HBO MIDTERM EXAM REVIEWER

CHAPTER 2
Personalism - Impersonalism

● Personalism attaches major importance to the personal factor which guarantees

intimacy, warmth and security or kinship and friendship in getting things done.
● Impersonalism refers to the tendency to eliminate the influence of friendship or
kinship in working situations.

Fr. Bulatao (1966) He resorts to "pakiusap," "regalo," and "lakad" which causes the
weakening of the merit system in employment. (Panopio 1978)

Particularism - Universalism

● When a man's concern is centered on sub-groups com- prising his relatives, friends,
colleagues, associates, religious affiliates or members of his ethnic or regional group
in the larger society to which he belongs, he is particularistic.
● When his main concern is the advancement of the collective or national good, he is
universalistic.

● In the Philippines, ethical rules stress particularistic interests while legal rules, are
universalistic

● Jocano notes that the Filipino's concept of "tayo-tayo" strongly denotes

particularism.

● Such examples are "lagay," "padulas" (grease money), "areglo" (under the table
arrangement), "kick back" for the boys.

Our value on discipline is partly manifested in the following expressions and practices in
"siksikan," "singitan," and "unahan" (disregard for queue) and justice expressed in
"nakaisa," "nakalamang," "nakalusot and "malakas" all modification of advantage of
another through one's connection and/or unfair dealings.

Carrion (1973) discussed in his Marketing Imperative basic buying and selling habits
which are as follows:

● Suki - patronizing of one store instead of buying at different stores at different

times. This practice gives discount or extra little things expressed in "dagdag,"
"tawad" or "tingi.

● Tumpok-tumpok - An arrangement of goods like fish, vegetables, fruits, etc. into

small groupings among small vendors in small markets or tiange.

● Hulugan or Paiyakan - Paying by installment either from day to day sales or monthly
salary.
 ● "Lako" - Sellers carrying their wares and peddling from house to house either in push
cart, native basket (bilao or kaing). The commodities vary from jewels, ware, fruits,
meat and clothing.

● "Tawad" - Asking for discounts which may range from 5% to 50% discount.

● "Bulungan" Among the fish brokers, sellers and buyers rely on the tip given to them
on price and projected price changes.

CHAPTER 3

1. Frustration

A. Main Problems of Life That Give Rise to Frustration

2. Reacting to Frustration

3. Stress, Burnout: Their Effect on One's Behavior

4. What is Mental Health?

5. Mental Hygiene - Principles and role in Business and Industry

FRUSTRATION

● Frustration is a stirred-up state of hopelessness that results when a person is

prevented from reaching a particular value-goal to which he has aspired or is
prevented from satisfying his physiological needs.

● Frustration, simply defined is the condition of being thwarted in the satisfaction of a

motive.

● The three main problems in life that bring out a certain degree of frustration are
physiological, environmental and psychological.

Physiological Problems

● These physiological problems more or less are our basic needs such as food, water,
shelter, sex.

These basic physiological needs of man may seem easy to cope with but when there is so
much deprivation of such needs because of economic dislocation, the frustration may be
irreversible and will affect the psychological condition of the individual.

Environmental Problems

● Man is born in a social environment surrounded by cultural norms and values.

 ● He is faced with cultural taboos and acceptable social behavior.

● One of the most difficult problems in this area is one's cultural do's and don'ts.

● Environmental frustrations can not be avoided, for there are always certain factors in
a person's situation which keep him from achieving a degree of personal growth and
achievement.

Psychological Problems

● Psychological or internal problems are the most difficult to resolve as they are within
the inner feelings of a person.

● You may be able to infer what his inner thoughts and feelings are but will not know
what caused such a frustrating feeling.

● Psychological frustrations represent a more serious threat to the personality of the

individual than do environmental frustrations.

Personal Deficiencies

Reacting to frustration varies from person to person because of their personality differences.

These reactions may be defensive, neurotic or psychotic.

Frustrations as we have seen, involve thwarting or blocking of a person's dominant motives,

needs, desires or purposes.

STRESS, BURNOUT: THEIR EFFECTS ON ONE'S BEHAVIOR

Signs of Stress

● Difficulty in sleeping or other changes in sleep habits

● Chronic irritability or anxiety

● Changes in eating habits

● Increased use of alcohol, tobacco or other drugs

● Frequent illness including headaches and stomach aches Cold hands, rapid
breathing and heartbeat, achenes, muscle tension

Stress seems to be an inevitable result of today's mode of living.

● Relaxation, one's temporary respite from stress, often cannot be employed as a

coping device today simply because few people have mastered the art of relaxation.
 ● Stress is the nonspecific psychological and physiological response of the
body to any demand upon it.
According to Schwartz (1980)

Stress-mobile is
(1) the input valve for all of life's stressors-job, family, customers, inflation, the environ- ment,
etc.
(2) your "awareness and choice valve."
(3) stress relief by taking a vacation, relaxing, following proper guidelines for exercise and
nutrition and having varied interests.

three choices in dealing with stress:

1. You remove the stressor from your environment.

2. You can get out of the stressful environment.

3. You can learn to use relaxation techniques to counter toxic effects directly of a
stressful environment.

Major Causes of Stress in Organizations

Occupational demand:
A survey of 130 different occupations confirmed the basic fact that some jobs are more
stressful than others. Results indicated that several features of the jobs are related to the
levels of stress they generate.

Role ambiguity: Stress from uncertainty. This occurs when individuals are uncertain about
several matters relating to their jobs, the scope of responsibilities, how to divide their time
between various duties, etc.//

Overload and underload: Doing too much or too little Employees are asked to do more
work than they can handle in a given period of time or employees believe that they lack the
required skills to perform a given job. (Qualitative overload)

Responsibility for others: A heavy burden. In any organization some persons are
primarily concerned with the physical side of the business financially and still others with
people like supervisors or managers.

Lack of social support: The cost of isolation. Social support helps individuals deal with
stress. One study shows that persons who felt they had the support of their immediate
super-visors reported fewer physical symptoms associated with stress than managers who
did not enjoy friendship and support from others at work. (Baron and Greenberg 1991)

Lack of participation in decision: Helplessness, strikes. People who want a certain

degree of control over their own fate feel that they know a good deal about their work. Thus
when they are prevented from participating in decision making, they experience considerable
stress.

Nonwork Demands: Nonwork demands create stress for people which may carry over
into the work environment. Although not all workers are subject to family demands related
to marriage, child rearing, parental care, etc. these may create conflicts or overloads that are
difficult to manage.

Physical Demands: Extreme environments, strenuous activities and hazardous

substances create physical demands for people at work. Work environments which are very
hot or very cold may lead to dehydration or frostbite.

Emotional and stress reaction: Emotions are aroused by external stimuli which can
instigate aggressive behavior. Emotions associated with pleasure (joy, love) or
displeasure (anger, fear, pressure, heart rate, dilation of pupils etc.)

The Consequences of Stress

In the 34th International Broadcasting Awards with their commercial entitled "Stress Test."
Eustress for "euphoria" + "stress" was used to refer to the consequence of healthy,
normal stress which includes a number of performance and health benefits to be added to
the more common known costs of individual and organizational distress.

● Eustress is one characteristic of healthy people; distress is not.

BENEFITS OF EUSTRESS

Performance

● Increased arousal

● Bursts of physical strength

Health

● Cardiovascular efficiency

● Enhanced focus in an emergency

COST OF DISTRESS

Individual

● Psychological disorders

● Medical illness
 ● Behavioral problems

Organizational

● Participation problems

● Performance decrements

● Compensation Awards

Here are some suggestions to cope with stress:

1. Express your feelings openly before stress builds up.

2. Have a realistic expectation of yourself and others.

3. Accept that you can't control every situation or decision.

4. Get plenty of rest, exercise regularly, and eat a well-balanced, low-fat, high-fiber diet.

5. Make time for activities that help you relax. Some people like reading or listening to music,
others activities.

6. Solve problems one step at a time.

7. Learn to accept changes and be flexible.

8. When things get tense, close your eyes, relax your body and breathe deeply several
times. You'll be surprised how it helps.

Burnout is a cumulative process of gradual wearing down of your reserve, with little
recharging of your energies. It is mental, physical and emotional exhaustion. It strikes all
ages, sexes and job levels, yet the most frequent victims are those who seemingly are the
most productive years of their life.

● It is people with high expectations and a high sense of purpose who are the greatest
victims.

● People with high standards for themselves and others, who attempt to do a "perfect"
job, have a "perfect" marriage and be "perfect" at their hobbies, are the greatest
danger of burning out.

Burnout in Organizations

The "hurried executive" or the kind of person who is burn out prone is often drawn to fast
moving organizations that would hasten his/her burning out.
"No" is a word hardly used by the perfectionist; therefore he/she continues to handle a
greater than average amount of work.

Work overload is a major contributor concept can be presented in the following formula:
Susceptible Individual + Overload or Criss Burnout

WHAT IS MENTAL HEALTH?

Sigmund Freud when asked what he thought a normal, healthy person should do well
replied love and work.

Karl Menninger's (1956) definition is quite similar to Freud's. He states:

"Let us define mental health as the adjustment of human beings to the world and each other
with a maximum of effectiveness and happiness. Not just efficiency, or just
contentment, or the grace of obeying the rules of the game cheerfully. It is all together. It is
the ability to maintain an even temper and happy disposition. This,, I think, is a healthy
mind."

Sydney Jourad arrived at what he felt was a general definition of healthy personality. He
states:

"Healthy personality is manifested by the individual who has been able to gratify his basic
needs through acceptable behavior such that his own personality is no longer a problem to
him. He can take himself more or less for granted and devote his energies and thoughts to
socially meaningful interests and problems beyond security, or even ability or status."

Adjustment is defined as an individual's manner of reacting or responding

Mental health, therefore, is the ability of the individual to function effectively and happily as
a person in one's expected role in a group and in society in general.

Mental health is the capacity to live harmoniously in a changing environment; to face and
solve one's problems in a realistic manner; to accept the inevitable, and to understand and
accept one's own shortcomings as well as the shortcomings of others.

Below are some characteristics by which we can identify those who are mentally healthy:

1. Self-acceptance. Indicators of self-acceptance are:

A. Self respect;

B. Acceptance of one's own shortcoming:

C. Control over one's emotion

D. Ability to resign to the inevitable and to face the

About realities of life;
 E. Ability to laugh at one's self, see one's own mistakes and make efforts to overcome
them;
F. Ability to look at oneself objectively so that there is neither underestimation or over-
estimation of the self.

2. Acceptance of others. This includes:

A. The ability to give love and to consider the interests of others;

B. The ability to establish and maintain satisfying personal relationships;

C. The ability to stimulate trust in other people:

D. The ability to like and trust other people;

E. The ability to respect individual difference;

F. Respect for the individual's human dignity and rights;

G. Social adaptability and a sense of cooperation.

3. Ability to meet the demands of life. People who are able to meet the demands of life feel
that:

a. They can do something about their problems as these arise;

b. They can accept responsibilities;

c. They can share their environment at times but will have to adjust to it on other
occasions;

d. They are making use of their potentials and capacities;

e. They are setting realistic goals for themselves:

f. They are able to think for themselves and make their own decisions;

g. They are putting in their best efforts and deriving satisfaction out of whatever they are
doing:

h. Change is a part of life;

i. Refusing to face problems is not the best way of solving them.

Role of Mental Health in Business and Industry

 ● Mental health is a factor that plays an important role in all life situations in the
relations between teachers and students, between hospital personnel and patients,
between management
and labor.

● Machines are as good only as the men who operate them and these men are driven
by complex feelings, attitudes, and emotions that must be considered in any
comprehensive company program.

Mental Health Problems in Business and Industry

These are some the problems:

a. cliques in the work force those informal organizations that could hamper the smooth
flow of the work if the mutual resentment remains unchecked.

b. wage increase. No matter who receives increases, there is bound to be some resentment
because of the resulting disturbances in the status relationship among the workers.

C. evaluation of workers. Is the evaluation to be based simply on quality of work?

d. work and assignments. In relation to the workers' personalities, one worker may do well
under a more permissive one.

E. changes-especially technological changes and changes of any kind, whether they be

changes in location, in machines and processes, in products, or in management.

Principles of Mental Health Applied to the Operations of Business and Industry

● The basic principle on mental health in business and industry is this - that the
responsibility of management in any enterprise is not limited to the efficient and
profitable production of goods and services. It also includes the satisfaction or the
psychological wants of its workers.

WHAT IS MENTAL HYGIENE

● Mental hygiene is a branch of psychology which deals with mental, behavioral and
emotional adjustment through the application of principles and practices which have
some scientific foundations or truth.

● It consists of those patterns of living which promotes the development of wholesome

and socially adequate personality and, helps an individual get along with himself and
with his fellowmen.

There are three known ways to which the principles and practices of mental hygiene are
done.
1. The preventive approach. This is based on the principle that the best way to insure a
well-adjusted individual is to surround him with environmental influences that will enable him
to develop his full potential, to obtain emotional stability, and achieve personal and social
adequacy.

2. The therapeutic method. The therapeutic aspect of mental hygiene is concerned with the
attempt to correct minor behavioral adjustments through the various counseling and
techniques of psychotherapy, or adjust to the social/or physical environment of the person in
order to help him obtain the amount of emotional security and self-confidence necessary.

3. The curative approach. This phase of mental hygiene is sometimes called "preventive
psychiatry." It is concerned with the detection and correction of serious but curative
behavioral maladjustments. Although this is the work of a trained clinician or psychiatrist, it is
helpful for the layman to have at least a fundamental knowledge of the major types of
behavioral maladjustments in order that he may have a basis in determining behavioral
maladjustments that need the attention of competent specialists.

Role and Practice of Mental Hygiene in Business and Industry

● The role and practices of mental hygiene in business and industry are concerned
with the adjustments of human behavior necessary to bring about a better and
harmonious relationship between employee-employer, employee-employee and
their rela tions with the public.

● Another role deals with the dynamics of personality formation, human

motivation, and emotional adjustments

● Mental hygiene is concerned primarily with prevention. It seeks to create that kind of
personal and social environment which further ensures sound mental health.

● Mental hygiene in business and industry requires an understanding and

appreciation of the fundamental needs of the employees as well as the employer.

● Mental hygiene is also concerned with the human behavior of the personnel
principally while in the job, i.eHis motivated behavior.

Employer-Employee Relationship and Mental Hygiene

Employers and employees may well attain sound mental hygiene if they will consider the
following salient points of view of mental hygiene:

1. Respect for one's own personality and for the personalities of others.

2. Recognition of limitations in self and in others.

3. An appreciation of the importance of the cause sequence in behavior.

4. A realization that behavior is a function of the whole individual.

5. An understanding of the basic need that motivates behavior.