LEILANI NAVARRO

GE105- PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION

LESSON 1: COMMUNICATION MODELS AND

PROCESS

What Is Communication?
- It is the exchange of ideas, thoughts, and
information from one source to another.

COMMUNICATION MODELS

Shannon & Weaver Communication Model Transactional Communication Model

- By Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver in - By Barnlund in 1970
1949 - This model posits that how the individual
- Mirroring the radio and telephone communicates determines the way the
technologies message will be interpreted.
- First major model for communication - Factors in communication may include
gender, age, culture, value system, and
many more.

SMRC Communication Model

- By David Berlo in 1960
- Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver

COMMUNICATION PROCESS

Schramm Communication Model

- By Wilbur Schramm in 1954

SENDER
- This model shows that communication is a
- It is the source of the message, the one who
social interaction.
encodes the message.
- The communicators share a common set of
- Transforms thoughts into message.
- understanding or interpretation of the
- The primary responsibility of the sender is
message
to convey the message in the most
comprehensible way possible.
MESSAGE TYPES OF SPEECHES ACCORDING TO MODE
- It is the body of information that is sent by
the sender to the receiver. Verbal-Nonverbal Communication
- Refers to anything that is communicated by - Effective communication calls for the
the sender to the receiver. blending of these two.
- For example: (1) giving instructions, (2)
CHANNEL expressing feeling.
- It is what connects the sender to the
receiver. Visual Communication
- It is the means of accessing the message - A type of communication that uses visuals
sent by the sender to the receiver. to convey information and/or messages.
- For example: signs, symbols, maps, graphs,
RECEIVER charts, illustrations
- It is the recipient of the message from the
sender. TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO
- The receiver is the one who decodes and CONTEXT
processes the information conveyed by the In this sub-section, context in communication is
sender. referred to as a composite of people interacting
- The primary responsibility of the receiver is with each other.
to understand the message.
Intrapersonal Communication
NOISE/BARRIERS - The Latin prefix intra means “within” or
- It is what impedes the communication “inside.”
process. - Intrapersonal communication then means
- It refers to the distractions that interfere talking to oneself (inner talk, inner
with the accurate transmission and monologue, or inner dialogue).
reception of the message. - Psychologists call it other names such as
self-verbalization or self-statement.
FEEDBACK - For example: Saying “I can do it” to
yourself in times when you lack or need
- It is the response of the receiver to the motivation.
sender. Interpersonal Communication
- When this is made, the role of the - The Latin prefix inter means “between,
participants in the process is reversed. among, and together.”
- It is an interactive exchange.
- A communication situation is interpersonal
LESSON 2: TYPES OF COMMUNICATION if it is meant to establish or deepen one's
relationship with others It is less serious and
- Depending on what is being considered, less formal.
communication as a term takes on different - Interpersonal talks are meant for
contexts resulting in people having different maintaining social relationships.
views on communication types.
- Different contexts can impact one's Extended Communication
communication. - This type of communication involves the use
- Each communication type is governed by of electronic media.
particular circumstances. - With the use of electronic media, messages
- Communication may then be classified are transmitted quickly.
according to MODE, CONTEXT, PURPOSE - Unlike before when there is just television
AND STYLE and radio, nowadays, the description of
extended comm may be expanded as to
include tele, audio, or phone conferencing,
video conferencing, and other technological
means.
 Know The Purpose In Communicating
Organizational Communication - Are you communicating basically to inform,
- With this types, the focus is on the role that to entertain, or to persuade?
communication plays in organizational - While you have more than one purpose,
contexts. there is still a dominant objective or reason
- You should know that each organization has why you communicate.
expectations that you as a communication
professional should meet or that you as the Know Your Audience
owner may establish. - In both speaking and writing, you should
know your audience as it will dictate the
Intercultural Communication speaking or writing style you are going to
- As the term implies, it is communication employ.
between or among people having different - Consider the age, educational background,
linguistic, religious, ethnic, social, and profession, culture, and other salient
professional backgrounds. features of your listeners.

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO Know Your Topic

PURPOSE AND STYLE - You communicate essentially because you
Rather than focusing on the transmission of want to share something.
messages and message flow, the focus here is on - This is like a direction; it will keep you
the communication setting and the mode of focused on the messages that you want to
delivery. say or write.
- Utilize several communication techniques to
Formal Communication easily catch the attention of the audience.
- Employs formal language delivered orally or
in written form. Adjust Your Speech Or Writing To The Context Of
- Examples: Lectures, public speeches, The Situation
research and project proposals, reports, - The environment in which your speech or
business letters writing is to be delivered determines the
- Texts have been thought out carefully and kind of language you will use.
written well before being delivered.
- To inform, entertain, and persuade are the Work On The Feedback Given
main objectives of this type of - Once you receive comments from the
communication. listeners/readers, work on them.
- Take kindly the criticisms.
Informal Communication - In the long run, constructive criticisms will
- This type certainly does not employ formal prove beneficial to you as you learn to
language. address them.
- It involves personal and ordinary
conversations with friends, family members, ETHICS IN COMMUNICATION
or acquaintances about anything under the - Communication Ethics emphasizes that
sun. morals influence the behavior of an
- The purpose is simply to socialize and individual, group, or organization thereby
enhance the relationship. affecting their communication.
- It is important to note that one’s behavior
LESSON 3: PRINCIPLE AND ETHICS should be regulated by honesty, decency,
Since communication is a two-way process, it is truthfulness, sincerity, and moral
important that you know the principles to be uprightness.
observed to make it effective.
Be Truthful
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION - Truthfulness is fundamental to all forms of
communication.
- Communicators who are caught lying will
lose their credibility and the goodwill of the
 audience, which are essential to influencing - Example: Conyo - It has a colloquial
them. meaning that differs from its origin, and
isn’t vulgar at all times. It refers to the way
Show Respect For The Power Of Words of speaking or one who speaks Taglish
- Words are powerful. and/or with an English accent, usually
- They can make or break careers, launch associated with upper-class citizens because
wars, or bridge peace among others. such is the stereotype in Filipino pop
- For example; It is common for our culture.
government leaders to sit down and discuss - No native Speakers. Mixing of languages.
peace negotiations. And they do that with Reduced grammar and vocabulary.
words.
Creole
Invoke Participatory Democracy
- Communication ethics is a joint - When people and children start learning a
responsibility between the speaker and the pidgin as their first language and it becomes
audience. the mother of community or becomes as
- For example, speakers should put Creole.
themselves in the shoes of the listeners and - It is distinct language which was taken most
see if they are treating the listeners as they of its vocabulary from another language but
would like to be treated, with respect. has its own unique grammatical rules.
- Examples: Chavacano / Chabacano - It
Demonstrate Mindfulness Of Cultural Diversity refers to a number of Spanish-based creole
- Ethical communicators construct their language varieties spoken in the Philippines.
speeches by being mindful of cultural Is a Spanish-based creole spoken in parts of
differences, which means being careful not the Philippines, especially in and around city
to offend others with the things that they of Zamboanga dialect of Chavacano in
say. Sempornah, Malaysia.
- Our practices and beliefs vary from culture, - Native Speakers exist. Mixed Language is
but we can be both respectful and mindful associated with cultural and often racial
of other people's cultures without entirely mixture. Have parents who use pidgin.
accepting their cultural practices.
Regional Dialect
LESSON 4: VARIETIES AND REGISTERS OF
- It is not a distinct language but a variety of
SPOKEN AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE
languages spoken in a particular area of a
country.
LANGUAGE VARIETIES
- Some regional dialects have been given
A specific set of linguistic terms or human speech
traditional names which mark them out as
pattern (sound, words, grammatical features) which
being significantly different from standard
can be associated with some external factors
varieties spoken in the same place.
(geographical area, social group).

Indigenized Variety
DIFFERENT KINDS OF LANGUAGE VARIETIES:
- These are mainly spoken as second
languages in ex-colonies with multilingual
Pidgin
populations. The differences from the
- Is a new language which develops in
standard variety may be linked to English
situations where speakers of different
proficiency, or may be part of a range of
language needs to communicate but don’t
varieties used to express identity.
share common language. The vocabulary of
Minority Dialect
the pidgin comes mainly from one particular
- Sometimes, members of a particular
language.
minority ethnic group have their own
variety which they use as a marker of
identity, usually alongside a standard
variety.
Language Registers FOR EXAMPLE:
- The perceived attitude and level of formality - Commission of Higher Education
associated with a variety of language. - Department of Education
- A variety of language used in a particular
social setting, using certain words, phrases, Formal Language Makes Use Of Complex Sentence
and contractions that are not normally used Structures
in other settings (or if they may sound FOR EXAMPLE:
strange or out of place) - (Simple Structure) In 2001, the bridge was
built. This was good politically. Two
MAJOR DIVISIONS OF LANGUAGE REGISTERS: countries united.
FORMAL REGISTER - (Complex Structure) The bridge was
completed in 2001, which resulted in a
Appropriate for professional writing such as: positive political move that united the two
o Business Letter countries.
o Complaint Letter
o Reports INFORMAL REGISTER
o Official speeches Use conversational language and appropriate
o Announcements when writing or talking to friends and people you
o Professional e-mails know very well such as:
o Chatting with friends and family
Formal Language Does Not Use Contractions o Diaries and journals
- Contraction refers to the shortening a word, o Friendly Letters
syllable, or word group by omission of a o Personal e-mails
sound or letter. o Phone texts
- Instead of using “don’t” in a sentence, use o Messenger conversations
“do not”, and spell out the words. o Short notes
- Contractions can be used if you are quoting o Blogs/ vlogs
someone’s exact words in your writing.
Formal Language Does Not Use Colloquialisms Common Informal Register
- Colloquialism refers to local or dialect - Slangs and cliches
expression or language which is common to - Figurative Languages
spoken English. - Symbols and abbreviations
- As much as possible use the appropriate - Acronyms
and formal words in formal writing. - Incomplete and Short Sentences
- Personal Opinions and Jokes
Formal Language Focuses More on Vocabulary - First person, Second person and Third
Choice person point of view.
- Extra punctuation (!!!)
FOR EXAMPLE: - Passive and Active voice
- (Informal) The research assistant checked
out the incident and got back to him the JARGON
next day. - Refers to the specialized language of a
- (Formal) The research assistant investigated professional or occupational group. Such
the incident and reported it to him the language is often meaningless to outsiders.
following day.
COLLOQUIALISMS
Formal Language Spells Out Numbers Less Than - The everyday use of language commonplace
One Hundred parlance or vernacular language that lends
FOR EXAMPLE: people their identity.
- Nineteen (19), Sixty-nine (69) - The informal use of language consists of
words or expressions used by common
Formal Language Observes The Use Of people.
Capitalization And Avoids Abbreviation
 - Examples: Kamo, Ewan, Teka, What’s Up,
Watcha doin’
SLANG (PABALBAL)
- The usage of language, especially by certain LESSON 5: PUBLIC SPEAKING
groups of people such as teenagers, and
specific fields or professions. What Is Public Speaking?
- More informal than colloquialisms and used - A form of communication wherein one
in any culture or society delivers a message or speech in front of an
- Examples: Yosi, Bagets, Syota, Omsim, audience.”
Babae, Kool - A skilled public speaker has the ability to get
across his/her message effectively to an
LEVELS OF THE REGISTERS OF LANGUAGE interested audience so as the audience can
arrive at a good decisions… thus influence
INTIMATE REGISTER people’s outlook and character.
- This communication is private. - Styles and strategies play an important role
- It is reserved for close family members or to achieve the power to influence your
intimate people. audience to act and do something.
- For example: Husband and Wife, Siblings,
and Parents. ELEMENTS OF VOCAL DELIVERY

CASUAL REGISTER PITCH

- This is informal language used by peers and - This refers to the highness and the lowness
friends. of the tone of the voice.
- Slang, vulgarities, and colloquialisms are - The speaker’s knowledge of when to raise
normal. or lower the tone of his/her voice is
- This is "group" language. One must be a important.
member to engage in this register. - The pitch must be varied

CONSULTATIVE REGISTER VOLUME

- Used for the purpose of seeking assistance. - This refers to the loudness or softness of the
- May use a standard or non-standard variety sound.
of English yet a level of detachment is - Modulating is one thing while shouting is
maintained. another. The speaker must know which
- It is a professional discourse: parts he/she should speak. louder or softer.
Communications between a superior and - Likewise, he/she should be sensitive enough
subordinate, Doctor and Patient, Lawyer too notice whether or not his/her voice is
and Client. audible, particularly to those who may be
seated at the farthest end of, for instance, a
FORMAL REGISTER hall.
- This language is used in formal settings.
- This use of language usually follows a RATE
commonly accepted format. - This refers to the speed at which words are
- It is used in impersonal and formal settings. spoken.
- For example: Sermons, Speeches, and - The rate must be adapted to the type of
Pronouncements made by judges. audience with which the speaker
communicates.
STATIC / FROZEN REGISTER - It is wise to maintain a moderate speed to
- This style of communication rarely or never enable the listeners to follow the
changes. It is "frozen" in time and content. presentation and grasp the message more
- For example: The Lord's Prayer, clearly.
Philippine Constitution. - The rate can also change once in a while for
emphasis.
PAUSE - The eyes must be directed not toward the
- This refers to the temporary stop in the ceiling nor the floor, but the audience.
vocal delivery, which serves a good purpose.
- It allows the listeners some time to process GESTURES
the information while, at the same time, - This refers to the movement of the body
allowing the speaker to recall something that expresses or emphasizes an idea,
that he/she might have forgotten about the sentiment, or attitude.
presentation. He/she must learn when to - Too much gestures might be an overkill; too
pause. little of them might make the presentation
dull.
ANIMATION - Hence, it is imperative that speakers
- This refers to the liveliness of the voice. consider the size of the audience, that is,
- The speaker's ability to animate his/her whether or not their gestures must involve
voice will definitely make the presentation only the fingers or the wrist or if they must
dynamic. be extended to the use of the elbow or the
shoulder.
VOCAL CLARITY
- This refers to proper pronunciation. The POSTURE
speaker must be able to utter the words - Good posture does not have to be very stiff
properly and clearly. like that of a police officer when coming to a
- He/she must likewise avoid disruptive position of attention nor does it have to be
speech sounds such as uh, well, um, and too relaxed that the speaker appears lousy
you know. or even arrogant.
- Standing straight and tall, with both feet flat
VOCAL QUALITY and slightly apart, chin up, shoulders
- This refers to the distinct characteristic of relaxed, coupled with that charming smile
one's voice. can make up a good posture. Just do it
- It can be thin, hoarse, hinky, rough, or airy, naturally!
etc.
- Since vocal quality can be improved and MOVEMENT
even changed, it is important for the - Knowing when to move to and from must
speaker to explore the beauty of his/her be clear to every speaker. Moving too much
own voice, knows its strengths and and aimlessly can be very distracting.
weaknesses, and optimize it to his/her - Effective movements must be purposeful,
advantage. that is, the speaker moves only when
making or emphasizing a point.
- Especially in formal settings, movement
ELEMENTS OF PHYSICAL DELIVERY must be limited such that it reinforces the
message instead of distracting its
FACIAL EXPRESSION presentation. Observe timing, and move
- No matter how speakers project their voice smartly.
or dancers move their body, if they do not
show appropriate facial expressions, they APPEARANCE
fail. - While people are basically there to listen to
- Their facial expressions must be reflective of what the speaker has to say, how he/she
the message they wish to express to the looks can make the audience interested and
audience. pay attention to his/her presentation.
- Dress appropriately for both your audience
EYE CONTACT and the occasion. Avoid flashy jewelry. A
- Effective eye contact will establish little makeup for women and a clean haircut
connection with the audience. for men will definitely be appealing.
- Looking directly at the audience will make
them feel that they are significant part of
the presentation.
 - Disadvantage: It requires great deal of
preparation for both verbal and nonverbal
components of the speech
LESSON 6: SPEECHES ACCORDING TO
DELIVERY
MANUSCRIPT SPEAKING
Speech Delivery is one of the most important - This speech is the word-for-word iteration
aspects in delivering a speech aside from the of a written message.
preparation of the speech which entails research, - The success of this medium depends on: (1)
organization, outlining, and practicing. Delivery is a the speaker is already an accomplished
result of the combination of two kinds of public speaker who has learned to use a
communication which are verbal and nonverbal conversational tone while delivering a
communication. prepared script; (2) the speech is written in
a style that sounds conversational.
IMPROMPTU SPEAKING - Advantage: This speech is the exact
- Is the presentation of a short message repetition of original words
without advance preparation. - Disadvantage: Typically an uninteresting
- Impromptu speeches often occur when way to present, unless the speaker is
someone is asked to "say a few words" or rehearsed just like in poetry interpretation,
give a toast on special occasion. declamation, etc.
- You have probably done impromptu
speaking many times in informal, MEMORIZED SPEECH
conversational settings. Self-introductions in - It is the rote recitation of a written that the
classes are examples of impromptu speaker has committed to memory.
speaking. - Memorization can be useful when the
- The advantage of this speaking is that it's message needs to be exact and the speaker
spontaneous and responsive in an animated doesn’t want to be confined by notes
group context. - Advantage: Enables speaker to maintain eye
- The disadvantage is that the speaker is contact with the audience through the
given a little or no time to contemplate the speech
central theme of his or her message. As a - Disadvantage: Forgetting the lines and
result, the message may be disorganized might end up speaking in a monotone or a
and difficult for listeners to follow. singsong that fails to emphasize the most
important points
EXTEMPORANEOUS SPEAKING
- It is the presentation of a carefully planned
and rehearsed speech, spoken in a LESSON 7: SPEECHES ACCORDING TO
conversational manner using brief notes. By PURPOSE
using notes rather than a full manuscript.
- This speech can establish and maintain eye There are four basic types of speeches that are
contact with the audience and assess how used: to inform, to demonstrate, to persuade, and
well they understand the message as it to entertain. All of these are not mutually exclusive
progresses. of one another. For example, you may try to inform
- The opportunity to assess is also an your audience in an entertaining style, but you
opportunity to restate more clearly any idea might also inform the audience by persuading them
or concept that the audience seems to have to act on the information.
trouble grasping.
- Advantages: Promotes the likelihood that INFORMATIVE SPEECH
you, as speaker, will be as knowledgeable This speech serves to provide interesting and
and credible; audience is likely to pay better factual information to the audience. To deliver this
attention to the message because it is information, the message must be delivered clearly
engaging both verbally and nonverbally to the audience.
Example:
• College professor lecturing on a specific topic statistics combined with your personal experience
during a class. to make your argument even more believable.
• Guest speaker presenting information to a group 2. Passion. Convey the subject with confidence,
of students about how to apply for college. passion and conviction to appeal to the emotions
• Company president presenting information about of the audience.
last quarter's sales to a group of board members.

Main elements in writing an informative speech: ENTERTAINING SPEECH

1. Knowledge. Expertise and knowledge of the
subject is shown when the information is This speech's sole purpose is to have your audience
adequately enough for your audience. enjoy the presentation. The purpose of this speech
2. Key Points. Repeat all key points to ensure is to make your audience laugh, relax, enjoy, and
knowledge retention. even laugh their heads off.
3. Interest. Convey your speech with confidence Entertainment speech has the nature to transmit a
and include unusual facts about the subject. feeling of pleasure as well as goodwill to the
audience of listeners. The speaker should be
DEMONSTRATIVE SPEECH gracious, good-natured as well as relaxed to his/
This speech is written to explain and show people her audience.
step-by-step instructions on how to do something. How do you make a speech entertaining?
This involves various types of visual aids to ensure Tell jokes,
the effectiveness of the instructions. Tell funny stories.
Example: Over-dramatize an anecdote.
How to write a speech,
How to bake a cake, Guidelines for Creating an Entertaining Speech
A step-by-step instruction on how to assemble a 1. Choose an appropriate topic. The topic should
miniature house. not be too dense, complicated or heavy. Your
audience came to have a good time, not to have a
Elements in writing a Demonstrative Speech: greater understanding of anything.
1. Instructions. Provide clear and concise 2. Enjoy yourself. It is hard for an audience to enjoy
instructions to your audience. your presentation if it looks like you are not having
2. Task Breakdown. The task must be fun. Be confident and enjoy.
understandable in a logical way, step-by-step. 3. Keep it simple. Your presentation should be easy
3. Key Points. This must be emphasized including to follow. Do not make it hard for your audience to
safety issues. keep up with you mentally.
4. Make it visceral. Use vivid word pictures; this
PERSUASIVE SPEECH enables your audience to use their wild imagination
This speech is written to persuade or convince your so that your
audience of the validity of your argument. This presentation will not be dull and boring.
involves persuading someone to change their
opinion or take into account some elements that
have not really been considered before. The speech LESSON 8: SPEECHES ACCORDING TO
is arranged in such a way to hopefully cause the SPECIAL OCCASSIONS
audience to accept all or part of the expressed These speeches are given during a ceremony or a
view. It is usually the most difficult to deliver. ritual that observes formality or etiquette. Different
types of ceremonies tend to be very special to
Example: some people, so it shouldn't be surprising that
Be a blood donor, these are opportunities for speech making.
Become a volunteer and change the world
SPEECH OF INTRODUCTION
Elements in writing a Persuasive Speech: - A speech of introduction should be a
1. Credibility. Establish your credibility by
complete speech and have a clear
demonstrating expertise, evidence, and knowledge
introduction, body, and conclusion.
of your subject. Present factual information,
 - For an introduction, think of a hook that will - Many attendees may not know the
make your audience become interested in deceased well, or may have only known the
the upcoming deceased for a portion of his or her life.
- speaker.
- The body of your introduction should be SPEECH OF FAREWELL
about the speaker's topic, why he is - This speech allows someone to say goodbye
qualified, and why the audience should to a part of his/her life as he/she will move
listen. on to the next chapter that awaits him/her.
- The final part is the conclusion; this is - This could be that you are graduating from
generally designed to welcome the speaker college and entering the workforce or
to the lectern. leaving your current job.

SPEECH OF PRESENTATION SPEECH OF PROMOTION

- This speech is given to accompany a prize or - Speeches are a form of writing in which the
honor. When creating a speech of writer imparts an important, often
presentation, it is important to ask how galvanizing message to an audience.
long the speech will be. - Promotion Speeches also recognize others
- Firstly, you should ask what the award or for their contributions to your success, offer
honor is and why the whole presentation is guidance to other students, and look to the
important. future.
- Second, you can explain what the recipient
of the award has accomplished in order for DRAMATIC SPEECH
the award to be bestowed. Did he/she win a It is a speech of some duration addressed by
race? Did he/she write an important piece character and usually performed on stage with
of literature? Whatever the recipient has characters on play or role-playing a story.
done, you need to clearly highlight his or
her work. TYPES OF DRAMATIC SPEECHES
o Monologue - a long interrupted speech
SPEECH OF DEDICATION delivered by a character to other characters
This speech is delivered when a new store opens, a on stage.
building is named after someone, or a a new library o Soliloquy - a speech in where a character,
is completed, and so on. alone on stage, reveals private thoughts
These speeches are designed to highlight the that audience is allowed to overhear.
importance of the project and those whom the o Aside - a brief remark a character makes to
project has been dedicated. the audience rather than to other
characters.
TOAST o Dialogue - the playwright's main tool for
- This speech is designed to congratulate, or developing characters and furthering the
appreciate. plot. It's more on conversing with each
- First, toasts can be delivered for the other.
purpose of congratulating someone for an
honor or getting married. INSPIRATIONAL SPEECH
- You can also toast someone to show your - An Inspirational speech is written to
appreciation for what they've done. persuade, or convince the listeners, that
- Lastly, we toast to people to remember they can succeed.
what they have accomplished in life. - This might involve relating optimistic and
uplifting stories, or anecdotes, based on
EULOGY faith or real life situations taken from the
- A eulogy is a speech given at a funeral or lives or ordinary or famous people from
memorial service praising the deceased. history, sports, politics and the Business
- While a eulogy is not mandatory, it can be world.
the most important part of the service.
GOODWILL SPEECH
 - Goodwill speeches are both informative and
persuasive. Understanding One Another
- You seek to persuade your audience to be
CULTURE
in favor of you and who or what you
System of knowledge, beliefs, values, customs,
represent. behaviors, and artifacts that are acquired, shared,
- Goodwill speeches highlight shared values, and used by its members during daily living.
customs, beliefs, and morals. CO-CULTURE
- This speech is mostly done by pastors and Within culture as a whole are co-cultures; these are
priests. composed of members of the same general culture
who differ in some ethnic or sociological way from
LESSON 9: LOCAL AND GLOBAL the parent culture.
COMMUNICATION IN MULTICULTURAL
SETTING CO-CULTURE STRATEGIES
Assimilation
The means by which co-culture members attempt
Globalization is the increasing economic, political, to fit in with members of the dominant culture.
and cultural integration and interdependence of Accommodation
diverse cultures – the worldwide integration of The means by which co-culture members maintain
humanity. their cultural identity while striving to establish
Globalization requires that we pay attention to a relationships with members of the dominant
related concept – diversity – the recognition and culture.
valuing of difference, encompassing such factors as Separation
age, gender, race, ethnicity, ability religion, The means coculture members use to resist
education, marital status, sexual orientation, and interacting with members of the dominant culture.
Income.
VARIABLES IN DISTINGUISHING CULTURES
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
Whenever cultural variability influences the nature Individualism vs. Collectivism
and the effects of communication, intercultural
communication is at work. Thus, when we speak INDIVIDUALISM
about it, we are concerning ourselves with the Refers to cultures in which individual goals are
process of interpreting and sharing meaning with stressed.
individuals from different cultures. COLLECTIVISM
Refers to cultures in which group goals are stressed.
Interracial Communication
- This means that, while the “I” may be most
- It is interpreting and sharing of meanings
important in individualistic cultures, the
with individuals from different races.
“we” is the dominant force in collectivistic
- It occurs when the interactants are from
ones.
different races.
- While in collectivist cultures the individual is
expected to fit into the group, in
Interethnic Communication
individualistic cultures emphasis is placed
- It refers to interaction with individuals of
on developing a sense of self.
different ethnic origins.
- It occurs when communicating parties have
High-context vs. Low-context Communication
different ethnic origins.
HIGH-CONTEXT
International Communication - Communication system depends on
- It is the communication between persons
indirectness.
representing different nations. - Their cultural traditions shape the behavior
- It occurs between persons representing
and lifestyle of group members, causing
political structures. them to appear to be overly polite and
indirect in relating to others.
Intracultural Communication LOW-CONTEXT
- It is the interaction with members of the - Communication system encourages
same racial or ethnic group as yours. directness.
- It includes all forms of communication - Members tend to gather background
among members of the same racial, ethnic, information when meeting someone for the
or other co-culture groups. first time.
CO-CULTURE STRATEGIES High-power Distance vs Low-power Distance
 - Power distance measures the extent to - Religious Identity is at the root of countless
which individuals are willing to accept contemporary conflicts occurring in the
power differences. Middle East, India and Pakistan, and Bosnia
HIGH-POWER and Herzegovina. The proselytizing that
- Superiors and subordinates in this culture occurred at the U.S Air Force Academy by
are likely to view each other differently. Evangelical cadets and officers illustrates the
- Subordinates are quick to defer to superior. strength and influence of religious identity.
Even the conflicts in some areas in our
country especially in Mindanao, were
caused partly if not mainly by conflicting
LOW-POWER religious orientations.
- Power should be used only when legitimate. - Similarly, socioeconomic identify frames
- Emphasizes their interdependence by how we respond to issues of our day. The
displaying a preference for consultation, widening gap between the ultra-wealthy
subordinates will even contradict their and the middle and lower classes in the
bosses when necessary. different parts of the world is contributing
to their developing different attitudes on a
LESSON 10: CULTURAL AND GLOBAL ISSUES wide array of issues.
- National identity refers to legal status or
AFFECTING COMMUNICATION
citizenship. People from different countries
have been U.S. citizens for generations, yet
CULTURAL DIFFERENCES (Influences on Cultural
some still perceive them as foreigners.
Identity)
ETHNOCENTRISM vs. CULTURAL RELATIVISM
- Our cultural identity is based on our group
When cultures meet, when we interact with
memberships which are determined by persons whose values are different from ours or
gender, age, racial, ethnic, religious, whose behavioral norms differ from our own, we
socioeconomic, political or even national must first recognize and acknowledge our
affiliations. differences. We must come to accept diversity if we
- Culture as a social group's system of are to be able to process other cultures' influences
meanings. You are part of a culture because and communicate with each other in a meaningful
you've been taught to attach meanings to way.
almost everything -persons, places, ides,
rituals, things, routines, and even ETHNOCENTRISM vs. CULTURAL RELATIVISM
communication behavior. Ethnocentrism, the tendency to see your own
culture as superior to all others, is a key
Our experiences are different from others what characteristics of failed intercultural
with the different social education and upbringing communication efforts.
that we had.
How we define gender roles, for instance, affects Persons who are ethnocentric experience great anxiety when
the way males and females present themselves, interacting with persons from different cultures. Quick to
socialize, work, perceive their futures, and utter statements like "They take our jobs," "They're
communicate. everywhere," and "They're just not like us," those who
embrace ethnocentrism lack cultural flexibility and are
American men tend to adopt a problem-solving particularly unprepared to meet the challenges posed by our
orientation, while women tend to be relationship society and our world today. The more ethnocentric you are,
oriented. We also have ideas regarding the the greater your tendency is to view groups other than your
meaning and significance of age, including how own as inferior. As a result, you tend to blame others for
persons particular age should look and behave. In problems and seek to maintain your distance from them.
the United States, large numbers of people place
great value on looking youthful and appear to be ETHNOCENTRISM vs. CULTURAL RELATIVISM
younger than they are. In contrast, in Muslim, Cultural relativism is the opposite of
Asian, and Latin American cultures, people respect, ethnocentrism. When you practice cultural
rather than deny, aging. relativism, instead of viewing group to which you
belong as superior to all others, you work to try to
- Our racial and ethnic identities are similarly understand the behavior of other groups on the
socially constructed. Some racial and ethnic basis of the context in which the behavior occurs
groups, for example, share experiences of rather than from your own frame of reference.
oppression. Their attitudes and behaviors
may reflect their struggles, influencing their STEREOTYPE AND PREJUDICE
attitudes toward contemporary issues such Stereotypes are mental images or pictures we carry
as affirmative action. around in our heads, they are shortcuts, whether
positive or negative, that guide our reactions to
others. When attached to the way we view the
world, stereotypes generate unrealistic pictures of • Mexican stereotypes suggest that all Mexicans
others and prevent us from distinguishing an are lazy and came into America illegally.
individual from a group. Racial profiling is just one • All Arabs and Muslims are terrorists.
example of how stereotyping affects worldview. • Italian or French people are the best lovers.
• All Blacks outside of the United States are poor.
• All Jews are greedy.
• All Asians like to eat rice and drive slow.
• All Irish people are drunks and eat potatoes.

COMMON STEREOTYPES
Sexual Stereotypes
Racial Profiling One of the more common Sexual stereotypes, on the other hand, suggest that
stereotype examples is stereotypes surrounding any feminine man is gay and any masculine woman
race. For example, saying that all Blacks are good at is a lesbian. Those who believe gay stereotypes may
sports is a stereotype, because it's grouping the also believe that homosexuality is immoral, wrong
race together to indicate that everyone of that race and an abomination.
is a good athlete.
Gender Profiling There are also some common STEREOTYPE AND PREJUDICE
stereotypes of men and women, such as: Prejudice describes how we feel about a group of
• Men are strong and do all the work. people whom, more likely than not, we do not
• Men are the "backbone." personally know. A negative or positive pre-judgement,
prejudice arises either because we want to feel more
• Women aren't as smart as a man.
positively about our own group, or because we feel
• Women can't do as good of a job as a man.
others present a threat, real or not.
• Girls are not good at sports.
• Guys are messy and unclean. EXAMPLES OF PREJUDICE
• Men who spend too much time on the computer • In Colorado, a same-sex couple wanted to order a
or read are geeks. cake for their wedding day. Based on his prejudice
toward gay couples, the owner of the bakery refused to
COMMON STEREOTYPES bake their cake. The issue was even taken to the
Supreme Court in a ruling that sided with the baker. The
Groups of Individuals baker claims he is not prejudiced but, rather, was simply
- A different type of stereotype also involves abiding by his religious beliefs.
grouping of individuals. Most of this • Bullying is often caused by a prejudice against people
stereotyping is taking place in schools. who are different. For example, the "cool kids" are
wearing a certain brand of clothing, so they pick on the
one kid who's wearing a dress she and her mom made?
For example: Just because she's different doesn't mean she should
• Goths wear black clothes, black makeup, are have a target on her back. Of course, there are tons of
depressed and hated by society. psychological reasons why kids are misguided enough to
• Punks wear mohawks, spikes, chains, are a menace to bully, but it has its place in prejudice.
society and are always getting in trouble. • Some parents will not approve of their children
• All politicians are philanders and think only of personal marrying anyone of a different race or religion. Typically,
gain and benefit. these parents believe their ethnic or cultural
• Girls are only concerned about physical appearance. background is superior to others, highlighting their
• All blonds are unintelligent. ethnocentricity. Or, they want to preserve the purity of
• All librarians are women who are old, wear glasses, tie their bloodline without any other nationalities mixed in.
a high bun, and have a perpetual frown on their face. This stems from a certain level of xenophobia, or an
• All teenagers are rebels. irrational fear that someone different or foreign is
• All children don't enjoy healthy food. inferior or bad.
• Only anorexic women can become models.
• The elderly have health issues and behave like Ways to improve the ability to communicate
children. interculturally

COMMON STEREOTYPES The following guidelines should help you increase your
tolerance for ambiguity, enhance your ability to handle
Cultures new situations, and better prepare yourself to meet the
Stereotypes also exist about cultures an countries communication challenges of today and tomorrow:
as a whole. Stereotype examples of this sort
include the premises that: ✓ Refrain from formulating expectations based solely on
your own culture. When those you interact with have
• All white Americans are obese, lazy, and
diverse communication styles, it is critical that you
dimwitted. Homer Simpson of the TV series The acknowledge the differences and accept their validity.
Simpsons is the personification of this stereotype. By not isolating yourself within your own group or
culture, you allow yourself to be more fully a part of a communication are somewhat embarrassing,
multicultural society and thus a better communicator. complicated, and mysterious to other cultures.

✓ Recognize how faulty education can impede

understanding. It is important to identify and work to LESSON 11: SEMIOTICS
eliminate any personal biases and prejudices you have
developed over the years. Determine, for example, the What is semiotics?
extent to which your family and friends have influenced
Semiotics is the study of signs and symbols and
your feelings about persons from other cultural groups.
their use of interpretation. Usually, semiotic
analysis studies the roles of signs and the part they
✓ Make a commitment to develop communication skills
and abilities appropriate to life in a multicultural world. play on a social and cultural scale.

“While culture is a tie that binds, the creation of the

global village makes it essential that you leave the
comfort of your cultural niche, become more
knowledgeable of other cultures, and strive to be
culturally aware.”

“At one level, we all interpret signs every day of our

lives, we negotiate the signage of human interactions,
purchases, work, travel etc. In most cases we do this
successfully because we have learned how to decode
and use the signs in our everyday lives.”
- The diagrams above are examples of the
“It is important to familiarize yourself with the “Sausserean” models (named after
communication rules and preferences of members of Ferdinand de Saussure, who helped create
different cultures so that you can increase the The the model).
diagrams above are examples of the “Sausserean” - The tree represents the concept of what we
models (named after Ferdinand de Saussure, who think about when we hear the word “tree.”
helped create the model). (the signified)
• The tree represents the concept of what we think
- The sound of the word “tree” - or reading
about when we hear the word “tree.” (the signified)
the word in print – brings up the mental
• The sound of the word “tree” - or reading the word in
print – brings up the mental image of an actual tree. image of an actual tree. (the signifier)
(the signifier) - The line between the signified and signifier
• The line between the signified and signifier represents represents the link the mind triggers
the link the mind triggers whenever the two are placed whenever the two are placed together. The
together. The arrows represent that constant interaction arrows represent that constant interaction
between concept and sound/visual.effectiveness of your between concept and sound/visual.
communication encounters.”

Your ability to develop intercultural communication TYPES OF SIGNS

skills depends in large part on how many of the
following promises you are willing to make:
1. I will make a commitment to seek information from
SYMBOLIC
persons whose cultures are different from my own. - The signifier (the physical/material) does
2. I will try to understand how the experiences of not resemble the signified (concept), so the
persons from different cultures lead them to develop relationship between the two must be
perspectives that differ from mine. taught.
3. I will pay attention to the situation and the context - Some examples of these are: traffic
when I communicate with persons from different signs/traffic lights, foreign language/sign
cultures. language, national flags, punctuation, and
4. I will make every effort to become a more flexible Morse code.
communicator
5. I will not insist that persons from other cultures
ICONIC
communicate with me on my terms.
- The signifier (the physical/material)
HOW CAN WE UNDERSTAND EACH OTHER? resembles the signified (concept), so the
Always remember, that communication must be placed relationship is obvious.
into a framework of understanding or it is meaningless. - Some examples are: a photograph or
That framework is based on assumptions from our portrait of someone, a cartoon, a gesture,
home culture and any other cultures that we have come or a metaphor
into contact with. To bridge the intercultural
communication gaps, we should be familiar to the - The signifier (the physical/material) is
different terms, expressions, and images reflecting
directly connected to the signified
different cultures because some aspects of intercultural
 (concept), but the relationship is at the - A “text” is not limited to something written
interpreter's discretion. down.
- Text can be a film, an artifact, anything in
- Some examples are: sound signals (a knock language and culture that conveys meaning.
at the door or a phone ringing), natural - Multicultural literature serves as a powerful
signals (smoke means fire or footsteps tool in enabling students to gain a better
means someone is approaching), pointer understanding of both their own culture
signals (directions or a finger pointing) or and the cultures of others.
recordings (a film, TV show, photograph, or - Students therefore develop greater
YouTube video). cognitive skills as they learn to engage with
and critically evaluate the texts that they
read.

OTHER SEMIOTIC TERMS TO KNOW WHAT IS MULTIMODAL?

Denotation – the most basic literal meaning of a Multimodal Text is the strategic use of two or more
sign. Denotative interpretations help associate the communication modes to make meaning. For
signifier (the physical/material) with the actual example, image, gesture, music, spoken language,
definition of the signified (concept). ▻ Example: a and written language.
rose is a sign for a type of flower in a garden.
While the development of multimodal literacy is
Connotation - the secondary, cultural meaning of a strongly associated with the growth of digital
sign. Connotative interpretations help associate the communication technologies, multimodal is NOT
signifier (the physical/material) with emotions, synonymous with digital.
feelings, or cultural “stories” of the signified A multimodal text can be:
(concept). ▻ Example: a rose is a sign for passion Paper - such as books, comics, posters.
or true love (think Romeo and Juliet or the Digital - slide presentations, e-books, blogs, e-
enchanted rose in Beauty and the Beast) posters, web pages, and social media, through to
animation, film and video games.
Ideology – a set of ideas that create a culture's Live - a performance or an event.
expectations, goals, and actions; in semiotics, this Transmedia - use of multiple delivery channels
relates usually to social or political issues. through a combination of media platforms, for
Paradigm – a set of associated signifieds (concepts) example, book, comic, magazine, film, web series,
or signifiers (the physical/material) which belong to and video game mediums all working as part of the
the same category; ▻ Example: when working with same story
film and television, a paradigm may include ways of
transitioning, or moving, from a shot/camera angle EXAMPLES OF MULTIDOMAL TEXTS
(dissolve, cut, fade, etc.)
VIDEO ADVOCACY CAMPAIGN (VAC)
Syntagm – a sequential chain that combines - A video for a reason, not about something.
interacting signifiers (the physical/material) and - “Advocacy” refers to the process of bringing
forms a meaningful whole within a semiotic text ▻ about change in policies, law, or people's
Example: courses to different meals – each meal behavior and attitudes.
(breakfast, lunch, and dinner) holds a separate - Video is the medium, advocacy is the
meaning, so the sequential chain would dictate purpose, change is the goal.
what courses to serve.
VIDEO ADVOCACY CAMPAIGN (VAC)
Mythology – the combination of paradigms and Making an advocacy video requires:
syntagms that make up a well-told story with - Setting specific objectives
regards to cultural association ▻ Example: the - Identifying target audiences; and
American cowboy mythology/the Wild West
- Developing a strategic plan for production
mythology)
and distribution to ensure the video has
impact.
Semiotic situation – a moment when we try to
make sense of our surroundings and interpret one
PUBLIC SERVICE ANNOUNCEMENT(PSA)
aspect based on the signs of our situation.
- Any message that promotes the programs,
services or activities of any national
government agencies or any non-profit
LESSON 12: EVALUATING MESSAGES OF
organization.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF TEXTS ACROSS - Often in the form of commercial and print
CULTURES ads.
 - Created to persuade an audience to take a
favorable action. - Business letters are formal paper
- Using media as a strategic tool to engage communications between, to or from
people to create change. businesses
How to make a PSA? - Business letters’ goal is typically to exchange
- Choose your topic messages ranging from routine,
- Research informational matters to complex, and even
- Consider your audience controversial matters.
- Grab your audience's attention - It has types raging from sales and inquiry
- Make a script with few simple letters to adjustment and follow -up letters.
statements
- Find your audience and get their - Memos or Memorandum is used to
reaction communicate something of immediate
importance to people within a business or
MEDIA CAMPAIGN (MC) organization.
Media campaigns are planned series of newspaper - Like a business letter, a memo is a
articles, television interviews, infographics, etc. that permanent record of your communication.
are intended to achieve a particular aim. It is used in both paper and electronic
To conduct a media campaign, you need to answer formats.
the following questions: - This document is utilized to trade
What is the overall purpose of the campaign? information within and beyond
Who is your target audience? organization.
What is your call to action?
How and who will deliver the message? As far as professionalism is concern, transactions
When will you do it? within and outside the organization – formality
should not be forsaken in choosing the most
EVALUATING MESSAGES IN A MULTIMODAL TEXTS appropriate form of written communication in
every writing situation.
- Evaluating messages/images is necessary to
check the truth, accuracy, and relevance of PRINCIPLES IN BUSINESS WRITING
any information. Doing so will develop or
enhance your critical thinking skill. - Observing the principles in writing business
- Messages are constructions. Someone letters and memos are the key to help
thinks long and hard about any print or writers attain the objectives.
electronic message that is produced. - These are important elements to be
- Messages have unique forms, language, considered so as to convey messages or
symbols, and other features. The type of information effectively.
message determines the form, language,
symbols, and images that are used in it. WORD CHOICE

Guidelines in Evaluating Messages in Multimodal - The correct choice of words provides clear and
Texts effective letters and memos.
1. What is the message? - Writers should be careful in choosing words to
2. What is the purpose of the message? be used when writing because insensitive usage
3. How is the message conveyed by the text and/or of words can lead to unclear messages which
image? would lead to frustration, miscommunication,
4. Who is the target audience of the message? and other possible problems.
- Since writers purpose is to relay messages, the
5. What are the other ways of presenting the
use of familiar or everyday words helps your
message?
reader to comprehend your message.
- Writers should avoid wordiness, slang, clichés,
and pretentious words.
LESSON 13: WRITING BUSINESS LETERS - The formula in writing effective business letters
AND MEMOS and moms is to express complicated ideas with
strings of words that readers can easily
Business letters and memos are two of the most understand.
common formal communication documents which
EMPHASIS and DE-EMPHASIS TECHNIQUES
contain information. Such type of documents are
- The ability to use these techniques can
forms of information dissemination within and
make a difference between average and
outside organizations. However, these said
exceptional letters and memos.
documents have similarities and differences in
- Emphasis Techniques:
terms of goal, types, format etc.
 ▻ Italicizing and boldfacing words, phrases, academic writing papers demand particular
and sentences considerations to the following elements:
▻ Placing material you want to emphasize
in “emphasis positions” in short sentences Organization
within short paragraphs (Emphasize Unlike other writing styles, the general construct of
positions are near the beginning and end of academic writing demands formality and logic.
sentences and paragraphs) Cohesion and logic bring together the various parts
▻ Use of active voice in an organized manner to create a unified idea that
- De-emphasis Techniques are the opposite of is to be communicated. It is important to note that
the emphasis techniques. the transitions between sentences and paragraphs
must be very clear to guide the readers. be
reminded that the function of the introduction of
any academic writing is to show flow of the whole
paper.
The Tone
any academic writing inherently has a stance or
WRITING CONCISELY point of view that shapes The kind of arguments or
- In today’s business place, employees who explanations presented. balance and accuracy are
write concisely and clearly are valued, so be expected in the presentation of these arguments.
careful not to include unnecessary details. Thus you, the writer, having the authoritative point
- Writing concisely means: of view in exposing the relevant insignificant details
▻ Knowing the depth of detail your reader must “state the strengths of your arguments
needs to know. confidently, using language that is neutral, not
▻ If short words can get the message confrontational or dismissive.
across, use it rather than using long words. The Choice of Words
words to be used in any academic writing make the
- Well-written, concise messages promote difference. Since words can be interpreted in varied
clarity and save people time. However, in ways because of cultural influence, your choice of
your quest to write concise messages, be words must show definiteness for you to express
careful not to leave out details necessary for the intended purpose and meaning within the
message clarity. context of your writing without confusing the
readers.
LESSON 14: WRITING RERSEARCH-BASED The Language
ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY with the intention to convey an idea in a formal and
structured manner, you must not be ambiguous
ENGLISH AS AN ACADEMIC LANGUAGE with the language used for your readers to follow
- “Academic writing in English” refers to a your line of thoughts without being confused and
style of expression that researchers use to lost. As a writer, you must inhibit from using
define intellectual boundaries of their general terminologies, colloquial expressions, and
disciplines and their specific areas of irregular punctuations and abbreviations. The most
expertise. Characteristics of academic appropriate and effective language that you use
writing include a formal tone, use of the should be to the point (conciseness), specific
third person rather than first person (preciseness), and proper (formality) to develop the
perspective, A clear focus on the research intended meaning. Punctuations
problem under investigation, and precise Since language is very crucial in conveying the
word choice (James, 2008). Hence, it intended meaning of the academic writing, all
requires formality in language and structure necessary elements associated with it like
of writing. It strictly follows writing rules punctuations must be critically selected and used.
and guidelines even including the Exclamation points, dashes, hyphens if not properly
requirement for the font style and fun size make use of suggest informality of tone. be sure
that you will use in presenting your idea. that you correctly use periods and semicolons so
that your paper will not look like dramatic poetry. If
- Academic English is not the daily-kind of you are not confident with your use of punctuation
spoken or written in English because it may in your sentences, all you need to do is revise your
be used for a specific purpose like sentence to avoid incomprehensible line of
explaining the formal definition, describing thoughts.
how something works or classifying items. Academic Conventions
Scholarly writing demands the acknowledging of
There might be varied accepted forms of academic sources of information in the forms of footnote,
writing depending on preferred style, purpose, and note or a reference page. This act of citation
context and the target audiences. However, most simply expresses the respect and recognition of the
authors of the borrowed ideas and language. If it is
not done, then you will be charged with plagiarism
which means cheating. Citing sources as a must in The structure of the argumentative essay is held
academic writing allows the reader to verify the together by the following:
truthfulness of the idea, concepts or research
findings and conclusions used in proving claims or A clear, concise, and defined thesis statement
arguments. Aside from citing sources, you should that occurs in the first paragraph of the essay.
also consider standards in writing in terms of This first part should explain why the topic is
format, pronoun reference, poetic expression's in important or why readers should care about the
slang terms. Unless needed to emphasize a crucial issue. It is essential that this thesis statement be
point of argument, then use them with caution. appropriately narrowed to follow the guidelines set
Evidence-based Arguments forth in writing. If the student does not master this
Academic writing values opinions that are reflective portion of the essay, it will be quite difficult to
of actual body of knowledge and credible sources. compose an effective or essay.
In explaining a personal claim, you need to
substantiate it with evidence from reliable sources Body paragraphs that include evidential support.
to establish the strength of claim. The data of proof Each paragraph should be limited to the discussion
of claim must be expressed in a well-documented, of one general idea. This will allow for clarity and
logical, coherent style in order to convince the direction throughout the essay. In addition, such
readers of the soundness of opinions. This is conciseness creates an ease of readability for one’s
relevant when you want to establish that your idea audience. It is important to note that each
is valid. paragraph in the body of the essay must have some
Thesis-driven logical connection to the thesis statement in the
When you argue, there is always a claim to prove. It opening paragraph. Some paragraphs will directly
is thesis-driven because the presentation of support the thesis statement with evidence
supporting ideas and evidence is caused by a collected during research. It is also important to
particular claim to be established as sound and explain how and why the evidence supports the
legitimate. Similarly, there is the intention to thesis.
contribute to creating possible solutions to solve a
problem or simply understand the new body of A conclusion that does not simply restate the
knowledge. thesis but readdresses it in light of the evidence
Complexity and Higher-order Thinking provided. This is the portion of the essay that will
Higher-order thinking skills are required to deal leave the most immediate impression on the mind
with the issues that are posited in academic of the reader. Therefore, it must be effective and
writing. Evaluating, creating, judging, reflecting, logical. Do not introduce any new information into
and synthesizing are few of the higher-order the conclusion; rather, synthesize the information
thinking skills that facilitate the process of logically presented in the body of the essay. Restate why the
organizing and summarizing the contentions of an topic is important, review the main points, and
argumentative essay or a research problem. These review your thesis. You may also want to include a
are also cognitive processes that explain a set of short discussion of more research that should be
complex information that lead to understanding completed in light of your work.
the idea or concept presented.
Statement- Explanation-Example-Why Structure
ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY
This structure aids the writer in effectively
The argumentative essay is a genre of writing that developing an idea in a paragraph. It should not, in
requires the student to investigate a topic; collect, any way, hinder the writer to elaborate and
generate, and evaluate evidence; and establish a thoroughly expound relevant points.
position on the topic in a concise manner.
STATEMENT
Argumentative essay assignments generally call for Establishes the main idea or the argument that the
extensive research of literature or previously writer wishes to pursue (Example: Dogs are generally
published material. Argumentative assignments regarded as man’s best friend)
may also require empirical research where the
EXPLANATION
student collects data through interviews, surveys,
Explains/ Elaborates/Clarifies the idea or argument
observations, or experiments. Detailed research (They are intelligent and faithful, as well as being easily
allows the student to learn about the topic and to trained to obey, unlike other pets)
understand different points of view regarding the
topic so that she/he may choose a position and EXAMPLE
support it with the evidence collected during Provides evidence/facts/proofs/details that support the
research. Regardless of the amount or type of idea or argument (Guide dogs, sheep dogs, show dogs,
research involved, argumentative essays must or just ordinary mutts)
establish a clear thesis and follow sound reasoning.
WHY
Delineates the relevance or significance of the idea or
simply the articulation of why one thinks this idea is
important (They will be your friends or life and repay
over the attention you give them)