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    BIO 181 Intro Life

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    Organisms are organized in a hierarchy from atoms to molecules to organelles to cells to tissues and organs and organ systems. At each level of organization, new properties emerge. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function, sharing similar designs between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. All life reproduces through heritable DNA or RNA and comes from pre-existing life. Organisms interact with their environment, responding to stimuli, maintaining homeostasis, and evolving over time through natural selection.

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    BIO 181 Intro Life

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    Organisms are organized in a hierarchy from atoms to molecules to organelles to cells to tissues and organs and organ systems. At each level of organization, new properties emerge. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function, sharing similar designs between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. All life reproduces through heritable DNA or RNA and comes from pre-existing life. Organisms interact with their environment, responding to stimuli, maintaining homeostasis, and evolving over time through natural selection.

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    NCSU BIO 181 Engell

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    BIO 181 intro life

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    Organisms are organized in a hierarchy from atoms to molecules to organelles to cells to tissues and organs and organ systems. At each level of organization, new properties emerge. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function, sharing similar designs between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. All life reproduces through heritable DNA or RNA and comes from pre-existing life. Organisms interact with their environment, responding to stimuli, maintaining homeostasis, and evolving over time through natural selection.

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    71 views2 pages

    BIO 181 Intro Life

    Uploaded by

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    Organisms are organized in a hierarchy from atoms to molecules to organelles to cells to tissues and organs and organ systems. At each level of organization, new properties emerge. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function, sharing similar designs between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. All life reproduces through heritable DNA or RNA and comes from pre-existing life. Organisms interact with their environment, responding to stimuli, maintaining homeostasis, and evolving over time through natural selection.

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    of 2

    atoms

    Characteristics of Life:
    molecules

    A. Hierarchy of Organization organelles

    *cells

    tissues

    organs

    organ systems
    Above the organism level:
    populations communities  organisms
    ecosystems  biosphere 

    At each step up in organization, new properties emerge B. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function
    (emergent properties)

    Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells


    - share similar basic design
    - approx. 70% water, 15% protein
    - use DNA to reproduce

    C. Reproduction: Life is continued through heritable


    information (DNA, RNA); life comes from life
    (no spontaneous generation)

    Prior to reproduction, DNA is copied by the cell:

    •Prokaryotes= one way transfer of DNA from donor


    to recipient
    •Eukaryotes= DNA from two individuals combines to
    make third individual; new combinations possible

    1
    D. Take in, use, and transform energy E. Organisms interact with their environment;
    - metabolism: chemical reactions involved in converting respond to stimuli
    energy from environment and using it in processes
    essential to growth, repair, and reproduction Ex:
    -use ATP (adenosine triphosphate) as source of all Cellular responses to changes in sugar levels, etc. in body
    immediate energy Nervous and hormonal (endocrine) responses
    Plant tropisms (response to water, gravity, light, touch, etc)

    Homeostasis=maintain constant
    internal environment, regardless
    of changing external environment

    F. Growth and Development G. Adaptation and evolution

    -irreversible; number of cells, form, function of cells may change Evolution (change over time) is a core
    theme of biology, and the main unifying
    concept of all life
    -variation of individuals leads to natural
    selection which leads to evolution
    -adaptations may be structural,
    physiological, and/or behavioral

    H. Movement: basic property of cells


    -amoeboid motion, cilia, flagella
    I. Water

    -muscular systems All living things require water– inside all cells,
    surrounds all cells
    -helps maintain stable body temperature
    -transports materials

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