L-2 - Functions and ITF

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FUNCTIONS
Domain and Range Functions
Classification of Functions
1 a 1 a
2 b 2 b
3 c 3
1 a 1 a
2 b 2 b
c 3 c
Composite function
Even/Odd Functions : Definition
1. Even Function: f(-x) = f(x)

eg: x2, cos x, |x|
2. Odd Function: f(-x) = - f(x)

Eg: x, x3, x|x|, sin x , tan x
Properties of Even-Odd Functions
1. Graph of even function is symmetric about y-axis and graph of

odd function is symmetric about origin.
2. The only function which is defined on the entire number line

and is even & odd at the same time is f(x) = 0.
3. If an odd function is defined at x = 0, then f(0) = 0.
4. (f(x) + f (-x)) is always even and (f(x) - f (-x)) is always odd.

Properties of Even-Odd Functions
5. If both f(x) and g(x) are odd or even then product function f(x).g(x) will be
even but if one is odd and other is even then product function will be odd.
6. The composite function f(g(x)) is odd if and only if both f(x) and g(x) are
odd.
7. Derivative of odd function is even and derivative of even function is odd.
8. Integral of odd function is even but that of even function may or may not
be odd as value at x=0 may not be zero.
Inverse Function : Definition
Method to find Inverse Function
For the function y=f(x)
Write x in The new

terms of y. Interchange expression in x is
x=g(y) x and y the inverse
function
Properties of Inverse Functions
1. For a function to be invertible it must be bijective.
2. The inverse of bijection is unique.
3. The inverse of bijection is also bijection.
4. The graphs of f & f -1 are the mirror images of each other in the
line y = x.
Properties of Inverse Functions
5. Normally points of intersection of f and f–1 lie on the straight line y = x.

However it must be noted that f(x) and f-1(x) may intersect otherwise also.
6. In general fog(x) and gof(x) are not equal but if they are equal then in
majority of cases either f and g are inverse of each other or at least one of
f and g is an identity function.
7. If f(x) and g(x) are inverse function of each other then f’(g(x)) = 1/g’( x )
Periodic Function: Definition
A function f(x) is periodic with a period T (T > 0) if

f(x) = f(x + T), ∀ x 𝝐 domain.
Example : f(x) = sinx

Properties to find Period of Functions
A. If f(x) has a period T, then f(x) + a, f(x) - a, a.f(x) also have period T.
(where a is some constant)
B. If f(x) has a period T, then 1/f(x)and √f(x) also have a period T.

In General, If f(x) has a period T, then g(f(x)) is also periodic with
period T.
C. If f(x) has a period T then f (ax + b) has a period T/|a|

Properties to find Period of Functions
D. If f (x) has a period T1 & g (x) also has a period T2 then period of f(x) ± g(x)
or f(x).g(x) or f(x)/g(x) is L.C.M. of T1 & T2 provided their L.C.M. exists.
1. However, L.C.M. (if exists) need not to be fundamental period.

2. If L.C.M. does not exists f(x)±g(x) or f(x).g(x) or f(x)/g(x) is aperiodic.
3. L.C.M. of an irrational number and rational number does not exist.
4. L.C.M. of fraction is the ratio of L.C.M of numerators upon H.C.F. of
denominators.
NOTE
1. |sin x|, |cos x|, |tan x|, |cot x|, |sec x|, |cosec x| are all periodic with period 𝝅.
2. Algebraic functions eg, x, x2, 11+x are all aperiodic.
3. sinnx, cosnx, secnx, cosecnx have period 𝝅 if n is even and 2𝝅 if n is odd or
fraction.
4. tannx, cotnx are always periodic with period 𝝅.
Some Standard Functional Equations
If x and y are independent variable then we have the following
important results:
1. f(x.y) = f(x) + f(y) ⇒ f(x) = k. In(x)
OR
1. f(x/y) = f(x) - f(y) ⇒ f(x) = k. In(x)

Some Standard Functional Equations
2. f(x. y) = f(x) . f(y) ⇒ f(x) = xn
3. f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) ⇒ f(x) = kx
4. f(x + y) = f(x) . f(y) ⇒ f(x) = ax
5. f(x).f(1/x) = f(x) + f(1/x) ⇒ f(x) = 1 ± xn, where n ∈ N

(0, ∞) → [0, ∞)
Inverse Trigonometric
Functions
Domain and Range of ITFs
Graphs of ITFs
sin-1x cos-1x
Graphs of ITFs
tan-1x
cot-1x
Graphs of ITFs
sec-1x
cosec-1x
Property-1: ‘-x’ wali property
6
Property-2: ‘1/x’ wali property
3
Property-3: ‘π/2’ wali property
3
Property-4: T(T-1 (x)) = x
3
Property-5: T-1(T(x)) = ?
1
2
3
4 (0, 𝝅)
5
6
Interconversions of ITFs
Identities of Addition and Subtraction
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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1. Even Function: f(-x) = f(x)

2. Odd Function: f(-x) = - f(x)

1. Graph of even function is symmetric about y-axis and graph of

2. The only function which is defined on the entire number line

3. If an odd function is defined at x = 0, then f(0) = 0.

4. (f(x) + f (-x)) is always even and (f(x) - f (-x)) is always odd.

7. Derivative of odd function is even and derivative of even function is odd.

For the function y=f(x)

Write x in The new

1. For a function to be invertible it must be bijective.

2. The inverse of bijection is unique.

3. The inverse of bijection is also bijection.

5. Normally points of intersection of f and f–1 lie on the straight line y = x.

A function f(x) is periodic with a period T (T > 0) if

Example : f(x) = sinx

B. If f(x) has a period T, then 1/f(x)and √f(x) also have a period T.

C. If f(x) has a period T then f (ax + b) has a period T/|a|

1. However, L.C.M. (if exists) need not to be fundamental period.

1. f(x/y) = f(x) - f(y) ⇒ f(x) = k. In(x)

2. f(x. y) = f(x) . f(y) ⇒ f(x) = xn

3. f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) ⇒ f(x) = kx

4. f(x + y) = f(x) . f(y) ⇒ f(x) = ax

5. f(x).f(1/x) = f(x) + f(1/x) ⇒ f(x) = 1 ± xn, where n ∈ N

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