H1 Chemistry 2008 ‘A’ Levels ANSWERS

Paper 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
A A B B C D A C A A D A D C A

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
C C A B A D A B C D B A B D B

Paper 2 (Section A)

1 (a) One mole of any substance is the amount of substance containing a number of
particles equal to the Avogadro constant (6.02 x 1023)
OR
One mole of substance contains as many particles of that substance as there are
atoms of C in 12g of C-12. [1]
Mole = No. of particles/ Avogadro constant [1]

(b)(i) MnO4- is reduced to Mn2+ [1]

+7 +2

Fe2+ is oxidised to Fe3+ [1]

+2 +3

(ii) MnO4- + 8H+ + 5Fe2+  Mn2+ + 4H2O + 5Fe3+ [1]

25.0
(iii) Amount of MnO4- =  0.0200 = 5 x 10-4 mol [1]
1000

(iv) Amount of Fe2+ = 5 x 5 x 10-4 = 2.5 x 10-3 mol [1]

1000
Concentration of FeSO4 = 2.5 x 10-3 x = 0.112 mol dm-3 [1]
22.30

2(a) A B C
H OH
O-Na+
H3C C OH H3C C CO2CH2CH2CH3
H3C C CO2-Na+
CN H
H
[1] [2] [1]

(b) - NaCN or NaOH, 10 – 20 oC [1]

- Addition [1]
- Dilute H2SO4 or HCl, reflux (warm is not sufficient) [1]
(must include dilute or aq)

(c) concentrated H2SO4, 170 oC [1]

 H1 Chemistry 2008 ‘A’ Levels ANSWERS

3(a) xx 
x 

N x 
x  N [1]

(b)
H H H H

H N C C C C N H

H [1]
H H H H H

(c) (i) uv [1]

(ii) Substitution [1]

(iii) CH3CH2CHClCH2Cl or CH3CHClCH2CH2Cl or CHCl2CH2CH2CH3 or CH3CCl2CH2CH3

[any 2 – 1,1]

(iv) Random substitution of hydrogen atoms. [1]

(v) Structural/positional isomers [1]

(d) H = 4(390) + 2(305) + 3(350) +8(410) + 9(496) -12(460) – 8(740) – 2(626) -2(201)
= -2130 kJ mol-1

OR

H = 4(390) + 2(305) + 3(350) +8(410) + 9(496) -12(460) – 8(740) – 4(626)

= -2980 kJ mol-1

[3 correct coefficient and bond energy – 1]

[6 correct coefficient and bond energy – 2]
[All correct coefficient and bond energy – 3]
[working – 1]
[answer – 1]
 H1 Chemistry 2008 ‘A’ Levels ANSWERS

4(a)

[Structure and showing Na+ and Cl- in 1:1 ratio, 1]

Giant ionic structure held together by
electrostatic forces of attraction between
oppositely charged ions. [1]

(b)(i) The lattice energy of an ionic crystal is the heat evolved when one mole [1]
of crystalline solid is formed from its separate gaseous ions under standard conditions, 25
o
C and 1 atm. [1]

(ii) NaCl has a higher (more exothermic) lattice energy than NaI. [1]
The size of Cl- is smaller than I-. [1]

NaCl has a lower (less exothermic) lattice energy than MgO. [1]
The charges on the ions of NaCl are lower than that of MgO (+1 and -1 in NaCl as
compared to +2 and -2). [1]

(c) Bond Energy

C-Cl 340
C-Br 280
C-I 240 [1 mark, the 3 bond energy values quoted from data booklet]

Rate of formation of AgX precipitate increases from AgCl to AgI.

OR
Time taken for the formation of AgX increases from AgI to AgCl. [1]

C-X bond becomes progressively weaker from C-Cl to C-I. [1]

 H1 Chemistry 2008 ‘A’ Levels ANSWERS

Paper 2 (Section B)
5(a) (i) The water molecule has 2 bonding pairs and 2 lone pairs around the central oxygen
atom. [1]
The lone pair-lone pair repulsions are greater than the lone pair-bonding pair
repulsions which in turn are greater than the bonding pair-bonding pair
repulsions. [1]
Hence the water molecule is bent.

(ii) Hydrogen bonding. [1]

It is the bond between the H of one water molecule to the lone pair of the O on
another water molecule. [1]

Students to note: the partial charges (+ and -)

must be shown, the lone pairs on oxygen must be
shown, and hydrogen bonding is labeled and
represented by a DOTTED LINE.

Hydrogen bonding [1]

(b) MgO + H2O  Mg(OH)2

MgO dissolves readily in water to form an alkaline solution. [1]
Al2O3 does not dissolve due to its high lattice energy. [1]
Therefore, universal indicator turns blue for MgO in water, while it remains green for Al2O3
in water. [1]

(c) (i) O P Na
% 39.3 18.7 42.0
Ar 16.0 31.0 23.0
%/Ar 2.46 0.603 1.83 [1]
Ratio 4 1 3

Empirical formula of compound D: Na3PO4 [1]

(ii) 6Na2O + P4O10  4Na3PO4 [1]

(d) (i) P4O10 + 6H2O  4H3PO4 [1]

(ii)
H H H 3C H H3C CH3
C C C C C C
H CH 2CH3 H CH 3 H H [3]

(iii) Hot, concentrated, acidified KMnO4 can distinguish but-1-ene from the other two
isomers (cis and trans but-2-ene) [1]
Effervescence of CO2 is seen, and KMnO4 is decolourised. [1]
Products formed are CO2, H2O and CH3CH2CO2H. [1]

Cis and trans but-2-ene both react with hot conc, acidified KMnO4 [1]
to form CH3CO2H. [1]
 H1 Chemistry 2008 ‘A’ Levels ANSWERS

[Total: 20]
6(a) Both have 5 valence electrons. [1]

(b) (i) 2P + 5Cl2  2PCl5 OR P4 + 10Cl2  4PCl5 [1]

(ii) Phosphorus is in Period 3 and is able to expand its octet [1]

due to available low lying d orbitals in the valence shell [1]
Nitrogen is in Period 2 and is unable to expand octet.

(iii) PCl5 + 4H2O  H3PO4 + 5HCl [1]

As the resulting solution is acidic, universal indicator will be red. [1]
PCl5 hydrolyses in water and produces while fumes of HCl. [1]

(c) NH3 has intermolecular hydrogen bonding which requires more energy to break during
boiling compared to the weaker dipole-dipole interactions between PH3 molecules. [1]

(d) Pressure of 250 atm [1]

High pressure chosen to enable equilibrium to lie to the right where there are fewer moles
of gas. This increases the yield of NH3. [1]

Iron catalyst [1]

Catalyst used to speed up the reaction by providing alternative route for reaction. [1]

[NH3 ]2
(e) Kc  [1]
[N2 ][H 2 ]3
(0.236 )2 [1]

(1.383 )(1.145 )3

= 0.0268 mol-2 dm6 [2]

(f) (i) NH3 + CH3CH2Br  CH3CH2NH2 + HBr [1]

Reagents: Ammonia dissolved in ethanol [1]

Conditions: heat in a sealed tube [1]

Students to note: alternative answer is to heat under pressure. Reflux

CANNOT be used because reflux is an open system where NH3 is likely to
escape and hence not be available for reaction to occur.

(ii) Substitution reaction [1]

[Total: 20]
 H1 Chemistry 2008 ‘A’ Levels ANSWERS

7(a) (i) An acid is a proton donor, a base is a proton acceptor. [1]

(ii) HCl + H2O  H3O+ + Cl- [1]

Acid base conjugate acid conjugate base [1]

(b) (i) Sulfur burns with a blue flame. [1]

S + O2  SO2 [1]
(2S + 3O2  2SO3 is probably not accepted because SO3 is obtained from SO2 reacting
with oxygen gas.)

(ii) SO2 + H2O  H2SO3 [1]

The product is acidic. [1]

(c) (i) pH = -lg[H+]

It is the negative logarithm to base 10 of the concentration of hydrogen ions. [1]

(ii) H2SO4  2H+ + SO42-

Concentration of H+ = 2 x con. of H2SO4 = 2 x 0.20 = 0.40 mol dm-3 [1]
Therefore, pH of H2SO4 = -lg(0.40) [1]
= 0.398 (3sf) [1]

(d) An acidic buffer comprises of a weak acid and its salt / conjugate base. [1]
A buffer solution is a solution capable of maintaining a FAIRLY constant pH when SMALL
amounts of acids or bases are added to it. [1]

When blood gets too acidic, H+ + HCO3-  H2O + CO2 [1]

When blood gets too alkaline, OH- + H2CO3  HCO3- + H2O [1]
In both cases, when external H+ or OH- were added, they were removed and hence, the pH
remains fairly constant. [1]

(e) They are acids because they are proton donors. [1]
They are weak because they partially dissociate to give protons. [1]

(f) Butanoic acid must be REFLUXED with ethanol [1]

in the presence of CONCENTRATED H2SO4 catalyst. [1]

[Total: 20]