PCS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL LEARNING MODULE - MIL 12

Q1- Module 3&4 HOW MEDIA IS MADE

AND;
LEGAL, ETHICAL, AND SOCIETAL ISSUES IN MEDIA AND INFORMATION

A. INTRODUCTION
In this module, you shall be able to demonstrate an understanding of media and
information literacy and related concepts. With this, you will be able to organize a creative and
interactive symposium for the community focusing on being a media and information literate indivual.

OBJECTIVES

As learners of this module, you will be able to:

Present an issue in varied ways to disseminate information using the codes, convention, and
language of media.
Cite practical situation when to apply knowledge in the intellectual property, copy right, and fair use
guidelines.
Create a campaign add to combat digital divide, addiction, and bullying.

B. TOPIC DISCUSSION

Lesson 1. Constructedness: When Do We Say Something Is Constructed?

Today the capacities of the human mind aided by technology enable the process called construction
of media and information messages. The media employ more than words to construct a more complex
reality of society. Film and broadcast communication use the language of camera, the tools and
techniques of editing, the power of words- as dialogue and narration- to capture the world of a story,
deliberately making choices on what and what not to include, what to highlight, and what should serve
as backdrop.

The process of construction requires the exercise of deliberate choice. What tools to use, what to
include, and what not to include, what structure to create, as well as how to harness creativity and
design elements to make the work more appealing to its audiences.

Representations are the construction in any media of certain aspects of reality and the
constitutive elements that make up reality – people, places, time, or historical period, objects, ways of
life and even identities. The prefix re – means doing it again. Representation is a way of presenting
reality again. Media texts present reality again as it intentionally. Chooses, writes, composes, frames,
edits, lights, crops, filters, scores through music, and engineers the sound, so that what we see are
entirely constructed and artificial versions of the reality we perceive.

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All Media Present Representations of Reality

The first principle of media literacy asserts that all media messages are constructed. The first step
to full appreciating the constructedness of media and information message is to take the route of
disassembling.

The term "digital divide" refers to the gap between individuals, households, businesses and
geographic areas at different socio-economic levels with regard to both their opportunities to access
information and communication technologies (ICTs) and to their use of the Internet for a wide variety
of activities

Codes and Conventions

All media messages are constructed using a particular set of codes and conventions.

Codes are systems of signs that when put together create meaning.
Conventions are generally established and accepted ways of doing something.
When we say media message are constructed using codes and conventions, we mean that every media
product we encounter is a coherent body with its own rules. At this point, it will be good to introduce
the theory of semiotics so we can fully appreciate the coherence of the sign systems.
Semiotics is the study of signs. According to Hall (1997) media always is engaged in “signifying
practices,” which means there is a kind of symbolic work that can be found in media texts.

The Grammar of Camera

Long shot (LS) Shot which shows all or most of

a fairly large subject (for
example, a person) and usually
much of the surroundings.

 In this type of shot the camera

Extreme Long Shot is at its furthest distance from
(ELS) the subject, emphasizing the
background.

In the case of a standing actor,

the lower frame line cuts off his
Medium Long Shot feet and ankles. Some
(MLS) documentaries with social
themes

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favor keeping people in the longer

shots, keeping social circumstances
rather than the individual as the
focus of attention.

Full shot A view of a figure’s entire body

in order to show action and/or a
constellation group of
characters.

Medium Shot, Mid Shows a subject down to his or

Shot, and Medium her chest or waist.
Close Shot.

A picture which shows a fairly

Close- up small part of the scene, such as
a character’s face, in great detail
so that it fills the screen

Extreme Close up Shot A shot of a hand, eye, mouth or

object in detail.
Detail (shot) for
objects

POINT OF VIEW

Establishing shot-  Opening shot or sequence, frequently an exterior ‘General View’

as an Extreme Long Shot (ELS). Used to set the scene.

Point-of-view shot (POV). A shot made from a camera position close to the
line of sight of a performer who is to be watching the action shown in the point-
of-view shot.

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Over-the shoulder Shot- often used in a dialogue scene, a frontal view of a dialogue partners from
the perspective of someone standing behind and slightly to the side of the other partner so that parts of
both can be seen.

Reaction shot- short shot of a character’s response in action.

Insert shot- a detail shot which quickly gives visual information necessary to
understand the meaning of a scene.

Reverse Angle Shot- A shot taken from an angle roughly 180 degrees opposite
of the previous shot. 

Hand-held camera- The camera is not mounted on a tripod and instead is held
by the cameraperson, resulting in less stable shots.

CAMERA ANGLES

The aerial shot is a classic camera angle that captures a bird’s eye (or God’s
eye) view of the action going on below.

A high-angle shot is a cinematic technique where the camera looks down on
the subject from a high angle and the point of focus often gets "swallowed up"

Low-angle shot- is a shot from a camera angle positioned low on the vertical axis,
anywhere below the eye line, looking up.

An eye level shot refers to when the level of your camera is placed at the same
height as the eyes of the characters in your frame.

CAMERA MOVEMENT

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 Pan shot or panning shot is when you turn the camera on a fixed head. It is a
technique where you follow a moving subject, and you can shoot this with a slower
shutter speed to create a feeling of speed or action.

 Tilt. A vertical movement of the camera – up or down- while the camera mounting
stays fixed.

 Tracking (dollying). Tracking involves the camera itself being moved

smoothly towards or away from the subject (contrast with zooming).

 Zoom. In zooming in the camera does not move; the lens is focused down from
a long-shot to a close-up whilst the picture is still being shown.

LESSON 2: Copy Right, Fair Use and Plagiarism

Definition of terms:
• Copyright - a legal device that provides the creator of a literary, artistic, musical, or different
inventive work the only real right to publish and sell that job. Copyright owners have the proper to
manage the copy of their work, together with the proper to receive payment for that reproduction.
Violation of a copyright is named infringement.
• Plagiarism - an act or instance of victimization or closely imitating the language and thoughts of
another author while not authorization; the illustration of that author’s work as one’s own, as by not
crediting the first author.
• Cyber Bullying - bullying that takes place on-line, or victimization electronic technology like cell
phones, computers, and tablets over communication tools together with social media sites, text
messages, chat, and websites. Samples of cyber bullying: text messages or emails composed to insult
or demean; rumors or false statements unfold by email or denote on social networking sites; and
undignified photos, videos, websites, or faux profiles deliberately shared across social media.
• Laptop Addiction - the excessive use of computers to the extent that it interferes with standard of
living, particularly in using technological device. This excessive use could as an example interfere with
work or sleep, lead to issues with social interaction, or have an effect on mood, relationships, and
thought processes.
• Digital divide - an economic difference between teams in terms of access to, use of, or data of ICT.
The divide inside countries (such because the digital divide within the United States) will check with
inequalities between people, households, businesses, and geographic areas at completely different
socioeconomic (and different demographic) levels. The worldwide digital divide

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designates countries because the units of study and examines the divide between developing and
developed countries on a global scale.

COPYRIGHT A copyright protects solely original works of

“authorship” enclosed within the following
Copyright could be a variety of protection seven categories:
provided by the laws of the us (title
seventeen, U.S. Code) to the authors of • Literary works (including pc programs),
“original works of authorship,” together with • Musical works, together with any incidental
literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, and words,
bound different intellectual works. This
• Dramatic works, together with any
protection is obtainable to each revealed
incidental music,
and unpublished works.
• Pantomimes and dance works,
• Pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works,
• Set of rights granted the author
• Motion photos and different audiovisual
• Creator of a piece, to limit others ability to
works,
repeat
• Sound recordings.
• Redistribute and reshape the content.

Fair use
Refers to the limitation and to the prerogative granted by copyright law to the author of an ingenious
work. samples of use embrace statement, search engines, criticism, news coverage, research, teaching,
library archiving and scholarship.

Plagiarism
Copying or closely imitating the work of another author, composer, etc., while not permission and
with the intention of passing the results off as original work.

Netiquette
It refers to a collection of rules that governs what conduct is socially acceptable in a web or digital
scenario. It’s a social code of network communication. Netiquette is a set of rules for behaving properly on-
line. It represents the importance of correct manners and behavior on-line. In general, netiquette is that the
set of skilled and social etiquettes practiced and advocated in transmission over any electronic network.
Common pointers embody being courteous and precise, and avoiding cyber-bullying.

10 Basic Rules of Netiquette or Internet Etiquette

1. Make Real People a 6. Don't Email Large Files

Priority
7. Respect People's Privacy
2. Use Respectful Language
8. Fact Check Before
3. Share with Discretion Reposting
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4. Don't Exclude Others
 PCS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL LEARNING MODULE - MIL 12

Digital Divide, Addiction, and Bullying

Digital divide could be a term that refers to the gap between demographics and regions that have
access to trendy info and technology, and people that do not or have restricted access. Before the late
twentieth century, digital divide referred principally to the division between those with and without
phone access.

The digital divide generally exists between those in cities and people in rural areas; between the
educated and the uneducated; between socioeconomic groups; and, globally, between the more and
less industrially developed nations. Even among populations with some access to technology, the digital
divide can be evident in the form of lower-performance computers, lower-speed wireless connections,
lower-priced connections such as dial-up, and limited access to subscription-based content (Rouse,
2014)

Computer Addiction

A disorder in which the individual turns to the Internet or plays computer games to change moods,
overcome anxiety, deal with depression, reduce isolation or loneliness, or distract themselves from
overwhelming problems. The elderly, as well as children and adolescents, are particularly vulnerable
because they may not realize the extent of their dependency. In many instances, individuals with
computer addiction may seek help for another condition, such as depression, phobias or other
addictions (Shiel, 2018).

Bullying
Stopbullying.org (2019) defines bullying as unwanted, aggressive behavior among school aged
children that involves a real or perceived power imbalance. The behavior is repeated, or has the
potential to be repeated, over time. Both kids who are bullied and who bully others may have serious,
lasting problems.

Bullying includes actions such as making threats, spreading rumors, attacking someone physically or
verbally, and excluding someone from a group on purpose.

Types of Bullying
There are three types of bullying:

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 PCS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL LEARNING MODULE – MIL 12
Verbal bullying is saying or writing means things. Verbal bullying includes; teasing , name-
calling,
inappropriate sexual comments, taunting and threatening to cause harm.
Social bullying, sometimes referred to as relational bullying, involves hurting someone’s reputation
or relationships. Social bullying includes:
 Leaving someone out on purpose
 Telling other children not to be friends with someone
 Spreading rumors about someone
 Embarrassing someone in public
Physical bullying involves hurting a person’s body or possessions. Physical bullying includes:
 Hitting/kicking/pinching
 Spitting
 Tripping/pushing
 Taking or breaking someone’s things
 Making mean or rude hand gestures

Cyberbullying, according to stopbullying.com (2019), is bullying that takes place over digital devices
like cell phones, computers, and tablets. Cyberbullying can occur through SMS, Text, and apps, or
online in social media, forums, or gaming where people can view, participate in, or share content.

Cyberbullying includes sending, posting, or sharing negative, harmful, false, or mean content
about someone else. It can include sharing personal or private information about someone else
causing embarrassment or humiliation.

C. ACTIVITIES

Activity 1: Let’s take a Photo!

Using a mobile phone/ a simple point-and-shoot digital camera, explore what you can do with the
features of the camera. Familiarize yourselves with its features – how to turn it on, how to turn it off;
the capacity of the lens to zoom in and zoom out; how to move it for shots that will pan right and left,
or tilt up and down.

1. Take a photo of any subject using your camera phone.

2. Print one photo for each of the grammar of the camera.
3. Follow the directions given for each shot to make your photo accurate.
4. Make sure that you are the one who will take the photo and not just copied from someone.
5. You will be graded with this following rubrics:

Visual Appeal --------------------------25%

Uniqueness and Creativity -----------15%
Image Quality --------------------------20%

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Use of Basic Photo Concept/Rules –15%

Overall Impression/Impact----------- 25%
Total 100%

Activity 2: Do’s and Don’ts

Directions: By applying what you have learned in intellectual property right, copy right, and fair use
guidelines. List down at least 5 situations on how you can responsibly use information and 5 things that
you should avoid.

Do’s Don’ts
1. 1.

2. 2.

3. 3.

4. 4.

5. 5.

Activity 3. Be a model

Directions: Using media, create a campaign add to combat addiction and bullying to affect change.

Video reference: https://youtu.be/nGKTrgw3vLw

https://youtu.be/Zku8rQU6l6U

Rubrics

Criteria 1-6 points 7-13 points 14-20 points

Content The presentation The presentation The presentation

Organization was difficult to was easy to was very easy to
follow due to follow. follow
disorganization of
the utterances.

Accuracy of The student made The student made he student

language use some mistakes in a few mistakes in

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vocabulary and vocabulary and communicated
grammar. grammar but well using correct
there were no vocabulary and
patterns of errors grammar.

Accuracy of Most of the Most information All information

Information information was presented in presented in
inaccurate or not writing was clear, writing was clear,
clear. accurate and accurate and
thorough. thorough

Creativity and Minimal use of Good use of Excellent sense of

Impact design elements. graphics and/or design. Effective
No transitions. other design camera
Sound is lacking elements. Some techniques used
or inappropriate transitions are for the video and
or scratchy. Some inappropriately pictures. Video
pictures or video placed. Sound and pictures are I
clips may be out quality is OK. focus and of good
of focus or Video clips or quality. Smooth
“shaky”. pictures are clear transitions are
and in focus. appropriate and
aid in delivery of
the presentation.

D. POST ASSESSMENT

Part 1: Multiple Choice. Write your correct answer in the space provided. Choose the correct letter
only.
1. An act or instance of using or closely imitating the language and thoughts of another author without
authorization.
A. Copyright B. Plagiarism C. Cyber Bullying D. Computer addiction

2. The excessive use of computers to the extent that it interferes with daily life. This excessive use may
for example interfere with work or sleep, result in problems with social interaction, or affect mood,
relationships, and thought processes.
A. Copyright B. Plagiarism C. Cyber Bullying D. Computer addiction

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3. A legal device that gives the creator of a literary, artistic, musical, or other creative work the sole
right to publish and sell that work.
A. Copyright B. Plagiarism C. Cyber Bullying D. Computer addiction

4. Using electronic technology such as cell phones, computers, and tablets over communication tools
including social media sites, text messages, chat, and websites.
A. Copyright B. Plagiarism C. Cyber Bullying D. Computer addiction

5. An economic inequality between groups in terms of access to, use of, or knowledge of ICT.
A. Digital divide B. Plagiarism C. Cyber Bullying D. Computer addict

6. Refers to the limitation and to the exclusive right granted by copy right law to the author of a creative
work.
A. Fair use B. Copyright C. Addiction D. Digital divide

7. What is the ineptitude to control you hanker is using digital-age technology like computers and
smartphones?
A. Virtual self B. Cyber Bullying C. Digital divide D. Fair Use
8. What is the threaten, harass, sending mean message, making fun of a person or to intimidate a
person through the use of computers?
A. Addictions B. Cyber Bullying C. Virtual self D. Digital divide

9. It is the gap between groups, broadly construed, in terms of access to, use or knowledge, skills and
even attitude in information and communication technologies.
A. Addictions B. Cyber Bullying C. Virtual self D. Digital divide
10. It is digital identify or assumed identify in the virtual world.
A. Addictions B. Cyber Bullying C. Virtual self D. Digital divide

11. An economic inequality between groups in terms of access to, use of, or knowledge of ICT.
A. Digital divide B. Plagiarism
C. Cyber Bullying D. Computer addiction

12. An act or instance of using or closely imitating the language and thoughts of another author without
authorization
A. Copyright B. Plagiarism
C. Cyber Bullying D. Computer addiction

13. The excessive use of computers to the extent that it interferes with daily life. This excessive use may
for example interfere with work or sleep, result in problems with social interaction, or affect mood,
relationships, and thought processes.
A. Copyright B. Plagiarism C. Cyber Bullying D. Computer addiction

14. Using electronic technology such as cell phones, computers, and tablets over communication tools
including social media sites, text messages, chat, and websites.

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 PCS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL LEARNING MODULE – MIL 12
A. Copyright B. Plagiarism C. Cyber Bullying D. Computer addiction

15.The study of signs. According to Hall (1997) media always is engaged in “signifying practices,”
which means there is a kind of symbolic work that can be found in media texts.
A. Codes B. Convention C. Semiotics D. SEAMEO

Part 2: Write true if the statement is correct and false if the statement is incorrect.

___________1. Don’t abuse your network – Use your network the right way. Don’t post how your day
is going to your network all day long.
___________2. Don’t be a Keyboard Gangsta: Probably the worst thing about the Internet is the
keyboard gangstas. You’ve surely run across at least one of these in your lifetime
___________3. Fill out the Subject line properly. People want to know immediately what your E-mail
is about. Help them out by filling out the subject line with the proper text.
___________4. Don’t make claims that cannot be guaranteed. Social media is a place to be honest
and truthful.. “The fact is, rumors and sensational posts may send readers flocking to you at first, but
dishonesty and irresponsible behavior will ultimately come back to haunt you.”
___________5. Personalized comments show authors that you’re genuinely interested in what they
have to say, and that you actually took the time to read what they wrote.

Part 3. Given below are situations that depict a specific literacy that an individual exhibit. Identify if it is
Media Literacy, Information Literacy, Technology (Digital) Literacy, or Media and Information Literacy.
The first one is done for you.

Situation Literacy
1. Ashley, a Grade 11 student of Gintong
Tubig Senior High School is proficient in
using her i7 processor laptop with so Technology (Digital)
much ease and comfort. In fact, she is
Literacy
accustomed to use it to create powerful
PowerPoint presentations during graded
class reporting.

2. In order to add related literature to his

Practical Research project, Donnie
accesses Google Scholar, and reads
through various journals and studies that
may help him in his research.

3. One of the Performance Task for the

Midterms of the Grade 11 Jenner class
of Mabuhay Senior High School is to
create a short film highlighting their
advocacy on Human Trafficking.
The class used the Quik ™ app to edit

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their video.

4. The Grade 12- Patience class of Ms.

Apolonio have registered themselves to
an online portal called Edmodo, in order
to connect themselves periodically, share
assignments, and even collaboratively
work on a project, without meeting face
to face.

5. Sybil constantly purchases load credits for

her mobile phone in order to send emails
and messages to her teacher in Media
and Information Literacy.

6. As part of the various social media

activities of David, a Grade 12 HUMSS
student, he periodically shares news bits
from credible online sources, then tag his
friends who may be interested with the
information.

7. Mr. Dingal requires his Grade 11 students

to prepare PowerPoint Presentation or
other presentation tools when doing
graded class reporting.

8. In order to convey his stand on various

social issues involving his peers, Marla
uses her Twitter and Facebook accounts
to air her sentiments and opinions.

References

Zarate, Maria Jovita E. Media and Information Literacy, Pp. 37-58.

https://www.annaisd.org/Page/358
https://www.verywellmind.com/ten-rules-of-netiquette-22285
Media and Information Literacy - Senior High School Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 - Module 4:
Legal, Ethical, and Societal Issues in Media and Information First Edition, 2020

Images/Pictures were taken from:

 https://artlist.io/media/fy1bfv1t/tracking-shot.jpg?
anchor=center&mode=crop&width=1920&height=750&rnd=132641571405430000

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 https://nofilmschool.com/sites/default/files/styles/facebook/public/screen_shot_2013-09-
18_at_03.59.21.png?itok=qwNBZt7t
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 https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?
q=tbn:ANd9GcQih0o3BOtsB1cJGCR5Q40jy0sVTm3MPMyE2Unp_YZtzofepCbBz_kb0oUhRm1hDlN
nS4Q&usqp=CAU
 https://media.gettyimages.com/photos/studio-shot-of-a-young-beautiful-woman-picture-
id1290648884?s=612x612
 https://www.masterclass.com/course-images/attachments/Tc5xHGJ1UAYC9VrrCGAHpyT8
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LOC_Brooklyn_Bridge_and_East_River_7.png
 https://pbblogassets.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2015/07/Point-of-View-Featured-image-3-
copy.jpg
 https://s.studiobinder.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Over-The-Shoulder-Shot-Camera-
Angles-Titantic-OTS.jpg.webp?resolution=1440,1&resolution=1600,2
 https://i.ytimg.com/vi/TZYjf9tuW5w/maxresdefault.jpg
 https://pbblogassets.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2020/12/02092854/Insert-shot.jpg
 https://pbblogassets.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/2016/02/Spider-Man-Mirror-1.jpg
 https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/480442.image3.jpg
 https://assets-cdn.audionetwork.com/templates/images/Image_8879_98.png
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The-Avengers-StudioBinder.jpg.webp?
resolution=1680,0.75&resolution=2294,1.2000000476837158
 https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTTi-
UnMs_4ujljfyK5JtmfQlhKRuTGC1jUgyK-1G0zyGHHcQxP-SyGFX01jl7XRhkragA&usqp=CAU
 https://i.pinimg.com/originals/1a/26/14/1a26143552318e3f6d5c335d95c4cc4b.jpg
 https://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-s/08/5f/ad/50/masonic-temple.jpg
 https://artlist.io/media/fy1bfv1t/tracking-shot.jpg?
anchor=center&mode=crop&width=1920&height=750&rnd=132641571405430000
 https://nofilmschool.com/sites/default/files/styles/facebook/public/screen_shot_2013-09-
18_at_03.59.21.png?itok=qwNBZt7t

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