv) –
Answers
(a) Minimum at – meets axes at
(b) Minimum – maximum at meets axes at
(c) Minimum at – maximum at – – meets axis at –

(d) Minimum at – meets axes at
Show that the curve has turning points at and that this is a
minimum point. [6]
Given that , find the coordinates of the turning points and determine the nature of
each turning point of the curve. [7]

Page 40
Answers: is a maximum turning point and is a minimum turning point
The function is given by
(i) State the value of . [1]

(ii) Find the coordinates of the turning points of the graph of , and investigate
their nature. [9]
(iii)Show that the graph does not cross the axis. [3]
Answers:
(i) ;
(ii) It has a maximum turning point at
and a minim turning point at ;
(iii) the graph does not cross the axis.
(i) Find the coordinates of the turning point of the curve . [4]
(ii) Determine the nature of the turning point in (i). [2]
Answers:
(i) ;
(ii) It has a minimum stationary point.

Page 41
Maximum and minimum problems
o In this case we apply the knowledge on maximum and minimum points to solve any
given problems involving maximum/largest/greatest or minimum/smallest/least areas,
profits, volumes etc.
o When dealing with surface areas you need to take note of the following cases:
(a) When the box is closed :- When calculating surface areas include all faces
(b) When the box is open :- When calculating surface areas exclude the upper face
Example 1
A farmer wants to make a rectangular enclosure metres long and metres deep. There is a
fixed solid wall on one side, and he has metres of fencing available for the other three
sides. He wants to make the enclosed area as large as possible.
Wall
(i) Show that the enclosed area, A, of the pen can be expressed as – .
(ii) For – , find , and hence find the value of x for which takes a
maximum value.
(iii)Calculate this maximum value of . Explain algebraically why it is a maximum.
Solution
(i)

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Now
(ii)
If it is a maximum value,
(iii)
it is a maximum value.
Example 2
An open box has an area of . If its length is twice the width, find the maximum
volume. Show that this volume is a maximum.
Answers
Since the box is open, we calculate the area excluding the upper part.
Let the width be , therefore the length is . Let the height be
Finding the volume

Page 43
Now
Example 3

Page 44
The diagram above shows a rectangular box with height , length and width
Given that the volume is , show that [2]
Hence find the dimensions of the box if the surface area is to be minimised. [4]
Solution
Replacing with in equation (i) above gives:
Finding stationary point(s) of
which yields
Finding the dimensions
The dimensions are .

Page 45
Follow up exercise
Question
A particle moves in a straight line which passes through the fixed point . The particle’s
displacement, , from O is given by where is the time in seconds and
.
(i) Find an expression for the velocity of the particle in metres per second at time
seconds.
(ii) Find the particle’s displacement when , and show that this value is a maximum.
(iii)At what time does the particle have zero acceleration?
Answers:
(i) .
(ii) .
(iii)The particle has zero acceleration after seconds.

A rectangular wooden block has base length , width , height ,

total surface area of and volume .
(a) Express in terms of the

(i) height, , [1]
(ii) total surface area, , [2]
(b) Given that can vary, find the stationary value of the total surface area and
determine its nature. [5]

Page 46
Answers
(i) ;
(ii)
A closed tin of oil is in the shape of a right circular cylinder. Given that its capacity is
,
(i) write down an expression for its total surface are, in terms of ,
(ii) Calculate the radius and height of the tin that minimises . [5]
Answers
(iii)
(iv)
A farmer intends to build a rectangular pen whose width is for his goats. He has of
mesh wire.
(i) Write down an expression for the area , of the pen in terms of . [1]
(ii) Hence, find the maximum area which can be enclosed by the mesh wire, verifying
that it is a maximum. [3]
Answers
(i) Area of pen
(ii) Maximum area

Page 47
ASANTE SANA

Page 48
*******THERE IS A LIGHT AT THE END OF EVERY TUNNEL *******
CONSTRUCTIVE COMMENTS ON THE FORM

OF THE PRESENTATION, INCLUDING ANY
OMISSIONS OR ERRORS, ARE WELCOME.
***ENJOY***
Nyasha P. Tarakino (Trockers)
+263772978155/+263717267175
[email protected]

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Differentiation

Compiled by: Nyasha P. Tarakino (Trockers)

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

 differentiate from first principles excluding

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

o The derivative of is called the first derivative.

o Now, we denote the second derivative of a function to be the derivative of ,

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

It is the process of finding the derivative function using the definition:

o Let the equation of the function be .

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

To find the gradient of the Chord PQ we use the basic formula:

Remember the points and have the following coordinates:

Estimating the Gradient of the tangent at P

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

limit. This is as (as delta tends towards zero)

NB: is never equal to zero (cannot divide by zero).

Gradient of the tangent (from first principles)

(a) Differentiate, from first principles, the functions:

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

Differentiate, from first principles, the functions:

Differentiation of functions of the form

NB: When differentiating polynomials we differentiate each term separately.

Differentiate the functions:

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

Differentiation of functions of the form

NB: When differentiating polynomials we differentiate each term separately.

Differentiate the functions:

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

The Chain Rule

If is a function of , and is a function of , then is also a function of .

Differentiate the functions:

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

Exponential Functions and Natural Logarithms

Differentiation of functions of the form

NB: When differentiating polynomials we differentiate each term separately.

Differentiate the functions:

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

Differentiate the functions:

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

Differentiation of Trigonometrical functions

A thorough understanding of trigonometric functions is needed in order to master this

Differentiate the functions:

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

Differentiate the functions using both methods:

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

The Product Rule

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product of the derivatives.

Find the derivative of

Let then and then

Find the derivative of

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

(i) Find if . Answer:

(ii) Find if . Answer: