Science Quiz Bee

Biology
Aging – It is an irreversible biological change that occur in all living things with the passage of time, eventually
resulting in death.
Carolus Linnaeus – A Swedish botanist who formally classified some organisms in his Systema Naturae in 1735.
He was called as the “Father of Taxonomy.”
Cell – the smallest part of an organism.
Chlorophyll – is the green pigment found in various plants, responsible for trapping light and “feeding” the plant
during photosynthesis
Dr. Pedro Escuro – He is a well-known plant-breeder in the Philippines who led the improvement, segregation, and
release of nine seed board rice selections. He has received many awards for his achievement in improving rice
variety.
Enzymes – catalysts for biological processes, enzymes control specific functions in the body.
Evolution – the process by which species changes to adapt to their environment.
Excretion – the process by which wastes are eliminated from the body of an animal.
Geriatrics – is a medical specialty concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease in the elderly.
Gerontology – the study of the different aging processes that occur among individuals and the factors that cause
these changes.
Habitat – the environment in which a species is typically found.
Immune System – it protects the body against bacteria, viruses, and other harmful agents by producing disease-
fighting proteins known as antibodies. It also prevents the growth of abnormal cells, which can become cancerous.
Invertebrate – invertebrates are animals with no backbone.
Mitochondria – small parts of a cell (organelles) that convert glucose into energy.
Menopausal Stage – The process where woman’s ovaries undergo marked changes from about age 45 to age 55.
The ovaries, at this time, no longer release egg cells, and they no longer generate the hormones that stimulate
monthly menstrual cycles.
Natural Selection – the process by which animals within a species that possess less desirable traits for survival die
off, thereby leaving the animal with more desirable traits.
Nucleus – organelle that contains the chromosomes.
Organelles – small parts of cells that each have a specific purpose.
Pathogen – a disease-causing agent.
Photosynthesis – this is the process plants use to convert sugar and carbon dioxide into energy.
Respiration – living organisms use respiration to produce energy.
Vertebrates – vertebrates are animals with backbones.

Biology – deeper understanding and appreciation of life processes of the cellular and molecular levels.
We will apply basic chemistry and physics principles as we examine the transformation of energy in
organisms.
Biology – comes from the two Greek words “bio” which means “life” and “logus” which means “study.”
Basically, biology is the study of life.
- Is the study of living things
- The cellular basis of living things
- The energy metabolism that underlies the activities of life
- The genetic basis for inheritance in organism
There are three major branches of biology:
a. Botany – study of plants
b. Zoology – study of animals
c. Microbiology – study of microorganisms
Levels of Organization
Living Levels:
1. CELL – makes up all organisms
2. TISSUE – group of related cells, cells working together
3. ORGAN – group of related tissues, examples are heart, brain, stomach, liver, kidney, etc.
4. ORGAN SYSTEMS – group of related organs, examples are respiratory, circulatory, digestive,
reproductive, etc.
5. ORGANISM – group of related organ systems, individual
History of Cells & the Cell Theory (Cell Specialization)
First to View Cells
 In 1665, Robert Hooke used a microscope to examine a thin slice of cork (dead plant cell wall)
 What he saw looked like small boxes.
 Hooke is responsible for naming cells
 Hooke called them “cells” because they looked like the small rooms that monks lived in called
cells.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
 In 1673, Leeuwenhoek (a Dutch microscope maker), was first to view organism (living things)
 Leeuwenhoek used a simple, handheld microscope to view pond water
Robert Brown
 Discovered the nucleus

Matthias Schleiden
 In 1838, a German botanist named Matthias Schleiden concluded that all plants were made of
cells
 Schleiden is a co-founder of the cell theory
Beginning of the Cell Theory
 In 1839, a German zoologist named Theodore Schwann concluded that all animals were made of
cells
 Schwann also co-founded the cell theory
 In 1855, a German medical doctor named Rudolph Virchow observed, under the microscope,
cells dividing.
 He reasoned that all cells come from other pre-existing cells by cell division
Rudolph Virchow
 Concluded that all cells come from pre-existing cells.
Cell Theory
 The discovery that is made by Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow, and others
led to the formulation of the Cell Theory.
 The cell theory is universal for all living things no matter how simple or complex, tiny or huge it
is.
 This theory can be sum up to three components:
1. All living things are made of cells
2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in an organism (basic unit of life)
3. Cells come from the reproduction of existing cells (cell division)
Part of a Cell
Cell Membrane – outer layer, it controls what goes in and out
 The cell membrane keeps substances out inside cell, filled with cytoplasm
Cytoplasm - a thick solution that fills each cell and is enclosed by the cell membrane. It provides a
platform upon which other organelles can operate within the cell
Mitochondria – a source, this is where the cell gets its energy and also known as the powerhouse of the
cell
Ribosomes – help the cell with protein synthesis, protein factories
Endoplasmic reticulum – carry substances, transfers substances like proteins
Lysosomes – breaking down materials, help break things down energy from mitochondria
Nucleus – controls the cell, kind of like a brain, contains the DNA when cells divide to replicate
Nuclear Membrane – outer layer of the nucleus, full of pores
Nucleolus – makes ribosomal subunits from proteins
Golgi Bodies – secreting hormones
Organelle – each unit of a cell
Plant Cell
- Have few different organelles
Chloroplasts – take the sun in convert to food through photosynthesis
Vacuoles – store food, water, and waste
Cell Wall – outer rigid, cellulose as the protector, it provides structure to the cell
Types of Cells
1. Eukaryotic Cell
2. Prokaryotic Cell
The difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms is said to be the most important
distinction among the groups of living things. Deriving from the name itself “Eu” means true and
“Karyon” means nucleus. The main difference is that the eukaryotic cells chromosomes are enclosed
inside the nucleus while the prokaryotic, prokaryotes DNA is found in region called nucleoid that has no
nuclear membrane. However, both types of cells possess cytoplasm. In prokaryotes, aside from not
having a true nucleus, a semi rigid cell wall is present, and membrane bound organelles with specialized
functions are absent.
Prokaryotic Cell (Bacterial Cell)
 Unicellular (single-celled)
 Includes the members of the Kingdom Eubacteria and Archaebacteria
 Extremely microscopic
Cell Movement with Cilia & Flagella
Cilia and flagella are the organs for locomotion.
Eukaryotic Cells
 Multicellular (many-celled)
 Include Kingdom Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia
 Plant Cell, Animal Cell
Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells
Very thin in size Fairly large in size
Nuclear region (nucleoid) not surrounded by Nuclear material surrounded by a nuclear
nuclear membrane Membrane
Single chromosomes present More than one chromosome present
Nucleolus absent Nucleolus present
Membrane bound cell organelles are absent Membrane bound organelles are present
Cell division by fission or budding (no mitosis) Cell division by mitosis or meiosis
Cell Cycle
 Is the series of events that take place in a cell that cause it to divide into two daughter cells.
 These events include the duplication of its DNA (DNA replication) and some of its organelles,
and subsequently the partitioning of its cytoplasm and other components into two daughter
cells in a process called cell division.
Interphase
G 1 phase (Gap 1)
 The first stage of the interphase
 “Decision-making step”
S phase
 Synthesis phase
 DNA replication occurs
G 2 phase
 Where further growth and final preparation for mitosis happen.
Mitosis
Prophase
 Chromatin in the nucleus supercoils or condenses to form chromosomes.
Centromere
 Structure in a chromosome that holds together the two chromatids (the daughter strands of a
replicated chromosome).
 The point of attachment of the kinetochore.
Kinetochore is a structure to which the microtubules of the mitotic spindle become anchored.
Prometaphase
 The transition stage from prophase to metaphase.
 The second phase of mitosis.
 Nuclear membrane breaks down
 Kinetochore microtubules invade nuclear space and attach to kinetochores.
 Polar microtubules push against each other, moving centrosomes apart.
Metaphase
 Metaphase is the third phase of mitosis
 Thick, coiled chromosomes are lined up in the center of the cell on the metaphase plate. Spindle
fibers are attached to the chromosomes.
Anaphase
 The fourth phase of mitosis
 The chromosomes have separated and are moving toward the poles.
Telophase
 The fifth and final phase of mitosis.
 A nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes to separate the nuclear DNA from
the cytoplasm.
 The chromosomes are at the poles and are becoming more diffuse. The nuclear envelope is
reforming. The cytoplasm may be dividing.
Cytokinesis is the process whereby the cytoplasm of a parent cell is divided between two daughter cells
produced either via mitosis or meiosis.
 As mitosis ends with the cell nucleus being divided, cytokinesis begins.
 During cytokinesis, the cytoplasm of the cell is divided in half, and the cell membrane grows to
enclose each cell, forming two separate cells as a result.
 The end result of mitosis and cytokinesis is two genetically identical cells where only one cell
existed before.
Meiosis vs Mitosis
Mitosis is a process is a process where a singles cell divides into two identical daughter cells (cell
division).
Meiosis is a process where a single cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half the original
amount of genetic information. These cells are our sex cells – sperm in males, eggs in females.
Mitosis Meiosis
1. Mitosis shows asexual cell division. 1. Meiosis shows sexual cell division.
2. Mitosis occurs in somatic cells. 2. Meiosis occurs in sex cells or gametes.
3. Mitosis involves only one cell division and 3. Meiosis involves two cell division i.e.,
four major phases: prophase, metaphase, meiosis I and meiosis II. Both stages have the
anaphase, and telophase. same phases as mitosis, only different in some
events.
4. Cell divides only once, and the 4. Cell divides twice but the chromosomes
chromosomes also divide only once. divide only once.
5. Total number of daughter cells produced 5. Total number of daughter cells produced
are two. are four.
6. Offspring produced are diploid i.e., 2n 6. Offspring produced are haploid i.e., n.
7. Does not show crossing over. 7. Crossing over occurs during Pachytene of
 meiosis I and the chromosomes of each pair
are exchange among each other.
8. Karyokinesis occurs in Interphase. 8. Karyokinesis occurs in Interphase I.
9. Spindle fibers are gone in telophase. 9. Spindle fibers are still present after telophase I.
10. Chiasmata are absent. 10. Chiasmata are seen during prophase I and
metaphase I.
11. Functional at the time of cellular growth. 11. Play major role in gamete formation and in sexual
reproduction.
12. They are active during the body repair and 12. Active in maintaining number of
healing mechanisms. chromosomes.

How many sets of cell division are there in meiosis?

During meiosis one cell divides twice to form four daughter cells. These four daughter cells only have
half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell – they are haploid. Meiosis produces our sex cells or
gametes (eggs in female and sperm in males.
Give examples of Chromosomes Abnormalities
1. Aneuploidy
- is a disorder when a cell has incorrect number or set of chromosomes.
Common Disorders Under Aneuploidy
In human where 46 is the complete set of chromosomes, Down syndrome patients has extra
chromosomes (Number 13) making the organism to have 47 chromosomes.
Turner Syndrome lacks one on its sex chromosomes (44 autosomes and X)
Lesson 4: Cellular Transport Mechanisms
Cell (Plasma) Membrane and Cell Transport
Cell Boundaries
All cells are surrounded by a thin, flexible barrier known as the cell membrane.
Many cells also produce a strong supporting layer around the membrane known as a cell wall.
Functions of Plasma Membrane
 Protective barrier
 Regulate transport in and out of cell (selectively permeable)
 Allow cell recognition
 Provide anchoring sites for filaments of cytoskeleton
 Provide a binding site for enzymes
 Interlocking surfaces bind cells together (junctions)
 Contains the cytoplasm (fluid in cell)
Principal Components of Cell Membranes
1. Phospholipids – consist of hydrophobic and hydrophilic
2. Proteins
Phospholipid
 Makes up the cell membrane – 2 layers bilayer
 Phosphate Head – hydrophilic – water loving
 Fatty acid tail – hydrophobic – water fearing
 Makes the membrane “selective” crosses.
Semipermeable Membrane
Small molecules and hydrophobic molecules flow easily through
Examples: Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, and water
Ions, hydrophilic molecules are larger than water, and large molecules do not move through the
membrane on their own.
Types of Cell Transport
a. Passive Transport
b. Active Transport
Passive Transport
 Requires no energy
 Molecules move from area of high to low concentration
Diffusion
 Diffusion is a passive process which means no energy is used to make the molecules move, they
have a natural kinetic energy.
 Moves down the concentration gradient.
Simple Diffusion
 Materials move down their concentration gradient through the phospholipid bilayer.
Example: Oxygen or water diffusing into a cell and carbon dioxide diffusing out
Facilitated Diffusion
 The passage of materials is aided both by a concentration gradient and by a transport protein.
 Doesn’t require energy
 Uses transport proteins to move high to low concentration
Example: Glucose or amin acids moving from blood into a cell.
Osmosis
 Diffusion of water across a membrane
 Moves from high water potential (low solute) to low water potential (high solute)
Isotonic, Hypotonic, Hypertonic solutions
 Iso tonic – a solution of equal concentration to a cell
 Hypo tonic – a solution of lower concentration than a cell (higher water potential)
 Hyper tonic – a solution of higher concentration than a cell (lower water potential)
Note: Using these terms always involve comparison between 2 different solutions.
Active Transport
When the cell needs nutrients at a higher concentration than it typically receives or at faster rate than
what simple diffusion can offer, it utilizes additional metabolic energy against the concentration
gradient to move molecules across the membrane. This process is known as active transport.
Active Transport
 Requires energy or ATP
 Moves materials from low to high concentration
 Against concentration gradient
Example of Active Transport: Sodium-Potassium Pump
The extracellular space, various mechanisms apply to this form of transport. Protein can actively pump
molecules coupled with ATP hydrolysis, transport ATP access, and possibly move molecules by co-
transport. Co-transport occurs when the diffusion of one molecule towards the concentration gradient
leads to the diffusion of another molecule against the concentration gradients, the anti-porter. For
example, in animal cells, the gradient of sodium is regulated by the movement of potassium using the
Na+, K+ ATPs. This form of co-transport is important in maintaining low intracellular concentration and
high potassium as well as in establishing a membrane electrical potential. Membrane voltage or
membrane potential is a unique feature of cell due to various reason. The cytoplasm maintains a
negatively-charged environment which is favorable for the passive uptake of positively charged
molecules to enter the cell. Number 2, pumping out of cations generates a concentration gradient for
use in the active transport of other molecules. And number 3, a change in membrane potential creates
signal to control voltage scatted channel of transmission of signal in the cell. This membrane potential is
created by active transport of ions. For example, sodium ions from inside to outside of the cell.
During the intake of large molecules or endocytosis, the portion of the plasma membrane invaginates to
enclose the substance. This then pinches off to form a vesicle that holds the molecule. If a vesicle holds
a solid substance, then the process is known as phagocytosis, but if the vesicle contains a liquid material then the
process is called pinocytosis. In other instances, receptor-mediated endocytosis occurs wherein
the molecules can bind to the surface of the membrane. The binding of the molecules simulates the
internal surface of the membrane to fold.
Endocytosis – brings into cell
Pinocytosis
 Called “Cell drinking”
 Involves liquids
Phagocytosis
 Called “Cell eating”
 Involves solids
Exocytosis – releases from the cell
Passive and Active Transport
Passive Transport
- A particle in an area of high concentration diffuses through a protein.
Active transport
- Energy from ATP is used to move a particle through a protein against the direction of diffusion.