CLIN BACTE

MAIN SOURCE: MODULE 1/TORTORA

INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY

TERMINOLOGIES IN MICROBIOLOGY PARASITOLOGY

 Microbiology – study of life forms that are too small to  Parasitology – study of parasites
be observed by the naked eye  Parasites – organisms that live at the expense of
(microbes/microorganisms) another organism
 bacteria; fungi; protozoa; algae; helminths;  usually unicellular & microscopic (protozoa)
noncellular entities (virus, viroid, prions)  some are multicellular & macroscopic (helminths &a
📌 Only a small fraction of microbes causes diseases arthropods)
(pathogenic) and food spoilage – majority are microbial  eukaryotes
allies that help maintain balance and have commercial
applications PROTOZOOLOGY
 Protozoology – study of protozoa
DISCIPLINES OF MICROBIOLOGY  Protozoa – animal-like, unicellular microorganisms
BACTERIOLOGY  lack cell wall
 Bacteriology – study of bacteria, its activities, and  non-photosynthetic & eukaryotic
functions  most are motile with the ff locomotory appendages:
 Bacteria – smallest microorganisms that are unicellular a. Pseudopodia – false feet; temporary cytoplasmic
 cell wall: peptidoglycan (lipid + protein complex) extensions
 reproduction: binary fission b. Flagellum – long, whiplike appendage
 common shapes: bacillus (rod); coccus (sphere); c. Cilia – short, hairlike processes
spirilla (spiral) 📌 Sporozoans are the fourth group of protozoa which are
 prokaryotes strict parasites and usually immobile
2 MAJOR GROUPS
1. Eubacteria (true bacteria) – disease-causing VIROLOGY
2. Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) – photosynthetic  Virology – study of viruses and their effects on living
bacteria (chlorophyll stored in thylakoids) cells of all types
 Archaebacteria – ancient bacteria described as  Virus – ultramicroscopic/filterable agents (pass through
extremophiles 0.22 / 0.45 micrometers pores)
 may have cell walls but lack peptidoglycan  obligate intracellular parasites
 prokaryotes  inert outside hosts
 not known to cause disease in humans  lack cell structure/organelles
Types of extremophiles COMPOSITION OF VIRUS
Methanogens methane waste product from a. Nucleic acid – one single type: DNA or RNA
respiration
📌 4 config: ssDNA, dsDNA, ssRNA, dsRNA
Extreme halophiles live in extremely salty environments
Extreme thermophiles live in hot sulfurous water
b. Capsid – protective protein coat made of capsomeres
c. Envelope – outer membrane made of glycoproteins (not
all nucleocapsids have an envelope)
MYCOLOGY
 Mycology – study of fungi
PHYCOLOGY
 Fungi – non-photosynthetic organisms that have a
 Phycology/Algology – study of various types of algae
distinct nucleus containing DNA, surrounded by a
 Algae – plant-like organisms meaning they are
nuclear membrane
photosynthetic found mostly in freshwater, seawater,
 cell wall: chitin
soil, and plants
 reproduction: sexual/asexual
 cell wall: cellulose
 nonmotile & eukaryotic
 reproduction: sexual/asexual
 may be: unicellular (yeasts) or multicellular (molds);
 eukaryotic
microscopic (yeast, molds) or macroscopic
 may be unicellular/multicellular
(mushrooms)
a. Unicellular – microscopic diatoms and dinoflagellates
📌 Mycology is only focused on microscopic organisms
Diatoms Dinoflagellates
Unicellular  yeasts hardened silica external wall biflagellate structure
 reproduction: budding theca present (hypotheca + wall made of cellulose only
Multicellular  molds epitheca)
 hypa – threadlike filaments that bear no flagella has flagella
spores high mobility low mobility (bc biflagellated)
 mycelium – fuzzy mass of hyphae does not produce neurotoxins produces neurotoxin
visible to the eye does not exhibit exhibits bioluminescence
bioluminescence
b. Multicellular – macroscopic seaweed that lack root,
leaves, or stem

2 HUMAN ILLNESSES CAUSED BY ALGAE

1. Protothecosis – manifests as skin ulcers caused by
Protheca

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2. Paralytic shellfish poisoning – neurotoxin INTRODUCTION
paralysis;  TO MICROBIOLOGY
risk during algal blooms; characteristic red pigment 
red tide

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 INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY  cellular immunity
ANCIENT CIVILIZATION ADVENT OF CHEMOTHERAPY
Paul Ehrlich  aniline dyes selectively kill
 Laws concerning public health were already microbes
implemented to prevent occurrence and spread of  magic bullet
disease  salvarsan (arsphenamine) – treats
 isolation of the sick, burying of waste materials, syphilis
prohibition of eating animals who died of natural  coined the term ‘chemotherapy’
cause, personal hygiene Alexander Fleming  found that penicillin is an active
MEDIEVAL PERIOD inhibitor of bacterial growth
 first to recognize the potential of
 General stagnation of culture and learning penicillin for countering infections
 most people believed that diseases were caused by
curses from gods
MODERN PERIOD
 Scientific methods were developed using empirical
observation for a rational conclusion

NOTABLE PERSONS IN MICROBIOLOGY

FIRST OBSERVATIONS
Robert Hooke  coined the term ‘cells’
 all living things are composed of
cells
Anton van  discovered animalcules using a
Leeuwenhoek simple microscope TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
father of microbiology,  Fermentation – conversion of sugar  alcohol by
bacteriology, yeasts
protozoology  Pasteurization – mild heating to kill spoilage and
DISPROVING THE THEORY OF ABIOGENESIS
disease-causing microorganism
Francisco Redi  maggots did not arise
 Holding method – 63C for 30 mins
spontaneously
Lazzaro Spallanzani  nutrient fluids heated after being  Germ theory of disease – specific infectious disease is
sealed in a flask did not develop caused by a specific microorganism
microbial growth  Vaccine – antigenic material used to stimulate an
THE THEORY OF BIOGENESIS individual’s immune system
Rudolf Virchow  living cells arise only from  Vaccination – administration of vaccine
preexisting living cells  Phagocytosis – cell eating
Louis Pasteur  microbes present in the air  Chemotherapy – use of chemical agents in the
contaminate sterile solutions but
air itself cannot create microbes treatment of disease
 microbes can be destroyed by  Koch postulates
heat 1. The suspected pathogen must be present in all
 methods can be devised to block cases of the disease and absent from healthy
the access of airborne microbes animals
to nutrient environments 2. The suspected pathogen must be grown in pure
 wine diseases are caused by culture
Acetobacter (alcohol  acetic 3. Cells from the pure culture of suspected pathogens
acid)
must cause disease in a healthy animal
THE GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY
4. The suspected pathogen must be reisolated and
Louis Pasteur  fermentation
shown to be the same as the original
 disproved SGT
 pasteurization
 germ theory of disease SCOPE AND RELEVANCE OF MICROBIOLOGY
 vaccines MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY
Robert Koch  Bacillus anthracis – anthrax  Medical microbiology – study of pathogens, the nature
father of bacteriologic  Mycobacterium tuberculosis – and development of diseases that they cause, and the
techniques tuberculosis body’s defenses against such diseases
 first method for growth of pure  transmission of pathogens
cultures  disease-prevention measures
 Koch postulates  aseptic technique
Koch accomplished bacteriologic techniques alongside:
 treatment of infectious diseases
a. Fanny Hesse – use of agar to solidify culture media
b. Richard Petri – designed petri dish  immunology
c. Paul Ehrlich – use of aniline dyes for staining 📌 Medical microbiology involves: epidemiology and
microorganisms immunology
CONTROL OF INFECTIONS  Epidemiology – studies the occurrence and distribution
Ignaz Philipps  hand washing with chlorinated of disease
Semmelweis lime solution  Immunology – studies how the body protects and
savior of mothers  decreased mortality due to responds to infectious agents
puerperal fever
 Clinical/Diagnostic microbiology – concerned with the
Joseph Lister  aseptic properties of phenol
lab diagnosis of infectious disease (+ isolation,
(carbolic acid)
BIRTH OF IMMUNOLOGY
identification, and treatment of the pathogenic agent)
Edward Jenner  first successful vaccination  Veterinary microbiology – focuses on the spread and
father of vaccination control of diseases among animals
Elie Metchnikoff  phagocytosis

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  Zoonoses – infectious diseases acquiredINTRODUCTION
by TO MICROBIOLOGY
humans from animals
 Agricultural microbiology – studies the harmful and
beneficial roles of microbes in plant and crops
 production of food
 soil formation and fertility
 carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous cycles
 digestive processes of ruminants (cows)

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 FOOD MICROBIOLOGY INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY
 Food microbiology – concerned with the role of
microorganism in food production
 dairy products, breads, alcoholic beverages, plant
products, fish products
 explores the use of microorganisms as food source
 single cell protein e.g., Spirulina
📌 Food microbiologists practice various preservation
methods (heat, cold, radiation, chemical) to prevent food
spoilage and poisoning
TYPES OF FOOD POISONING
a. Food-borne infection – microorganisms contaminate
the food
b. Food intoxication – toxins are form in food due to
microbial growth
📌 Dairy microbiologists oversee the grading, pasteurization,
and processing of milk to prevent contamination, spoilage,
and transmission of diseases
 Bioremediation – use of microbes for treatment of
SANITARY MICROBIOLOGY
waste and to detoxify or degrade pollutants
 Sanitary microbiology – study and detection of risks
 use of microorganisms as “natural pollution
associated with the production and consumption of food
fighters”
and water (ensuring that no diseases are transferred to
man)  Bioaugmentation – addition of nutrients to hasten
sanitary microbiologists guarantee public safety through: bioremediation
 purification and processing of water e.g., bioremediation of oil spill is greatly enhanced if the
 inspection of food-processing installation and microbes used are provided with fertilizer containing nitrogen
restaurants and phoshorous
 monitor disposal of garbage and sewage waste
📌 A good indicator for microbial water contamination during MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY AND GENETICS
water analysis is the presence of coliform group   Microbial physiology and genetics – provides a clear
coliforms inhabit the GIT, their presence in water would understanding of the function of microorganisms, DNA
mean fecal contamination structure, genetics, and heredity
 Genetic engineering – genetic manipulation to produce
INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY a desired gene product
 Industrial microbiology – focuses on monitoring and  involves the transfer and insertion of genes from
maintaining essential microorganisms for commercial one cell to another to produce the gene product
enterprises coded by the transferred gene  recombinant
 vaccines, enzymes, antibiotics, vitamins, amino DNA technology
acids, and alcoholic beverages (wine, beer, etc) 📌 Microbes are commonly used as biological factories
 Biotechnology – techniques that uses living organisms because they are easily cultured which facilitates a larger
to make or modify a product for a specific purpose production of important gene products
 Microbial genetics – study of microbial DNA,
MICROBIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY chromosomes, plasmids, and genes
 Environmental microbiology – study of the  Gene therapy – involves treating diseases by replacing
interrelationships among microorganisms and the abnormal genes or providing missing genes
environment  facilitated by insertion of normally functioning genes
 concerned with the overall microbiological into a cell to correct problems  makes use of
processes that occur in soil, water, or food harmless virus to carry the missing or new gene
📌 Microbial ecologists study the natural microbial and insert it into the chromosome
communities and the global & local contributions of
microorganisms to the carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycles MICROBIAL TAXONOMY
 Soil microbiology – focuses on the role of  Taxonomy – branch of biology concerned with the
microorganisms in the biogeochemical cycle classification of all organisms in ordered system that
 Biogeochemical cycle – recycling of chemical indicates a natural relationship
elements by microorganisms for use by other  organisms are characterized, named, and classified
microorganisms according to a defined criteria
 most important role of soil microbes  decompose The classifications are based on similarities and
organic matter and transform C-/N-/S-/P-containing differences in:
compounds into usable forms a. Genotype (genetic makeup)
 Aquatic microbiology – study of microorganisms and b. Phenotype (observable physical and functional
their activities in natural waters (lakes, ponds, streams, features) s/a
rivers, estuaries, and sea)  macro/micro morphology
📌 One important focus in this field is microbial pollution of  staining characteristics
water ∴ environmental microbiologists are concerned with  nutritional requirements
water and sewage treatment  physiologic and biochemical characteristics
 antigenic markers
 The goal is to avoid feces from entering water supply
 susceptibility/resistance to agents
(most dangerous form of water pollution)
 decreases risk of typhoid fever and cholera
3 DISCIPLINES OF TAXONOMY

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 Classification – categorization of organismsINTRODUCTION
based on TO MICROBIOLOGY
evolutionary relationships or common ancestry
Notable persons
1. Carl von Linne (Linnaeus) – father of taxonomy
- first to categorize organisms as either animals
(kingdom animalia) or plans (kingdom plantae)
- first classification system was named after him
 Linnean taxonomy
2. Ernst Haeckel – three-kingdom classification
- animalia/plantae/protista
- first to create natural kingdom for microscopic
organisms
3. Herbert Copeland – added kingdom monera
4. Robert J. Whittaker – five-kingdom classification
- animalia/plantae/ protista/monera/mycetae
3 major criteria in classifying organisms by kingdom
CELL TYPE
a. Eukaryotes – membrane bound nucleus
animals, plants, algae, protozoa, fungi
b. Prokaryotic – lack nuclear membrane and other
membrane-bound organells
bacteria, archaea
📌 All bacteria are prokaryotic ∴ kingdom monera =
kingdom prokaryotae
CELLULAR ORGANIZATION
a.

 Nomenclature – naming organism according to

international rules

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