Lecture - 8 - Gear Trains, Simple Gear Trains

THEORY OF MACHINES

(MECE 303)
ATILIM ÜNİVERSİTESİ
2018/2019 - Fall
Gear Trains,
Simple Gear Trains
GEAR TRAINS
Gears are the machine elements that transmit torque and motion from
one shaft to another.
Kinematically, gear is a form closed kinematic pair with two degrees-of

freedom that is used to join two links. Gears have toothed kinematic
elements to form gear pair.
Since gear pairs are form closed, there are constant speed ratios
between links. Due to these characteristics they are also called
“positive drive” mechanisms.
Gear trains are called “linear mechanical systems”, since the angular
relationship between the links can be expressed in terms of linear
function. There are also other linear mechanical systems like belts,
rollers and chain drives, which can be kinematically analysed using the
same methods with the gear trains.
TYPE OF GEARS AND GEAR PAIRS
A SPUR GEAR PARALLEL AXIS HELICAL GEARS CROSSED AXIS HELICAL GEARS
A WORM AND WORM GEAR A RACK AND PINION

DESIGN OF MACHINERY, R. L. NORTON, Chapter 9
TYPE OF GEARS AND GEAR PAIRS
STRAIGHT BEVEL GEARs SPIRAL BEVEL GEARS
HYPOID GEARS NONCIRCULAR GEARS

DESIGN OF MACHINERY, R. L. NORTON, Chapter 9
GEAR NOMENCLATURE
T
Diametral pitch, PD: Ratio of number of teeth over the pitch diameter. PD =
d
πd
Circular pitch, PC: PC =
T
d
Module, m: m =
T
Where,
T: Number of teeth on gear,
d: Pitch circle diameter.
For gears to be in mesh, their diametral pitches (and their circular pitches and their modules) must
be the same.
SIMPLE GEAR TRAINS
A gear train is called simple gear train, if the axes of gears are connected by revolute
joints to the fixed link.
The gear ratio R23 is defined as:

ω13 n13
R23 = =
ω12 n12
Velocity of point P is:
VP 3 = VP 2 = ω13r3 = ω12 r2
Hence;
ω13 n13 r2 d 2
R23 = = = =
ω12 n12 r3 d 3
SIMPLE GEAR TRAINS
Gear ratio is positive when two gears in mesh are rotating in the same direction and it is
negative when they are rotating in the opposite direction.
Consequently, the gear ratio is negative for external mesh; and the gear ratio is
positive for internal mesh.
External mesh Internal mesh

(Design of Machinery, R.L. Norton) (Makina Teorisi, Eres Söylemez)
SIMPLE GEAR TRAINS
Since, the gears in mesh have the same diametral pitch:
T3 T2
PD = =
d3 d2
Therefore, the gear ratio of gear train with one gear pair can be
expressed as:
ω13 n13 r d T
R23 = = =± 2 =± 2 =± 2
ω12 n12 r3 d3 T3
“+” if internal mesh;

“-“ if external mesh
SIMPLE GEAR TRAINS
I. Simple(st) Gear Trains:
Simplest gear trains have one gear on each link (i.e. one gear on
each shaft).
The gear ratio for the whole train can be determined by

considering the gear ratio for each gear pair.
Simple(st) Gear Trains Example:
The overall gear ratio of the gear train, R24, will be:
Figure 3.2, Mechanisms, Eres Söylemez
For such gear trains, the intermediate gears have no effect on the gear ratio, except
the change in sign of the gear ratio. These intermediate gears are called as idlers.
SIMPLE GEAR TRAINS
II. Compound Gear Trains:
Compound gear trains have more than one gear on each link (i.e.
more than one gear on each shaft).
Figure 9-29. Design of Machinery, R.L. Norton

Compound Gear Trains Example
Figure 3.4, Mechanisms, Eres Söylemez

SIMPLE GEAR TRAINS
In the gear ratio equation, the gears that appear in the numerator are all
driving gears and those that appear in the denominator are all driven
gears. Also, each external gear mesh changes the sign of the gear ratio
once. If the number of external gear meshes is odd, the gear ratio will
be negative (i.e. input and output speeds are in opposite directions), if it
is even, the gear ratio is positive (i.e. input and output speeds are in the
same direction).
Therefore, gear ratio equation can be generalized as:
n1 j Pr oduct ⋅ of ⋅ driving ⋅ gear ⋅ tooth ⋅ numbers

Rij = = (−1)k
n1i Pr oduct ⋅ of ⋅ driven ⋅ gear ⋅ tooth ⋅ numbers
Where “k” refers to the number of external gear pairs.

EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
COMMERCIAL GEAR BOX EXAMPLE

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Kinematically, gear is a form closed kinematic pair with two degrees-of

A WORM AND WORM GEAR A RACK AND PINION

STRAIGHT BEVEL GEARs SPIRAL BEVEL GEARS

HYPOID GEARS NONCIRCULAR GEARS

The gear ratio R23 is defined as:

External mesh Internal mesh

“+” if internal mesh;

The gear ratio for the whole train can be determined by

Figure 3.2, Mechanisms, Eres Söylemez

Figure 9-29. Design of Machinery, R.L. Norton

Figure 3.4, Mechanisms, Eres Söylemez

Therefore, gear ratio equation can be generalized as:

n1 j Pr oduct ⋅ of ⋅ driving ⋅ gear ⋅ tooth ⋅ numbers

n1i Pr oduct ⋅ of ⋅ driven ⋅ gear ⋅ tooth ⋅ numbers

Where “k” refers to the number of external gear pairs.

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