C-2 Cattel Production and Management
C-2 Cattel Production and Management
C-2 Cattel Production and Management
• Beef is the cookery name for meat from bovines, especially cattle.
Beef can be harvested from cows, bulls, heifers or steers.
• Dairy - is a place /building where milk is kept and milk products are
made and it is also used to describe a shop/place where milk and milk
products are sold.
• Dairying /dairy farming: The term dairying can be defined as an
art, science and business dealing with milk and milk related products,
produced from different animals; whereas dairy farm: is a farm that
produces milk and milk products.
• Type: is an ideal or standard of perfection combing all the
characteristics that contribute to animals use fullness for a specific
purpose
• Dairy type: Cattle of this type are usually not large, and are of
somewhat lean build or are characterized by a lean, angular form and
a well-developed mammary system.
• Dairy cattle: are those breeds that have been developed primarily to
produce milk. Specialist dairy cattle are characteristically lean, fairly
fine-boned animals with substantial udders. They need to be capable of
breeding regularly, have udders that are not too pendulous, and have
strong feet to withstand walking to and from the milking parlour,
sometimes on rough roads.
• A feedlot or feed yard is a type of animal feeding operation (AFO)
which is used in factory farming for finishing livestock,
notably beef cattle.
• Herd : a group of animals
• Production: the process of growing or making food, goods or
materials. Used to express large quantities
• Product: a thing that is produced or grown
• Management: the act of controlling or running a business.
Cattel Breeds
Brown Swiss 2nd rank Light greyish-brown to 2nd rank 3rd rank
dark brown
Guernsey 4th rank Fawn with white 4th rank 2nd rank
marking and yellow
skin
Jersey Smallest(450 kg) Vary from light grey to 5th rank Highest
very dark fawn solid in concentration(5%)
color with white spots
dairy cattle breeds
HOLSTIEIN FRIESIAN
Ayrshire
AYRSHIRE
JERSEY
Tropical(Local) Dairy Breeds
• Most of the cattle breed in the tropics evolved, through natural
selection, for adaptability and survival to local environments.
• Often, breeds resemble each other with slight morphological
differences but because of constant inbreeding in one locality,
independent breeds have evolved.
• In Ethiopia the cattle breeds are not characterized to any specific
function instead indigenous cattle breeds are used as multi-purpose
(milk, meat and animal power).
Adaptive in humid
environments
Grey, white, black,
small East African
chestnut, roan, pied with
Zebu, distributed in
spots and striped. And conventionally practiced
MursiCattle Maintained by the Mursi milk, meat and work
horns are mainly
unknown
by farmers.
and neighboring pastoral
large, usually curved
communityof South Omo
inwards; hump is
prominent and well
developed
Purpose of keeping Phenotypic and Improvement and
Current population
Breed name Distribution and measurable genetic conservation
status
traits characteristic activity
Lowland Zebu under
Adaptive to hot
small east African
Milk, meat and work, environments, uniform
zebu distributed in the Draught and some activities of
Ogaden Zebu averageWeight of plain white, black shade
Ogaden area of the conflict are cryoconservation being
Cattle 248.5kg (female), around face and humped
Somali region and dominant threat carried out
285.7kg (male) and in most cases
bordering Eastern
polled
Hararghe
3±1litrs/day with
Has a trait of adaptive
lactation length of
Sanga type, distributed importance for the
210±17 days and body
in east of lake Ashange of production system where Dilution with other conventionally practiced
Raya Tigray region and the
weight of male and
the breed exists. mainly indigenous breeds by farmers
females are 281±41kg,
bordering areas of Wello used for work, meat
and219±26kg
amd milk
respectively.
Comparing with other
breeds in the country
better attention has been
the only hump less Relatively better adaptive given to breeding and
short horned taurine Milk, meat,work withtrypan tolerance conservation both insitu
Dilution with other
breed in east Africa and Average milk yield polled or has floating and exsitu methods
zebu cattle and
Sheko it is distributed in the ranges 1-2 type of horn and brown
change in production
Population census
humid parts of south liters/dayand adult live or black and white conducted by mizan-Tepi
system
western Ethiopia around weights 194.4kg colour and glossy-red University in
Bench-Maji zone hair collaboration with EBI
and population number
is showing an increasing
trend
Purpose of keeping Phenotypic and Current Improvement and
Breed name Distribution and measurable genetic population conservation
traits characteristic status activity
• They are well known for their good beef traits and provide more
meat. But they are not adapted to the tropical conditions and for this
reason they usually perform low due to poor tolerance to high
temperature and diseases.
2. Urban/peri-urban systems
• under this system mainly cross-bred animals are used
• in some places cross-bred and local breeds are also used
• have access to milk collection centers
• The share of this system in the total national milk production of
the country is about 14.3%
3. Smallholder mixed farming system
• common in the highland areas
• Mainly local breeds are used in this system
• The share of this system in the total national milk production of
the country is about 63.3%.
4. Pastoral/agro-pastoral Systems
➮ It is common in the lowland areas
➮ Local breeds are used in the system
➮ The share of this system in the total national milk production
of the country is about 21.4%
Beef Cattle Production Systems
There are three major beef cattle production systems:
• Cow-calf producers- Keeping a herd of beef cow. These cows are bred
each year to produce calves
• Done in range land
• Purebred breeders –Keeps herd of purebred breeding stock
• Provide bull for cow calf operation, high cost and time taking to develop
high quality herd
• This way of production system responsible for genetic improvement of
beef cattle in Ethiopia as cattle breeding ranches
• Cattle feeders(Small scale fatteners) – Feed animal for slaughter
market
• Produced finished cattle in short period
• Facilities require(feed, labor and transportation) more expensive than
cow calf operation
System of Cattle Fattening in Ethiopia
• Traditional System
• Oxen usually sold after plowing season when they ate in poor condition
• Meat yield low (poor quality beef)
• By product based fattening
• Main sources of food agro industrial by product(Molasses, cereal, milling
byproduct and oil seed meal)
• Hararghe Fattening System
• In this System Peasants buy young oxen from adjacent lowland pastoral
areas, use them for several years then fatten and sell them before they
become old and emaciated.
• Largely use cut and carry feeding of tethered animals
• Grazing rare and concentrate few used.
Type of cattle for Fattening
• There are many choices for the cattle feeder when selecting cattle to
feed.
• Selection is made on the basis of sex, age, weight, and grade of cattle.
Sex – Steer gain 10% faster than heifer fed for the same length.
10-15% efficient in gain on steer
Efficiency in gain refers amount of feed needed for each pound(kg)
of gain.
Bulls produce lean carcasses of about the same quality as steers.
However, bulls are not as well accepted in the marketplace
Age and Weight: Group of feeders
Calves: less than one yr ,adapted many different system, more
efficient gain take longer time to feed calves to slaughter wt
They need more grain than roughage
High death rate
High health problem
Yearling: b/n 1-2 years old
Use more roughage than calves
Less time in feedlot
Few health problem
Older: older than 2 years
Short period of time(90-100 days)
Faster gain
More roughage on their ration
Low death loss
Cattle feed resource and feeding
system
• A) Dry feeds
• This type of feed resources includes hays, grains, oilseed meals, straw,
Stover, corn cobs, corn husks, SB hulls, SB mill feeds, cottonseed hulls,
peanut hulls, oat hulls, rice hulls
• B) Green feeds
• Such type feed resources includes pasture and green chop (feeds are
roughages chopped daily in the feed and brought to livestock for feeding.
• C) High moisture feeds
• Here feed resources like high-moisture grain, wet byproduct feeds, roots &
tubers, fresh milk, silage, cactus, Enset etc could be mentioned.
Feed category
Roughage feeds: Concentrate feeds
are feeds that are high in fiber are feeds that are low in fiber
and low in TDN and high in TDN