13 Organic Chemistry P4 MS

Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified (Answers) Paper_4_Topic 13
 Petroleum and its products

 Names and formulae of organic compounds
 Structural formulae, homologous series and isomerism
 Characteristic reactions of different homologous series
 Chemistry of ethanol
 Carboxylic acids and esters
 Polymers
 Plastics
183 13 – Organic Chemistry Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)

1) May 2016 [41] Q (6)
(a)
1) fractional distillation [1]
2) cracking [1]
(b)
(i) addition [1]
(ii) CH2 [1]
(iii)
[2]
(c)
[2]
(d)
(i) concentrated sulfuric acid [1]
(ii) methyl ethanoate [1]
(iii)
[2]
(iv) terylene [1]
2) May 2016 [42] Q (5)

5 (a)
(i) more than enough to react with all the hydrocarbon [1]
(ii) 75 cm3 [1]
(iii) 2 : 15 : 10; [1]
(iv) 2 CxHy(g) + 15 O2(g) 

→ 10 CO2(g) + 10 H2O(l)
[2]
C5H10

(b)
(i) C10H22 
→ C3H6 + C7H16 [1]
(ii) contains a double bond [1]
(iii) test: aqueous bromine

result: brown colour changed to colourless [2]
(c)
(i) addition [1]
(ii) 1 kg [1]
(iii) propene: CH2

polypropene: CH2 [2]
3) May 2016 [43] Q (2)

2
(a) butane [1]
(b) Compounds: E and F

General formula: CnH2n+2 [2]
(c) compounds: E and F

explanation: they have the same molecular formula but different
structural formulae [3]
(d) contains a double bond

C and H only; [2]
(e) C2H4 + H2O 

→ C2H5OH
high temperature / 220 °C – 350 °C;
high pressure / 60 – 70 atm;
phosphoric acid catalyst [3]
(f)
[2]

4) May 2016 [43] Q (6_d, e)

(d)
(i) amide [1]
(ii) proteins are made from more than two monomers [1]
(iii) amino acids [1]
(e)
H N C OH
[1]
H O
5) Nov 2016 [41] Q (3_a, b, c, d, e, i)

3
(a)
(i) heated [1]
(ii) O is more viscous

O is darker [2]
(b) same chemical properties

same functional group [2]
(c)
H H H H H H H CH3 H
H C C C C C H H C C C C H
H H H H H H H H H
[2]
(d)
H H
H C C Cl
[1]
H H
(e)
(i) ends in ene [1]

6) Nov 2016 [41] Q (6)

6
(a) big molecule made from many monomers joined together [2]
(b) [1]
(i) amide linkage [1]
(ii) can be broken down by microbes or bacteria [2]
(c)
O O O O
C C O O C C
[3]
7) Nov 2016 [42] Q (5_c, d)

(c)
(i) the (C=C) double bond [1]
(ii) addition [1]
(d)
(i) substitution [1]
(ii) compounds with the same molecular formula different structural [2]
formulae or structures
(iii)
H H H H H H
H C C C Cl H C C C H
H H H H Cl H
[2]
8) Nov 2016 [42] Q (7_a, d)

7
(a) big molecule made from many monomers joined together [2]
(d)
O O O O
N C N C N C N C
H H H H
[3]

9) Nov 2016 [43] Q (6_a, b, d)
(a)
(i) two monomers joining with the removal of a small molecule as HCl
or H2O to form large molecule [3]
(ii) addition [1]
(b)
(i) O O
C C N N
H H [1]
(ii)
HOOC COOH H2N NH2
[2]
(iii) nylon [1]
(c)
(i) amino acids [1]
(ii) protein is hydrolysed by water in the presence of HCl to amino acids

do chromatography to separate amino acids from each other
spray amino acids with locating agent to show them
determine the Rf value to identify the amino acids [4]
10) May 2017 [41] Q (6)

6
(a) compound that contains carbon and hydrogen only [2]
(b) 1. same general formula

2. same chemical properties
3. same functional group [3]

(c) name: propene

structure:
H H H
H C C C H
H
[2]
(d) reagent: steam

conditions: catalyst (sulfuric acid) [2]
(e)
(i) name: butanoic acid

structure:
[2]
(ii) acidified potassium manganate(VII) [2]
(iii) oxidation [1]
(f) mix methanol acid and ethanoic acid in the presence of sulfuric acid
as catalyst then heat
CH3COOH + CH3OH 
→ CH3COOCH3 + H2O [5]
11) May 2017 [42] Q (6)

6 (a)
(i) alkenes
carboxylic acids [2]
(ii) 1. same general formula

2. same chemical properties [2]
(b) acidified potassium manganate(VII): carboxylic acid

ethanoic acid and a suitable catalyst: ester [2]

(c)
(i) aqueous bromine: decolourised

a solution of sodium carbonate: bubbles [2]
(ii) type of polymerisation: addition

repeat unit:
[3]
12) May 2017 [43] Q (2_a)

2
(i) CH2 [1]
(ii) initial colour: orange (brown)

final colour: colourless [2]
13) May 2017 [43] Q (4_a, b, d)
(a) petroleum [2]
(b)
(i) saturated: only single bonds

hydrocarbon: compound that contains carbon and hydrogen only [2]
(ii) alkane(s) [3]
(iii) 1. same general formula

(iv) C7H16 + 11 O2 
→ 7CO2 + 8H2O [2]
(d)
(i) butane [1]
(ii) molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural
formula [2]

(iii) conditions: UV light

structures of products
not organic: HCl
organic:
H C H
H H
H C C C H
H Cl H
[3]
14) Nov 2017 [41] Q (4_a, b, c, i, e)

4 (a)
(i) C6H12O6 
→ 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 [2]
(ii) 1. 37 °C
2. yeast [2]
(b)
(i) concentrated phosphoric acid [1]
(ii) 56
no. of moles of ethene = = 2 moles
28
no. of moles of ethanol = 2 moles
mass of ethanol = 2 × 46 = 92 [2]
(c)
(i) acidified potassium manganate(VII) OR potassium dichromate(VI) [1]
(e) structure of the carboxylic acid
H H O
H C C C OH
H H
name of the carboxylic acid: propanoic acid

structure of the alcohol
H H H H
H C C C C OH
H H H H
name of the alcohol: butan-1-ol [4]
15) Nov 2017 [42] Q (3_d, e, f)

(d)
(i) cracking [1]
(ii) C12H26 
→ 3C2H4 + C6H14 [2]
(iii) 1. phosphoric acid

2. heat [2]
(iv) addition / hydration [1]
(v) measure its boiling temperature [1]
compare to (known) data [1]
(e)
(i) 1. 37 °C
2. yeast
(ii) C6H12O6 
→ 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 [2]
(iii) because yeast is killed by the ethanol [1]
(iv) slow rate of reaction [1]
(v) uses renewable resources (sugar cane) [1]
(vi) fractional distillation [1]
(f)
(i) CH3O [1]
(ii) no (C=C) double bonds [1]

(iii)
O O O O
C C O O C C
[3]
(iv) polyester [1]
16) Nov 2017 [43] Q (4_e)

(e)
(i) C2H5OH + 3O2 

→ 2CO2 + 3H2O [2]
(ii) climate change / greenhouse effect [1]
(iii) fermentation [1]
(f) electrolysis [1]
17) Nov 2017 [43] Q (6)

6 (a)
(i) compounds containing carbon and hydrogen only [1]
(ii) alkanes: CnH2n+2 [1]
alkenes: CnH2n [1]
(iii) 1. same functional group

(iv)
[1]
(v) structural isomers [1]
(b)
(i) more than enough oxygen to react with all of the hydrocarbon [1]
(ii) 125 cm3 [1]
(iii) 1 : 5 : 3 [1]
(iv) C3H8
C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) 
→ 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l) [2]

18) May 2018 [41] Q (6)
(a) they contain carbon and hydrogen atoms only [2]
(b) all the (C–C) bonds are single [1]
(c)
(i) one atom or group is replaced by another atom or group [1]
(ii) ultra-violet light OR sunlight [1]
(iii) C2H6 + Cl2 

→ C2H5Cl + HCl [2]
(d)
(i) only one product (compound) forms [1]
(ii)
H H H
H C C C H
Br Br H [1]
(e)
[1]
but-2-ene [1]
(f)
(i) poly(ethene) [1]
(ii) H H
C C
H H [2]
n
(g)
O H O H
C=N C=N
[2]
(h) ethanol + butanoic acid 

→ ethyl butanoate + water [3]

19) May 2018 [42] Q (7_c, d, e, f)
(c)
(i) structural isomers [1]
(ii) T V
[2]
(iii) C3H6O2 + 3½ O2 
→ 3CO2 + 3H2O [2]
(d)
(i) alcohol [1]
(ii)
[1]
(e)
(i) they contain carbon and hydrogen atoms only [2]
(ii) alkane: CnH2n+2 [1]
alkene: CnH2n [1]
(g) step 1: cracking of octane at high temperature (800 °C) and silica [2]
as catalyst
C8H18 
→ C2H4 + C6H14 [1]
step 2: hydration of ethene at high temperature (300 °C) and H3PO4 [2]
as catalyst
C2H4 + H2O 
→ C2H5OH [1]

20) May 2018 [43] Q (4)
(a) 1. same general formula [1]
(b)
x x
x
x
x x
x x
[2]
(c)
(i) C2H4 + H2O 

→ C2H5OH [1]
(ii) C6H12O6 
→ 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 [1]
(iii) pure product [1]
(iv) renewable feedstock [1]
(d) acidified potassium manganate(VII) [1]
(e)
(i)
[2]
(ii) ethyl ethanoate [1]
(iii) ester [1]

(f)
(i) partially dissociated (ionised) in water [1]
(ii) add excess copper(II) carbonate to ethanoic acid [1]
filter [1]
heat to point of crystallisation AND leave to cool [1]
(iii) ethanoic acid + copper carbonate → copper ethanoate + carbon [1]

dioxide + water
21) Nov 2018 [41] Q (6)
(a)
(i) compound that contains carbon and hydrogen only [2]
(ii) alkanes: CnH2n+2 [1]
alcohols: CnH2n+1OH [1]
(iii) same chemical properties [1]
same functional group [1]
(b)
(i) ultraviolet light [1]
(ii) H H
H C C Cl
H H
[1]
(iii) hydrogen chloride [1]
(c) propyl ethanoate [1]
(d)
(i) C5H10O2 [1]
(ii) H H CH3
O
H C C C OH
H C OH [2]
H H H
methanoic acid butan-2-ol [2]

(e)
O O O O
N N C C N N C C
H H H H [3]
22) Nov 2018 [42] Q (5)
(a) C4H6 [1]
propyne [1]
(c)
(i) similar chemical properties [1]
contain the same functional group [1]
(ii) CnH2n–2 [1]
(d) Test: add Bromine water or aqueous bromine [1]
Result: Changes to colourless or decolourises
(e)
(i) acidified potassium manganate (VII) [2]
(ii) H O
H C C OH
[1]
H
(f)
(i) name of the ester: methyl propanoate [1]
H H O H
H C C C O C H
H H H
[1]
(ii) ethyl ethanoate [1]
(g)
(i) condensation [1]
(ii) Terylene [1]

23) Nov 2018 [43] Q (6)
(a) Fermentation
Reactants: glucose [1]
Conditions: yeast, 37 °C [1]
Equation: C6H12O6 
→ 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 [1]
Hydration [1]
Reactants: ethene and steam [1]
Conditions: H3PO4 (catalyst) / 300°C / 60 – 70 atm [1]
Equation: C2H4 + H2O 

→ C2H5OH [1]
(ii) 1. carbohydrates are renewable [1]
2. lower temperature means lower energy costs [1]
(iii) 1. solvent [1]
2. fuel [1]
(b)
(i) E [1]
(ii) D [1]
(iii) B [1]
(iv) C [1]
24) May 2019 [41] Q (5)
(a) CnH2n [1]
(b) C5H10 [1]
(c) E [1]
because it has higher molecular mass [1]
(d) A [1]
because it has smaller molecular mass [1]

(e) from brown to colourless [1]
H H H H
H C C C C H
Br Br H H [1]
(f)
(i)
H H H H H H
H C C C OH H C C C H
[2]
H H H H OH H
(ii) Reagent: steam [1]
Conditions: H3PO4 (catalyst) / 300°C / 60 – 70 atm [1]
(g)
(i) addition [1]
(ii) polybutene [1]
(iii) H C2H5
C C
H H [3]
n
CH2 [1]

25) May 2019 [42] Q (4_c, d)
(c)
(i) 1. same general formula [1]
(ii)
[2]
propane-1-ol propane-2-ol [2]
(iii) structural isomers / structural isomerism [1]
(d)
(i) ethyl methanoate [1]
(ii) carboxylic acid: methanoic acid [1]
alcohol: ethanol [1]
(iii)
[2]
26) May 2019 [43] Q (5_a)
(a)
(i) ethyl ethanoate [1]
(ii)
[1]

27) May 2019 [43] Q (6)
(a)
(i) contain hydrogen and carbon only [2]
(ii) reagent: Bromine (water / solution) [1]
result with hydrocarbon A: becomes colourless / decolourised [1]
result with hydrocarbon B: no change / stays orange [1]
(b)
[1]
(c)
(i) addition [1]
(ii)
[1]
(iii) 2n O2 [1]
CO [1]
(d)
[1]

28) Nov 2019 [41] Q (5)
(a)
(i) addition [1]
(ii) CH2 [1]
(iii)
CH3 CH3
C C
CH3 CH3
[2]
(b)
(i) compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural
formulae [2]
(ii)
H H H H H H H
H C C C C H H C C C H
H H H H H H
H C H
H [2]
(iii) 2 C4H10 + 9 O2 
→ 8 CO + 10 H2O [2]
29) Nov 2019 [41] Q (7_a)
(a) C6H12O6 
→ 2CO2 + 2C2H5OH [1]
anaerobic [1]
Temperature: 30 °C [1]
Catalyst: yeast [1]
fractional distillation of aqueous ethanol [1]

30) Nov 2019 [42] Q (2_f)
(f) CH4 + 1½O2 

→ CO + 2H2O [2]
31) Nov 2019 [42] Q (5_a, c)
(a)
(i) ultraviolet light [1]
(ii) CH4 + Cl2 

→ CH3Cl + HCl [1]
(iii) substitution [1]
(iv) NaCl [1]
(c)
(i) methyl propanoate [1]
(ii) water [1]
(iii)
[3]
(iv) catalyst: sulfuric acid [1]
32) Nov 2019 [43] Q (7)
(a) carbon-carbon double bond / C = C [1]
(b)
(i) 3 [1]
(ii)
[1]
But-2-ene [1]
(iii) the monomer: CH2 [1]
the polymer: CH2 [1]

(c) broken down by hydrolysis [1]
hydrochloric acid and enzymes are used to break down [2]
chromatography used to separate the monomers [1]
locating agent used to detect [1]
measure Rf values / compare with standards used to identify [1]
(d)
(i) Nylon / Kevlar [1]
(ii) water
33) May 2020 [41] Q (3_c, d)
(c) anhydrous copper(II) sulfate [1]
carbon [1]
(d)
(i) not all (C–C) bonds are single [1]
(ii) C3H4OH 
→ C3H6 + H2O [1]
(iii) propene [1]
34) May 2020 [41] Q (5_a, b, d, e, f)
(a) sugar and fermentation [2]
ethene and hydration [2]
(b) (acidified) potassium manganate(VII) [1]
(d)
(i) methanal [1]
C4H8O [1]
(ii) CnH2nO [1]
(e)
(i) functional group [1]

(f)
(i) (structural) isomers [1]
(ii)
H O H
H C C C H
H H [2]
35) May 2020 [42] Q (6)
(a)
(ii)
H H H H H H
H C C C Cl H C C C H
H H H H Cl H
[2]
(b)
(i) only one product / double bond becomes single bond [1]
(c)
(i) C=C: alkene [1]
–OH: alcohols [1]
–COOH: carboxylic acid [1]
(ii) aqueous bromine: turns colourless [1]
aqueous sodium carbonate: bubbles / fizzing / effervescence [1]
(d)
(i)
[2]
(ii) polyester [1]

36) May 2020 [43] Q (1_a)
(a)
(i) D [1]
(ii) C [1]
(iii) C [1]
(iv) B [1]
(v) D and E or A [1]
(vi) C [1]
(vii) A or E [1]
(viii)
[1]
37) May 2020 [43] Q (8)
(a)
(i) [1]
H O
N C
(ii)
O O
HO C C OH [1]
H H
H N N H [1]
(iii) water [1]
(b) non-biodegradable / running out of space / toxic / leaching [1]
(c) carbohydrate / protein [1]

38) Nov 2020 [41] Q (6)
(a)
(i) alkanes [1]
(ii) same general formula [1]
same chemical properties [1]
(b) Mr of C2H6 = (2 × 12) + 6 = 30
no. of molecules = 3.01 × 1023 [1]
(c)
(i) HCl [1]
(ii)
H H H
H C C C Cl
H H H [1]
(iii) substitution [1]
(d)
(i) from orange to colourless [2]
(ii) contains no double bonds/ethane only contains single bonds [1]
(e)
(i)
[2]
(ii) C6H14 
→ C4H10 + C2H4 [1]

39) Nov 2020 [41] Q (7)
(a)
(i) sugar or C6H12O6, is renewable [1]
(ii) slower process [1]
(b)
(i) ethanoic acid [1]
(ii) oxidation [1]
(c)
(i) ethyl methanoate [1]
(ii)
[1]
40) Nov 2020 [42] Q (4)
(a) hydrocarbon [1]
(b)
(i) only one product is formed [1]
(ii)
H H H
H C C C H
H Br Br [2]
(iii) from orange to colourless [2]
(iv)
H H H H H H H H
H C C C C H H C C C C H
H H H H [2]
(c) C3H8 + Cl2 

→ C3H7Cl + HCl [2]

41) Nov 2020 [42] Q (5_a, i, ii, c)
(a)
(i) presence of an acid [1]
(ii) oxidation [1]
(c)
(i) water [1]
(ii) acid (catalyst) [1]
(iii)
H H H
H C C C H
H OH H [2]
(d)
(i) the atoms / group of atoms which give (any molecule its) chemical [1]
properties
(ii) C3H5O2 [1]
(iii) Mr of HO–CH2–CH2–OH = 62 [1]
32 [1]
%=  100 = 52%
62
(iv) O O
O O
O
[2]
C C O O C C O
(v) terylene [1]

42) Nov 2020 [43] Q (6)
(a)
(i) compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural [2]
formula
(ii)
H O O H
H C C OH H C O C H
H H [2]
ethanoic acid methyl methanoate [2]
(b)
(i)
O
O C [1]
(ii) condensation [1]
(iii)
O
HO C OH [2]
(c)
O O O O
N N C C N N C C
H H H H [2]
(d)
(i) proteins [1]
(ii) amino acids [1]

43) May 2021 [41] Q (7_c, d)
(c)
(i) CnH2nO2 OR CnH2n+1COOH [1]
(ii)
[1]
butanoic acid [1]
(iii) homologous series [1]
(d)
(i) from brown to colourless [2]
(ii) C15H32 
→ C9H20 + 2C3H6 [2]
(iii) addition [1]
(iv)
[1]
44) May 2021 [42] Q (2_f)
(f)
(i) ethane [1]
(ii) 1. chloroethane [1]
2. hydrogen chloride [1]

45) May 2021 [42] Q (6_a, c)
(a)
(i) carboxylic acid [1]
(ii) O O
O O
O
[3]
C C O O C C O
(iii) water [1]
(c)
(i) fermentation [1]
(ii) C6H12O6 
→ 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 [2]
46) May 2021 [43] Q (1_a, c, f)
(a) polymerisation [1]
(c) fermentation [1]
(f) chromatography [1]
47) May 2021 [43] Q (7_c, d)
(c)
(i) structural isomers [1]
(ii) carboxylic acids [1]
(iii)
[2]
name: ethyl methanoate [1]
(iv)
H H O
H C C C O H
H H [2]
name: propanoic acid

(d)
Step 1:
type of reaction: cracking [1]
chemical equation: C10H22 

→ C2H4 + C8H18 [1]
Step 2:
type of reaction: (catalytic) addition [1]
chemical equation: C2H4 + H2O 

→ C2H5OH [1]
48) Nov 2021 [41] Q (5)
(a) homologous series [1]
(b) CnH2n [1]
(c)
(i) from orange to colourless [1]
(ii) (only) one product is formed [1]
(iii) C4H8 + Br2 

→ C4H8Br2 [1]
(iv) (poly) but-2-ene [1]
(v) but-1-ene [1]
[1]
(d)
(i) C2H4O [1]
(ii) 2C3H7COOH + Na2CO3 

→ 2C3H7COONa + H2O + CO2 [2]
(iii) methyl butanoate [1]
[1]

49) Nov 2021 [42] Q (6)
(a) CnH2n+1OH [1]
(b) not all atoms are C or H [1]
(c)
(i) C2H4 [1]
(ii) glucose [1]
(d) C2H5OH + 3O2 

→ 3H2O + 2CO2 [1]
(e)
(i) C3H5O2 [1]
(ii)
H O H H O H
H C C O C C O C C H
H H H H
[2]
(iii) water [1]
(f)
(i) carboxylic acid [1]
(ii)
O O
HO C C OH [1]
50) Nov 2021 [43] Q (7)
(a) 1. same general formula [1]
2. similar chemical properties [1]
(b)
(i) cracking [1]
(ii) C10H22 
→ C4H8 + C2H4 + C4H10 [2]
(iii) C2H4 + H2O 

→ C2H5OH [2]
(iv) hydration / addition [1]

(v) temperature: 300 °C [1]
(c) 1. carbohydrates are renewable [1]
2. lower temperature [1]
(d)
(ii) addition [1]
(iii) [2]
(e)
H O
H N C OH [2]
51) May 2022 [41] Q (1_a, d)
(c) ethanol and carbon dioxide [2]
(d) ethanol [1]
52) May 2022 [41] Q (5_e, f, g)
(e) CnH2n+1COOH [1]
(f)
H H O
H C C C O H
H H [2]
(g)
(i) methyl butanoate [1]
(ii) carboxylic acid: butanoic acid [1]
alcohol: methanol [1]

53) May 2022 [42] Q (5)
(a) fermentation [1]
(b) name: complete combustion [1]
equation: C2H5OH + 3O2 

→ 3H2O + 2CO2 [2]
(c)
(i) ethene [1]
(ii) addition [1]
catalyst + 60 atm or catalyst + 300 °C [1]
(iii) steam [1]
(d)
(i) Reagent: hydrogen [1]
Conditions: high temperature [1]
(ii) CnH2n+2 [1]
(e)
(i) potassium manganate(VII) [1]
(ii) carboxylic acids [1]
(iii)
H O
H C C O H
H [1]

54) May 2022 [42] Q (6)
(a)
(i) 3 [1]
(ii)
O O
HO C C OH [1]
H O O H
[1]
(iii) polyester [1]
(b) one [1]
(c)
(i) [2]
CH3 CH3
C C
H H
Name: but-2-ene [1]
(ii) cracking [1]
55) May 2022 [43] Q (4_c, d)
(c)
(i) CnH2n+1OH [1]
(ii) 1. same or similar chemical properties or reactions [1]
2. contain the same functional group
(iii)
H H H
H C C C H
H OH H [2]
name: propane-2-ol [1]

(d) [1]
(i) ethyl butanoate [1]
(ii) alcohol: ethanol [1]
carboxylic acid: butanoic acid
56) SPECIMEN PAPER 2023 [41] Q (6)
(a) C4H6 [1]
propyne [1]
(b)
(i) 1. same functional group [1]
2. similar chemical properties [1]
(ii) CnH2n–2 [2]
(iii) test: bromine water OR aqueous bromine [1]
result: changes to colourless OR decolourises [1]
(c)
(i)
H H H H
H C C C C H
H H [2]
(ii)
H H
x x
x
x x x
H C x C H
x [2]
(d)
(i) one product is formed [1]
(ii) temperature above 100 °C [1]
(iii) acidified aqueous (potassium manganate(VII) [1]

57) SPECIMEN PAPER 2023 [41] Q (7)
(a)
(i) name: methyl propanoate [1]
[1]
(ii) ethyl ethanoate or propyl methanoate [1]
(b)
(i) diol [1]
(ii) condensation [1]

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Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry Classified (Answers) Paper_4_Topic 13

 Petroleum and its products

183 13 – Organic Chemistry Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)

1) May 2016 [41] Q (6)

1) fractional distillation [1]

(i) addition [1]

(ii) CH2 [1]

(i) concentrated sulfuric acid [1]

(ii) methyl ethanoate [1]

(iv) terylene [1]

2) May 2016 [42] Q (5)

(ii) 75 cm3 [1]

(iii) 2 : 15 : 10; [1]

(iv) 2 CxHy(g) + 15 O2(g) 

184 13 – Organic Chemistry Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)

(ii) contains a double bond [1]

(iii) test: aqueous bromine

(i) addition [1]

(iii) propene: CH2

3) May 2016 [43] Q (2)

(a) butane [1]

(b) Compounds: E and F

(c) compounds: E and F

(d) contains a double bond

(e) C2H4 + H2O 

185 13 – Organic Chemistry Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)

4) May 2016 [43] Q (6_d, e)

(i) amide [1]

(iii) amino acids [1]

5) Nov 2016 [41] Q (3_a, b, c, d, e, i)

(i) heated [1]

(ii) O is more viscous

(b) same chemical properties

(i) ends in ene [1]

186 13 – Organic Chemistry Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)

6) Nov 2016 [41] Q (6)

(i) amide linkage [1]

(ii) can be broken down by microbes or bacteria [2]

7) Nov 2016 [42] Q (5_c, d)

(i) the (C=C) double bond [1]

(ii) addition [1]

(i) substitution [1]

8) Nov 2016 [42] Q (7_a, d)

187 13 – Organic Chemistry Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)

9) Nov 2016 [43] Q (6_a, b, d)

(ii) addition [1]

(iii) nylon [1]

(i) amino acids [1]

(ii) protein is hydrolysed by water in the presence of HCl to amino acids

10) May 2017 [41] Q (6)

(a) compound that contains carbon and hydrogen only [2]

(b) 1. same general formula

188 13 – Organic Chemistry Mostafa Barakat (0100 165 44 62)

(c) name: propene

(d) reagent: steam

(i) name: butanoic acid

(ii) acidified potassium manganate(VII) [2]

(iii) oxidation [1]

11) May 2017 [42] Q (6)

(ii) 1. same general formula