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    Topic 17 - Infinite Series and Its Convergence - Continued

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    Moksh Yadav
    This document discusses various tests to determine if an infinite series converges or diverges, including: 1. The Root Test, which examines the limit of the nth root of the terms. If the limit is less than 1, the series converges absolutely. If the limit is greater than 1 or infinite, the series diverges. 2. The Alternating Series Test, which states an alternating series converges if the terms are positive and decreasing to zero. 3. Conditional convergence, where a series converges but not absolutely. The alternating harmonic series conditionally converges. 4. Examples are provided to demonstrate applying these tests, such as determining convergence of specific series involving roots or alternating p-series.

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    Topic 17 - Infinite Series and Its Convergence - Continued

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    Moksh Yadav
    26 views12 pages
    This document discusses various tests to determine if an infinite series converges or diverges, including: 1. The Root Test, which examines the limit of the nth root of the terms. If the limit is less than 1, the series converges absolutely. If the limit is greater than 1 or infinite, the series diverges. 2. The Alternating Series Test, which states an alternating series converges if the terms are positive and decreasing to zero. 3. Conditional convergence, where a series converges but not absolutely. The alternating harmonic series conditionally converges. 4. Examples are provided to demonstrate applying these tests, such as determining convergence of specific series involving roots or alternating p-series.

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    Topic 17 - Infinite Series and its Convergence - Continued

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    This document discusses various tests to determine if an infinite series converges or diverges, including: 1. The Root Test, which examines the limit of the nth root of the terms. If the limit is less than 1, the series converges absolutely. If the limit is greater than 1 or infinite, the series diverges. 2. The Alternating Series Test, which states an alternating series converges if the terms are positive and decreasing to zero. 3. Conditional convergence, where a series converges but not absolutely. The alternating harmonic series conditionally converges. 4. Examples are provided to demonstrate applying these tests, such as determining convergence of specific series involving roots or alternating p-series.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    26 views12 pages

    Topic 17 - Infinite Series and Its Convergence - Continued

    Uploaded by

    Moksh Yadav
    This document discusses various tests to determine if an infinite series converges or diverges, including: 1. The Root Test, which examines the limit of the nth root of the terms. If the limit is less than 1, the series converges absolutely. If the limit is greater than 1 or infinite, the series diverges. 2. The Alternating Series Test, which states an alternating series converges if the terms are positive and decreasing to zero. 3. Conditional convergence, where a series converges but not absolutely. The alternating harmonic series conditionally converges. 4. Examples are provided to demonstrate applying these tests, such as determining convergence of specific series involving roots or alternating p-series.

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    of 12

    Infinite Series and its Convergence

    Continued

    Content taken from the Book “Thomas Calculus” By “George B Thomas”


    Topic 10.5 & 10.6 of 13th edition of the book
    THEOREM 14—The Root Test
    Let a n be any series and suppose that
    lim n an  
    n
    Then
    (a) the series converges absolutely if ρ < 1,
    (b) the series diverges if ρ > 1 or ρ is infinite,
    (c) the test is inconclusive if ρ = 1.
    Proof (a) Let ρ < 1. Choose an ɛ > 0 so small that ρ + ɛ < 1.
    By definition of limit, there exists an index M such that
    n an     for n  M
    Then it is also true that
    an       for n  M
    n

       
    n
    Now, geometric series with ratio ρ + ɛ < 1, converges.
    nM

    By the Comparison Test, a
    nM
    n
    converges, from which it follows that
     

    a
    n 1
    n  a1  a2  ...  aM 1   an
    nM

    converges. Therefore, a n
    converges absolutely

    (b) 1 < ρ ≤ ∞. For all indices beyond some integer M, we have


    n an  1  an  1 for n  M
    The terms of the series do not converge to zero.
    The series diverges by the nth-Term Test.
     
    1 1
    (c) For ρ = 1, consider the two series  and  2
    n 1 n n1 n
    In both cases, ρ = 1.
    The first series diverges whereas the second converges.
    The test is inconclusive.
    EXAMPLE 4 Which of the following series converge, and which
    diverge?

    (a)

    (b)

    (c)

    (d)
    Alternating Series

    A series in which the terms are alternately positive and


    negative is an alternating series.

    Here are three examples:


    THEOREM 15—The Alternating Series Test
    The series

    converges if all three of the following conditions are satisfied:


    1. The un’s are all positive.
    2. The positive un’s are (eventually) non-increasing:
    un ≥ un+1 for all n ≥ N, for some integer N.
    3. un0.
    Proof: Assume N = 1.
    If n is an even integer, say n = 2m, then the sum of the first n terms is
    s2m = (u1 – u2) + (u3 – u4) + … + (u2m-1 – u2m)
    = u1 – (u2 – u3) – (u4 – u5) – … – (u2m-2 – u2m-1) – u2m
    The first equality shows that s2m is the sum of m nonnegative terms,
    since each term in parentheses is positive or zero.
    Hence s2m+2 ≥ s2m and the sequence {s2m} is non-decreasing.
    The second equality shows that s2m ≤ u1
    Since {s2m} is non-decreasing and bounded from above, it has a
    limit, say
    (1)

    If n is an odd integer, say n = 2m + 1, then the sum of the first n


    terms is s2m+1 = s2m + u2m+1.

    Thus as m  ∞
    s2m+1 = s2m + u2m+1  L + 0 = L (2)

    Combining the results of Equations (1) and (2) gives


    EXAMPLE 1 The alternating harmonic series

    clearly satisfies the three requirements of Theorem 15 with N = 1; it


    therefore converges.
    Some times it is better to use slope of function to show sequence as non-increasing.
    EXAMPLE 2 Consider the sequence where un = 10n/(n2 + 16).

    Define ƒ(x) = 10x / (x2 + 16).


    Then from the Derivative Quotient Rule

    It follows that un ≥ un+1 for n ≥ 4.

    That is, the sequence {un} is non-increasing for n ≥ 4.


    Conditional Convergence
    A convergent series that is not absolutely convergent is
    conditionally convergent.
    Example:
    The alternating harmonic series is conditionally convergent, or
    converges conditionally.
    EXAMPLE 4 If p is a positive constant, the sequence {1/np} is a
    decreasing sequence with limit zero.
    Therefore the alternating p-series

    converges

    If p > 1, the series converges absolutely as an ordinary p-series.


    If 0 < p ≤ 1, the series converges conditionally by the alternating
    series test.
    Determine if the alternating series converges or diverges.
    Summary of Tests
    Next Lecture
    Power Series and its Convergence

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