Physiology Lec 1

Lec 1
Introduction of physiology :the cell and general physiology
Physiology: human physiology is the science of the mechanical physical

and biochemical functions of humans in good health their organs and the
cells of wich they are components.
Blood : It is the vital alkaline liquid which circulates in a closed system of

blood vessels . Blood is very important for life because it supply the body
tissues and cells with oxygen (O2) and nutrients and remove their waste
products . Blood characters 1- Red color . 2-Viscous . 3- Slightly alkaline
( pH of blood 7.4) 4- Volume : In adult 5-6 Liters , In newborn infant 300
cc.
Consistency of blood : Blood consist of 2 parts 1- Blood cells 45%
2- Liquid (plasma) part 55% .
Blood cells:
1- Red blood cells R.B.C. (Erythrocytes ) 2- White blood cells W.B.C.

(Leucocytes) 3- Platelets (Thrombocytes)
Blood 55% plasma consists of:
1
1- Water 91.5%
2- Proteins 7%
a- Albumin 4.2 % b- Globulin 2.5% c- Fibrinogen 0.3%
3- Solutes 1.5%
a- Respiratory gasses(O2 ,Co2)
b- Nutrient e.g glucose ,Fatty acids Amino acids
c- Hormones .
d- Electrolytes.
e- Non protein nitrogenous substances , like (Urea , Uric acid) .
Plasma : It is the yellow color (slight yellow) alkaline fluid in which the
blood cells float . It forms 55% of whole blood .
Function of blood :
1- Transport:
a- Nutrient as glucose , Amino acid , Vitamins and minerals from small

intestine to all body .
b- Waste products like urea ,uric acid and creatinine and also excess of
water to the kidney to be excreted in urine .
c- Respiratory gasses like oxygen (O2) from lungs to the body cells and
(Co2) from cells to the lungs .
d- Hormones from the endocrine glands to the site of their functions .
e- Antibodies in disease condition .
2- Regulation:
a- Keeps the body temperature constant .
b- Keeps the fluid and electrolytes contents inside and outside the cells
constant c- Keeps the pH of body fluids constant .
3- Defense:
2
a- By phagocytic action of white blood cells against bacteria , toxins and
foreign bodies .
b- By antibodies formation .
c- Prevents blood loss from the body by clotting formation .
Origin of blood cells :
Hemopoiesis : formation of blood cells in the red bone marrow from the
hemocytoblast (stem cell) . It is a continuous process but diminish with
aging (old person suffer from anemia) .
In Infant : Red bone marrow of all the bones .
In Adult : Red bone marrow of the membranous bones e.g sternum , ribs
,vertebrae.
Red blood cells R.B.C. Also called erythrocyte ,these are circular
biconcave non –nucleated discs in color due to the presence of
hemoglobin in it , very small in size having a diameters of 7.5 μ.
Thickness 2 μ. at periphery 1 μ. at center So that the R.B.C. are able to
pass through the capillaries wall . R.B.C. have a cell membrane which is
selectively. The life span is 120 days .
Number : R.B.C. are the most numerous cells in the blood .
In males = 4.9 X 106 – 5.4 X 106 /mm3
In females = 3.9 X 106 – 4.5 X 106 /mm3
R.B.C Anemia .
R.BC Polycythemia
a- physiologically ( 1-In infants 2- people living in high placer )
b- pathologically (cancer in red bone marrow )
Function of R.B.C. : R.B.C. carry the respiratory gasses of the (O2 and
Co2 )by the haemoglobin which it contains .
Important factors in formation of R.B.C. :
1-Protein in diet .
3
2- Iron (Fe) in diet ♂ : needs 5 mg /day ♀ : needs 10 mg /day
3- Vit B12 (an animal protein ) .
4- Folic acid in green vegetables , liver and spleen .
5- Intrinsic factor : It is a substance secreted from the gastric mucosa

which helps in the absorption of vit B12 from small intestine . The
decrease of any of the above substance will lead to anemia.
Iron: Iron deficiency anemia .
Vit B12: Megaloblastic anemia .
Folic acid: Intrinsic factor pernicious anemia
Origin of R.B.C. : Red bone marrow .
Hemocytoblast pro erythroblast (with nucleus) norm oblast

(smaller and loose it' s nucleus ) mature erythrocyte (In circulation) .
Erythropoietin : It is a hormone secreted from the kidney in case of

hypoxia as in case of anemia . This hormone will stimulate the bone
marrow to produce more R.B.C. in chronic renal disease Anemia .
Hemoglobin (Hb) A complex protein which gives the red color to the
erythrocytes. Hb consists of protein (globin) combined with an iron
containing pigment (hem) . The normal R.B.C. contains 100% of Hb.
Normal range of Hb : Males : 13-18 gm /dL. Females :11-16 gm/dL.
Functions of Hb:
1- Hb has a strong affinity to combine with O2 forming the unstable oxy

hemoglobin .(bright red in color) . Hb + O2 Oxy hemoglobin (In the
lungs).
2- Hb combine with CO2 forming dark red unstable carbomin

hemoglobin . Hb + CO2 Carbomin hemoglobin (at body tissue).
3- Hb has also a strong affinity to combine with the poisonous gas CO

forming car boxy hemoglobin which is stable and person may die of
Anoxia . Hb + CO Car boxy hemoglobin.
4
Hemolysis of R.B.C.: Life span of R.B.C. is 120 days .
R.B.C. destroyed and hemolysed Hb Globin (protein)

Hem 4 (Fe) atoms Bilivirdin (pigment) Biliribin pigment
(unconjugated)
Liver cells Conjugated bilirubin (bilirubin + glucoronic acid )

Common bile duct Small intestine (duodenum) Large intestine
Stericobiliogen Stericobilin (in stool brown color) .
5
6

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Lec 1

Introduction of physiology :the cell and general physiology

Physiology: human physiology is the science of the mechanical physical

Blood : It is the vital alkaline liquid which circulates in a closed system of

2- Liquid (plasma) part 55% .

1- Red blood cells R.B.C. (Erythrocytes ) 2- White blood cells W.B.C.

Blood 55% plasma consists of:

a- Albumin 4.2 % b- Globulin 2.5% c- Fibrinogen 0.3%

a- Respiratory gasses(O2 ,Co2)

b- Nutrient e.g glucose ,Fatty acids Amino acids

e- Non protein nitrogenous substances , like (Urea , Uric acid) .

a- Nutrient as glucose , Amino acid , Vitamins and minerals from small

d- Hormones from the endocrine glands to the site of their functions .

e- Antibodies in disease condition .

a- Keeps the body temperature constant .

c- Prevents blood loss from the body by clotting formation .

Origin of blood cells :

In Infant : Red bone marrow of all the bones .

Number : R.B.C. are the most numerous cells in the blood .

In males = 4.9 X 106 – 5.4 X 106 /mm3

In females = 3.9 X 106 – 4.5 X 106 /mm3

a- physiologically ( 1-In infants 2- people living in high placer )

b- pathologically (cancer in red bone marrow )

Important factors in formation of R.B.C. :

3- Vit B12 (an animal protein ) .

4- Folic acid in green vegetables , liver and spleen .

5- Intrinsic factor : It is a substance secreted from the gastric mucosa

Iron: Iron deficiency anemia .

Vit B12: Megaloblastic anemia .

Folic acid: Intrinsic factor pernicious anemia

Origin of R.B.C. : Red bone marrow .

Hemocytoblast pro erythroblast (with nucleus) norm oblast

Erythropoietin : It is a hormone secreted from the kidney in case of

1- Hb has a strong affinity to combine with O2 forming the unstable oxy

2- Hb combine with CO2 forming dark red unstable carbomin

3- Hb has also a strong affinity to combine with the poisonous gas CO

R.B.C. destroyed and hemolysed Hb Globin (protein)

Liver cells Conjugated bilirubin (bilirubin + glucoronic acid )

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