Communication – a process of sharing ideas Models of Communication

Elements of Communication Linear Communication Model

1. Communicator - One-way communication

- Initiator and interpreter - Used for mass communication
- Encoding and decoding - Senders send message and receivers
- The self only receive
2. Messages - No feedback
- Symbolic expression - Concept of Noise
- Verbal
Pros
- Non-verbal – extralinguistic
3. Channel - Intentional results
- 3 dimensions of mediation - Good at audience persuasion in
a. Specificity propaganda setting
o audience specific
o audience general Cons
b. Richness – no. of verbal and non- - Not continuous
verbal cues - No way to know if communication was
c. Interactivity – feedback effective
o Interactive
o Static channel Components
4. Noise/Barrier *Sender– sends message after encoding
- Internal
- External *Encoding – creation
- Semantic -construction of idea
*Decoding – deciphering
5. Feedback
- Fidelity of message *Message – information sent
6. Context
*Channel – medium
- Environment surrounding the
communication process *Receiver – gets the message after decoding
- 3 aspects of context
*Noise – disruptions
o Physical context – when,
where (setting) Lasswell’s Communication Model
o Communicative Setting –
no. of communicators, - Harold D. Laswell
social context & nature of - Also known as action model or linear
communication model or one-way model
o - One of the most influential model
o Cultural Context – - Wh questions
influences the process
of communication

Levels of Communication

1. Intrapersonal – prelude Aristotle’s Model

2. Interpersonal – between 2 persons
- First and earliest model
3. Small group – 3-7 (up to 15), purposive
4. Public Communication – one Criticisms:
communicator in front; more formal
- No concept of feedback
5. Mass Communication – uses
- No concept of noise
technology; often structured and
edited
 - For public-speaking only Criticisms

- Applied more for interpersonal comm.

rather than group comm.
- Receiver is passive
- Feedback is less important
Berlo’s SMCR Model - Human communication is not
- David Berlo mathematical in nature
- He described factors affecting
individual components

Criticisms:

- No concept of feedback
- No concept of noise
- One-way communication

Barnlund’s Transactional Model

- Dean Barlund in 1970

- Shifted from the trend of linear model to
dynamic and two-way communication
- Shows shared field experience of the sender
and receiver
- Simultaneous message sending, noise and
Transactional Model of Communication feedback
- Used for interpersonal communication - Most systematic model
- Senders and receivers interchange Cons
(communicators)
- Talks about non-verbal - Is very complex
communication - The communicators must posses a similar
- Simultaneous feedback code book
- Context of environment and noise

Pros

- Simultaneous and instant feedback

- No discrimination between sender and
receiver

Cons

- Encourages non-verbal
communication
- More noise due to communicators
talking at the same time

Shannon-Weaver’s Model

- Concept of noise help in making the

communication effective by removing
the noise Interactive Model
- Two-way process
- Also known as convergence model
- Applicable in general communication
- Used for new comm. like internet
- Communication is taken as
- Slower feedback
quantifiable
 - Sender and receiver is equally important 5. Receiving – sound waves and light waves
- Becomes linear if receiver does not respond reach the brain
6. Decoding – interprets the language symbols
Pros and thinks further
- Feedback even in mass communication 7. Feedbacking – the listener may manifest overt
- New communication channels behavior or covert behavior
8. Monitoring – speaker watches for signs of
Cons reception or understanding; speaker is
receiving and decoding messages about
- Feedback can take a very long time
himself from his audience in order to adjust
- Communicators may not know the other
person
- No engangement of sender and receiver

Schramm’s Model

- Wilbur Schramm (Father of Mass Comm.)

- Field of experience influences the
interpretation of the message like culture,
social background, beliefs, experiences, values
and rules
- Circular communication
- Dynamic and everchanging
- Communicators are equally active
- Concept of context
- Interpretation makes the comm. effective

Cons

- Can’t deal with multiple levels of comm.

- Only two sources communicating
- Message might not be interpreted as
intended

White’s Model

- Implies a step by step sequence

- Speaker is the originator and receiver is
passive
- 8 stages of oral communication
1. Thinking – desire or emotion that provides a
speaker a sitimulus to communicate a need
2. Symbolizing – a speaker has to know a code of
oral language before uttering
3. Expressing – sounds of language accompanied
by facial expressions, gesture and body stance
4. Transmitting – waves of sound spreading at
1,000 ft/s and waves of light at 186,000 miles
per second carrying the speaker’s message