AUTOMATIC WATER LEVEL INDICATOR WITH

ALARM

NAME : KITUR MOSES KIPCHIRCHIR

INDEX NO : 5341011280

COLLEGE : RIFT VALLEY TECHNICAL

TRAINING INSTITUTE

DEPARTMENT : ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

COURSE NAME : CRAFT IN ELECTRICAL AND

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

SUPERVISOR : MR.YATOR

NOVEMBER 20, 2020

 DECLARATION

I certify that this report is my own work, based on my personal study and research
and that I have acknowledged all material and sources used in its preparation, whether
they be books, articles, reports, lecture notes, and any other kind of document, electronic
or personal communication. I also certify that this report has not previously been
submitted for assessment in any other unit, except where specific permission has been
granted from all unit coordinators involved, or at any other time in this unit, and that I
have not copied in part or whole or otherwise plagiarized the work of other students and
persons.

Name …………………………Date………………………….. Signature………………

ii
 DEDICATION

I dedicate this report to God Almighty my creator, my strong pillar, my source of

inspiration, wisdom, knowledge and understanding. He has been the source of my
strength throughout this program and on His wings only have I soared. I also dedicate this
work to my grandparents, brother, sister, lecturers and all my course mates who have
encouraged me all the way and whose encouragement has made sure that I give all it
takes to finishthe report since the time I started. God bless you

iii
 ACKNOWLEGEMENTS

This work would not have been possible without the financial support of my
guardians and all the efforts I have made to achieve the fulfillment of this report. They
have been supportive of my career goals and worked actively to provide me with the
protected academic time to pursue those goals. I am grateful to all of those with whom I
have had the pleasure to work with during this report project. Each of the members of my
report have provided me extensive personal and professional guidance and taught me a
great deal about electrical and electronic engineering. Nobody has been more important
to me in the pursuit of this project than the members of my family. I would like to thank
my parents, whose love and guidance are with me in whatever I pursue. They are the
ultimate role models.

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 ABSTRACT

ThedrinkingwatercrisisinKenyaisreachingalarmingproportions.Itmightverysoonatt
ainthenatureofglobalcrisis.
Hence,itisofutmostimportancetopreservewaterforhumanbeings.Inmanyhousesthereisunne
cessarywastageofwaterdueto
overflowinoverheadtanks.AutomaticWaterLevelIndicatorandControllercanprovideasoluti
ontothisproblem.Theoperationof
waterlevelcontrollerworksuponthefactthatwaterconductselectricityduetothepresenceofmin
eralswithinit.Sowatercanbe
usedtoopenorcloseacircuit.Asthewaterlevelrisesorfalls,differentcircuitsinthecontrollersend
differentsignals.Thesesignals
areusedtoswitchONorswitchOFFthemotorpumpasperourrequirements.
ThetotalamountofwateravailableonEarthhasbeenestimatedat1.4billioncubickilome
ters,enoughtocovertheplanetwithalayerofabout3km.About95%oftheEarth'swaterisintheoc
eans,whichisunfitforhumanconsumption.About4%islockedinthe
polaricecaps,andtherest1%constitutesallfreshwaterfoundinrivers,streamsandlakeswhichiss
uitableforourconsumption.A
studyestimatedthatapersoninAfricaconsumesonanaverageof140litresperday.Thisconsumpt
ionwouldriseby40%bytheyear
2025.Thissignifiestheneedtopreserveourfreshwaterresources.

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 Table of Contents
DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................ ii
DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................... iii
ACKNOWLEGEMENTS.............................................................................................................. iv
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... v
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................. 1
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1
1.0 BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................. 1
1.2 JUSTIFICATION ................................................................................................................. 2
1.3 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT ................................................................................................. 2
1.4 CON STRAINS .................................................................................................................... 2
1.5 LIMITATIONS OF THE PROJECT .................................................................................... 2
BLOCK DIAGRAM OVERVIEW ................................................................................................ 3
1.6 PROJECT RESPORT ORGANISATION ............................................................................ 4
CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................ 5
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................................... 5
CHAPTER THREE ........................................................................................................................ 8
3.0 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................... 8
3.1 SYSTEM ANALYSIS .......................................................................................................... 9
3.2 STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER ......................................................................................... 9
3.3 DIODES .............................................................................................................................. 10
3.4 TYPES OF DIODES .......................................................................................................... 10
3.5 LIGHT EMITTING DIODES (LED) ................................................................................. 11
3.6 BRIDGE RECTIFIER ........................................................................................................ 12
3.7 HOW TO READ RESISTORS VALUES .......................................................................... 13
3.8 TRANSISTOR .................................................................................................................... 14
3.8.0 TRANSISTOR CURRENTS ....................................................................................... 15
3.9 CAPACITOR ...................................................................................................................... 16
3.1.0 PIEZO ELECTRIC BUZZER ......................................................................................... 16
3.1.1 POWER SUPPLY UNIT ................................................................................................. 16

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 3.1.2 SYSTEM.......................................................................................................................... 16
CHAPTER FOUR ........................................................................................................................ 19
4.0 SYSTEM TESTING ........................................................................................................... 19
4.1 COMPONENT TEST ......................................................................................................... 19
4.2 TEST FOR TRANSISTORS .............................................................................................. 19
4.3 SYSTEM TEST .................................................................................................................. 19
4.4 TRANSFORMER TEST (step down) ................................................................................ 20
4.5 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION .................................................................................... 20
4.6 PACKAGING ..................................................................................................................... 20
4.7 BILL OF ENGINEERING MEASURMENT AND EVALUATION................................ 20
CONCLUSION............................................................................................................................. 21
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED ................................................................................................... 21
RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................................................................. 21
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 23
APPENDIX: SYSTEM COMPONENT LIST ............................................................................. 24

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0 BACKGROUND

The project “automatic water level control with an automatic pump control
system” is design to monitor the level of liquid in the tank. The system has an
automatic pumping system attached to it so as to refill the tank once the liquid gets to
the lower threshold, while offing the pump once the liquid gets to the higher threshold.
Sustainability of available water resource in many reason of the word is now a
dominant issue. This problem is quietly related to poor water allocation, inefficient use,
and lack of adequate and integrated water management. Water is commonly used for
agriculture, industry, and domestic consumption. Therefore, efficient use and water
monitoring are potential constraint for home or office water management system.
Moreover, the common method of level control for home appliance is simply to start
the feed pump at a low level and allow it to run until a higher water level is reached in
the water tank. This water level control, controls monitor and maintain the water level
in the overhead tank and ensures the continuous flow of water round the clock without
the stress of going to switch the pump ON or OFF thereby saving time, energy, water,
and prevent the pump from overworking Besides this, liquid level control systems are
widely used for monitoring of liquid levels in reservoirs, silos.
1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The goal or objectives of which the designed device is expected to accomplish

is to build an automatic water level control with automatic control system. In this
project sensors are place at different level of the tank and with the aid of this sensors,
the micro-controller monitor the level of the liquid at any particular point in time, some
of the objectives are

i. To design an automatic water monitoring system

ii. To incorporate an interactive medium between the end user and the machine
iii. To prevent over labor of the pumping machine and prevent it from getting bad
iv. To avoid wastage of water

1
 v. Since the demand of electricity is very high, automatic water level control
saves energy
1.2 JUSTIFICATION

Automatic water level monitor came into existence because of human error and
inconsistence that is associated with manually operated water pumping machine. This
is because it takes time for individual who is manually operating the water pump to
turn off the pumping machine and this may cause water spillage and at times the
individual might not know that the water level has drop so low until the tank is
completely empty. This was the problem that leads to the development of the ideal of
an automatic water level control and automatic pump short down.
1.3 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The project was design to automatically control the pump which ensures
constant reserve of water in the reservoir. The scope of the design was keep concise
and simple to in other not to introduce unnecessary complexities and render it
generally uncomfortable. The system does not have attached complex peripheral device
which though impossible for the detail printable information has been excluded for
reasons of affordability material of low range and less accurate performances as
opposed to a well-built automatic water pump was use d to achieve this aim, the
automatic water level controller detect and control the water in the tank
1.4 CON STRAINS

The biggest setback experience during the course of this project is difficulties in
finding the design of the project.
1.5 LIMITATIONS OF THE PROJECT

It is significant to know that this design is limited to AC current.

2
 BLOCK DIAGRAM OVERVIEW

Fig 1.0 Block Diagram Overview

This project report writing is written is design in such a way that each chapter is
related to the next as shown below

3
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig 1.1 Circuit Diagram

1.6 PROJECT RESPORT ORGANISATION

The organization of this project report is well detailed and vast in its coverage it
covers all the activities encountered during the research work. The first chapter of this
work took care of the introduction, aims and objective, scope, Justification and project
report organization. Chapter two highlight on literature review chapter three highlight
on description of system and some of the component used were emphasized chapter
four highlight on the system design and implementation, construction, testing and
water reservation in the tank. Chapter five is all about the conclusions problem
encountered recommendation and cost of the project.

4
 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

An automatic water level control detects the water level in the tank and also
ensures continuous water flow round the clock because of its automatic, this automatic
water control is made up of:
Transistor BC 547

Fig 2.1.0 Transistor BC 547

LED

Fig 2.1.1 LED

Electrolytic Capacitor

Fig 2.1.2 Electrolytic Capacitor

Resistors 220v

Fig 2.1.3 Resistors 220v

5
 Buzzer

Fig 2.1.4 Buzzer

Transformer

Fig 2.1.5 Transformer 220AC/9V

The level measurement consist of determining the distance from the upper
surface of a liquid in a reservoir or vessel or any arbitrarily chosen mark located above
or below this surface by itself the level is not an independent physical quantities
describing the state of a substance through direct and indirect level, some examples of
direct level measurement are dipstick, the bubbler, immersion electrode, capacitor type
,liquid level radiation type liquid level measurement for instance the dipstick, it is very
simple, the stick being dipped periodically through a hole and the hole and the
immersion mark is being read off with the aid of the calibration on the stick.
Then, the direct level measurement are sight glass ,depending on the
manometer principle, the transparent tube is place in a convenient and its being
connected to the lower part of tank and graduated for safety reasons, the top the bright
glass is vented into the tank and the sight has isolation valve top and bottom while the
micro base; water level controller has the ability to switch on the pumping machine
when the water in the tank has gone below gauge level automatically switches the
OFF the pumping machine when the water in the tank has reach its maximum level.
Electronics circuit has undergone tremendous changes since the invention of a
triode by LEE DE FOREST in 1907. In those days the active component like resistors,
inductors and capacitors etc. Of the circuit were separated and distinct unite connected

6
by soldered lead with the invention of a transistor in 1984 by W.H Brattain and I.
Barden, the electronic circuit became considerably reduced in size. IT was due to the
fact that transistors were not only cheaper, more reliable and less power consumption
but was much smaller in size than an electronic tube.
To take advantage of small transistors size, the passive component too were
reduce in size there by making the entire circuit very small development of printed
circuit board (PCB) further reduce the size of electronics equipment by eliminating
bulky wiring and tie point. In the early 1960s a new field of micro-electronics was born
primarily to meet the requirement of the military which was to reduce the size of it
electronics equipment to approximately one tenth of it then existing volume.

7
 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 METHODOLOGY

There are many methods of designing an automatic water level control with
switching device but all these methodologies require human assistance. In this project an
automatic water level control for both overhead and underground tank with switching
device is designed to detect water level in the tank without human physical intervention.
The system design was to monitor the water level in the tank at any time water get low to
a certain level or gets full to a certain level. Finally the system automatically rings a
buzzer when the water level is full in the tank. The approach used in this work is the
modular design approach the overall design was broken into function block diagrams.
Where each block in the diagram represent a section of the circuit that carries out a
specific function. The system was designed using functional blocks as shown in the block
diagram bellow in this method the circuit is designed to display different level using five
sensors to monitor the inflow of water in the tank.
However these displays can be increased and decrease depending upon the level
resolution required. This can be done by increasing or decreasing the number of level
detector and associated component. Diodes full-wave rectifier are used to power the
system through a volts battery the rectifier output is filtered using capacitor C through C3
respectively the final design schematic circuit diagram of the method is shown below in
the figure

Fluid level Sensors LED

Detection Signal PCB Board Display
Sensors AMP Alarm

Regulated Power Supply LED

Display and
Alarm

Fig 3.0.1 Project Block Diagram

8
 3.1 SYSTEM ANALYSIS

This project design automatic water level controller for both overhead and
underground tank with switching device is to ensure a higher rate of water monitoring
the major component used in the project design are fund level detection sensors, the
power supply unit, switch and LEDs
3.2 STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER

A transformer is a device consisting of two closely coupled coils called primary

and secondary coils. An AC voltages applied to the primary appears across the
secondary with a voltage multiplication proportional to the primary appears across the
secondary with a voltage multiplication proportion to the turn ratio of the transformer
and a current multiplication inversely proportional to the turn ratio power is conserved
turn ration = VP/VS = NP/Ns and power out = power in or Vs x
Is = UP X IP
VP = primary voltage
NP = number of turns in primary coil
IP = primary input current
Vs = Secondary output voltage
NS = number of turns on secondary coil
For the 9v volts step down transformer needed for this project, the turn ratio is
240:9 it is represented as shown below.
Transformer Voltage

Input high voltage Output:

Low Voltage
Main supply AC
AC

Fig 3.2.1 Transformer Circuit Representation

9
 3.3 DIODES

The term diode usually implies a small signal device with current typically in
the milliamp range. A semiconductor diode consist of a PN junction and has two (2)
terminals, an anode (+) and cathode (-) current flows from anode to cathode within the
diode. Diodes are semiconductor device that might be described as passing current in
one direction only. The latter part of that statement applies equally vacuum tube
diodes. Diodes however are far more extremely versatile in fact. Diode can be used as
voltage regulators, turning devices in radio frequency tuned circuit, frequency
multiplying device in radio frequency circuit, mixing devices application or can be
used to make logic decision in digital circuit. There are also diodes which emit “light”
known as light emitting diodes or LED.

a LED

Diode Zener Varactor Vacuum

Diode Diode Diode
Fig 3.3.1 Symbols of Diodes

3.4 TYPES OF DIODES

The first diode in figure is a semiconductor diode which could be a small signal
diode of the IN914 type commonly used in switching application, a rectifying diode of
the IN4001 (400v 1A) type or even one of the high power, high current stud mounting
types. You will notice the straight bar end has the letter “K” this denote the ‘cathode”
while “a” denotes anode current can only flow from anode to cathode and not in the
reverse direction, hence the “arrow” appearance. This is one very important property of
diodes.
The next diode is the simplest form of vacuum tube or valve it simply has the
old cathode and anode these term were passed on to modern solid state devices
vacuum tube diode are mainly only of interest to restores and tude enthusiasts. The

10
third diode is a Zener diode which is fairly popular for the voltage regulation of low
current power supplies whist it is possible to obtain high current Zener diodes most
regulation today is done electronically with the use of dedicated integrated circuits and
pass resistors the last diode is the light emitting diode or LED, A led actually doesn’t
emit as much a plastic lens installed over it and this concentrates the amount of light.

3.5 LIGHT EMITTING DIODES (LED)

Light emitting diodes commonly called LED they do dozens of different jobs
and are found in all kinds of devices. Among other things they form the numbers on
digital close, transmit information from remote controls, light up watches and tell you
when your appliance are turned on collected together they can form images on a jumbo
television screen or illuminate a traffic light. Basically, LED are just ting light bulbs
that fit easily into an electrical circuit but unlike ordinary incandescent bulbs, they
don’t have a filament that will burn out and they don’t have get hot. They are
illuminated by the movement of electron in a semiconductor material. Many circuits
use a LED as a usual indicator of some sort even if only as an indicator of power
supply being turned on.
A sample calculation of the dropping resistor is included below.
VC

Fig 3.5.1 Light Emitting Diodes

Most LED operate at 1.7v although this is not always the case and it is wise to
check. The dropping resistor is simply the net supply voltage minus the 1.7v led
voltage then divided by the led brightness current express as “amps” (ohms law) note
the orientation of both cathode and anode with respect to the ground end and the
supply end usually with led the longer lead is the anode. LED has several advantages
over conventional in can descent lamps for thing, they don’t have a filament that will
burn out, so they last much longer. Additionally, their small plastic bulb makes them a

11
lot more durable. They also fit more easily into modern electronic circuits but the main
advantage is efficiency, in conventional in can descent bulb the light production
process involve generating a lot of heat the filament must be warm this completely
waste energy.
3.6 BRIDGE RECTIFIER

A bridge rectifier can be made using four individual diodes, but it is also
available in special packages containing the four diodes required. It is called full-wave
rectifier because it uses the entire AC waves (both positive and negative section) 1.4v
is used up in the bridge rectifier because each diode uses 0.7v when diodes conducting
as shown in the figure below. The maximum current they can pass rates bridge
rectifiers and the maximum reverse voltage they can withstand this must be of least
three times the supply RMs voltages so the rectifier can withstands the peak voltage.

Fig 3.6.1 Bridge Rectifier Circuit Representation

Alternate pairs of diode conduct changing over the connections so
the alternating directions of AC are converted to
the direction of DC.

R1
R
=

R2

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 Fig 3.6.2 Resistors Corrected In Series
When resistors are connected in series their combined resistance is equal to the
individual resistance added together for example if resistor R1andR2 are connected in
series their combined resistance R is given by:
Combined resistance in series R = R1 + R2 and can be further extended
depending on the number of resistor. The combined resistance in series will always be
greater than any of the individual resistance

= R
R1 R2

Fig 3.6.3 Resistors Connected In Parallel

When resistors are connected in parallel their combined resistance is less than
any of the individual resistance. There is a special equation for the combined resistance
of two resistors R1andR2combined resistance in parallel R = R1+R2
R1X R2
For more than two resistors connected in parallel a more difficult equation must
be used. This adds up the reciprocal (“one over”) of each resistance to give the
reciprocal of the combined resistance R: R = 1/R1
+ 1/R2 + 1/R3.

3.7 HOW TO READ RESISTORS VALUES

Brown R e d Orange Yellow Green B l u e V i o l e t G r a y

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Must resistor have four bands

i. The first band gives the first digit
ii. The second band gives the second digit
iii. The third indicate the

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 iv. The fourth band is use to show the tolerance of the resistor

Red RedRed Gold

22 x 100 = 2200 ohms

Fig 3.7.1 Resistor Bands

3.8 TRANSISTOR

A transistor is a semiconductor device, commonly used as an amplifier or an

electrically control switch. The transistor is the fundamental building block of the
circuitry in computers, cellular phones, and all other modern electronics because of its
fast response and accuracy, the transistor is used in a wide variety of digital and analog
functions, including amplification, switching, voltage regulation, signal modulation
and oscillators. Transistors may be packaged individually or as part of an integrated
circuit, some with over a billion transistors in a very small area. They are contain to
electronics and there are two main types, NPN and PNP

C C

B B
PNP

E
NPN E

Fig 3.9 Transistor Circuit Symbols

The letter refers to the layer of semiconductor material used to make the
transistor, must transistors used today are NPN because this is the easiest type to make

14
from silicon. This page is mostly about NPN transistors the lead are labeled based (B)
collector (C) and emitter (E) these terms refer to the internal operation of a transistor
but they are not much in understanding how a transistor is used.

3.8.0 TRANSISTOR CURRENTS

The diagram below shows the two current palls through a transistor. The small
base current controls the larger collector current. When the switch is closed, small
current flows into the base (B) of the transistor. It is just enough to make LED B glow
dimly. The transistor amplifiers this small current to allow a larger current to flow
through from its collector (C) To its emitter (E). This collector current is larger enough
to make LED C light brightly

0 +9V Close
Switch
0 470

Collector
Current
LED C
Bright
LED B
Dim C

Base B
E
OV 10k

Base
current path
Collector current path
Fig 3.1.0 Current Path of a Transistor
When the switch is open no base current flows, so the transistor switches off
the collector current. Both LED are off. A transistor amplifiers current and can be used
as a switch. This arrangement where the emitter (E) is in the controlling circuit (base
current) and in the controlled circuit (collector current) is called common emitter mode.
It is the most widely use arrangement for transistors.

15
 3.9 CAPACITOR

Capacitor is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store energy in an

electric field. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two
conductors separated by a non-conductor. Capacitors used as parts of electrical
systems, for example consist of metal soils separated by a layer of insulating film. A
capacitor is passive electronic component consisting of a pair of conductors separated
by a dielectric (insulator) when there is a potential difference (voltage) across the
detected on one plate and negative charge on the other plate. Energy is stored in the
electrostatic field and is measured in farads.
3.1.0 PIEZO ELECTRIC BUZZER

Piezo electric ceramic buzzer element have a simple structure in which piezo
ceramic element is glued to vibration plates. When alternating voltage is applied to
piezo ceramic element, the element expands or shrinks diametrically. This
characteristic is utilized to make vibration plate bend to generate sounds. The acoustic
generating method can be roughly divided into self-drive oscillation method and
external-drives oscillation method. The former shows the lowest impedance on the
acoustic generator, and produces the sound by the positive feedback oscillation circuit
to make neconace there by big sound pressure can be obtained by a simple circuit.
3.1.1 POWER SUPPLY UNIT

There are main types of power supply some are designed to convert high
voltage AC mains electricity to a suitable low voltage supply for Electronic circuits and
other devices. A power supply can be broken down into a series of blocks, each of
them perform a particular function.
220v Regulator
AC Transformer Rectifier Smoothing
Main 9VDC

Fig 3.1.1.0 Block Diagram of a Regulated Power Supply

3.1.2 SYSTEM

Transformer: Steps down high voltage AC mains to low voltage AC

16
 Rectifier: Converts AC to DC but the DC output is varying diode are the main
rectifier use.
Smoothing: Smoothers the DC from varying greatly to a small ripple regulator:
eliminates ripple by setting DC output to a fixed voltage.
As seen in chapter one, the project consist of several blocks. Which depicts the
functional parts of the system. In this section, I will like to make conceptual design of
the design of the system to have in the detail design of the project. The design gives an
overview on the function of the major block, how they are integrated and the data flow
arrangement. A sensitive automatic detector of water level controller will switching
device can the design process characterized by the following
i. Definition of task
ii. Requirement
iii. Factor that influence choice
In defining a task, every design comes from an idea or a problem that require a
solution. Questions may be generated on what exactly that is required to be achieved
and the feasibility of the ideas as regards to the implementation. If these questions are
analyzed critically with tangible solutions to the problem, a development of this idea
into a reality is the next step. Requirement for design process have to be considered
once an idea has been. However it came my though that among all the component
used here the one that consumes the higher power is the light emitter diodes (LED)
which need as much as 9-voit to glow and draws as maximum as 500m amp of current.
As a result of this I decided to use 9-voit 1 amps rated transformer for this
design after the voltage is step to 9-voit using a transformer, a full wave rectifier circuit
was design using four diodes (IN4001). This value of diode is used here because from
the specification of voltage/diodes rectifying data books this value is adequate for
lower voltage say 0.24 volt current =1 amps therefore 1.27 amps is the maximum load
current that can be drawn in the whole system. Also it is known that after rectification,
the same voltage (9-volt) continues to flow into the filter. As a result the load voltage
9-volt thus VDC=load voltage =9-volt

17
18
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 SYSTEM TESTING

After the design and implementation phase, the system built has to be tested for
durability and effectiveness and also ascertain if there is need to modify the design .the
system was first assembled using breadboard all the component were properly soldered
to the Vero board from whence some test were carried out at various stage to ensure
proper functioning of component expected, the component were tested using a digital
multi-meter (DMM). Resistors were tested to ensure that their tolerance value. Faulty
resistor were discarded.
4.1 COMPONENT TEST

Similar component like resistor were packed together. The other component
include capacitor, switch, transformer, resistor, Diodes (rectifier) LED, transistor,
voltage regulators etc. Reference was made to color coding data sheet to ascertain the
expected value of resistors used. Each resistor was tested and the value read and
recorded. Also for transistor test the DIMM was switched to the diode range. The
collector, base, emitter junctions were tested in the following order. The collector,
emitter and base pins were gotten from the data analysis on power transistor.

4.2 TEST FOR TRANSISTORS

B l a c k p r o b e R e d p r o b e
s t
1 test on pins C o l l e c t o r B a s e
n d
2 test on pins E m i t t e r B a s e

4.3 SYSTEM TEST

The system was powered and operated upon using several possibilities they
include making sure that the buzzer only send a signal when the water level has gone
above the mark. Also red Led turns ON when water level is below the mark. The seven

19
segment display was also tested to make sure correct level was display on the seven
segment display screen.

4.4 TRANSFORMER TEST (step down)

Expectedly the transformer was rated 220v/9v, 1000mA. From the mains power
supply, the primary coil receives 220v input, the output was measure to be 16.75v using a
DMM. Test data on transformer has it that the resistance of the primary windings for step
down transformer is higher than that of the secondary side this was ascertained.

4.5 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION

From the table above, it shows that range between the expected value and the
actual can be tolerated. As a result of this the drift in expected value has no critical
effect on the system design since the result current range was also exceeded, also the
operational voltage was not exceeded.

4.6 PACKAGING

After the completion of the work, the circuitry was enclosed in a case to avoid
damage. This is very vitally to the packaging of any electronic equipment, the
enclosure provides protection as well as attraction that is, and it add aesthetic value to
the work. The sizes of tank to be used for packaging was first of all determined after
considering the following factors
i. Easy input and removal of water from the tanks
ii. Positions of the tanks
iii. Space for future modifications, easy accessibility to circuit board
iv. EASY mobility of the tanks.

4.7 BILL OF ENGINEERING MEASURMENT AND EVALUATION

To carry out this project, some things were put into considerations. Among
those things include the cost of component used for the construction was the priority.
The table below shows the component that are used in the project construction, the
quantity and also the price of ach components

20
 COMPONENT V A L U E Q U A N T IT Y UNIT T O T A L

1 T RANSFORMER 220V / 9 V 1 150 1 5 0

2 D I O D E S IN4001 2 6 0 6 0

3 L E D 5 5 0 5 0

4 CAPACITORS 2200 35V 2 7 0 7 0

5 RESISTORS 2 2 0 6 6 0 6 0

6 TRANSISTORS B C 5 4 7 4 8 0 8 0

7 B U C K E T S 1 5 0 5 0

T O T A L KSH. 520

CONCLUSION

Going through the planning, flow process, the system has been a tough one, the
chapter one to four has actually tried as much as possible to explain vividly almost all
(if not all) what is involved in the construction of this project. After the complete
design of the system, the deviation between the expected result and the actual result
was very close. The performance and efficiency was beyond expectation and from
every ramification the design of automatic water controller was successful.
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED

During the course of designing this system there were series of problems
encountered which came on the way of achieving the desired goals of this project.
Some parts require re-designing and the system hence creating a bit of problem, LEDs
blew and PCB board cracked while soldering.

RECOMMENDATIONS

I strongly recommend that government should set up industries for production

of basic electronic component locally and establish research centers in each university

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to enable student have good sound practical knowledge on electronics component and
their operation

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 REFERENCES

Aye, T. S., &Lwin, Z. M. (2006). Microcontroller Based Electric Expansion

Valve Controller for Air Conditioning System, World Academy of Science,
Engineering and Technology. Vol. 2864.
Belone, S., &Graw, H. W. (2004). Electronic Circuit Discrete & Integration,
(23rd Edition). New Delhi, India: S, Chand & Company.
Byrne, L., Lau, K. T., & Diamond, D. (2002). Monitoring of Headspace Total
Volatile Basic Nitrogen from Selected fish Species using Reflectance Spectroscopic
Measurements of pH Sensitive filmsî,The Analyst Company, vol. 127.
Dietz, P., Yerazunis W., & Leigh, D. (2003). Very Low-Cost Sensing Devices.
India: Chand & Company.
Javanmard, M., Abbas, K. A., & Arvin, F. (2009). A Microcontroller-Based
Monitoring System for Batch Tea Dryer, CCSE Journal of Agricultural Science, Vol. 1,
No. 2.
Lau, U., & Dermot, D. (2005). Sensors Operation. London: Chand & London:
Chand & company.
Milenkovic, A., Milenkovic, M., Jovanov. E., Hite, D., &Raskovic. (2005). An
Environment for Runtime power monitoring of wireless Sensor Network
Platforms,Proc. Vol. 1, No. 8.
Paul, H., &Windfied, R. (2008). The Art of Electronic, (2nd Edition). Ronald, J.,
(2005). Digital Systems. U.S.A: Prentice Hall Inc.
Tharaja, B. L., &Tharaja, A. K. (2006). A Text Book On Electrical Technology,
(23rd Edition). New Delhi, India: S, Chand & Company www.microchip.com

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 APPENDIX: SYSTEM COMPONENT LIST

i Dc water pump
ii Lm7805 voltage regulator
iii Vero board
iv Connecting wire
v Seven segment display
vi 240/12v, 1000ma transformer
vii Soldering iron
viii 30ph capacitor
ix 10uf 16v capacitor
x Rectifier diodes
xi 2200uf/25v capacitor

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