TRADE PROJECT.

PROJECT TITLE : POWER SUPPLY WITH AUTO SWITCHING

PRESENTED BY : RASHID MWAKWEKWE PANDE

INDEX NUMBER : 3271040011

COURSE : CERTIFICATE IN ELECTRICAL AND

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

SUPERVISOR : MR VINCENT RONO

CENTRE NAME : KARUMO TECHNICAL TRAINING

INSTITUTE

SERIES : NOVEMBER, 2023 SERIES

PRESENTED TO : KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATION

COUNCIL FOR THE AWARD OF

CERTIFICATE IN ELECTRICAL AND

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING.
 DEDICATION

I dedicate this project work to my family, who have always been beside me and supported my each and
every step towards education through their positive guidance, counseling as well as their financial
support.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I wish to pass my kind acknowledgements to the following people who assisted me in one way or the
other towards the successfulness of my project.

First to the Almighty; for the gift of life, power and strength He has given me for free up to date,

To my trade project Trainer; for his support, advice and for his humble sacrifice during the period I
have been preparing this project,

Last but not least, to the whole Karumo fraternity for offering me the best and nice learning environment
at large.

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 DECLARATION

I officially declare that this is my original work and has not been submitted to the Kenya National
Examination Council before.

NAME : RASHID MWAKWEKWE PANDE.

SIGNATURE :

DATE :

SUPERVISOR : MR. VINCENT RONO.

SIGNATURE :

DATE :

Table of Contents
DEDICATION...................................................................................................................................................................2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...............................................................................................................................................2
DECLARATION............................................................................................................................................................... 2
ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................................................4
CHAPTER ONE................................................................................................................................................................ 5
1.0: INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................................5
1.1 OBJECTIVES AND AIMS OF THE PROJECT.....................................................................................................6
1.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT.....................................................................................................................6
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT................................................................................................................................6
1.4 PROBLEM STATEMENT......................................................................................................................................6
1.5: SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT..................................................................................................7
1.5.1: SCOPE OF THE PROJECT.................................................................................................................................7

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 1.5.2: LIMITATIONS OF THE PROJECT...................................................................................................................7
1.6: APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT......................................................................................................................7
1.7: PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION....................................................................................................................8
CHAPTER TWO............................................................................................................................................................... 9
2.0: LITERATURE REVIEW........................................................................................................................................9
CHAPTER THREE..........................................................................................................................................................10
3.0: CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY................................................................................................................10
3.1: STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER..........................................................................................................................11
3.2: TRANSISTOR (BC 547, BC 557)........................................................................................................................11
3.3: BRIDGE RECTIFIER...........................................................................................................................................12
3.4: FILTERS...............................................................................................................................................................12
3.5: 7805 VOLTAGE REGULATOR..........................................................................................................................12
3.6: RELAY.................................................................................................................................................................13
3.7: DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS USED.......................................................................................................13
3.8: SYSTEM OPERATIONS.....................................................................................................................................13
CHAPTER FOUR............................................................................................................................................................14
4.0: CONCLUSION.....................................................................................................................................................14
4.1 RECOMMENDATION.........................................................................................................................................14
4.2: REFERENCE........................................................................................................................................................14

ABSTRACT
Almost all systems require a regulated power supply. This power supply gives a variable regulated
supply and switches OFF in no load condition.

A power supply that can automatically turn ON or OFF depending on the status of the load is highly
desirable in many applications. This is because it not only saves energy and prolongs the lifespan of the
power supply, but it also protects the connected devices from any potential damage.

In this context, the power supply auto On - Off switch plays a crucial role in efficiently managing the
power supply as power supplies are essential components in any electronics device ensuring that the
device runs smoothly and consistently. However, these power supplies can drain as significant amount
of energy when not in use leading to wasted electricity and increased utility bills.

As a solution to these problems, the power supply auto On-Off switch was developed to ensure that the
power supply is only active when the device is in use thereby dramatically reducing energy consumption
and saving money in the long run.

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 CHAPTER ONE

1.0: INTRODUCTION.
Every electrically driven load requires a stable power source, whether the load is a sensitive dc motor, a
scanning electron microscope, x-ray equipment, a computer, or a measuring instrumentation.

Oddly enough, power supplies are usually the last item considered when designing or purchasing
equipment, despite the fact that it is impossible to operate any electronic load without one.

In addition, it is impossible to get optimum performance from a load coupled to a mismatched power
supply. This kind of relationship breeds some undesirable phenomena-overheating, arcing, spurious
noise generation, annoying overload shutdowns, and even blowing up of loads or the entire power
supply.

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The diversity of power supplies available makes it almost possible to have a specific unit on hand (or
nearly off – the – shelf readiness) for any given load and space requirement. Therefore, the end - user is
in the unique position of having as many choices as time permits him to consider. And if the kind of
power supply needed cannot be selected from stocked items, a custom power supply designer will build
exactly what is required. Obviously, the plentitude of possibilities means the user must decide which
power supply most suites or closely meets his needs, and for a decision some foreknowledge is
necessary.

The regulator is the stabilizing heart of the power supply – the electronics that maintains the output
voltage within its specified limits, no matter what happens in the line or at the load. Regulators types
used in low-voltage dc power sources are linear (series pass), switching and Ferro resonant.

As the least expensive of the three major power regulator types, the

Linear voltage regulator (7805 - series) which has high reliability; good input/output isolation (4-5v) and
built in overload and short - circuit protection and has a wide range of application due to its (0.1%)
excellent regulation, low – ripple and output noise . On the negative side, the 7805 series - pass voltage
regulator has low efficiency, because it is inherently a heat – dissipative system.

Automatic switching power supplies therefore become increasingly important in new equipment
designs, not only in aerospace and defense applications but in computers, industrial process control
systems, instrumentation and communications. Several studies indicate that half of all ac/dc power
supplies will be switchers by 2030.

1.1 OBJECTIVES AND AIMS OF THE PROJECT

The main objective of this project is to come up with a power supply that will automatically turn ON or
OFF depending on the status of the load or device it is attached to.

Also, it is aimed at;-

a. Designing and integrating the sub- units of automatic switches.

b. Providing an uninterrupted power to the load.

c. Constantly monitoring for power.

d. Sorting examinations for various components to be used in construction of automatic power

supplies.

e. Ensuring economical use of power.

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1.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
The main advantage is that the automatic power supply switch can be operated in single phase and three
phase system.

The automatic power supply also has the following advantages;

a. It acts as protector for electronic circuits.

b. Can obtain different voltages

c. Less costly

d. It maintains high quality of services and its prompt response.

Besides, the system also have some drawbacks which include;-

a. It comprises of components which may be costly

b. Its designing requires skills and knowledge

1.3 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT

The purpose of this project is to ensure that devices are protected and regulated so as to ensure no
breakdowns and as well as prolong the lifespan of the devices.

1.4 PROBLEM STATEMENT

In the course of designing this project different kinds of problems was noticed such as;

a. Difficulty in troubleshooting with circuit without the circuit diagram.

b. Difficulty in connecting the output without short circuiting until multiplying circuit was gotten.

c. Difficulty in wiring because of the strong wiring of the project required.

1.5: SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

1.5.1: SCOPE OF THE PROJECT.

The scope of this project is to come up with a regulated variable power supply system that automatically
stops/cuts off supply incase no load is detected.

1.5.2: LIMITATIONS OF THE PROJECT.

Besides being much advantageous, the automatic switching power supply has limitations which
include;-

a. Complexity of the circuit

b. Generation of higher amplitude, and frequency energy that the low-pass filter must block to
avoid electromagnetic interferences.

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 c. A ripple voltage at the switching frequency - harmonic frequencies

1.6: APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT

The automatic switching power supply system can be used in the following entities;-

a. Power stations

b. Servers Personal computers and,

c. Different electronic circuits and equipment

1.7: PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION

Project conceptualization

Data collection

Literature review

Design of the project

Fabrication of the project

Testing of the project

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 CHAPTER TWO

2.0: LITERATURE REVIEW

This constitutes the history of automatic switching power supplies and improvements done on the study
earlier.

The power supply industry dates back to the early 1920s, when crude devices were first developed to
serve as ‘’B’’ battery eliminators to power radios in both the commercial and consumer markets.

The market for separate power supplies evaporated around 1929 when most radios manufactured
included built-in power supply. The need for stand-alone power supplies remained relatively small in the
1930s and into the 1940s.the dominant technology during this period consisted of vacuum tube linear
regulators.

A milestone in the industry occurred in the 1950s when semiconductors were first introduced into the
power supply design. Power supply products using semiconductors in this case the transistors were
implemented by Dr. Kenneth Kupferberg thus gaining dominance in the hybrid power supply use.

In 1972, Helwett Packard used a switching power supply in his first pocket calculator.

In 1976, he saw the first patent to use the term switch mode power supply (SMPS) filed.

As technology grows, the need to upgrading some electrical and electronics devices is therefore put into
place and thus the automatic switching power supply system gains importance and need.

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 CHAPTER THREE

3.0: CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY

The automatic switching power supply involves the use of arrangement of components including the
following;-
a. Transformer (Step down transformer)
b. Rectifier (1n 4007rectifier diode)
c. Filter (capacitors)
d. Regulator (LM 7805)
e. Transistors (BC 547,BC557)
f. Resistors
Below is the circuit block diagram showing arrangement of components for the automatic switching
power supply.

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The diagram below shows the circuit diagram for the power supply system. It shows how the
components are arranged to achieve the results.

3.1: STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

It is mainly designed to reduce the voltage from the primary winding to the secondary winding.

The transformer changes the high voltage, low current power into low voltage, high current power.

3.2: TRANSISTOR (BC 547, BC 557)

The BC 547 transistor is an NPN epitaxial transistor, the transistor it’s a general purpose transistor in
small plastic packages.

It is used in general purpose switching and amplification BC 847/547 series 45v, 100mA NPN
transistor.

Whenever base is high, then current starts flowing through base and emitter and after that only current
will pass from collector to emitter.

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3.3: BRIDGE RECTIFIER
A bridge rectifier is an arrangement of four or more diodes arranged in the form of which gives the same
output polarity for either input polarity. It is employed for altering and alternating current input into a
direct current output.

3.4: FILTERS
A filter is a capacitor which filters out a certain frequency from circuit.

These signals are very near to 0Hz in the value of frequency which is a DC signals.

3.5: 7805 VOLTAGE REGULATOR

A voltage regulator 7805 is used to maintain the level of voltage automatically. It is a part of 7805 series
of fixed linear voltage regulator ICs.

The series of regulator indicates the fixed output voltage is designed to provide +5v(Regulated power
supply)

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3.6: RELAY
A relay is an electromagnetic switch operated by small electric current. The main purpose of the relay is
to control the movement of gate.

A relay is able to control an output current of higher power than input current.

3.7: DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS USED

1. Transformer

2. Filters(capacitors)

3. Relay

4. Transistors ( BC 557 ,BC 547)

5. Resistors

6. Switch

7. Rectifiers

8. PCB

9. LED

10. Bush button

3.8: SYSTEM OPERATIONS

This project is attained with the help of transistors, sides, resistor and other components listed above.
When a load is connected the output, the potential drop across diode is enough for transistor to perform.

As a result, the relay gets activated and remains in that state as long as the load remain connected , at the
same time a capacitor gets charged to around 7v to 8v potential through the transistor.

But when the load is detached, the transistor is cut off but,the capacitor is still charged and it begins
discharging through the base of transistor.

After some time, the relay is de energized, which turns off the main input primary of the transformer. To
restart the power again, switch button should be pushed momentarily.

The upper the value of capacitor more will be the delay in turning off the supply on detachment of the
load and vice versa. A transformer of secondary voltage (12v, 250mA) was used, it can be changed as
per requirement.

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 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0: CONCLUSION
Almost all electronic equipment include a circuit that converts Ac voltage of main supply into Dc
voltage. This part of the equipment is called power supply,In general, at the input of the power supply
there is power transformer and a diode circuit called rectifier .

The output of the rectifier goes to the smoothing filter and voltage regulator circuit and rectifier act as
the heart of the power supply.

This power supply is used as variable one ,in laboratory application we need variable voltage in different
level.so this circuit is very much helpful in electronic experiment application.

4.1 RECOMMENDATION
This project that was aimed at solving one of the common challenges was a success yet for conveniences
of use or application, i feel that in terms of size, it is very bulky and that room for improvement on size
is being recommended so that its application may find a wide scope now that most of the inventions and
designs are continually being minimalized in terms of size.

4.2: REFERENCE
(1).https:||microcontrollerlab.com|auto power-supply control system.

Robless D B, and King R J (1992). A 1 kW unity-power - factor rectifier with isolation and fault
protection, Seventh Annual Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition,pp. 541–548.

Salomonsson D, Soder L et al. (2009). Protection of low-voltage DC microgrids, IEEE Transactions on

Power Deliver y, vol.24 ,3,pp. 1045–1053.

Eui - Cheol N, In-Dong, K et al. (2001). An improved output short - circuit protection for multilevel
PWM rectifier, The 27th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, vol 2, pp. 909–
914.

Galloway J H, and Buddingh P (2010). Protection of large power conversion equipment, 57 th Annual
Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference, Industry Applications Society, pp. 1 –7.

Livint G,Chiriac G et al. (2005).Aspects regarding the hybrid electric vehicles architecture and the
management strategy for the energy flow, The 4th

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