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    Shahbaz 85 Lab1

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    Shahbaz Zafar
    This document provides an introduction to basic control system equipment and terms used in an instrumentation and measurement lab. It defines transducers as devices that convert one form of energy to another through sensing and transduction elements. Sensors detect physical inputs while actuators control mechanisms. Accuracy refers to closeness to true values while precision refers to reproducibility. Linear devices have proportional input-output relationships, unlike nonlinear devices. Amplifiers, attenuators, converters, and integrators/differentiators are also discussed along with their applications in industrial, medical, and military systems using instrumentation.

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    Shahbaz 85 Lab1

    Uploaded by

    Shahbaz Zafar
    24 views4 pages
    This document provides an introduction to basic control system equipment and terms used in an instrumentation and measurement lab. It defines transducers as devices that convert one form of energy to another through sensing and transduction elements. Sensors detect physical inputs while actuators control mechanisms. Accuracy refers to closeness to true values while precision refers to reproducibility. Linear devices have proportional input-output relationships, unlike nonlinear devices. Amplifiers, attenuators, converters, and integrators/differentiators are also discussed along with their applications in industrial, medical, and military systems using instrumentation.

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    This document provides an introduction to basic control system equipment and terms used in an instrumentation and measurement lab. It defines transducers as devices that convert one form of energy to another through sensing and transduction elements. Sensors detect physical inputs while actuators control mechanisms. Accuracy refers to closeness to true values while precision refers to reproducibility. Linear devices have proportional input-output relationships, unlike nonlinear devices. Amplifiers, attenuators, converters, and integrators/differentiators are also discussed along with their applications in industrial, medical, and military systems using instrumentation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    24 views4 pages

    Shahbaz 85 Lab1

    Uploaded by

    Shahbaz Zafar
    This document provides an introduction to basic control system equipment and terms used in an instrumentation and measurement lab. It defines transducers as devices that convert one form of energy to another through sensing and transduction elements. Sensors detect physical inputs while actuators control mechanisms. Accuracy refers to closeness to true values while precision refers to reproducibility. Linear devices have proportional input-output relationships, unlike nonlinear devices. Amplifiers, attenuators, converters, and integrators/differentiators are also discussed along with their applications in industrial, medical, and military systems using instrumentation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 4

    INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT LAB

    TITLE:

    BASIC CONTROL SYSTEM EQUIPMENT AND TERMS USED

    NAME:

    SHAHBAZ ZAFAR

    REG NO:

    190401085

    LAB NO:

    LAB INSTRUCTOR:

    Mam Zile Huma


    Objective:
    Introduction to the laboratory, familiarity with basic instruments, including Transducer and
    instrumentation trainer and digital oscilloscopes.

    TRANSDUCER: A transducer is a device that converts energy from one form to another. Energy forms
    can be mechanical, visual, aural, electrical, thermal, chemical, etc. A transducer will have basically two
    main components. They are

    1. Sensing Element: The physical quantity or its rate of change is sensed and responded to by this part
    of the transistor.

    2. Transduction Element: The output of the sensing element is passed on to the transduction
    element. This element is responsible for converting the non-electrical signal into its proportional
    electrical signal.

    Applications: Accelerometers, LVDT, Galvanometers, Pressure Sensors, Potentiometer, AirFlow


    Sensor.

    Sensors: A sensor is a device that detects and responds to some type of input from the physical
    environment. The specific input could be light, heat, motion, moisture, pressure, or any one of a great
    number of other environmental phenomena.

    Applications: Speed Sensor, PIR Sensor, Ultrasonic Sensor, Temperature Sensor


    Actuators: An actuator is a component of a machine that is responsible for moving and controlling a
    mechanism or system, for example by opening a valve. An actuator requires a control signal and a
    source of energy. Applications: Comb drive, Hydraulic piston, Electric motor, Relay, Thermal bimorph

    Accuracy & Precision: Accuracy is the degree of closeness to true value. Precision is the degree to
    which an instrument or process will repeat the same value. In other words, accuracy is the degree of
    veracity while precision is the degree of reproducibility.

    Linear & Non-Linear Devices:


    In a linear circuit, the response of the output is directly proportional to the input. Linear devices include
    resistors, capacitors, and most inductors (when driven with low current).
    In the non-linear circuit, the output characteristic is like a curve line which in between the voltage and
    current.

    Nonlinear devices include semiconductor devices (transistors and diodes), ferrite inductors driven at
    high current where magnetic saturation occurs, all amplifiers, and almost all integrated circuits.

    Types:

     Bulb (Ohms Law)

     Buck Converter

     Boost Converter

     Buck Boost Converter

    Amplifier: A circuit having an input and output that are related linearly and with the output greater
    than the input. The circuit may operate on both DC and AC circuits

    Attenuator: A circuit having an input and an output that are related linearly and having an output less
    than the input.

    AC Amplifier: An amplifier that amplifies alternating signals only.

    Differential Amplifier: A voltage amplifier having two inputs and where the output voltage magnitude
    is proportional to the difference in voltages between the two inputs.

    Summing Amplifier: A voltage amplifier having multiple inputs, the output being proportional to the
    sum of the various applied inputs.

    Inverter: A voltage amplifier having the polarity of the output the reverse of the input. The output
    magnitude may be the same as the input (gain of -1), or there may be voltage gain associated with the
    polarity reversal.

    V/F Converter: A circuit converting a DC input voltage to an alternating voltage, the frequency being
    dependent on the magnitude of the DC input voltage.

    F/V Converter: A circuit converting an alternating input voltage to a direct voltage output, the output
    voltage magnitude being proportional to the frequency of the input voltage.

    Example:

    A digital tachometer is an electronic device which measures the rate of rotation of a wheel. They display
    the rate of rotation in the form of voltage which is why a frequency to voltage converter is required in
    them.
    V/I Converter: A circuit converting an direct input voltage into an output current, the current
    magnitude depending on the input voltage.

    Examples:
    a) Low voltage ac and dc voltmeters.

    b) Diode match finders

    c) Led and zener diode testers.

    I/V Converter: A circuit converting an input current into an output voltage, the voltage magnitude
    being dependent on the magnitude of the input current.

    Examples:
    a) I/V convertors are used for measuring light intensity using a photodiode sensor. The
    output of a photodiode is current which changes proportionally to light intensity.

    b) Digital to analog converters.

    Integrator: A circuit having an output voltage that is proportional to the product (input voltage x time).

    Differentiator: A circuit having an output voltage that is proportional to the rate-of-change of the input
    voltage.

    PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS:
    Instrumentation used for measurements such as oscilloscope and multimeters have a significant
    demand and value in industrial, commercial and military application. Sensors are used in plethora of
    applications including industrial, medical and military setups. Examples include sensors on an aircrafts,
    ventilators, cement kiln and robotics etc. It would not be an overstatement to say that almost every
    system contains sensors or group of sensors

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