ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION SKILLS

Purposive Communication
[BS NURSING - BLK 11] 1ST SEMESTER

COMMUNICATION 5. FEEDBACK - known as the response

● Communicare, a latin word means to of the receiver to the sender.
share or to make common. - Called as the secondary message.
● Communication is a process, - By nature, it can be classified as a
understanding and sharing. message.
6. SETTING - time, place and
McLean, 2003
circumstances where the
“To understand is to perceive, to interpret,
communication takes place.
and to relate our perception and
ENVIRONMENT: the physical location where
interpretation to what we already know.”
the communication takes place.
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION CONTEXT: the situation in which the
communication takes place.
Elements of Communication - also known 7. NOISE - barrier or interference. It
as components of communication, Interferes with the transmission or
compromise the communication process. interpretation of the information from
1. SENDER - also known as source, sender to the receiver.
speaker and encoder.
- It initiates the interaction and starts 2 CLASSIFICATION OF NOISES:
the communication process. PARTIAL NOISE: disrupts the part of the
- It can start with a verbal and non message.
verbal message. TOTAL NOISE: completely blocks
2. RECEIVER - also known as listener, transmission or interpretation.
reader and decoder. NOISE is further divided into
- The recipient of the message. five major types:
- May not send feedback. a. Psychological Noise - mental factor
3. MESSAGE - most important element affecting our ability to understand
of communication. received messages.
4. CHANNEL - pathway of the message. Examples: biases, assumption, emotional
- This is where the message is being instability, pain and mental disorder.
transmitted. b. Physical Noise - external factor. It is
- Commonly identified channels: any tangible thing that totally or
internet, lightwaves, and partially hinders the transmission or
soundwaves. understanding of a message.
Note: Channel is the pathway, while Example: a wall that blocks the view, traffic
medium is the form of the message. noise, soundproof room.
Example: James (sender) writes to his friend c. Environmental Noise - noise that
Henry. comes from the environment.
The post office is considered as the channel. Example: traffic, on going construction
The letter is considered as the medium.
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION SKILLS
Purposive Communication
[BS NURSING - BLK 11] 1ST SEMESTER

d. Physiological Noise - loss of COMMUNICATION MODELS

physiological function that interferes Communication Models are normally
with communication. classified into two:
Examples: cleft palate, deafness, hunger, and 1. LINEAR MODEL - are known for being
fatigue. one way and their lack of feedback.
e. Semantic Noise - sender and receiver ARISTOTLE’S MODEL: considered as the
have a different language. Also known simplest basic linear model of
as language barrier. communication.
Note: Cultural noise falls under this type of - It is also called the SMR model.
noise when it affects the person’s belief, Sender, Message, and Receiver
assumption and stereotype. - Used in public speaking and mass
communication.
The 7C’s of - No noises.
Effective Communication - It focused mainly on speaker on
Also known as the Principles of Effective speech.
Communication. - This is divided into 5 primary
It is a list of principles of written and oral elements: Speaker, Speech, Occasion,
spoken communications to ensure that they Audience, and Effect.
are effective. BERLO’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION:
❖ Clear, Concise, Concrete, Correct conceptualized by David Berlo in the 1960s
❖ Coherent, Complete & Courteous from Shannon Weaver’s Model of
Note: There are two versions of this list. The Communication.
difference is the last “C” which is - Also called as SMCR Model: Sender,
Consideration or Coherence. Message, Channel, and Receiver.
- Emphasized communication skills,
7 Cs are expanded into 9-10 Cs. Some Cs that attitude, knowledge, social systems
were added are: and culture.
❖ Credibility - Emphasized to improve the
- object and subjective components of the development of messages such as:
believability of a source of message. content, elements, treatment,
- Aristotle described it as the combination of structure and code.
Competence, Character, and Caring. - No concept of noise feedback.
❖ Creativity
- finding ways to connect with the audience. 2. CYCLICAL MODEL - also known as
❖ Confidence Circular Model. It is a two way
- reflects the believability of the communication and has a presence of
communicator. feedback. It has complete
communication.
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION SKILLS
Purposive Communication
[BS NURSING - BLK 11] 1ST SEMESTER

SHANNON-WEAVER’S MODEL: Created by the sender and the receiver as an important

Claude Shannon (mathematician) and aspect of improving communication.
Warren Weaver (engineer/ scientist) in
1949. EUGENE WHITE’S MODEL: states that
- It is also called “Mathematical Theory communication is circular because it has no
of Communication”. beginning and end.
- First to introduce technical - Created by Eugene White in 1960.
communication. Technology based. - Largely applicable in oral
- First to introduce noise in a model. communication.
- Mother of all the models. - Introduced the concept of feedback.
- Used to improve telephones. COMPOSED OF 8 FEEDBACK:
- This model aims to understand the ● Thinking
concept of noise. ● Symbolizing
❖ SENDER: the originator of mmessage ● Expressing
or the information source selects the ● Transmitting
desired message. ● Receiving
❖ ENCODER: the transmitter which ● Decoding
converts the message into signals like ● Feedbacking
waves, binary data through cables or ● Monitoring
satellites.
❖ DECODER: The reception place of the TRANSACTIONAL MODEL: also called a
signal which converts signals into cyclical model. However, transactional refers
messages. Reverse process of encode. to sending and receiving messages but not
❖ RECEIVER: Destination of the directly to each other.
message from sender.
❖ NOISE: physical noises that may affect
NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
the communication flow in a phone
call.
VERBAL COMMUNICATION uses spoken
OSGOOD-SCHRAM’S MODEL:
words and non-verbal signals to convey a
communication is circular, not linear.
message.
- Indicates that messages can go in two
directions. ❖ VOICE QUALITY
- Communication is usually equal and ❖ INTONATIONS
reciprocal. ❖ PITCH
- Messages require interpretation. ❖ STRESS
- There are three steps for ❖ FACIAL EXPRESSIONS
communicating: encoding, decoding, ❖ GESTURES
and interpreting.
NOTE: In the revised model, Schramm
emphasized the field of experience between
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION SKILLS
Purposive Communication
[BS NURSING - BLK 11] 1ST SEMESTER

NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION focuses on - it refers to the ways of saying

the aspects of human kinetics and physical something. it includes such
appearance. characteristics as:
❖ RATE - SPEED OF SPEAKING.
TYPES OF NON-VERBAL ❖ PITCH - HIGHNESS OR LOWNESS OF
COMMUNICATION VOICE.
❖ VOLUME - LOUDNESS
BODY MOVEMENTS/ KINETICS/ KINESICS: ❖ INTONATION - RISE AND FALL OF
also known as body kinetics, they might VOICE IN SPEAKING.
come in different categories, such as: ❖ GASP - SUDDEN INHALATION
THROUGH THE MOUTH.
❖ EMBLEMS - these are body ❖ SIGH - LOUD EXHALATION THROUGH
movements, which have direct THE MOUTH.
translations into words. ❖ THROAT CLEARING - SOFT
❖ ILLUSTRATORS - these are used to COUGHING
accent, emphasize, or reinforce words.
- the most common type of SPACE AND DISTANCE / PROXEMICS: the
gesture and are used to study that deals with the amount of
illustrate the verbal message space that people feel is necessary to set
they accompany. between themselves and others.
❖ REGULATOR - these are signs
❖ INTIMATE DISTANCE - people are in
showing control of the back-and-forth
direct contact with each other or 18
natures of speaking and listening.
inches apart. feel irritated and
they might signal the beginning and
intimated when the distance is
end of interaction
violated.
❖ DISPLAY OF FEELINGS - natural or
❖ PERSONAL DISTANCE – from 18
spontaneous a person’s face and body
inches to four feet from each other
movements may convey how intense
as in casual and personal
his or her emotions are.
conversations, close enough to see
❖ ADAPTORS - these are non-verbal
each other's reactions.
ways used in adapting to the situation.
❖ SOCIAL DISTANCE - talking to persons
These are implied meanings that the
unknown to the speaker, he/ she must
speaker would like to say but chooses
keep a distance of 4 feet to 12 feet.
to express them through action
- mostly done in personal business,
instead-a series of body movements
social gatherings, interviews which are
PARALANGUAGE / VOCALICS - reveals the expected to be more formal.
intention of the speaker. ❖ PUBLIC DISTANCE - distance more
than 12 feet typically used in public
speaking.
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION SKILLS
Purposive Communication
[BS NURSING - BLK 11] 1ST SEMESTER

- the speaker needs to speak 2. ATTRACTIVENESS – people who are

loudly and use exaggerated deemed attractive get more positive
gestures for the audience. responses than those are perceived to
❖ TOUCH / HAPTICS – the kind of touch be not attractive. The physical
used in communication reflects the attributes of a person may mean
relationship of the sender and something to the people around her.
receiver. 3. BODY ADORNMENT - this involves
❖ TIME / CHRONEMICS – two kinds of form of clothing, make-up, jewelry,
people based on time: punctual and and hairstyle.
late
Examples: Women notice the clothes first,
Example: Student who is always late in class then the eyes followed by the body.
conveys the message that he is not
interested in learning or has no respect for - Men notice first the body built, then
the teacher. face and dress. For instance, a lady job
applicant who is dressed appropriately
NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION has a higher chance of getting the job
BASED ON STEREOTYPE OR BIASES if the interview is a man.

OF SOCIETY
CULTURAL APPRECIATION VS.
CULTURAL APPROPRIATION
1.BODY TYPES - refers to the
appearance of the body (shape and
DIFFERENCE between cultural appreciation
size).
and cultural appropriation: are the intent
- Wells and Siegel found out the
and recognition behind utilizing another
meaning of each body type in
culture.
research.
❖ ECTOMORPH (THIN) – means
1. CULTURAL APPRECIATION - when
ambitious, younger, more suspicious
someone utilizes another culture with
of others , more tense and nervous,
the intent of respecting it and
inclined to be more difficult, more
wanting to learn more about it.
pessimistic and quieter.
- Someone seeks to understand and
❖ ENDOMORPHS (FAT) – means more
learn about another culture to
fashionable, lazier, weaker, more
broaden their perspective and
talkative, older and more warm
connect with others cross-culturally.
hearted and sympathetic.
- Elements of a culture are used to give
❖ MESOMORPH (MUSCULAR/
honor.
ATHLETIC) – it means stronger, more
- Aims to preserve and promote
adventurous, more matured, more
tradition.
reliant, younger, and taller.
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION SKILLS
Purposive Communication
[BS NURSING - BLK 11] 1ST SEMESTER

- When the owner of the culture gives CULTURAL EXCHANGE - broad definition
permission for the use of their given to any mutual sharing of information,
traditions or symbols. usually between cultures for the purpose of
improving friendship understanding
In the Philippines, the National Commission between them.
For Culture And The Arts (NCCA) in
Intramuros, Manila - the official government According to Rogers, it is the “trading of
agency serves as the overall policy making different symbols, genres or technology
body, coordinating and grants-giving agency between two or more cultures.”
for the preservation, development and
promotion of Philippine culture and the arts. CULTURAL DOMINANCE – happens when a
stonger culture (main culture) tries to
All producers and tv networks that depict surpress the weaker culture (subculture)
Philippine culture on their shows need to bacause of discrimination ot the desire of
secure a permit from nca before proceeding the strong to force the weaker to abide by
(also for the sake of monitoring). their rules.

CULTURAL APPROPRIATION – the In South Africa, majority ppopulations are of

unacknowledged and inappropriate African Descent while minority called
adoption of practices, customs and (White Africans) are of european descent.
aesthetics of one social or ethnic group by system of racial segreation and domination
members of another community or society. called apartheid, was legally efect from
1948-199.
- Taking one aspect of a culture that is
not your own and using it for our own CULTURAL EXPLOITATION – the
personal interest. inappropriate unpermitted and
- Borrowing from a community or unacknowledged use of another culture out
culture that is not your own is a kind of personal or business interest, which
of cultural plagiarism. abuses cultural value and disrespect
- When someone uses another culture traditions.
without considering the people of
that culture to make money or simply TRANSCULTURATION – is a process of
look fashionable cultural transformation marked by the influx
- When a person change any aspect of of new culture elements and the loss or
a culture other than his or her own for alteration of existing ones.
selfish reasons
Example: For instance, a country considered
FOUR TYPES OF as a melting pot of different cultures
eventually strives to keep its original cultural
CULTURAL APPROPRIATION identity. In the process, the combination of
different cultures creates a new one until the
original ones are lost.
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION SKILLS
Purposive Communication
[BS NURSING - BLK 11] 1ST SEMESTER