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    Phy Project

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    The document describes an experiment to study the variation of current using a light dependent resistor (LDR). It provides details on the objective, theory, materials used, circuit diagram, procedure, observations and conclusions. The key findings are that the resistance of the LDR decreases with increasing light intensity, leading to higher current. Additionally, current increases as the distance between the light source and LDR decreases due to higher light intensity closer to the source. The LDR has applications in devices like camera exposure controls, photocopying machines, and automatic lighting controls.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Phy Project

    Uploaded by

    ash adi
    36 views11 pages
    The document describes an experiment to study the variation of current using a light dependent resistor (LDR). It provides details on the objective, theory, materials used, circuit diagram, procedure, observations and conclusions. The key findings are that the resistance of the LDR decreases with increasing light intensity, leading to higher current. Additionally, current increases as the distance between the light source and LDR decreases due to higher light intensity closer to the source. The LDR has applications in devices like camera exposure controls, photocopying machines, and automatic lighting controls.

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    The document describes an experiment to study the variation of current using a light dependent resistor (LDR). It provides details on the objective, theory, materials used, circuit diagram, procedure, observations and conclusions. The key findings are that the resistance of the LDR decreases with increasing light intensity, leading to higher current. Additionally, current increases as the distance between the light source and LDR decreases due to higher light intensity closer to the source. The LDR has applications in devices like camera exposure controls, photocopying machines, and automatic lighting controls.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    36 views11 pages

    Phy Project

    Uploaded by

    ash adi
    The document describes an experiment to study the variation of current using a light dependent resistor (LDR). It provides details on the objective, theory, materials used, circuit diagram, procedure, observations and conclusions. The key findings are that the resistance of the LDR decreases with increasing light intensity, leading to higher current. Additionally, current increases as the distance between the light source and LDR decreases due to higher light intensity closer to the source. The LDR has applications in devices like camera exposure controls, photocopying machines, and automatic lighting controls.

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    of 11

    SAINIK SCHOOL AMARAVATHINAGAR

    UDUMALPET, TAMILNADU

    PROJECT REPORT ON

    To Study Variation of Current


    Using a LDR

    By Submitted to

    CDT.C R Akilarasu Ilamparithi , P.Chandran ,

    Class XII (6279) , PGT PHYSICS ,

    Sainik School Amaravathinagar . Sainik School Amaravathinagar .


    INDEX

    SL NO CONTENT PAGE NO

    1. INTRODUCTION 04

    2. PROCEDURE 08

    APPLICATIONS
    3. 10

    4. CONCLUSION 11
    ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

    I would like to express my special thank of gratitude to my teacher


    Mr. P Chandran for their able guidance and support in completing this
    project.

    I would like to extend my gratitude to Principal CAPT (IN) Nirmal K Raghu,


    Vice Principal Wg Cdr Deepti Upadhyaya and my Parents for providing me with all
    facilities that was required.

    Date: Cadet Name:


    C R AKILARASU ILAMPARITH
    Introduction:

     The general - purpose photoconductive cell is also known as LDR - light


    dependent resistor.
     It is a type of semiconductor and its conductivity changes with proportional
    change in the intensity of light.
     There are two common types of materials used to manufacture the
    photoconductive cells . They are Cadmium Sulphide ( CdS ) and Cadmium
    Selenide ( CdSe ) .
     Extrinsic devices have impurities added , which have a ground state energy
    closer to the conduction band - since the electrons don't have as far to jump
    , lower energy photons ( i.e. longer wavelengths and lower frequencies ) are
    sufficient to trigger the device .
     Two of its earliest applications were as part of smoke and fire detection
    systems and camera light meters.
     The structure is covered with glass sheet to protect it from moisture and
    dust and allows only light to
    fall on it.

    Objective:

    To study the variations, in current


    flowing in a circuit containing a
    LDR, because of a variation:

    ( a ) In the power of the incandescent lamp , used to ' illuminate ' the LDR .
    (Keeping all the lamps at a fixed distance).

    ( b ) In the distance of a incandescent lamp , ( of fixed power ) , used to '


    illuminate ' the LDR .
    Theory

    1.) LDR and its characteristics When light is incident on it, a photon is absorbed
    and thereby it excites an electron from valence band into conduction band . Due to
    such new electrons coming up in conduction band area, the electrical resistance of
    the device decreases. Thus the LDR or photo - conductive transducer has the
    resistance which is the inverse function of radiation intensity.

    ℎ×𝑐
    𝜆0 =
    𝑒 × 𝐸𝜔
    𝜆0 = Threshold Wavelength (in meters)

    𝑒 = Charge on one electron (in Coulombs)

    𝐸𝜔 = Work function of the metal used (in eV)

    Here we must note that any radiation with wavelength greater than the value
    obtained in above equation CANNOT PRODUCE any change in the resistance of this
    device. The band gap energy of Cadmium Sulphide is 2.42eV and for Cadmium
    Selenide it is 1.74eV. Due to such large energy gaps, both the materials have
    extremely high resistivity at room temperature.
    Characteristics of photoconductive cells:

    Now when the device is kept in darkness, its resistance is called as dark resistance.
    This 19 resistance is typically of the order of 1013 ohms. When light falls on it, its
    resistance decreases up to several kilo ohms or even hundreds of ohms, depending
    on the intensity of light, falling on it. The spectral response characteristics of two
    commercial cells were compared in our laboratory. And we found that there is
    almost no response to the radiation of a wavelength which was shorter than 300nm.
    It was very interesting to note that the Cadmium Sulphide cell has a peak response
    nearer or within the green color of the spectrum within a range of 520nm. Thus it
    can be used nearer to the infra - red region up to 750nm. It was found that the
    maximum response of Cadmium Sulphoselenide is in the yellow - orange range at
    615nm and also it can be used in the infra - red region up to about 970nm.

    Sensitivity

    The sensitivity of a photo detector is the relationship between the light falling on
    the device and the resulting output signal. In the case of a photocell, one is dealing
    with the relationship between the incident light and the corresponding resistance
    of the cell.

    Spectral Response

    Like the human eye, the relative sensitivity of a photoconductive cell is dependent
    on the wavelength ( color ) of the incident light. Each photoconductor material type
    has its own unique spectral response curve or plot of the relative response of the
    photocell versus wavelength of light.
    Materials Required:

     Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)

     Connecting Wires

     Source of different power rating (bulbs)

     Bulb Holder

     Metre scale

     Multi Meter

     Battery

    CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
    Procedure:

    1. Choose a specific position for the source and mount it using a holder, make sure
    it is stable.

    2. Select the bulb with the lowest power rating and connect it to the holder as
    shown in the figure.

    3. Connect the LDR, battery (6V) and the multimeter in series.

    4. Set the multimeter to ohm section and select suitable range and measure the
    resistance with a bulb on.

    5. Repeat these steps with different power sources at different distances and
    note down observations

    OBSERVATIONS:
    The experiment has been conducted by using various sources with different power
    ratings. Voltage of the battery = 6 V

    1.) 15 watts (yellow) (wavelength = 570nm)

    Serial Distance from Resistance Current


    No. Source(cm) (Kilo ohm) (Micro Ampere)
    1. 50 142.5 40
    2. 40 69 80
    3. 30 41 150
    4. 20 21 300
    2.) 15 watts (Incandescent) (wavelength = 610nm)

    Serial Distance from Resistance Current


    No. Source(cm) (Kilo ohm) (Micro Ampere)
    1. 50 51 120
    2. 40 35 170
    3. 30 22 270
    4. 20 11 540

    3.) 40 watts (Incandescent) (wavelength = 610nm)

    Serial Distance from Resistance Current


    No. Source(cm) (Kilo ohm) (Micro Ampere)
    1. 50 20 300
    2. 40 13 460
    3. 30 8.5 700
    4. 20 4.5 1330

    4.) 20 watts (CFL) (White Light)

    Serial Distance from Resistance Current


    No. Source(cm) (Kilo ohm) (Micro Ampere)
    1. 50 15.5 380
    2. 40 10 600
    3. 30 6 1000
    4. 20 3 2000
    Application:

    Lead sulfide (PBS) and Indium antimonide (inSb) LDRs are used for the mid
    infrared spectral region. GeCu photoconductors are among the best far infrared
    detectors available, and are used for infrared astronomy and infrared
    spectroscopy.

    Analog Applications
    1. Camera Exposure Control

    2. Auto Slide Focus - dual cell

    3. Photocopy Machines - density of toner

    4. Colorimetric Test Equipment

    5. Densitometer

    6. Electronic Scales-dual cell

    7. Automatic Gain Control-modulated light source

    8. Automated Rear View Mirror

    Digital Applications
    1. Automatic Headlight Dimmer

    2. Night Light Control

    3. Oil Burner Flame Out

    4. Street Light Control

    5. Position Sensor
    Conclusion:

    The LDR resistance decreases with increase in intensity of light and hence there is
    an increase in the flow of current.

    There is an increase in the current as the distance from the source decreases.

    The intensity decreases as the distance from the source increases

    The error lies within the experimental limit.

    References

    1) https://www.beleiveinscience.com/Physics/ldr-and-current.php
    2) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK223960
    3) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varying_current

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