4 Flexural Members

Developed by Scott Civjan
University of Massachusetts, Amherst
Modified and supplemented by

Cem Topkaya
Middle East Technical University 1
FLEXURAL MEMBER/BEAM:
Member subjected to bending and shear.
Va Vb Mb
Ma
2
Basic Definitions
Yield and Plastic Moments
3
Moment can be related to stresses, , strains, , and

curvature, .
Assumptions:
Stress strain law -

Initially assume linearly elastic, no residual stresses
(for elastic only).
Plane sections remain plane -

Strain varies linearly over the height of the cross
section (for elastic and inelastic range).
4
Fu
Esh
Fy
Stress
y sh u r
.001 to .002 .01 to .03 Strain .1 to .2 .2 to .3
Stress vs. Strain

5
Fu
Esh
Fy
Elastic-Perfectly Plastic
Assumed in Design
Stress
.001 to .002 .01 to .03 Strain .1 to .2 .2 to .3
Stress-strain law
6
Fu Initially we will
review behavior
in this range Esh
Fy
Elastic-Perfectly Plastic
Assumed in Design
Stress
.001 to .002 .01 to .03 Strain .1 to .2 .2 to .3
Stress-strain law
7
Plane sections remain plane.
8
P = A = 0
Fi = A
Fi = 0
A
M = yA yi Centroid
M = yiFi Elastic
Neutral Axis,
ENA
9
max
y  ymax
M M
ENA
 max
Elastic Behavior:
Strain related to stress by Modulus of Elasticity, E
 = E
10
Fy
Stress
Y Strain
Beyond yield -
Stress is constant,
Strain is not related to stress by Modulus of Elasticity, E
11
Fy
Now, consider
what happens
Stress
once some of the

steel yields.
E
Y Strain
Beyond yield -
Stress is constant,
Strain is not related to stress by Modulus of Elasticity, E
12
y 
y
Increasing 
Fy Fy
Increasing  Theoretically,
reached at infinite
Beyond Elastic Behavior strain.
13
A1 A1
y yp A2/2
ENA x PNA x
A2 A2/2
A1 A1
Elastic Neutral Axis = Centroid Plastic Neutral Axis –
ENA =
 Ay i i
=y If homogenous material (similar Fy),
A i PNA divides Equal Areas, A1+A2/2.
For symmetric homogeneous sections,

PNA = ENA = Centroid
14
A1 A1
y yp A2/2
ENA x PNA x
A2 A2/2
A1 A1
Yield Moment, My = (Ix/c)Fy = SxFy Plastic Moment, Mp = ZxFy

Sx = Ix/c Zx = AyA
c = y = distance to outer fiber
( )+  A y
Ix = Moment of Inertia For homogenous materials,
Ix =  Zx = A iyi
3 2
bh
12
Shape Factor = Mp/My

15
A1 A1
PNA
ENA
yp
y A2
A2
Elastic Neutral Axis = Centroid Plastic Neutral Axis ≠ Centroid
PNA divides equal forces in

ENA =
 Ay i i
=y compression and tension.
A i
If all similar grade of steel
PNA divides equal areas.
16
A1 A1
PNA
ENA
yp
y A2
A2
Yield Moment, My = (Ix/c)Fy = SxFy Plastic Moment, Mp = ZxFy

Sx = Ix/c Zx = AyA = A iyi,
c = y = distance to outer fiber for similar material throughout
Ix = Moment of Inertia the section.
Shape Factor = Mp/My

17
With residual stresses, first yield actually occurs before My.
Therefore, all first yield

equations in the specification reference
0.7FySx
This indicates first yield 30% earlier than My.

For 355 MPa steel this indicates an expected residual stress of
(355×0.3) = 107 MPa
18
Consider what this does to the Moment-Curvature relationship
Mp
My
Moment EI
curvature, 
19
Consider what this does to the Moment-Curvature relationship
Mp
My Including Residual Stresses
Moment EI
curvature, 
20
Example: Compute My and Mp for strong axis bending
S275 Fy = 275MPa
200 mm
A y A y
25 200x25 = 5000 12.5 62500

250x12 = 3000 150 450000
12
250
∑= 8000 512500
512500
y= = 64mm
8000
1
I=  200  253 + 200  25  5152
25 12
39 ENA 1
+  12  2503 + 12  250  86 2
12
211 I = 51.33  10 6 mm 4
51.33  10 6
S= = 243.27  103 mm 3
211
M y = 243.27  103  275 / 10 6 = 66.9kNm
21
Flange area = 200 x 25 = 5000
Stem area = 12 x 250 = 3000 PNA in flange
20
5
y 200  y = (25 − y )  200 + 12  250
200 y = 5000 − 200 y + 3000
400 y = 8000 y = 20mm
250
z = 200  20  10 + 200  5  2.5 + 250  12  130

z = 432500mm 3
M p = 4321500  275 / 10 6 = 118.9 kNm
118.9
Shape factor = = 1.78
66.9
22
Typical Applications
Girders and beams are laid out in their respective positions according
to the erection drawings and the piece marks on each member.
23
The beams and girders are erected. These members frame bays as
well as openings such as an elevator shaft, HVAC duct chase, or stair
well.
24
Here, girders span between columns, while beams and open web bar
joists span between girders.
25
Strength design requirements:
Mu Mn (LRFD) Ma  Mn/Ω (ASD)

Vu  Vn (LRFD) Va  Vn/Ω (ASD)
Also check serviceability (under service loads):

Beam deflections
Floor vibrations
26
Flexural Strength
Strength Limit States:

Plastic Moment Strength
Local Buckling (Flange or web)
Lateral Torsional Buckling
27
Beam Buckling Modes
A
Compression, possible buckling
M M
Tension, no buckling
M
M Flange Local Buckling (FLB)
28
A
M Web Local Buckling (WLB)

M
Torsional Displacement
A Lateral Displacement
Lateral Braces
B
M M Lateral Torsional
Buckling (LTB)
Lateral Braces
Compression Flange
Watch Videos on Local Buckling and

Behavior of Unrestrained Beams 29
Local Buckling
30
Local Buckling is related to Plate Buckling
Flange is restrained by the web at one edge.
Failure is localized at areas of high stress

(maximum moment) or imperfections.
31

32

33
Web is restrained by the flange at

one edge, web in tension at other.

34


35


36
Plate Buckling
Very long
 2E  t 
2
b  2E k kE
Fcr = k = =  0.95
 
12(1 − 2 )  b  t (
12 1 − 2 ) Fcr Fcr
37
k = 4.00 Uniform compression 1.90
k = 6.97 } in webs of doubly
symmetric I sections.
r = 1.49 E F
y 2.51
k = 0.425 0.62
k = 1.277 } Uniform compression

in flanges of rolled I
section.
r = 0.56 E F
y 1.08
k = 5.42 2.21
Flexure in webs of doubly

k = 23.9
symmetric I sections
r = 5.70 E F 4.65
y
(tension end closer to
fixed).
38
If a web buckles, this is not necessarily a final failure mode.
Significant post-buckling strength of the entire section may be
possible.
One can conceptually visualize that a

cross section could be analyzed as if
the buckled portion of the web is Advanced analysis
“missing” from the cross section. assumes that
buckled sections are
not effective, but
overall section may
still have additional
strength in bending
and shear.
39
Local Web Buckling Concerns
Bending in the plane of the web;

Reduces the ability of the web to carry its share of the
bending moment (even in elastic range).
Support in vertical plane;

Vertical stiffness of the web may be compromised to resist
compression flange downward motion.
Shear buckling;
Shear strength may be reduced.
40
 Beam Members:
 Chapter F: Design of Members for Flexure
 Chapter G: Design of Members for Shear
 Chapter I: Design of Composite Members
 Part 3: Design Charts and Tables
 Chapter B: Local Buckling Classification
41
Chapter F:
Design of Members for
Flexure
42
Flexural Strength
b = 0.90 (Wb = 1.67)
43
Flexural Strength
The Specification assumes that the following failure modes have

minimal interaction and can be checked independently from
each other:
• Lateral Torsional Buckling (LTB)

• Flange Local Buckling (FLB)
• Shear
44
Flexural Strength
 Local Buckling:
 Criteria in Table B4.1
 Strength in Chapter F: Flexure
 Strength in Chapter G: Shear
45
Flexural Strength
Local Buckling Criteria
Slenderness of the flange and web, , are used as criteria to
determine whether buckling would control in the elastic or
inelastic range, otherwise the plastic moment can be obtained
before local buckling occurs.
Criteria p and r are based on plate buckling theory.
For W-Shapes
E E
FLB,  = bf /2tf pf = 0.38 , rf = 1 . 0
Fy Fy
E E
WLB,  = h/tw pw = 3.76 , rw = 5 . 70
Fy
Fy
46
Local Buckling in AISC360
47
48
49
Example Problem: Determine the cross section classification of
IPE 450 S275 Steel Fy = 275 MPa
t f = 14.6mm
t w = 9.4mm
d = 450mm h = 378.8mm
b f = 190mm
50
Flange local buckling
190 200  103

= = 6.51  0.38 = 10.24
2  14.6 275
  p
Web local buckling

378.8 200  103
= = 40.29  3.76 = 101.4
9 .4 275
  p
IPE 450 S275 is a compact section
51
Example: Determine the cross section classification of
HEA 200 S355 Steel Fy = 355 MPa
Flange local buckling
200 200  103 200  103
= = 10  p = 0.38  = 9 .0 r = 1  = 23.7
2  10 355 355
 p    r
Web local buckling
134 200  103

= = 20.6  p = 3.76  = 89.2
6 .5 355
  p
HEA 200 S355 is a non-compact section
52
Flexural Strength
Local Buckling
  p “compact”
Mp is reached and maintained before local buckling.
Mn = Mp
p    r “non-compact”
Local buckling occurs in the inelastic range.
0.7My ≤ Mn < Mp
 > r “slender element”

Local buckling occurs in the elastic range.
Mn < 0.7My
53
Doubly Symmetric I-Shaped Members
Equation F3-1 for FLB:
   −  pf 
M n =  M p − ( M p − 0.7 Fy S x )   
   −
Mp = FyZx
 rf pf  
Mr = 0.7FySx
Mn 0.9 Ekc S x
Equation F3-2 for FLB: M n =

p r 
Note: WLB not shown. See Spec. sections F4 and F5.
54
Doubly Symmetric I-Shaped Members
RolledEquation
I-sectionsF3-1arefor FLB:
dimensioned such
  −  pf  
 flanges
M n =  M p − ( M p − 0.7 Fy S x ) 
that the webs are compact and  

Mp = FyZx are compact  in most cases. Therefore,  rf −  pf the
 
full plastic moment usually can be
Mr = 0.7FySx obtained prior to local buckling
occurring.
Mn 0.9 Ekc S x
Equation F3-2 for FLB: M n =

p r 
Note: WLB not shown. See Spec. sections F4 and F5.
55
Shear Strength
Failure modes:
Shear Yielding
Inelastic Shear Buckling
Elastic Shear Buckling
56
Shear Strength
57
Shear Strength
Shear limit states for beams
Shear Yielding of the web:

Failure by excessive deformation.
Shear Buckling of the web:

Slender webs (large d/tw) may
buckle prior to yielding.
58
Shear Strength
Shear Stress,  = (VQ)/(Ib)
 = shear stress at any height on the cross section

V = total shear force on the cross section
Q = first moment about the centroidal axis of the area
between the extreme fiber and where  is evaluated
I = moment of inertia of the entire cross section
b = width of the section at the location where  is
evaluated
59
Shear Strength
SHEAR
Shear in a solid rectangular section
h/2 y
y
h/2
h V
 max = 1.5 , where y = 0
bh
b shear distribution
VQ
=
Ib
60
Shear Strength
Compute  at level y of the section:
VQ
=
Ib
 h −y
Where: h  2  bh 2 by 2
Q = Ay = b  − y  y + = −
2  2  8 2
 
bh3
I=
12
 b  h   h2 
2
V   − y 2  6V  − y 2 
V   2y  
2
 2  4   4 
= = = 1.5 1 −   
b 2 h3 bh3 bh   h  
12
This is a parabolic distribution of shear, as shown.
61
Shear Strength
Shear in a I-Shape
Example: IPE450; V = 500 kN

4.7 MPa
95.2 MPa
tw = 9.4mm
d =450mm 128 MPa
bf =190mm tf = 14.6mm
 450 14.6 
500  103  (190  14.6 ) 
VQ
= − 
It
 f ,max =  2 2 
= 4.7 MPa
33740  10 4  190
 450 14.6 
500  103  (190  14.6 )  − 
 w,min =  2 2 
= 95.2 MPa
33740  10 4  9.4
  225 − 14.6 
500  103  (190  14.6 ) (217.7 ) + (225 − 14.6 ) (9.4 )  
  2 
 w,max = = 128 MPa
33740  10  9.4
4
62
Shear Strength
Observations:
 is very low in the flanges.
Vflange ≈ 1/2(4.7)(190)(14.6))/1000 =6.5 kN
Vweb = 500 - 2(6.5) = 487 kN
For an I-shape most of the shear is carried by the web. Therefore, in the AISC
Specification, the shear strength of a I-shape section is calculated based on and
effective area equal to the overall depth of the section times the web thickness.
63
Shear Strength
Shear stresses generally are low in the flange area

(where moment stresses are highest).
For design, simplifying assumptions are made:

1) Shear and Moment stresses are independent.
2) Web carries the entire shear force.
3) Shear stress is simply the average web value.
i.e. web(avg) = V/Aweb = V/dtw
64
Shear Strength Shear Yield Criteria
σ2 σy
σy Yield
Yielddefined
definedbyby
Mohr’s
Mohr’sCircle
Circle
σσ11 σσyy
σ1 σσ22 σσyy
σσ11−−σ2 2 σσy y
- σy
- σy
65
Shear Strength Shear Yield Criteria
σ2 σy Von Mises Yield defined by maximum

distortion strain energy criteria
σy (applicable to ductile materials):
1 ( σ − σ ) 2 + ( σ − σ ) 2 + ( σ − σ ) 2   σ 2
2 1 2 2 3 3 1  y
σ1
σ12 − σ1σ 2 + σ 2 2  σ y 2
when σ3 = 0
For Fy = constant for load directions
- σy Fy
τ max  = 0.577Fy
3
- σy Specification uses 0.6 Fy
66
Shear Strength
Von Mises Failure Criterion

(Shear Yielding)
When average web shear stress V/Aweb = 0.6Fy
V = 0.6FyAweb
67
Shear Strength
V
V
V  V V T V V V
 C
Shear Buckle
Shear buckling occurs due to diagonal compressive stresses.
Extent of shear buckling depends on h/tw of the web (web

slenderness).
Covered in advanced courses

68
Chapter G:
Shear Strength
69
Shear Strength
Without Tension Field Action
Nominal Shear Strength

Vn = 0.6FyAwCv1 Equation G2-1
0.6Fy = Shear yield strength per Von Mises Failure Criteria

Aw = area of web = dtw
Cv1 = reduction factor for shear buckling
70
Shear Strength
For a rolled I-shaped member

If h  2.24 E
tw Fy
Then v = 1.00 (W = 1.50) and
Cv1 = 1.0 Equation G2-2
Vn = 0.6FyAw (shear yielding) (Cv1 = 1.0)
71
Shear Strength
For all other I-shaped members:
v = 0.90 (W = 1.67)
When h tw  1.10 kv E Fy
Cv1 = 1.0 Equation G2-3
When h tw  1.10 kv E Fy
1.10 kv E Fy
Cv1 = Equation G2-4
h tw
72
Shear Strength
5
kv = 5 + Equation G2-5
(a h) 2
kv = 5.34 if no stiffeners are present or if a h  3.0
a = clear distance between transverse stiffeners

h = clear distance between flanges minus fillet on a rolled shape
73
Beam Deflections
Consider deflection for:

• serviceability limit state
• Camber calculations
74
Beam Deflections
75
Beam Deflections
Elastic behavior (service loads).
Limits set by project specifications.
76
Beam Deflections
Typical limitation based on

Service Live Load Deflection
Typical criteria:
Max. Deflection,  = L/240, L/360, L/500, or L/1000

L = Span Length
77
Beam Vibrations
Floor vibrations considerations are important for the

serviceability of a structure. Sources of vibrations
include movement of people and equipment, vibrating
machinery, and other sources.
78
Example (Laterally Supported Flexural Member)
For the fixed-fixed laterally supported IPE450 beam shown
below determine if the beam satisfies strength and
serviceability requirements. Beam is continuously supported
laterally.
wL=30kN/m wD=22kN/m
7.5 m
WL and WD are service loads

S235 Steel Fy=235 MPa
L
Service live load deflection < 360
Use LRFD and ASD separately 79

Determine maximum shear and bending moment under the
given loading.
w For LRFD governing
combination
1.2D+1.6L
wL L
1.2  22 + 1.6  30 = 74.4 kNm
2
wL
2
wL2 / 24 For ASD governing
combination
wL2 wL2 D+L
12 12 22 + 30 = 52 kNm
52  7.5 74.4  7.5

Va = = 195 kN Vu = = 279 kN
2 2
52  7.52 74.4  7.52
Ma = = 244 kNm Mu = = 349 kNm
12 12
80
Check compactness for IPE450 S235
190 200  103   p
FLB = = 6.51  0.38 = 11.08
2  14.6 235
378.8 200  103

WLB = = 40.29  3.76 = 109.6   p
9 .4 235
IPE450 S235 is a compact section

Therefore, M n = M p = Fy Z x
1
M n = 235  1702  103  6
= 400 kNm
10
LRFD M n = 0.9  400 = 360 kNm  349 kNm OK
M n 400
ASD = = 240 kNm  244 kNm barely not OK for ASD
W 1.67
81
Check shear
Aw = 450  9.4 = 4230mm 2
Vn = 0.6  235  4230  1.0 / 103 = 596.4kN
LRFD Vn = 0.9  596.4 = 536.8 kN  279 kN OK

Vn 596.4
ASD = = 357.1 kN  195 kN OK
W v 1.67
L
Check serviceability (for ASD and LRFD same)  LL 
360
wL4 30  7.54 −3
 LL = = −8
= 3 . 66  10 m = 3.66 mm
384 EI 384  200  10  33740  10
6
7500
3.66  = 20.8 OK
360
IPE450 S235 is OK for LRFD

IPE450 S235 is barely not OK for ASD
82
(LTB)
83
LTB occurs along the length of the section.
Compression flange tries to buckle as a column.

Tension flange tries to stay in place.
Result is lateral movement of the compression flange and

torsional twist of the cross section.
84
Lb X’s denote lateral brace points.
X X X X
Ma Va Vb Mb
Lb is referred to as the unbraced length.
Braces restrain EITHER:

Lateral movement of compression flange or
Twisting in torsion.
85
Beam Lateral Bracing Examples
Brace must either prevent lateral
displacement of the compression
flange, or twist of the cross section
Compression Flange Cross beam acts as a lateral brace

since it will prevent lateral
displacement of the girder’s
compression flange.
Tension Flange
Concrete Slab
Continuous concrete floor slab
Compression Flange provides continuous bracing for the
compression flange, Lb=0, no LTB.
Note that if the bottom flange was in

compression there would be no lateral
bracing provided.
Tension Flange
86
Concrete Slab
Tension Flange Tension Flange
Compression Flange Compression Flange
Lateral Displacement of the compression flange is

prevented by the diagonal members (typically angles)
Cross Frame
Here there is no concrete floor slab. The cross frame

prevents twist of each girder and therefore acts as a
lateral brace for each girder. Either of the flanges may
be in compression
87
FACTORS IN LTB STRENGTH
Lb - the length between beam lateral bracing points.
Cb - measure of how much of flange is at full compression

within Lb.
Fy and residual stresses (1st yield).
Beam section properties - J, Cw, ry, Sx, and Zx.
88
The following sections have inherent restraint against LTB

for typical shapes and sizes.
W shape bent about its minor axis.

Box section about either axis.
HSS section about any axis.
For these cases LTB typically does not occur.
89
Flexural Strength
 The following slides assume:

 Compact sections
 Doubly symmetric members and channels
 Major axis Bending
90
Flexural Strength
When members are compact:
Only consider LTB as a potential failure mode prior to reaching

the plastic moment.
LTB depends on unbraced length, Lb, and can occur in the elastic
or inelastic range.
If the section is also fully braced against LTB,

Mn = Mp = FyZx Equation F2-1
91
When LTB is a possible failure mode:
Mp = FyZx Equation F2-1
Mr = 0.7FySx
E
Lp = 1.76ry Equation F2-5
Fy
2 2
E Jc  Jc   0.7 Fy 
Lr = 1.95rts +   + 6.76   Equation F2-6
0.7 Fy S x ho  S x h0   E 
I y Cw
r =
2
ts Equation F2-7
Sx
Iy
ry =
A
For W shapes
c = 1 (Equation F2-8a)
ho = distance between flange centroids
92
Lb Lateral Brace Lateral Torsional Buckling
X X Strength for Compact
I-Sections
M = Constant (Cb=1)
Mp Equation F2-2
Mr Equation F2-3 and F2-4
Mn Inelastic
Plastic LTB LTB Elastic LTB
Lp Lr Lb
93
If Lb  Lp,
Mn = Mp
If Lp < Lb  Lr,
  Lb − Lp 
M n = Cb  M p − ( M p − 0.7 Fy S x )     M p Equation F2-2
  L −L
 r p  
Note that this is a straight line.
If Lb > Lr,
Mn = FcrSx ≤ Mp Equation F2-3
2
2
Cb π E Jc  Lb 
Where Fcr = 2
1 + 0.078   Equation F2-4
 Lb  S x o  rts 
h
 
 rts 
Assume Cb=1 for now

94
Flexural Strength
To compute Mn for any moment diagram,

Mn = Cb(Mn(Cb1))  Mp
Mn = Cb(Mn(Cb1))  Mp
(Mn(Cb1)) = Mn, assuming Cb = 1
Cb, Equation F1-1
12.5M max
Cb =
2.5M max + 3M A + 4M B + 3M C
95
Flexural Strength
X X Shown is the section of

MA Mmax MC
the moment diagram
MB between lateral braces.
Lb Lb Lb Lb
4 4 4 4
Mmax = absolute value of maximum moment in unbraced section

MA = absolute value of moment at quarter point of unbraced section
MB = absolute value of moment at centerline of unbraced section
MC = absolute value of moment at three-quarter point of unbraced
section
96
Flexural Strength
Consider a simple beam with differing lateral brace locations.
M 12.5M 12.5
Cb = = = 1.31
Example X X 2.5M + 3 ( )
M
2
+ 4M + 3 ( )
M
2
9.5
M
12.5M 12.5
Cb = = = 1.67
X X X ( ) ( ) (
2.5M + 3 M
4
+4 M
2
+3 3M
4 ) 7.5
X – lateral brace location

Note that the moment diagram is
unchanged by lateral brace locations.
97
Flexural Strength
M
Cb=1.0 Mmax
M X X
M/2
Cb=1.25
M Mmax/Cb
Cb=1.67
X X
M
Cb=2.3
Cb approximates an equivalent
M
beam of constant moment.
98
Flexural Strength
Mp
Mr
Mn Cb=1
Lp Lr Lb
Strength for Compact W-Shape Sections
Effect of Cb
99
Flexural Strength
Mp
Mr
Cb>1
Mn Cb=1
Lp Lr Lb
Effect of Cb
100
Flexural Strength
Limited by Mp
Mp
Mr
Cb>1
Mn Cb=1
Lp Lr Lb
Effect of Cb
101
Example: (Laterally Unsupported Flexural Member)
For the IPE 450 beam, determine values of maximum
distributed load according to LRFD and ASD load combinations.
Lateral supports at the ends only. Assume OK for shear and
deflections.
wu or wa
S235 Steel
X X
Fy = 235 MPa
7 .5 m
For IPE 450

I y = 1676 10 4 mm 4 C w = 791000cm 6 = 791 109 mm 6
J = 66.87 10 4 mm 4 S x = 1500  103 mm 3
102
Cross-section Classification
bf h
= 6.51  0.38 E / Fy = 11.08 = 40.3  3.76 E / Fy = 109.6
2t f tw
Section is compact
Flexural Strength considering Lateral Torsional Buckling

I y Cw 1676 104  791 109 ry = 41.2mm
rts = =  rts = 49.2mm
2
Sx 1500 103
E 200103
L p = 1.76ry = 1.76  41.2  = 2115mm = 2.12m
Fy 235
2 2
E Jc  Jc   0.7 Fy 
Lr = 1.95rts +   + 6.76 
0.7 Fy S x ho  S x ho   E 
ho = 450 − 14.6 = 435.4mm

103
2
200  103 66.87  10 4  1  66.87  10 4  1   0.7  235 
2
Lr = 1.95  49.2  +  
 + 6 . 76 3 
0.7  235 1500  10  435.4
3
 1500  10  435.4 
3
 200  10 
Lr = 6796mm = 6.8m Lb  Lr elastic buckling
Determine Cb
X X
L
3 3
M max M max M max
4 4
3wL2 wL2 3wL2

32 8 32
12.5M max
Cb = = 1.14
3M max 3M max
2.5M max + 3  + 4  M max + 3 
4 4 104
2
Cb E 2
Jc  Lb 
Fcr = 2
1 + 0.078  
 Lb  S x ho  rts 
 
 rts 
1.14   2  200103  66.87 104 1  7500 

2
Fcr = 1 + 0.078  

 150010  435.4  49.2 
2 3
 7500 
 
 49.2 
Fcr = 163.6 MPa
1
M n = 163.6  1500  103  6
= 245.4 kNm
10
105
M n = 0.9  245.4 = 221 kNm
wL2
wu = 221 = wu  31.4 kN / m ( LRFD )
8
M n 245.4
= = 147 kNm
W 1.67
wL2
wu = 147 = wa  21 kN / m ( ASD )
8
106
Same problem except lateral supports at ends and mid-span
wu
X X X
3.75 3.75
wL2
M max =
8
0.4375 0.75 0.9375

M max M max M max
12.5M max
Cb = = 1 .3
2.5M max + 3  (0.4375M max ) + 4  (0.75M max ) + 3  (0.9375M max )
107
Lp  Lb  Lr 2.12m  3.75m  6.82m inelastic buckling
  Lb − L p 
M n = Cb M p − (M p − 0.7 Fy S x )   M p
 
  Lr − L p 
1
Z x = 1702  10 3 mm 3 M p = 1702  103  235  = 400 kNm
10 6
1
0.7 Fy S x = 0.7  235  1500  103  6
= 246.8 kNm
10
  3.75 − 2.12 
M n = 1.3400 − (400 − 246.8) 
  6. 82 − 2. 12 
M n = 1.3  346.9 = 451 kNm  M p  M n = M p = 400 kNm
108
M n = 0.9  400 = 360 kNm
wL2
wu = 360 =
8
wu  51.2 kN / m ( LRFD )
M n 400
= = 240 kNm
W 1.67
wL2
wa = 240 =
8
wa  34.1 kN / m ( ASD )
109

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Developed by Scott Civjan

University of Massachusetts, Amherst

Modified and supplemented by

Moment can be related to stresses, , strains, , and

Stress strain law -

Plane sections remain plane -

Stress vs. Strain

Plane sections remain plane.

once some of the

Elastic Neutral Axis = Centroid Plastic Neutral Axis –

For symmetric homogeneous sections,

Yield Moment, My = (Ix/c)Fy = SxFy Plastic Moment, Mp = ZxFy

Shape Factor = Mp/My

Elastic Neutral Axis = Centroid Plastic Neutral Axis ≠ Centroid

PNA divides equal forces in

Yield Moment, My = (Ix/c)Fy = SxFy Plastic Moment, Mp = ZxFy

Shape Factor = Mp/My

With residual stresses, first yield actually occurs before My.

Therefore, all first yield

This indicates first yield 30% earlier than My.

Consider what this does to the Moment-Curvature relationship

Consider what this does to the Moment-Curvature relationship

My Including Residual Stresses

25 200x25 = 5000 12.5 62500

z = 200  20  10 + 200  5  2.5 + 250  12  130

Mu Mn (LRFD) Ma  Mn/Ω (ASD)

Also check serviceability (under service loads):

Strength Limit States:

M Web Local Buckling (WLB)

Watch Videos on Local Buckling and

Flange is restrained by the web at one edge.

Failure is localized at areas of high stress

Flange is restrained by the web at one edge.

Failure is localized at areas of high stress

Flange is restrained by the web at one edge.

Failure is localized at areas of high stress

Web is restrained by the flange at

Failure is localized at areas of high stress

Web is restrained by the flange at

Failure is localized at areas of high stress

Web is restrained by the flange at

Failure is localized at areas of high stress

k = 1.277 } Uniform compression

Flexure in webs of doubly

One can conceptually visualize that a

Bending in the plane of the web;

Support in vertical plane;

b = 0.90 (Wb = 1.67)

The Specification assumes that the following failure modes have

• Lateral Torsional Buckling (LTB)

Criteria p and r are based on plate buckling theory.

190 200  103

Web local buckling

IPE 450 S275 is a compact section

Web local buckling

134 200  103

HEA 200 S355 is a non-compact section

 > r “slender element”

Shear limit states for beams

Shear Yielding of the web: