REVISITING

FUNCTIONS
Lesson Description: We know that quizzes, long tests, periodical test, active participation in class
discussions and other related academic activities, submission of all requirements and good values and right
conduct are important factors for success in school. We also know that being successful in school depends
largely on ourselves, so we really have to work hard and give our best every day.

There are many situations wherein a variable depends on another variable. For example, the distance
travelled by a car depends on its rate, the savings of government depends on its expenditures, the area of a
circle depends on the length of its diameter and so on. These relationships are mathematical described by
functions.

Identify the different types of functions

Evaluate a functions
Perform operations on functions (addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division and composition of functions)
Represents real- life situations using functions, including piece- wise
Learning
functions
Objectives Solve problems involving functions

Let’s Get Ready to Function! Match each object in Column A to its functions in Column B.
Column A Column B

a. It allows one user to call another and talk from

afar.

b. Its role is to take care of their child's biological

needs.

c. It controls our thoughts, memory and speech.

 d. It is a device that performs arithmetic operations
on numbers.

e. It helps the students to learn by imparting

knowledge, skills, and values to them.

ACTIVITY 1.1: LET’S RECALL

List down the domain and range of the functions described by the ordered pairs below.

Complete the table of values for the given functions below.

What is Function?

A function is the relation where each element in the domain is related to only one value in the range by
some rule. The elements of the domain can be imagined as input to a machine that applies rule so that
each input corresponds to only one output. It is a set of ordered pairs such that no two ordered pairs have
the same x-value but different y-values.

A relation is a rule that relates values from a set of values (called the domain) to a second set of values
(called the range). The elements of the domain can be imagined as input to a machine that applies a rule
to theses in puts to generate one or more outputs. A relation is also a set of ordered pairs ( x , y ).
 Functions and Relations as a Table of Values

A correspondence (or relation) is any set of ordered pairs. The set of all first components of
the ordered pairs is called the domain of the relation and the set of all the second components
is called the range of the relation.

For example, the set of ordered pairs

{( 1,4 ) , ( 1,8 ) , ( 2,8 ) , ( 3,12 ) , (3,16 ) ,(4,16) }

Expresses a relation between the set of first components, {1,2,3,4 }, and the set of second
components, {4,8,12,16 }.

In the context of mapping, it uses arrows to indicate how the inputs from the domain (the first
components) are associated with the outputs in the range (the second components).

Example:

o Which of the following relations are functions?

1. f ={ (1,0 ) , ( 2,3 ) , ( 3,5 ) , ( 4,5 ) }

2. g= { ( 1,3 ) , ( 1,4 ) , ( 2,5 ) , ( 2,6 ) , (3,7 ) }
3. h={( 1,3 ) , ( 2,6 ) , (3,9 ) , … , ( n , 3 n ) , …}

Solution: The relations f and h are functions because no two ordered pairs have the same x-
value but different y-values, while g is not a function because ( 1,3 ) and (1,4) are ordered pairs
with the same x-value but different y-values.
 o Which of the following mapping diagrams represent function?

Solution: The relations f and g are functions because x ∈ X each corresponds to a unique ∈Y
. The relation h is not a function because there is at least one element X in for which there is
more than one corresponding y-value.

o Determine if f (x)=3 x 2 represents a function.

Solution:

Assign some values for x and compute for the corresponding values of f(x).

x -2 -1 1 2
f (x) 12 3 3 12

If x=−2; If x=−1; If x=1; If x=2;

f (x)=3 x 2 f (x)=3 x 2 f (x)=3 x 2 f (x)=3 x 2
f (−2 )=3(−2)2 f (−1 ) =3(−1)2 f ( 1 ) =3(1)2 f ( 2 ) =3(2)2
¿ 3(4) ¿ 3(1) ¿ 3(1) ¿ 3( 4)
12 3 3 12

Functions as a Graph in the Cartesian Plane

Not every graph in the rectangular coordinate system is the graph of a function. The definition
of a function specifies that no value of x can be paired with two or more different values of y .
Consequently, if a graph contains two or more different points with the same first coordinate,
the graph cannot represent a function.

The vertical line test for functions states that if any vertical line intersects a graph in more
than one point, the does not define y as a function of x .

Example: Which of the following can be graphs of functions?

Solution: Graphs (a) and (c) are graphs of functions while (b) and (d) are not because they do
not pass the vertical line test.

Activity 1.2: Firm Up!

 represent a function.

B. Tell whether the following graph is a function or not by using the vertical line
test.

1. 2. 3.

4. 5. 6.

7. 8.

Different Types of Function

 Functions are identified or classified depending on the properties they have.

A. Polynomial Function – is defined by the equation f ( x )=an x n +a n−1 x n−1+ an−2 xn−2 +a n x +a0 , where n
is non- negative integer and a 0 , a1 , …. , an are real numbers.

a. Linear Function – is defined by f ( x )=mx+b

b. Quadratic Function – is defined by f ( x )=ax2 +bx +c

B. Constant Function – is a special polynomial function and defined by the equation f ( x )=c where
c ∈ R. In this function, each x value corresponds to one and only one y value. The graph of which is a
horizontal line.

g( x )
C. Rational Function – is defined by the equation f ( x )= wherein g( x ) and h( x ) are both
h( x)
polynomial function.
D. Radical Function – is defined by the equation f ( x )= √n g( x ) wherein g( x ) is a polynomial function
and n is non-negative integer greater than 1.

E. Exponential Function – is defined by the equation f ( x )=ax where a ≥ 0 and a ≠ 1.

F. Logarithmic Function – is an inverse of an exponential function and is defined by the equation

log a x where a ≥ 0 and a ≠ 1.

G. Piecewise- Defined Function - is a function whose definitions involve more than one formula.
 How to Evaluate Functions?

Evaluating a function means replacing the variable in the function, in this case x, with a value from
the function’s domain and computing the result. To denote that we are evaluating f at a for some a in
the domain off , we write f (a).

Example 1: f ( x )=x 2 +3 x+ 5 a. f (2)

f ( 2 ) =(2)2+ 3 (2 )+5=4 +6+5=15

b. f (x+ 3)

f ( x +3 ) =( x+3 )2+3 ( x +3 ) +5
¿( x ¿¿ 2+6 x +9)+3 x+ 9+5 ¿
¿ x 2+ 6 x +9+ 3 x +9+ 5
¿ x 2+ 9 x +23
c. f (−x)

f (−x )=(−x )2+3 (−x ) +5=x 2−3 x +5

3
Example 2: f ( x )= x +9
4 a. f ( 72 )
f ( 72 )= 34 ( 72 )+9= 218 +9= 21+72
8
=
93
8

b. f (3 x+ 4)

3 9 12 9 9
f ( 3 x +4 )= ( 3 x+ 4 )+ 9= x + +9= x+3+ 9= x +12
4 4 4 4 4

c. f (−8)

3 −24
f (−8 )= (−8 )+ 9= +9=−6+ 9=3
4 4
Example 3: a. f (−6)

f ( x )=2 x 3−6 x 2+ 7 x−3 3 2

f (−6 )=2 (−6 ) −6 (−6 ) +7 (−6 ) −3
¿ 2 (−216 )−6 (36 )−42−3
¿−432−216−42−3
¿−693

b. f (2 x −5)

f ( 2 x−5 ) =2 ( 2 x−5 )3−6 ( 2 x−5 )2 +7 ( 2 x−5 )−3

¿ 2 ( 8 x3 −60 x2 +150 x−125 ) −6 ( 4 x2 −20 x +25 ) + (14 x−35 )−3

¿ 16 x 3−120 x2 +300 x−250−24 x 2+ 120 x−150+ 14 x−35−3
¿ 16 x 3−144 x 2+ 434 x−438

Example 4:
a. f (−2)
4
f ( x )=
7 x−3 4 4 4 −4
f (−2 )= = = =
7 (−2)−3 −14−3 −17 17
 b. f (6 x−3)

4 4 4 4 2
f ( 6 x−3 )= = = = =
7(6 x−3)−3 42 x−21−3 42 x−24 6(7 x −4) 3(7 x−4)

c. f ( 53 )
f ( 53 )= 7 54 −3 = 354−3 = 35−9
4 4 3 12 6
= =4 × = =
26 26 26 13
(3) 3 3 3

Example 5: a. f (5)

f ( 5 )=√ 9 ( 5 ) +11= √ 45+11= √56

f ( x )= √ 9 x +11
b. f ( 43 )
f ( 43 )=√ 9( 43 )+11=√ 363 +11=√ 12+11= √23
c. f (−4 )

f (−4 )=√ 9 (−4 ) +11= √−36+ 11= √−25

The function is not defined when x=−¿ because the obtained value is
not a real number.

Activity 1.3: Let’s Evaluate Functions!

Evaluate the functions using the given values.

b. c. d.

Prepared by:

EMILYN B. BALBUENA
JHS/SHS Teacher