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    Igsce Biology Classification Notes

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    Sulaf Omar
    Living organisms can be classified based on their characteristics and relationships. The key characteristics include movement, respiration, sensitivity, growth, reproduction, excretion, and nutrition. Organisms are classified into a hierarchical grouping from kingdom to species based on their similarities. DNA sequencing is now used to more accurately reflect evolutionary relationships between organisms. The main kingdoms are animals, plants, fungi, prokaryotes, and protists. Within these are further classifications like vertebrates and invertebrates. Dichotomous keys use visible traits to identify organisms.

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    Igsce Biology Classification Notes

    Uploaded by

    Sulaf Omar
    31 views3 pages
    Living organisms can be classified based on their characteristics and relationships. The key characteristics include movement, respiration, sensitivity, growth, reproduction, excretion, and nutrition. Organisms are classified into a hierarchical grouping from kingdom to species based on their similarities. DNA sequencing is now used to more accurately reflect evolutionary relationships between organisms. The main kingdoms are animals, plants, fungi, prokaryotes, and protists. Within these are further classifications like vertebrates and invertebrates. Dichotomous keys use visible traits to identify organisms.

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    Igsce biology classification notes

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    Living organisms can be classified based on their characteristics and relationships. The key characteristics include movement, respiration, sensitivity, growth, reproduction, excretion, and nutrition. Organisms are classified into a hierarchical grouping from kingdom to species based on their similarities. DNA sequencing is now used to more accurately reflect evolutionary relationships between organisms. The main kingdoms are animals, plants, fungi, prokaryotes, and protists. Within these are further classifications like vertebrates and invertebrates. Dichotomous keys use visible traits to identify organisms.

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    Download as txt, pdf, or txt
    31 views3 pages

    Igsce Biology Classification Notes

    Uploaded by

    Sulaf Omar
    Living organisms can be classified based on their characteristics and relationships. The key characteristics include movement, respiration, sensitivity, growth, reproduction, excretion, and nutrition. Organisms are classified into a hierarchical grouping from kingdom to species based on their similarities. DNA sequencing is now used to more accurately reflect evolutionary relationships between organisms. The main kingdoms are animals, plants, fungi, prokaryotes, and protists. Within these are further classifications like vertebrates and invertebrates. Dichotomous keys use visible traits to identify organisms.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 3

    Characteristics of Living Organisms

    • Movement: action by an organism or part of an organism causing a change


    of position or place
    • Respiration: the chemical reactions that break down nutrient molecules
    in living cells to release energy
    • Sensitivity: ability to detect or sense changes in the environment
    (stimuli) and to make responses
    • Growth: permanent increase in size and dry mass by an increase in cell
    number or cell size or both
    • Reproduction: processes that make more of the same kind of organism
    • Excretion: removal from organisms of toxic materials, the waste
    products of metabolism (chemical reactions in cells including respiration) and
    substances in excess of requirements
    • Nutrition: taking in of nutrients which are organic substances and
    mineral ions, containing raw materials or energy for growth and tissue repair,
    absorbing and assimilating them

    Concept & Use of a Classification System


    • Organisms can be classified into groups by the features that they share
    • Classification systems aim to reflect evolutionary relationships
    (change of adaptive features of a population over time, as a result of natural
    selection)
    • Species: organisms which can reproduce successfully
    • Classification is traditionally based on studies of morphology and
    anatomy
    • Morphology: the overall form and shape of their bodies e.g. wings or
    legs
    • Anatomy: the detailed body structure determined by dissection
    • Binomial system: a system of naming species in which the scientific
    name of an organism is made up of two parts showing the genus (starting with a
    capital letter) and species (starting with a lower-case letter), written in italics
    when printed (therefore underlined when written)
    e.g. Homo sapiens
     
    KING PHILIP CAME OVER FOR GOOD SPAGHETTI
    • Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
    • Kingdom --> Species = Similarity increases
    • DNA is the chemical from which chromosomes are made
    • Each DNA molecule is made up of strings of smaller molecules containing
    four bases
    • Biologists compare the sequences of the bases in the DNA of organisms
    from two different species
    • The more similar the base sequence, the more closely related the
    species are to one another
    • Organisms which share a more recent ancestor have base sequences in DNA
    that are more similar than those that share only a distant ancestor
    • The sequences of bases in DNA and of amino acids in proteins are used
    as a more accurate means of classification (cladistics)
    Kingdoms
    • Animal: Multi-cellular ingestive heterotrophs (eat living organisms)
    • Plant: Multi-cellular photosynthetic autotrophic (make their own food)
    organism with a cellulose cell wall.
    • Fungi: Single celled or multi cellular heterotrophic organism with cell
    wall not made of cellulose, spread by spreading of spores in moist/dark/warm
    environment, saprotrophs (feed off dead organisms) or parasites
    • Prokaryotes: Single celled organism with no true nucleus
    • Protocist: Single celled organism with a nucleus
    Vertebrates
    MR FAB
    • Mammals
    • Fur/hair on skin
    • Can live on land and in water
    • 4 limbs
    • Lungs to breathe
    • Give birth to live young
    • Reptiles:
    • Scales on skin
    • Usually 4 legs
    • Lungs to breathe
    • Hard eggs
    • Fish:
    • Wet scales
    • External fertilization and soft eggs
    • Gills to breathe
    • Amphibians:
    • Smooth, moist skin
    • External fertilization and soft eggs
    • Gills/lungs to breathe so can live on land and in water
    • 4 legs
    • Birds
    • Feathers on body and scales on legs
    • Have 2 legs and 2 wings
    • Lungs to breathe
    • Hard eggs

    Arthropods (Invertebrates with Legs)


    CAMI
    • Crustaceans: (e.g. crabs)
    • Have an exoskeleton
    • 1 pair of compound eyes
    • 2 body segment – cephalothorax and abdomen
    • More than four pairs of legs
    • 2 pairs of antennae sensitive to touch and chemicals
    • Arachnids: (e.g. spiders)
    • 2 body segment – cephalothorax and abdomen
    • Four pairs of legs
    • Pair of chelicerae to hold prey
    • Two pedipalps for reproduction
    • Simple eyes
    • Myriapods: (e.g. centipede)
    • Segmented body
    • Additional segments formed
    • One pair of antennae
    • 70+ pairs of legs – 1 or 2 pairs on each segment
    • Fused head and thorax and segmented abdomen
    • Simple eyes
    • Insects: (e.g. bees)
    • 3 body segments – head, thorax and abdomen
    • 3 pairs of legs
    • 1 pair of antennae
    • 1 or 2 pairs of wings
    • Compound and simple eyes
    Classifying Plants
    • Ferns:
    • Do not produce flowers
    • They are plants with roots, stems and leaves
    • Have leaves called fronds
    • Reproduce by spores
    • Flowering plants:
    • They are plants with roots, stems and leaves
    • Reproduce sexually by means of flowers and seeds
    • Seeds are produced inside the ovary in the flower
    Monocotyledons
    Dicotyledons
    One cotyledon
    Two cotyledons
    Parallel veins
    Veins netlike
    Fibrous root
    Taproot present
    Floral parts in 3s
    Floral parts in 4s or 5s
    Viruses and Bacteria

    Virus
    Bacteria
    Covered by:
    Protein coat
    Cell wall
    Cell membrane:
    No
    Yes
    Cytoplasm:
    No
    Yes
    Genetic material:
    DNA or RNA – only a few genes
    DNA – enough for several 100 genes
    Living or not?
    Non-living unless in host
    Living
     
    • Two examples of virus structure

    Dichotomous Keys
    • Dichotomous key: uses visible features to classify organisms. It is
    which gives you a choice of two features and you follow the one that applies: each
    choice leads to another choice until the organism is narrowed down to its genus and
    finally species.

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