1.

Cartesian/Polar Form
[A] A complex number can be written in Cartesian Form or Polar form. You must be able to change from one form into the other with confidence.

(Cartesian Form)

(Polar Form) [B] Steps for changing from Cartesian form to Polar form (i) Find (ii) Draw a little picture to locate the complex number in a quadrant. (iii) Find (iv) Find in radians. (v) Change to Polar form.

Example 1
Find z = -1-1i in polar form. (i) (ii) Draw a picture (right)

(iii) (iv) Looking at the picture in step (ii) and using the fact that third quadrant. in the

radians

(v) Polar Form:

Write

in polar form.

((i)

(ii) Draw a picture (right)

(iii)

(iv) Looking at the picture in (ii) and the fact that in the fourth quadrant.

radians.

(v) Polar Form: [C] Changing from Polars to Cartesians To change from Polars to Cartesians simply look up the cosine and sine of the angle after changing it from radians into degrees. Remember ASTC. Put into Cartesian form.

is in the third quadrant

2. Tricks with the Polar Object

the problem more difficult. We shall call an object of the form a polar object. [B] Trick 1: When you multiply polar objects you add the angles.

Example 4

If

and

evaluate zw in the form x + iy.

[C] Trick 2: When you invert a polar object you change the sign between the real and imaginary components.

This result is also true for

Example 5

If

find z in the form x + iy.

Example 6

Simplify

giving your answer in the form x + iy.

Example 7

Simplify

giving your answer in the form

Careful! You can use Trick 2 to get a + sign between the real and imaginary components of all polar objects.

E] Plotting complex numbers in polar form in the Argand diagram. When a complex number is in polar form r = the distance to the origin (draw a circle of radius r) remember that:

 = the angle made with the +Re-axis (measure out this angle)

Example 8

Sketch the complex number

in the Argand diagram.

To convert a complex number into trigonometric form, we have to find the modulus and argument of the complex number.

Modulus

Argument
The argument of a complex number is the angle formed by the vector and the real axis. It is denoted by arg(z).

Trigonometric Form
z = r (cos + i sin )

Examples
Express in trigonometric form:

z = 2(cos 60 + i sin 60)

z = 2(cos 120 + i sin 120)

z = 2(cos 240 + i sin 240)

z = 2(cos 300 + i sin 300)

z=2

z = 2(cos 0 + i sin 0)

z = 2

z = 2(cos 180 + i sin 180)

Z = 2i

z = 2(cos 90 + i sin 90)

Z = 2i

z = 2(cos 270 + i sin 270)

We find the real (horizontal) and imaginary (vertical) components in terms of r (the length of the vector) and (the angle made with the real axis): From Pythagoras, we have: r2 = x2 + y2 and basic trigonometry gives us:

x = r cos y = r sin

Multiplying the last expression throughout by j gives us: yj = jr sin So we can write the polar form of a complex number as: x + yj = r(cos + j sin ) r is the absolute value (or modulus) of the complex number is the argument of the complex number. There are two other ways of writing the polar form of a complex number:

Need Graph Paper?

Download graph paper r cis [means r (cos + j sin )] r [means once again, r (cos + j sin )] NOTE: When writing a complex number in polar form, the angle can be in DEGREES or RADIANS.

Example 1
Find the polar form and represent graphically the complex number 7 - 5j. Answer

We need to find r and .

To find , we first find the acute angle (see Trigonometric Functions of Any Angle if you are rusty on this):

Now, 7 - 5j is in the fourth quadrant, so = 360 - 35.54 = 324.46 So, expressing 7 - 5j in polar form, we have: 7 - 5j = 8.6 (cos 324.5 +j sin 324.5) We could also write this answer as 7 - 5j = 8.6 cis 324.5. Also we could write: 7 - 5j = 8.6 324.5 The graph is as follows:

Easy to understand math videos: MathTutorDVD.com

Example 2:
Express 3(cos 232+ j sin 232) in rectangular form. Answer This is how the complex number looks on an Argand diagram.

To get the required answer, we simply multiply out the expression:

3(cos 232 +j sin 232) = 3 cos 232 + j (3sin 232) = -1.85 - 2.36j
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Exercises
1. Represent 1 + j3 graphically and write it in polar form. Answer

We recognise this triangle as our 30-60 triangle from before. = 60, r = 2 So 1 + j3 = 2 60 = 2(cos60 + jsin60)

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2. Represent 2 - j2 graphically and write it in polar form. Answer

To find , we first find the acute angle :

The complex number is in the 4th quadrant, so = 360 - 45 = 315 2 - j2 = 2 315 = 2(cos315 + jsin315)

Easy to understand math videos: MathTutorDVD.com

3. Represent graphically and give the rectangular form of 6(cos180+ jsin180). Answer

We can read the rectangular form of this number from the graph. 6(cos180 + jsin180) = -6 Trigonometric (Polar) Form of Complex Numbers Objectives:

Convert a complex number from standard form to polar form Convert a complex number from polar form to standard form Find the modulus and argument of a complex number Polar Form of a Complex Number

Referring to the figure above, let Since . ,

be a complex number. In the figure we represent . Since , , so .

as a vector OP with magnitude r and direction

. And from the Pythagorean Theorem

Relationship among x, y, r and if If is a complex number in standard form, the number in polar form. r is called the modulus, and Example: Write in polar form. Solution: It is helpful to plot the complex number as a vector. The head of the vector is in the second quadrant. First we shall find the modulus. is the complex is called the argument.

Next we find the argument.

So the polar form is Example: Write Solution: in standard form.

So the standard form is

4. Represent graphically and give the rectangular form of 7.32 -270 Answer

Once again, a quick look at the graph tells us the rectangular form of this comlex number. 7.32 -270= 7.32j
z

omplex Numbers

A complex number is made up of both real and imaginary components. It can be represented by an expression of the form (a+bi), where a and b are real numbers and i is imaginary. When defining i we say that i = . Then we can think of i2 as -1. In general, if c is any positive number, we would write: . If we have a complex number z, where z=a+bi then a would be the real component (denoted: Re z) and b would represent the imaginary component of z (denoted Im z). Thus the real component of z=4+3i is 4 and the imaginary component would be 3. From this, it is obvious that two complex numbers (a+bi) and (c+di) are equal if and only if a=c and b=d, that is, the real and imaginary components are equal. The complex number (a+bi) can also be represented by the ordered pair (a,b) and plotted on a special plane called the complex plane or the Argand Plane. On the Argand Plane the horizontal axis is called the real axis and the vertical axis is called the imaginary axis. This is shown in Figure 1 on the right:

Properties of the Complex Set

The sum and difference of complex numbers is defined by adding or subtracting their real components ie:

The communitive and distributive properties hold for the product of complex numbers ie:

When dividing two complex numbers you are basically rationalizing the denominator of a rational expression. If we have a complex number defined as z =a+bi then the conjuate would be . See the following example:

Example:

Conjugates
The geometric inperpretation of a complex conjugate is the reflection along the real axis. This can be seen in the figure below where z = a+bi is a complex number. Listed below are also several properties of conjugates.

Properties:

Absolue Value/Modulus
The distance from the origin to any complex number is the absolute value or modulus. Looking at the figure below we can see that Pythagoras' Theorem gives us a formula to calculate the absolute value of a complex number z = a+bi

And from this we get:

This explains why rationalizing the denominator using conjugates works in general for complex quotients.

<="" p=""> There are also some properties of absolute values dealing with complex numbers. These are:

Polar Form
Along with being able to be represented as a point (a,b) on a graph, a complex number z = a+bi can also be represented in polar form as written below:

Note: The Arg(z) is the angle , and that this angle is only unique between which is called the primary angle. Adding

Example:
Using the principle argument, write the following complex number in its polar coordinates.

Multiplication and division can be given geometric interpretations and new insight when looking at polar forms: Let and be complex numbers.

We can see from this that in order to multiply two complex numbers we must multiply the length or absolute values together and add the arguments.

In the case of division, it is similarly shown that:

by using the subtration rule of sine and cosine, as apose to multipling the lengths we divide and as apose to adding the arguments, we subtract.

Example:

DeMoivre's Theorem
DeMoivre's Theorem is a generalized formula to compute powers of a complex number in it's polar form. Looking at from the eariler formula we can find (z)(z) easily:

Which brings us to DeMoivre's Theorem: If and n are positive integers then Basically, in order to find the nth power of a complex number we take the nth power of the absolute value or length and multiply the argument by n.

Example:

Working backwards we can also use DeMoivre's Theorem to find the nth root. Let and n be a positive integer.Then z has n distinct nth roots given by:

<="" p=""> where k = 0, 1, 2, ... , n-1 To show this we let and where .

Example:

Euler's Fomula
From Calculus, we know the functions ex, sin x and cos x have power series expansions or Taylor series.

When looking at complex numbers it is interesting to see that the power series for ez allows z to be complex and obeys the usual rules for exponents. In particular it holds true that: ez1+z2 = ez1z2 letting z = iy where i is imaginary and y is a real number

From the fact that:

This gives us the result of Euler's Formula eiy = cos y + isin y Then we can also define z as:

Example:

It is also important to mention that if From tringonometry we can then say:

and

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