CE 388

FUNDAMENTALS OF STEEL DESIGN

LECTURE SLIDES
ON
MEMBERS UNDER COMBINED BENDING AND AXIAL LOAD

by Cem Topkaya, Ph.D.

Emphasizing AISC360-16

MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO SECOND ORDER ANALYSIS

The undeformed shape is considered in first-order structural analysis while

the deformed shape is considered in second-order analysis during the application
of the equations of equilibrium.

The following effects are considered in a second-order analysis

• P-δ (P-small delta effects in members)

• P-Δ (P-big delta effects in the overall frame system)

© TOPKAYA, 2020
Consider P-δ effects in a typical member under distributed load

EI = constant
W

PL2
P u=
4 EI

First-order structural analysis Second-order structural analysis

wL2 wL2  2(sec u − 1) 

M max = M max =
8 8  u2 


=
5wL 4
=
(
5wL4 12 2 sec u − u 2 − 2  )
ymax ymax  
384 EI 384 EI  5u 4 

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 Maximum Bending Moment
6

5
(Second-order )/(First-order )
4

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
P/Pcr

 2 EI
Pcr =
L2

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 Maximum Deflection
6

5
(Second-order )/(First-order )

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
P/Pcr

 2 EI
Pcr =
L2

© TOPKAYA, 2020
 Consider P-Δ effects in a typical member with relative end translation

First-order structural analysis

P
HL3
M max = HL ymax =
H 3EI
Second-order structural analysis

L
 tan  
M max = HL  
  
EI = constant
HL3  3(tan  −  ) 
ymax =  
=
PL2 3EI   3

EI

© TOPKAYA, 2020
 Maximum Bending Moment
4.5

(Second-order )/(First-order )
3.5

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
P/Pcr

 2 EI
Pcr =
4L2

© TOPKAYA, 2020
 Maximum Deflection
6

(Second-order )/(First-order )
4

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
P/Pcr

 2 EI
Pcr =
4L2

© TOPKAYA, 2020
 PLASTIC BEHAVIOR OF I-SECTIONS UNDER COMBINED
AXIAL LOAD AND BENDING

Consider a typical I-section under combined bending and axial load

Fy Fy Fy

Neutral
d h
tw Axis

tf

Fy
bf Axial Bending Bending and axial force
force moment
only only
© TOPKAYA, 2020
 Under strong axis bending
2
P Aw M  P  A2
For  = 1−  
 P  4t Z
Aw: area of web
Py A Mp  y w x

P Aw M 
 P  A  
1 − P   1
For  = A 1−
 P 
d−
 P   2Z
Py A Mp  y  2b f  y  x

Py = AFy M p = ZFy

Under weak axis bending

2
P Aw M  P  A2
For  = 1−  
Mp  P  4hZ
Py A  y y

P Aw M  4b f t f  P   P  A2
For  = − 1− 1−
Py A M p  A  P   P  8t Z
 y   y  f y
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FOR HEB300

Strong Axis Weak Axis

1.2

0.8
P/Py

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
M/Mp

© TOPKAYA, 2020
 Strong Axis Weak Axis Simplified Equation
1.2

0.8
P/Py

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
M/Mp

M 9  P 
= 1−
M p 8  Py 

© TOPKAYA, 2020
AISC PROVISIONS FOR DOUBLY SYMMETRIC I-SHAPED MEMBERS
SUBJECT TO FLEXURE AND AXIAL FORCE

A set of interaction equations are provided for the members under combined actions
in Chapter H

Pr Pr 8  M rx M ry 
When  0.2 +

+

 1.0
Pc Pc 9  M cx M cy 

Pr Pr  M rx M ry 
When  0.2 +

+

 1.0
Pc 2 Pc  M cx M cy 

Pr, Mrx, Mry are the axial force and bending moments obtained from
a second-order analysis

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 Pn If the member is under compression
Pc = c Pn or Pc = Pn is the nominal compressive strength
c according to Chapter E

Pn If the member is under tension

Pc = t Pn or Pc = Pn is the nominal tensile strength
t according to Chapter D

Mn Mn is the nominal flexural strength

M c = b M n or Mc = according to Chapter F
b

© TOPKAYA, 2020
Example: Determine if the beam-column shown below is capable of safely
carrying the applied load. The given loads were determined using LRFD
load combinations. The bending moment diagram was obtained using
second-order analysis. Lateral supports at the ends only. Do not check shear and
deflections.
HEB300 beam; S275 Steel (Fy=275 MPa)

260 kN

500 kN

3m 3m
Lateral support
402.8 kN-m

Second-order bending moment diagram

First-order bending moment is 390 kN-m (3.28% increase due to second-order effects)

© TOPKAYA, 2020
Geometrical Properties

HE 300 B A = 14910 mm2 b = 300 mm h = 208 mm h0 = 281 mm

tf =19 mm tw = 11 mm rx =129.9 mm ry =75.8 mm

Zx = 1869×103 mm3 Sx = 1678×103 mm3 J = 185×104 mm3

Iy = 8563×104 mm4 Cw = 1688×109 mm6 Ix=25170×104 mm4

Determine Pc

Classification of the cross-section

Flanges  = b 300 200000

= = 7.89  r = 0.56 = 15.1 Non-slender
2  t f 2 19 275

h 208 200000
Web = = = 18.9  r = 1.49 = 40.2 Non-slender
t w 11 275

HEB300 S275 is a non-slender section

© TOPKAYA, 2020
Buckling lengths with respect to both principal axis

Lcx = K x Lx = 1.0  6000 = 6000 mm

Lcy = K y Ly = 1.0  6000 = 6000 mm

Slendernesses with respect to both principal axis

L 6000 Lcy 6000
x = cx = = 46.2 y = = = 79.2
rx 129.9 ry 75.8

max = (x ;  y )max = (46.2 ; 79.2) = 79.2

200000
max = 79.2  4.71 = 127.0 Inelastic buckling
275

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Elastic critical buckling stress
 2E  2  200000
Fe = = = 314.69 MPa
 Lcy 
2
(79.2)2

 
 r 
 y 

Critical buckling stress

 Fy

 F =  0.658 314.69   275 = 190.76 MPa
 275
Fcr =  0.658 Fe
  y  

 
Nominal compressive resistance

Pn = Fcr Ag = 190.76 1491010−3 = 2844.2 kN

Design compressive resistance

Pc = c Pn = 0.9  2844.2 = 2560.0 kN

© TOPKAYA, 2020
Determine Mcx

Classification of the cross-section

b 300 200000
= = = 7.89   p = 0.38 = 10.2 Compact
Flanges 2  t f 2 19 275

h 208 200000 Compact

Web = = = 18.9   p = 3.76 = 101.4
t w 11 275

HEB300 S275 is a compact section for strong axis bending

Calculate Mn based on lateral-torsional buckling

E 200000
L p = 1.76ry = 1.76  75.8  = 3598 mm
Fy 275

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 I y Cw 8563 10 4 1688 109
rts = = = 84.6 mm
Sx 1678 10 3

2 2
E Jc  Jc   0.7 Fy 
Lr = 1.95rts 
+  
 + 6.76 E 
0.7 Fy S x h0  x 0
S h  

2
185 104 1  185 104 1   0.7  275 
2
200000
Lr = 1.95  84.6  +  
 + 6.76 
0.7  275 167810  281
3
 1678  103
 281   200000 

Lr = 15873 mm Lp  (Lb = 6000 mm)  Lr

  Lb − L p 
M n = Cb  M p − (M p − 0.7 Fy S x )    M p
  L − L 
 r p 

M p = Fy Z x = 1869 103  275 10 −6 = 514 kNm

© TOPKAYA, 2020
Lateral Torsional Buckling Modification Factor, Cb

12.5M max
Cb =
0.5M M 0.5M 2.5M max + 3M A + 4 M B + 3M C

12.5  M
Cb = = 1.32
2.5  M + 3  0.5M + 4  M + 3  0.5M
Lb/4 Lb/4 Lb/4 Lb/4

 − 3.598 
(
M n = 1.32514 − 514 − 0.7  275 167810−3 ) 15.6873 − 3.598
 = 629  M p
  

M n = M p = 514 kNm

M cx = b M n = 0.9  514 = 462.6 kNm

© TOPKAYA, 2020
Beam-column strength check

Pr 500
= = 0.195  0.2
Pc 2560

Pr  M rx 
+    1.0
2 Pc  M cx 

500  402 . 8 
+  = 0.97  1.0
2  2560  462 . 6 

HEB300 safely carries the applied loads

© TOPKAYA, 2020
 Example: Same problem with a different set of loads

125 kN

1500 kN

3m 3m
Lateral support
207.4 kN-m

Second-order bending moment diagram

First-order bending moment is 187.5 kN-m (11% increase due to second-order effects)

© TOPKAYA, 2020
Beam-column strength check

Pr 1500
= = 0.59  0.2
Pc 2560

Pr 8  M rx 
+    1.0
Pc 9  M cx 

1500 8  207 . 4 
+   = 0.98  1.0
2560 9  462 . 6 

HEB300 safely carries the applied loads

© TOPKAYA, 2020
 Example: Same problem with a different set of loads

125 kN

2200 kN

3m 3m
Lateral support
165 kN-m

Second-order bending moment diagram

First-order bending moment is 187.5 kN-m (12% decrease due to second-order effects)

© TOPKAYA, 2020
Nominal tensile resistance based on gross section yielding
Pn = Fy Ag = 275 1491010−3 = 4100.3 kN
Design tensile resistance

Pc = t Pn = 0.9  4100.3 = 3690.3 kN

Beam-column strength check

Pr 2200
= = 0.60  0.2
Pc 3690.3

Pr 8  M rx  2200 8  165 
+    1.0 +   = 0.91  1.0
Pc 9  M cx  3690.3 9  462 . 6 

HEB300 safely carries the applied loads

© TOPKAYA, 2020
Example: Determine if the beam-column shown below is capable of safely
carrying the applied load. The given loads were determined using LRFD
load combinations. The bending moment diagram was obtained using
second-order analysis. Lateral supports at the ends only.

HEB300 beam; S275 Steel (Fy=275 MPa) y

60 kN/m

500 kN x
35 kN

3m 3m
Lateral support
281kN-m

Second-order bending moment diagram (Mrx)

First-order bending moment is 270 kN-m (4% increase due to second-order effects)

© TOPKAYA, 2020
 57.6 kN-m

Second-order bending moment diagram (Mry)

First-order bending moment is 52.5 kN-m (10% increase due to second-order effects)

Design compressive resistance (From previous problem)

Pc = c Pn = 0.9  2844.2 = 2560.0 kN

Design bending resistance (Strong axis bending)

Lp = 3598 mm Lr = 15873 mm (Previous problem)

Lp  (Lb = 6000 mm)  Lr

M p = 514 kNm
© TOPKAYA, 2020
Lateral Torsional Buckling Modification Factor, Cb

0.75M M 0.75M

12.5M max
Cb =
2.5M max + 3M A + 4 M B + 3M C
Lb/4 Lb/4 Lb/4 Lb/4
12.5  M
Cb = = 1.14
2.5  M + 3  0.75M + 4  M + 3  0.75M

 − 3.598 
(
M n = 1.14514 − 514 − 0.7  275 167810−3 ) 15.6873 − 3.598
 = 543  M p
  

M n = M p = 514 kNm

© TOPKAYA, 2020
 Design bending resistance (Mcy) (Weak axis bending)

b 300 200000
Flanges  = = = 7.89   p = 0.38 = 10.2 Compact
2  t f 2 19 275
HEB300 S275 is a compact section for weak axis bending

M n = M p = Z y Fy  1.6 S y Fy

M n = M p = 870.110−3  275 = 239 kNm  1.6  570.9 10−3  275 = 251 kNm

M cx = b M n = 0.9  514 = 462.6 kNm

M cy = b M n = 0.9  239 = 215.1 kNm

© TOPKAYA, 2020
 Beam-column strength check

Pr 500
= = 0.195  0.2
Pc 2560

Pr  M rx M ry 
+ +   1.0
2  Pc  M cx M cy 

500  281 57.6 

+ +  = 0.97  1.0
2  2560  462 . 6 215 .1 

HEB300 safely carries the applied loads

© TOPKAYA, 2020
 Example: Same problem with a different set of loads

20 kN/m

1500 kN x
20 kN

3m 3m
Lateral support
102kN-m

Second-order bending moment diagram (Mrx)

First-order bending moment is 90 kN-m (13% increase due to second-order effects)

© TOPKAYA, 2020
 41.3 kN-m

Second-order bending moment diagram (Mry)

First-order bending moment is 30.0 kN-m (38% increase due to second-order effects)

Beam-column strength check

Pr 1500 Pr 8  M rx M ry 
= = 0.29  0.2 + +  1.0

Pc 9  M cx M cy  
Pc 2560

1500 8  102 41.3 

+  +  = 0.95  1.0
2560 9  462 . 6 215 .1 

HEB300 safely carries the applied loads

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