Pre-Calculus Activity Sheet

Quarter 2 – MELC 14
(STEM_PC11T-IIh-i-1)

REGION VI – WESTERN VISAYAS

REGION VI – WESTERN VISAYAS

Mathematics – SHS Grade 11 Pre-Calculus
Activity Sheet No. 14
First Edition, 2020

Published in the Philippines

by the Department of Education
Region 6 – Western Visayas

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of royalties.

This Pre-Calculus Learning Activity Sheet is developed by DepEd Region 6 –

Western Visayas.

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this learning resource may be reproduced

or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical without written
permission from the DepEd Regional Office 6 – Western Visayas.

Development Team of Pre-Calculus Learning Kit

Writer: Dr. Julio J. Villalon

Illustrator: Patrick T. Lomigo

Layout Artist: Krishea Mae P. Jaruda

Division Quality Assurance Team: Dr. Julio J. Villalon

Dr. Kim Jay C. Encio
Rosanna A. Daitao

Division of Iloilo Management Team: Dr. Roel F. Bermejo, Dr. Nordy D. Siason, Jr.
Dr. Lilibeth T. Estoque, Dr. Azucena T. Falales
Ruben S. Libutaque, Lilibeth E. Larupay
Dr. Kim S. Arceña
Regional Management Team: Ma. Gemma M. Ledesma,
Dr. Josilyn S. Solana,
Dr. Elena P. Gonzaga,
Mr. Ronald T. Genine,

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Introductory Message

Welcome to Senior High School Grade 11 Mathematics(Pre-Calculus).

The Pre-Calculus Learning Kit is a product of the collaborative efforts of the

Schools Division of Iloilo and DepEd Regional Office VI – Western Visayas through the
Curriculum and Learning Management Division(CLMD). This is developed to guide the
learning facilitators (teachers, parents, and responsible adults) in helping our learners
meet the standards set by the K to 12 Basic Education Curriculum.

The Learning Activity Sheet is self-directed instructional materials aimed to

guide our learners in accomplishing activities at their own pace and time using the
contextualized resources in the community. This will also assist learners in acquiring the
lifelong learning skills, knowledge and attitudes for productivity and employment.

For the learning facilitator:

The Learning Activity Sheet will help you facilitate the teaching-learning activities
specified in each Most Essential Competency (MELC) with minimal or no face-to-face
encounter between you and learner. This will be made available to the learners with the
references/links to ease the independent learning.

For the learner:

The Learning Activity Sheet is developed to help you continue learning even if
you are not in school. This learning material provides you with meaningful and engaging
activities for independent learning. Being an active learner, carefully read and understand
the instructions then perform the activities and answer the assessments. This will be
returned to your facilitator on the agreed schedule.

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 Learning Activity Sheets (LAS) (For SHS Mathematics)
School:_________________________________________________________
Name of Learner:_________________________________________________
Grade Level:_____________________________________________________
Section:_________________________________________________________
Date:___________________________________________________________

PRE-CALCULUS LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

Learning Competency
Solve trigonometric equations. (STEM_PC11T-IIh-i-1).

Generalization

Any equation that involves trigonometric expressions is called a trigonometric equation.

Recall that a solution or a root of an equation is a number in the domain of the equation that,
when substituted to the variable, makes the equation true. The set of all solutions of an equation
is called the solution set of the equation.

To “solve an equation” means to find all solutions of the equations. In solving

trigonometric equations, unless stated as angles measured in degrees, we mean solutions of
the equation that are real numbers (or equivalently, angles measured in radians).

Equations with One Term

Example 1. Solve the equation 2 cos 𝑥 − 1 = 0

Solution: The given equation is equivalent to

1
cos 𝑥 =
2
1
𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( )
2
On the interval [0, 2𝜋], there are only two solutions of the last equation, and these
𝜋 5𝜋
are 𝑥 = 3
(this is in 𝑄𝐼) and 𝑥 = 3
(in 𝑄𝐼𝑉). Cosine is positive in 𝑄𝐼 and 𝑄𝐼𝑉.
Since the period of cosine function is 2𝜋, the complete solutions of the equation are
𝝅 𝟓𝝅
𝒙 = 𝟑 + 𝒌(𝟐𝝅) and 𝒙 = 𝟑
+ 𝒌(𝟐𝝅) for all integers 𝑘.

Example 2. Solve: (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)(𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 − 1) = 0.

Solution: By the Zero-Factor Law, the given equation is equivalent to

1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 0 or 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 − 1 = 0
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = −1 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 1
−1
𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (−1) 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1)
Using the unit circle and the period of cosine (period of 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑖𝑠 2𝜋) and tangent
𝜋
(period of 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝜋), cosine has a value of −1 at 𝜋 and tangent has a value of 1 at 4 .
𝝅
Thus, the solutions of the equation are 𝜽 = 𝝅 + 𝟐𝒌𝝅 and 𝜽 = 𝟒 + 𝒌𝝅 for all integers 𝑘.

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 Example 3. Find all values of 𝑥 in the interval [−2𝜋, 2𝜋] that satisfy the equation
(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 1)(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 1) = 0

Solution: By Zero-Factor Law, the given equation is equivalent to

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 1 = 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 1 = 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = −1
In the unit circle, locate an angle whose sine is 1 and −1. Thus,
𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (1) 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (−1)
𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋
𝑥= 2
𝑜𝑟 − 2
𝑥= 2
𝑜𝑟 − 2

𝝅 𝟑𝝅 𝟑𝝅 𝝅
The solutions are: {𝑥/𝑥 = 𝟐 , − , , − 𝟐}
𝟐 𝟐

Example 4: Solve: 3𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 + 5 = 0

Solution:
3𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 + 5 = 0
5
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = −
3
5
There is no special angles whose tangent is − 3. However, for every one-period
interval (period of 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 is 𝜋) there is a unique solution for the given equation.
Thus,
5
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (− )
3

5
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (− 3) + 𝑘𝜋, for all integers 𝑘

5 5
Note: Using a scientific calculator, it is possible to solve 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (− ) or 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 (− ).
3 3

Exercise 1:

A. Solve each equation.

(a) tan 𝑥 = −1
1
(b) sin 𝑥 = 2
(c) (cos 𝑥 − 1)(tan 𝑥 + 1) = 0

B. Find all values of the variable in the interval [−2𝜋, 2𝜋] that satisfy the given equation.
(d) (sin 𝜃 + 1)(tan 𝜃) = 0
(e) 2cos 𝜃 − √3 = 0

Equations with Two or More Terms

Example 1. Solve: 1 + cos 𝜃 = 3 cos 𝜃

Solution:
Combining like terms.
1 + cos 𝜃 = 3 cos 𝜃
−3 cos 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 = −1
−2 cos 𝜃 = −1
1
cos 𝜃 =
2
1
𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( )
2

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 𝜋 5𝜋
𝜃= 𝑜𝑟 𝜃 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋
3 3
Since the period of cosine function is 2𝜋, the complete solutions of the
𝝅 𝟓𝝅
equation are 𝒙 = 𝟑 + 𝒌(𝟐𝝅) and 𝒙 = 𝟑
+ 𝒌(𝟐𝝅) for all integers 𝑘.
Example 2. Solve for 𝑥 ∈ [0 , 2𝜋]: sin 2𝑥 = sin 𝑥 .
Solution:
Using the Sine Double-Angle Identity and by factoring:
sin 2𝑥 = sin 𝑥
sin 2𝑥 − sin 𝑥 = 0
2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 = 0
(sin 𝑥)(2 cos 𝑥 − 1) = 0
sin 𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 2 cos 𝑥 − 1 = 0
1
𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (0) cos 𝑥 =
2
1
𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( )
2
𝜋 5𝜋
𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 𝜋 𝑥 = 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 =
3 3
𝝅 𝟓𝝅
Solutions are: {𝑥/𝑥 = 𝟎, 𝝅, 𝟑
, 𝟑}

Example 3. Solve: 2𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝜃 = 2

Solution:
Express the equation in terms of a single function. Using the Pythagorean
Identities;
2𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝜃 = 2
2𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 + (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃) = 2
3𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 + 1 = 2
3𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 = 1
1
𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 =
3
√3
cot 𝜃 = ±
3
√3 𝜋 4𝜋
If cot 𝜃 = 3
, then 𝜃 = 3
𝑜𝑟 𝜃 = 3
.
√3 2𝜋 5𝜋
If cot 𝜃 = − 3 , then 𝜃= 3
𝑜𝑟 𝜃 = 3
.
𝝅 𝟒𝝅 𝟐𝝅 𝟓𝝅
Thus, the solution to the given equation is {𝜽/𝜽 = , , , }
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑

Exercise 2:
A. Solve each equation.
(a) 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = sin 𝜃 + 1
(b) sin 𝑥 = 1 + cos 𝑥

B. Find the solutions in the interval [0 , 2𝜋].

(c) 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 = 1 + sec 𝑥
(d) 4𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 − 1 = 0

Enrichment Activity
Solve for 𝑥 ∈ [−𝜋 , 𝜋]: 16 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥 + 1 = 8 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥

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Reflection
Complete the following sentences:
1. The most challenging part of this learning kit was…

2. In this learning kit I learned that….

References:
Next Century Mathematics: Precalculus by Fernando B. Orines, Phoenix
Publishing House
Precalculus Learner’s Manual, First Edition 2016, DepEd
Precalculus Teacher’s Guide, First Edition 2016, DepEd

Answer Key
Exercise 1
1.
𝜋
(a) − 4 + 𝑘𝜋, for all integers 𝑘.
𝜋 5𝜋
(b) 6
+ 2𝑘𝜋, 6
+ 2𝑘𝜋, for all integers 𝑘.
𝜋
(c) 2𝑘𝜋, − 4 + 𝑘𝜋, for all integers 𝑘.

2.
𝜋 3𝜋
(d) − 2 , 2
, 0, 𝜋, 2𝜋, −𝜋, −2𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 11𝜋 11𝜋
(e) ,− , ,−
6 6 6 6

Exercise 2
1.
7𝜋 11𝜋 𝜋
(a) 6
+ 2𝑘𝜋 , 6
+ 2𝑘𝜋 , 2
+ 2𝑘𝜋, for all integers 𝑘.

𝜋
(b) 2
+ 2𝑘𝜋 , 𝜋 + 2𝑘𝜋, for all integers 𝑘.

2.
𝜋 5𝜋
(c) 0 , 3 , 3

𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋 11𝜋
(d) 6
, 6
, 6
, 6

Enrichment Activity:

16 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥 + 1 = 8 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 =
4

16 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥 − 8 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 1 = 0 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = ±
2

(4 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 − 1)2 = 0 5𝜋 𝜋
𝑥=± ,±
6 6

4𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 − 1 = 0

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