An Annotated Translation of How To Succe

An Annotated Translation of
How to Succeed as a Freelance Translator
Wahyu Budi
95115012
Submitted as a partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the degree of Magister in English Literature
Majoring in Translation
MAGISTER PROGRAM
GUNADARMA UNIVERSITY
JAKARTA
2016
i
AN ANNOTATED TRANSLATION OF
HOW TO SUCCEED AS A FREELANCE TRANSLATOR
Declaration
The work provided in this research, unless otherwise referenced, is the
researcher’s own work, and has not been submitted elsewhere for any other degree
or qualification. The sources that the researcher have used or quoted have been
indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references.
Name : Wahyu Budi
Signature :
Date : 24th November 2016
ii
RESPONSIBILITY PAGE
The overall contents of this research are completely the researcher’s responsibility
Jakarta, 24th November 2016
Wahyu Budi
Student Number: 95115012
iii
PAGE OF APPROVAL
TITLE : An Annotated Translation of How to Succeed as a
Freelance Translator
NAME : Wahyu Budi
STUDENT NUMBER : 95115012
DATE OF GRADUATION : 24th November 2016
Approved by:
Commission of Advisors,
Prof. Dr. Ratna Sayekti Roesli

(Chairman)
Prof. Dr. Ratna Sayekti Roesli

(Head of Study Program)
Prof. Dr. Dharma Tintri Edi Raras Sudarsono, SE., AK., CA., MBA
(Director of Magister Program in Social and Cultural Studies)
iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to
my parents for their unceasing encouragement, support, and attention that
they have given me. Also I would like to extend my sincere gratefulness to
my brother and sisters in arms, Adam, Wenny, and Yohana for helping me
in times of need. I also would like to thank people who have given me
their contributions and valuable advices which are really helpful during the
process in completing this thesis. Those people are:
1. Prof. Dr. E. S. Margianti, S.E., M.M, the rector of Gunadarma University.
2. Prof. Dr. Yuhara Suka, M.Sc., the Coordinator of Post-Graduate Program
of Gunadarma University.
3. Prof. Dr. Dharma Tintri Edi Raras Sudarsono, SE., AK., MBA., the
Director of the Social and Culture of Magister Program of Gunadarma
University.
4. Drs. Haryanto, M.Si., as the director of Sarjana Magister Program at
Gunadarma University.
5. Prof. Dr. Ratna Sayekti Roesli, the Head of Magister Program of
Literature Majoring in Translation of Gunadarma University who is at the
same time as the advisor of the researcher/translator. The researcher/
translator is sincerely grateful for her advice, guidance, patience,
encouragement, and precious knowledge during the time. Thank you, Prof!
6. Mr. Remi Sendjaya, S.T, M.Si, as the coordinator of Sarjana Magister
Program at Gunadarma University.
v
7. Mr. Romel Noverino, S.S, M.Hum., as the secretary of Magister Program
of Literature Majoring in Translation of Gunadarma University and as the
secretary of Board Examiners.
8. All lecturers in English Department of Gunadarma University, the
researcher/translator is grateful to the lecturers for their lessons.
9. My laptop as well as my precious modem, for never letting me down in
writing my thesis.
10. My SMSA03 classmates: Aulia, Andra, Erwin, Irma, Adam, Meli, Nabiya,
Zia, Popy, Putri, Takas, Weni, Yohana, and Zahra. Thanks for your
support and help, gonna miss our moments in class.
11. All the people who cannot be mentioned one by one for their help and
support. Thank you so much.
Jakarta, November 2016
W.B.
vi
PAGE OF DEDICATION
This thesis is dedicated to:
My mother who takes care of me patiently.
My father who takes care of me even though he is far away from home.
vii
CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Information
Name : Wahyu Budi
Place/ Date of Birth : Kebumen, October 12, 1993
Gender : Male
Nationality : Indonesia
Contact Numbers
Home :-
Mobile : 0857-1101-2368
Email : [email protected]
Education
2011 - now Undergraduate Gunadarma University
2008 – 2011 Senior High SMA Negeri 1 Tambun Selatan
2005 - 2008 Junior High SMP Negeri 2 Tambun Selatan
1999 - 2005 Elementary SD Negeri Mekarsari 01 Tambun
viii
QUOTE
“All things are difficult before they are easy.”
by Thomas Fuller
ix
ABSTRACT
Wahyu Budi. An Annotated Translation of How to Succeed as a Freelance

Translator. A Thesis for Magister Program of English Literature, Majoring in
Translation, Gunadarma University, Jakarta: November 2016
This research is an annotated translation. The problems of this research are: (1)
What are the difficulties encountered by the researcher/translator during the
process of translation? (2) How are those difficulties solved? The aims of this
research are: (1) To attain factual information concerning the difficulties faced by
the researcher/translator while translating the source text, (2) To find out the
plausible solution by referring to the principles of translation, the translation
strategies, the theories of translation, and the theories of both the Indonesian
language as well as the English language. The methods of the research are: (1) the
introspective and retrospective methods, (2) the sampling method is purposefully
randomly. From the 167 data collected, the researcher purposefully selected the
most difficult data which amount to 45 data; from these 45 data, the researcher
has randomly chosen 25 data to be analysed. The results of this research are: (1)
only five out of the thirteen principles of translation were employed in this
research, i.e. Meaning, Style and Clarity, Form, Register, and Idiom; (2) thirteen
out of thirty translation strategies were applied in this research, i.e. Transposition
(2 data), Unit Shift (2 data), Phrasal Verb (2 data), Idiom (2 data), Information
Change (2 data), Loan (2 data), Calque (2 data), Explicitness Change (2 data),
Expansion (2 data), Compression (2 data), Antonymy (2 data), Cohesion Change
(1 data), and Clause Structure Change (2 data). The finding of this research is that
not all of the thirteen principles of translation and the thirty translation strategies
are employed because there are only twenty five data analysed.
x
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE ........................................................................................................... i
DECLARATION PAGE ............................................................................... ii
RESPONSIBILITY PAGE .......................................................................... iii
PAGE OF APPROVAL ................................................................................ iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................... v
DEDICATION ............................................................................................. vii
CURICULUM VITAE ................................................................................. viii
QUOTE ........................................................................................................ ix
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................. x
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................. xi
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................. 1
1.1 Background of the Research ............................................................ 1
1.1.1 Justification of the Research ................................................ 1
1.1.2 Relevant Researches ............................................................. 2
1.1.3 Position of the Research ....................................................... 5
1.1.4 Significance of the Research ................................................ 6
1.2 Problem of the Research .................................................................. 6
1.3 Purpose of the Research ................................................................... 7
1.4 Scope of the Research ...................................................................... 7
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ........................... 8
2.1 Definition of Translation ................................................................... 8
xi
2.2 Principles of Translation .................................................................. 12
2.3 Translation Strategies ....................................................................... 37
2.4 Translation Theories ......................................................................... 76
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODS .................................................... 105
3.1 Research Methods ............................................................................ 105
3.2 Research Procedure .......................................................................... 106
3.3 Source of the Data ............................................................................ 107
3.4 Definition of Terms .......................................................................... 107
3.5 Collection of Data ............................................................................ 109
CHAPTER IV. RESULT OF THE RESEARCH ........................................ 155
4.1 Annotations and Analysis ................................................................ 155
4.2 Synthesis (Result of the Study) ........................................................ 306
4.3 Findings ............................................................................................ 307
4.4 Implication of the Research .............................................................. 307
CHAPTER V. DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION, & RECOMENDATION . 308
5.1 Discussion ........................................................................................ 308
5.2 Conclusion ....................................................................................... 309
5.3 Recommendation .............................................................................. 310
BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................ 311
APPENDIX .................................................................................................. 314
xii
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Research
In this part of the research, the researcher/translator describes the
justification of the research, relevant researches done, position of the
research, and significance of the research.
1.1.1 Justification of the Research
The researcher/translator conducted a research with the topic of An
Annotated Translation of How to Succeed as a Freelance Translator written
by Corinne McKay. The researcher/translator intends to find out the
difficulties there are during the process of translation from English into
Indonesian. These difficulties are in several aspects, for instance,
grammatical, lexical, cultural, as well as idiomatic which then will be
analyzed and given plausible reasons for the translation.
The translation from English to Indonesian is taken due to the
familiarity of the Indonesian language, which is mostly known by the
researcher/translator as his native language. The book How to Succeed as a
Freelance Translator is chosen to be translated and analyzed because it has
everything about being a translator, especially on how to be a freelance
translator, which is the researcher’s/translator’s dream job. It also has never
been translated into Indonesian before.
1
Hence, from the elaboration above, the researcher/translator is
interested in translating then analyzing this book in order to broaden the
researcher’s/translator’s knowledge and experience in translation, and to
develop the ability to translate and analyze the problems in translation. The
term “problems” here refers to the difficulties in the process of translating.
1.1.2 Relevant Researches
To determine the position of the researcher’s/translator’s study, the
relevant researches are presented below.
The first is Nurlaila (2014). She carried out an annotated translation
for her master thesis in Gunadarma University, entitled An Annotated
Translation of Plato: Timaeus and Critias a new translation by Robin
Waterfield. The problems of her research are (1) what difficulties are there
during the translation process that the researcher has found?; and, (2) how to
solve the problem encountered in the translation process? The aims of her
research are (1) to find out what difficulties there are during the translation
process from English into Indonesian; and, (2) to find the way to solve the
difficulties / problem encountered in the translation process. To achieve the
aims of the research, she employs introspective and retrospective method.
The results of her research show that out of 80 data, 25 data appear to be the
most difficult to translate. The 25 data covers Idiomatic Expression (4
items) consisting of Phrasal Verb (2 items) and Idiom (2 items), Structural
Shift (4 items) consisting of Active – Passive Construction (2 items) and
Word Order (2 items), Loan Word (2 items), Antonymy (2 items), Cohesion
2
Change (2 items), Explicitness Change (2 items), Distribution Change (4
items) consisting of Compression (2 items) and Expansion (2 items), Calque
(2 items), Transposition (2 items), and Unit shift (1 item). To deal with
those 25 data, she employs principle of translation, translation strategies,
and translation theories as well as language theories. The findings of her
research revealed that there is no explicit in the source text and implicit in
the target text. Besides that, there is no active target text which is derived
from the passive source text.
The second is Fuspita (2012). She wrote a thesis for her Magister
Humaniora at the University of Indonesia entitled Terjemahan Beranotasi
Buku Anak Adventure Lands ke Bahasa Indonesia. The problems of her
research are not explicitly stated, however, she stated that: “in the source
text translation, I found several elements which lead to translation problem,
they are: name of type, name of self, Australian slang, idiom, and verbal
onomatopoeia” (p. 2). She also did not explicitly state her aim/purpose of
the research, but she wrote that: “the translation of that several elements will
be given annotation” (p. 2). In her research, she used semantic method by
Newmark (1988). The results of her research are not explicitly stated,
however she stated that “in the translation of 40 elements that lead to
translation problems in the source text, I used 7 translation procedures,
namely: transference (18 times), couplets (17 times), additional information
(14 times), idiom translation (7 times), descriptive translation (5 times),
phonological translation (5 times), and cultural equivalence (4 times) (p.
137-138)”. There are two findings of her research, they are: (1) “all of the
3
cultural words or terms which caused the translation problems in the source
text were translated by following the foreignization ideology” (p. 138). (2)
“couplets are used in translating the cultural words or terms” (p. 138).
The third is Kefaya Adeeb Hafeth Saleh (2011). She wrote a thesis
entitled “Translating Restaurants’ Menus from English to Arabic: Problems
and Strategies”, a thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of
An-Najah National University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
master degree of applied linguistics and translation. The problems of her
research are: (1) what are the main problems and challenges that face
translators of restaurants' menus?; (2) are the common strategies used in
translating menus and food terms adopted appropriately?; (3) does the
dominance of transliteration and borrowed terms in menus result from need
or/ and prestige?; and (4) what are the reasons behind multiple translations
of some food terms? (p. 15-16) The aims of her research are: (1) to identify
the problems of translating restaurants menus and food terms from English
into Arabic taking into consideration the various components of the menu,
such as the brand name, cultural specific concepts and even neutral food
terms; (2) to evaluate the main strategies used in solving such problems
focusing on the advantages and weaknesses of these strategies and
suggesting alternative translations where it is necessary and possible; and
(3) to identify the reasons behind various translations of some terms. Saleh
did not state her research’s method explicitly, but she mentioned that the
translation strategies applied in her research, namely transliteration
4
(borrowing), literal translation, adaptation, omission, addition,
superordinate, and hyponym. The results of her research show that out of
241 data analyzed from 19 menus, transliteration is the most frequent with
103 frequencies (42.738%). The second most frequent is literal translation
with 82 frequencies (34.024%). The third is addition with 23 frequencies
(9.543%). The fourth is adaptation with 15 frequencies (6.224%). The fifth
is omission with 8 frequencies (3.319%). And the last two, superordinate
and hyponym, with both the same 5 frequencies (2.074%) (p. 59). The
findings reveal that the main problems of translating menus are related to
brand names, proper names, culture-specific concepts and ambiguous and
semantically related terms (p. 96).
1.1.3 Position of the Research
The first relevant research conducted by Nurlaila (2014), with the
title An Annotated Translation of Plato: Timaeus and Critias a new
translation by Robin Waterfield is similar to the current research in ways of
annotating and analyzing the data. The difference between Nurlaila’s
research and the current research is that Nurlaila translated a novel book
while the researcher/translator translates a technical book. However, both
researcher/translator have the same aims, which is to translate the source
text and give annotation to solve the difficulties found when translating.
The second relevant research conducted by Fuspita (2012) entitled
Terjemahan Beranotasi Buku Anak Adventure Lands ke Bahasa Indonesia is
different from the current research. The difference between the two
5
researches is that Fuspita discussed words related to cultural terms while the
current research discussed words related to all aspects of language.
The third relevant research conducted by Saleh (2011) entitled
“Translating Restaurants’ Menus from English to Arabic: Problems and
Strategies” discussed about translating restaurant menus. The current
research, however, is different with her research. While she translated
English into Arabic, the current research translates English into Indonesian.
1.1.4 Significance of the research
The researcher/translator hopes this research can be used as input
data by students of translation or translators in general as the difficulties
during the process of translation will be presented. The researcher hoped
that this research can be useful for other researchers who are looking for
references in the study of annotated translation.
1.2 Problems of the Research
The problems of this research are formulated as follows:
1. What are the difficulties encountered by the researcher/translator during the
process of translation?
2. How are those difficulties solved in the translation?
6
1.3 Purposes of the Research
Based on the problems mentioned above, the purposes of this research are:
1. Finding out the difficulties/problems coming up when translating the source
text.
2. Solving the difficulties/problems that the researcher/translator come across
when translating the source text.
1.4 Scope of the Research
This research is only investigating the solving of difficulties or
problems that emerge during the process of rendering the source text into
another language.
7
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In this chapter, the researcher reviews all related translation literature. These
are definitions of translation, principles of translation, translation strategies,
theories of translation, and theories of languages used in this research.
2.1 Definition of Translation
Most definitions of translation suggested by experts share the same idea of
translation in general. Some of the definitions suggested by different experts are:
1) Munday (2001) stated that :
The term translation itself has several meanings: it can refer to the
general subject ﬁeld, the product (the text that has been translated) or
the process (the act of producing the translation, otherwise known as
translating). The process of translation between two different written
languages involves the translator changing an original written text
(the source text or ST) in the original verbal language (the source
language or SL) into a written text (the target text or TT) in a
different verbal language (the target language or TL). (p. 5)
Example:
English Indonesian
Not a soul on the battlements. Tidak ada seorang pun di benteng itu.
Bowden, O. (2011). Assassin’s Bowden, O. (2012). Assassin’s Creed:
Creed: Revelation. P.4. New York: Revelation, (M. Violine, Trans.).
Penguin Group. Jakarta: PT. Ufuk Publishing House.
8
P.10. (Original work published 2011).
Comment:
Not a soul on the battlements means There is no one inside the
battlements. The translation of the source text is: Tidak ada seorang pun di
benteng itu, which means Tidak ada satu orang pun yang berada di dalam
benteng. The meaning of the source text and the meaning of the target text
are the same.
2) According to Hatim and Munday (2004), translation is “...taking the original
or source text (ST) and turning it into a text in another language (the target
text, TT)” (p. 3).
Example:
English Indonesian
He stayed still. Dia tetap bergeming.
Comment:
He stayed still means He is not moving at all. The translation of the source
text is: Dia tetap bergeming, which means Dia tidak bergerak sama sekali.
The meaning of the source text and the meaning of the target text are the
same.
9
3) Catford (1965) stated that the definition of translation is “... the replacement
of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in
another language (TL)” (p. 20).
Example:
English Indonesian
The sword was good. Pedangnya bagus.
Comment:
The sword was good means The quality of the sword is excellent. The
translation of the source text is: Pedangnya bagus, which means Kualitas
pedangnya bermutu tinggi. The meaning of the source text and the meaning
of the target text are the same.
4) Nida and Taber (1962) defined that “Translating consists of reproducing in
the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language
message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style” (p. 12).
Example:
English Indonesian
Ah, the Mentor has arrived. Ah, sang Mentor telah tiba.
10
Comment:
Ah, the Mentor has arrived means The Mentor, whom has been expected
to come, has finally arrived. The translation of the source text is: Ah, sang
Mentor telah tiba, which means Sang Mentor, yang sudah dinanti,
akhirnya telah tiba. The meaning of the source text and the meaning of the
target text are the same.
5) Larson (1998) stated that “...translation consists of transferring the meaning
of the source language into the receptor language” (p. 3).
Example:
English Indonesian
Ezio smiled at the memory of his Ezio tersenyum mengenang temannya.
friend. Bowden, O. (2012). Assassin’s Creed:
Bowden, O. (2011). Assassin’s Revelation, (M. Violine, Trans.).
Creed: Revelation. P.13. New York: Jakarta: PT. Ufuk Publishing House.
Penguin Group. P.22. (Original work published 2011).
Comment:
Ezio smiled at the memory of his friend means Ezio felt happy when he
remembered his friend, that was why he smiled. The translation of the
source text is: Ezio tersenyum mengenang temannya, which means Ezio
merasa senang ketika dia ingat temannya, karena itu dia tersenyum. The
meaning of the source text and the meaning of the target text are the same.
11
6) Newmark (1988) stated that “translation is rendering the meaning of a text
into another language in the way that the author intended the text” (p. 5).
Example:
English Indonesian
They were bested for the moment, Mereka kalah untuk sementara, tapi
but the beast was not dead. mereka tidak mati.
Comment:
They were bested for the moment, but the beast was not dead means They
lost for now, but they had not been completely destroyed. The translation
of the source text is: Mereka kalah untuk sementara, tapi mereka tidak mati,
which means Mereka kalah untuk saat ini, tapi mereka belum hancur
sepenuhnya. The meaning of the source text and the meaning of the target
text are the same.
2.2 Principles of Translation
Here are some general principles of translation which are relevant to all
translation (Duff, 1990, pp. 10-11).
a. Meaning.
Duff (1990) stated that “The translation should reflect accurately the
meaning of the original text. Nothing should be arbitrarily added or
12
removed, though occasionally part of the meaning can be
‘transposed’…”
Example of accurate meaning:
English Indonesian
No time to think. Tidak ada waktu untuk berpikir.
Comment:
No time to think means there is no time to waste on thinking
something. The translation of the source text is: Tidak ada waktu untuk
berpikir which means tidak ada waktu yang bisa dibuang untuk
memikirkan sesuatu. The translation is accurate because the meaning of
the source text and the meaning of the target text are the same.
a. Meaning.
Example: Added
English Indonesian
The place seemed deserted. Tempat yang megah ini tampak
Bowden, O. (2011). Assassin’s kosong.
13
Creed: Revelation. P.4. New York: Bowden, O. (2012). Assassin’s Creed:
Penguin Group. Revelation, (M. Violine, Trans.). Jakarta:
PT. Ufuk Publishing House. P.10.
(Original work published 2011).
Comment:
The translation above is wrong because there is an unnecessary addition
of an adjective in the translation namely …yang megah… which is not
stated in the source text. The translation should actualy be:
English Indonesian
The place seemed deserted. Tempat ini tampak kosong.
So, the addition of …yang megah… is not in line with the principle of
translation.
a. Meaning.
Example: Removed
English Indonesian
Was he getting old, to have fallen Apakah dia sudah menua, sehingga
into a trap so simple? jatuh ke dalam perangkap?
14
Comment:
The translation above is wrong because the translator did not translate
the phrase from the source text to the target text, namely …so simple…
So the right translation should be as follow:
English Indonesian
Was he getting old, to have fallen Apakah dia sudah menua, sehingga
into a trap so simple? jatuh ke dalam perangkap
sesederhana ini?
So, the omission of ...so simple... is not in line with the principle of
translation.
a. Meaning.
Example: Transposed
English Indonesian
Sofia looked thoughtful. “There are Sofia tampak merenung. “Di dua
a couple of streets near here where a jalan di dekat sini ada sejumlah
number of art dealers do pialang benda seni.”
business . . .” Bowden, O. (2012). Assassin’s Creed:
15
Bowden, O. (2011). Assassin’s Revelation, (M. Violine, Trans.).
Creed: Revelation. P.246. New Jakarta: PT. Ufuk Publishing House.
York: Penguin Group. P.277. (Original work published
2011).
Comment:
The English adjective ...thoughtful. is translated into Indonesian verb
…merenung. That means that there is a transposition from an adjective
(thoughtful) into a verb (merenung).
Ask yourself:
• Is the meaning of the original text clear? If not, where does the
uncertainty lie? (Duff: 1990, pp.10-11)
Example:
English Indonesian
At one point, they walked past a Kemudian, mereka berjalan
heavy door with a small window. melewati pintu tebal berjendela
Katherine caught a glimpse of what kecil. Sekilas Katherine melihat apa
lay beyond and gasped. “What in the yang berada di baliknya, dan dia
world is that?!” terkesiap. "Astaga, apa itu?"
Brown, D. (2009). The Lost Symbol. Brown, D. (2010). The Lost Symbol.
P.29. New York: Double Day. (I.D. Nimpoeno,Trans.).Yogyakarta:
Bentang Pustaka. P.48. (Original work
published 2009).
16
Comment:
The meaning in the original text namely …they walked past a heavy
door with a small window. is ambiguous. The phrase could mean two
possibilities:
1. They walked past a heavy door which has a small window.
2. They walked past a heavy door while carrying a small window.
• Are any words ‘loaded’, that is, are there any underlying implications?
(Duff: 1990, pp.10-11)
Example:
English Indonesian
“Ron, you next,” said Mr. Weasley. "Ron, berikutnya kau," kata Mr
“See you,” said Ron brightly to the Weasley.
Dursleys. … Now Harry and Mr. "Sampai ketemu lagi," kata Ron ceria
Weasley alone remained. kepada keluarga Dursley. …
“Well . . . ’bye then,” Harry said to Sekarang tinggal Harry dan Mr
the Dursleys. Weasley. "Nah...selamat tinggal," kata
They didn’t say anything at all. Harry kepada keluarga Dursley.
Harry moved toward the fire, but just Mereka tidak mengatakan apa-apa.
as he reached the edge of the hearth, Harry berjalan ke perapian, tetapi saat
Mr. Weasley put out a hand and held dia tiba di depannya, Mr Weasley
him back. He was looking at the mengulurkan tangan dan menahannya.
Dursleys in amazement. Mr Weasley memandang keluarga
“Harry said good-bye to you,” he Dursley dengan keheranan.
17
said. “Didn’t you hear him?” "Harry mengucapkan selamat
Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry Potter tinggal kepada Anda," katanya.
and the Goblet of Fire. P.48. New "Apakah Anda tidak
York: Scholastic Press. mendengarnya?"
Rowling, J.K. (2001). Harry Potter
dan Piala Api. (L. Srisanti, Trans.).
Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
P. 63. (Original work published 2000).
Comment:
In the source text, the phrases Harry said good-bye to you,” he said.
“Didn’t you hear him? mean that Mr. Weasley wanted the Dursleys to
reply Harry’s farewell words.
• Is the dictionary meaning of a particular word the most suitable one?
(Duff: 1990, pp.10-11)
English Indonesian
They knew that the Templars would Mereka tahu para Templar akan
regroup, secretly, elsewhere, menghimpun kekuatan, diam-diam,
insatiable in their quest for the di tempat lain, tidak akan berhenti
instruments by which they could at mengejar pusaka-pusaka yang bisa
last control the world in accordance mereka gunakan untuk menguasai
with their somber tenets. dunia pada akhirnya, dengan prinsip-
Bowden, O. (2011). Assassin’s prinsip mereka yang gelap.
Creed: Revelation. P.14. New Bowden, O. (2012). Assassin’s
18
York: Penguin Group. Creed: Revelation, (M. Violine,
Trans.). Jakarta: PT. Ufuk Publishing
House. P.23. (Original work
published 2011).
Comment:
The word …instruments… in the source text is translated into
…pusaka-pusaka… in the target text. There are three meanings of the
word ...instruments... in the English-Indonesian dictionary by Hassan
Shadily and Echols: 1. Alat perkakas, 2. Alat musik, 3. Alat-alat. In
Kamus Bahasa Indonesia Kontemporer by Peter Salim, there are four
meanings, which are: 1. Alat perkakas, 2. Alat musik, 3. Alat-alat. 4.
Dokumen. In Merriam-Webster Thesaurus, the synonyms of
…instruments… are: 1. Certification, 2. Document, 3. Certificate, 4.
Device, 5. Implement, 6. Tool, 7. Agency, 8. Agent, 9. Instrumentality.
The English of …pusaka-pusaka… is legacy. The synonyms of legacy
in Merriam-Webster Thesaurus are: 1. Bequest, 2. Birthright, 3.
Heritage, 4. Inheritance, 5. Patrimony, 6. Heirloom, 7. Bestowal.
The meanings of …instruments… and …pusaka-pusaka… are not
synonymous. However, the translation of the word …instruments… is
not suitable to the Indonesian context, therefore the translator used
another term, namely …pusaka-pusaka… which is more suitable in the
target text.
19
• Does anything in the translation sound unnatural or forced? (Duff: 1990,
pp.10-11)
English Indonesian
Then they started digging at him Kemudian mereka mulai
from all sides with their weapons, mendesaknya dari segala sisi
trying to bring him to his knees. dengan senjata mereka, berusaha
Bowden, O. (2011). Assassin’s untuk membawanya ke lututnya.
Creed: Revelation. P.5. New York: Bowden, O. (2012). Assassin’s
Penguin Group. Creed: Revelation, (M. Violine,
Trans.). Jakarta: PT. Ufuk
Publishing House. P.12. (Original
work published 2011).
Comment:
The translated phrase in Indonesian text, namely …membawanya ke
lututnya… which is translated from the phrase …bring him to his
knees… sounds unnatural or forced. The translation should actually be
as follows so that it sounds natural in the target language:
English Indonesian
Then they started digging at him Kemudian mereka mulai
from all sides with their weapons, mendesaknya dari segala sisi dengan
trying to bring him to his knees. senjata mereka, berusaha untuk
membuatnya berlutut.
20
b. Form.
Duff (1990) stated that:
The ordering of words and ideas in the translation should
match the original as closely as possible. (This is particularly
important in translating legal documents, guarantees, contracts,
etc.) But differences in language structure often require changes
in the form and order of words.
Example: translation matching the original order
English Indonesian
“We may be walking to our doom, “Mungkin kita sedang berjalan
Maria.” menuju kehancuran kita, Maria”
Bowden, O. (2011). Assassin’s Bowden, O. (2012). Assassin’s
Creed: Revelation. P.259. New Creed: Revelation, (M. Violine,
York: Penguin Group. Trans.). Jakarta: PT. Ufuk
Comment:
The ordering of words and ideas in the target text match the original of
words and idea from the source text. There is no change of word order
from the source text to the target text.
21
b. Form.
important in translating legal documents, guarantees,
contracts, etc.) But differences in language structure often
require changes in the form and order of words.
Example: changes in the order of words
English Indonesian
And Ezio could see that the rope, Ezio bisa melihat bahwa tali itu
following the river’s downhill melereng ke bawah sedikit demi
course, sloped gradually sedikit juga, mengikuti arus sungai
downward, too. yang menurun.
Comment:
...following the river’s downhill course… is translated into
...mengikuti arus sungai yang menurun. There is a change of word
order. ...following the river’s downhill course…is placed in the middle
22
of the sentence in the source text, while ...mengikuti arus sungai yang
menurun. is placed at the end of the sentence in the target text.
b. Form.
important in translating legal documents, guarantees,
contracts, etc.) But differences in language structure often
require changes in the form and order of words.
Example: changes in the form of words
English Indonesian
As he watched, Ezio tried to Ezio berusaha mengenali bagian-
identify parts of the city from the bagian kota dari peta yang telah
map of it he had bought in the dibelinya di pelabuhan Suriah
Syrian port before embarkation. sebelum berlayar.
Comment:
The phrase ...had bought... which is active is translated into passive
…dibelinya… in the Indonesian language. So, there is a change in the
form of words.
23
c. Register.
Languages often differ greatly in their levels of formality in a
given context (say, the business letter). To resolve these
differences, the translator must distinguish between formal or
fixed expressions (Dear Madam,) and personal expressions
(Hi,), in which the writer or the speaker sets the tone. (p. 10-
11)
Example: Register
English Indonesian
The traveler paused, getting his Sang pengembara mengambil jeda,
breath. There was a time when he mengatur napasnya. Ada masa ketika
would not have needed to get his dia tidak perlu menarik napas. Dia
breath. He looked up. Still fenced in mendongak. Masih dikepung oleh
by the troops in grey chain mail. pasukan berbaju zirah kelabu.
Comment:
Chain mail is a register for armory in ancient times in the middle ages.
Chain mail is translated into …baju zirah… in Indonesian.
24
Consider also:
• Would any expression in the original sound too formal/informal,
cold/warm, personal/impersonal … if translated literally?
Example: Formal
English Indonesian
Tarik hesitated, then said: “May I Tarik ragu-ragu, lalu berkata,
speak freely?” “boleh aku bicara dengan bebas?”
Comment:
The word May… is used in formal language. May… is translated
into …boleh…
Example: Informal
English Indonesian
“What is this?” he said, marveling. “Apa ini? Kata Ezio, terkagum-
“A gift. Sit.” kagum.
Bowden, O. (2011). Assassin’s “Hadiah. Duduklah”.
25
Comment:
The example above is part of the informal language. The word Sit.
is translated into Duduklah.
• What is the intention of the speaker or writer? (to persuade/
dissuade, apologize/criticize?) Does this come through in the
translation?
Example: Persuade
English Indonesian
“What’s the matter?” said Harry. "Ada apa?" tanya Harry.
“She’s — she’s sent me a Howler,” "Mum—dia mengirimiku Howler,"
said Ron faintly. kata Ron lesu.
“You’d better open it, Ron,” said "Lebih baik kau buka, Ron," bisik
Neville in a timid whisper. “It’ll be Neville cemas. "Gawat kalau tidak.
worse if you don’t. My gran sent Nenek pernah mengirimiku
me one once, and I ignored it and” Howler dan kuabaikan, dan...," dia
— he gulped — “it was horrible.” menelan ludah, "mengerikan
Harry looked from their petrified sekali."
faces to the red envelope. Harry mengalihkan pandang dari
“What’s a Howler?” he said. wajah ketakutan mereka ke amplop
But Ron’s whole attention was merah. "Apa sih Howler itu?"
fixed on the letter, which had begun tanyanya.
26
to smoke at the corners. Tetapi seluruh perhatian Ron
“Open it,” Neville urged. “It’ll all tercurah pada surat itu, yang sudah
be over in a few minutes —” mulai berasap ujung-ujungnya.
Rowling, J.K. (1999). Harry Potter "Bukalah," desak Neville. "Paling
and the Chamber of Secrets. P.87. beberapa menit lalu selesai..."
New York: Scholastic Press. Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry Potter
dan Batu Bertuah. (L. Srisanti,
Trans.). Jakarta: PT. Gramedia
Pustaka Utama. P.95. (Original
Comment:
The phrase Open it,… in the source text is translated into
Bukalah,… in Indonesian which shows the intention of Neville to
urge Ron.
translation?
Example: Dissuade
English Indonesian
Harry soared higher in a circle; the Harry meluncur naik melingkar. Si
Horntail was still following his naga Ekor Berduri masih
progress; its head revolving on its mengikuti gerakannya, kepalanya
27
long neck — if he kept this up, it berputar di atas lehernya yang
would be nicely dizzy — but better panjang — kalau dia begini terus,
not push it too long, or it would be dia akan pusing — tetapi lebih
breathing fire again — baik jangan terlalu
Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry Potter memaksanya, nanti dia
and the Goblet of Fire. P.354-355. menyemburkan api lagi…
Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka
Utama. P.436. (Original work
published 2000).
Comment:
Better not push it too long,… in the source text is translated into
…lebih baik jangan terlalu memaksanya,… in Indonesian which
shows the intension of the speaker in the novel to dissuade
himself/someone.
translation?
Example: Apologize
English Indonesian
“Er — yes — sorry about that,” "Er... ya... maaf soal itu," kata Mr
said Mr. Weasley, lowering his Weasley, menurunkan tangannya
28
hand and looking over his shoulder dan menoleh memandang perapian
at the blasted fireplace. yang hancur.
Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry Potter Rowling, J.K. (2001). Harry Potter
and the Goblet of Fire. P.44. New dan Piala Api. (L. Srisanti, Trans.).
York: Scholastic Press. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka
published 2000).
Comment:
The phrase …sorry about that,… in the source text is translated
into …maaf soal itu,… in Indonesian which shows the intension
of the speaker in the novel to apologize to someone.
translation?
Example: Criticize
English Indonesian
Tarik faced him. “You are weak, Tarik menatapnya. “Kau lemah,
Ahmet. Pensive in times of war and Ahmet. Melamun di masa perang
restless in times of peace. You lack dan gelisah di masa damai. Kau
passion for the traditions of the tidak giat melakukan tradisi
ghazi—the Holy Warriors—and ghazi—Kesatria Suci, dan kau
you speak fraternity in the memanggil saudara kepada
company of infidels.” orang-orang kafir.”
29
Creed: Revelation. P.205. New York: Creed: Revelation, (M. Violine,
Penguin Group. Trans.). Jakarta: PT. Ufuk
Comment:
The sentences You are weak, Ahmet. Pensive in times of war
and restless in times of peace. You lack passion for the
traditions of the ghazi—the Holy Warriors—and you speak
fraternity in the company of infidels. in the source text which is
translated into target text as Kau lemah, Ahmet. Melamun di
masa perang dan gelisah di masa damai. Kau tidak giat
melakukan tradisi ghazi—Kesatria Suci, dan kau memanggil
saudara kepada orang-orang kafir. is said by Tarik to criticize
Ahmet’s personality.
d. Source Language Influence.
Duff (1990) stated that “One of the most criticisms of translation is that
‘it doesn’t sound natural’. This is because the translator’s thoughts and
choice of words are too strongly molded by the original text” (p. 10-11).
Example: Not Natural
English Indonesian
Ron was now staring at Lockhart Ron sekarang menatap Lockhart
with an expression of disbelief on dengan ekspresi tak percaya.
his face; Seamus Finnigan and Seamus Finnigan dan Dean
30
Dean Thomas, who were sitting in Thomas, yang duduk di depan,
front, were shaking with silent sampai terguncang dengan tawa
laughter. diam.
and the Chamber of Secrets. P.100. dan Kamar Rahasia. (L. Srisanti,
New York: Scholastic Press. Trans.). Jakarta: PT. Gramedia
Comment:
The translated phrase in Indonesian text, namely …tawa diam. which is
translated from the phrase …silent laughter… sounds unnatural or
forced. The translation should actually be as follows so that it sounds
natural in the target language:
Example: Natural
English Indonesian
Ron was now staring at Lockhart Ron sekarang menatap Lockhart
with an expression of disbelief on dengan ekspresi tak percaya.
his face; Seamus Finnigan and Seamus Finnigan dan Dean
Dean Thomas, who were sitting in Thomas, yang duduk di depan,
front, were shaking with silent sampai terguncang berusaha
laughter. menahan tawa.
31
e. Style and clarity. The translator should not change the style of the
original.
Example: No Change of Style
English Indonesian
“Oh, thank goodness, thank "Oh, syukurlah, syukurlah!"
goodness!” Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry
Rowling, J.K. (1997). Harry Potter dan Batu Bertuah. (L.
Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone. Srisanti, Trans.). Jakarta: PT.
P.146. New York: Scholastic Gramedia Pustaka Utama. P. 180.
Press. (Original work published 1997).
Comment:
“Oh, thank goodness, thank goodness!” is translated into "Oh,
syukurlah, syukurlah!" The translator translated the interjection
expression in the source text by using the equivalent interjection in the
target text. The translator did not change the style of the original text.
Example: Style of the target text changed
English Indonesian
They were rewarded for leaving Imbalan karena telah
their firesides when the Riddles’ meninggalkan perapian, mereka
cook arrived dramatically in their peroleh ketika juru masak
midst and announced to the keluarga Riddle tiba secara
suddenly silent pub that a man dramatis di tengah mereka dan
called Frank Bryce had just been mengumumkan kepada hadirin di
arrested. rumah minum yang mendadak
32
“Frank!” cried several people. sunyi bahwa seorang pria
“Never!” bernama Frank Bryce baru saja
Rowling, J.K. (1999). Harry ditangkap.
Potter and the Goblet of Fire. P.2. "Frank!" teriak beberapa orang.
New York: Scholastic Press. "Mana mungkin!"
Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry
Potter dan Piala Api. (L. Srisanti,
Pustaka Utama. P.6-7. (Original
Comment:
Never! is translated into Mana Mungkin! The translator translated the
interjection expression in the source text by using the interrogative
expression in the target text. The translator changed the style of the
target text.
f. Idiom. Idiomatic expressions are notoriously untranslatable. There
include similes, metaphors, proverbs and sayings, jargon, slang, and
colloquialisms, and English phrasal verbs. If the expressions could not
be directly translated, try one of the following:
• Retain the original word, in inverted commas: ‘user-friendly’
Example: Slang
English Indonesian
One month after the suicide idea Sebulan setalah gagasan bunuh
had, as it were, infected Kars, this diri itu tercetus jika memang
33
girl’s sixteen-year-old cousin benar begitu menginfeksi Kars,
commited the first copycat sepupu almarhumah, seorang
suicide. (p. 15) gadis rejama berumur 16 tahun,
Pamuk, O. (2004). Snow. P. 15. melakukan bunuh diri “copycat”.
Faber and Faber. Pamuk, O. (2008). Snow.
(Nugrahani, B.M., Trans.).
Serambi. P. 22. (Original work
published 2002).
Comment:
From the example above, it can be seen that the translator retain
the original word from the source text namely …copycat… into
…“copycat”…
• Retain the original expressions, with a literal explanation in
brackets
Example: Jargon
English Indonesian
Brumidi, however, immigrated to Akan tetapi, Brumidi berimigrasi
America in 1852, abandoning ke Amerika pada 1852,
God’s largest shrine in favor of a meninggalkan kuil Tuhan
new shrine, the U.S. Capitol, terbesar demi kuil baru, U.S.
which now glistened with Capitol, yang kini berkilau
examples of his mastery—from dengan contoh-contoh
the trompe l’oeil of the Brumidi keahliannya—mulai dari trompe
34
Corridors to the frieze ceiling of l’oeil (Lukisan yang sangat
the Vice President’s Room. realistis dan mendetail seperti
Brown, D. (2009). The Lost foto-penerj.) di Koridor-Koridor
Symbol. P. 56. New York: Double Brumidi sampai langit-langit
Day. dengan pinggiran berukir di
Ruang Wakil Presiden.
Brown, D. (2010). The Lost
Symbol. (I.D. Nimpoeno,
Trans.).Yogyakarta: Bentang
Pustaka. P. 91 (Original work
published 2009).
Comment:
The English source text namely …trompe l’oeil… is retained
by the translator and then given an explanation in the brackets,
namely …trompe l’oeil (Lukisan yang sangat realistis dan
mendetail seperti foto-penerj.)…
• Use a close equivalent: “talk of the devil” (the wolf at the door)
Example: Simile
English Indonesian
The first gulp of icy lake water felt Tegukan pertama air danau yang
like the breath of life. sedingin es terasa bagaikan
Rowling, J.K. (1999). Harry napas kehidupan.
Potter and the Goblet of Fire. Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry
P.404. New York: Scholastic Potter dan Piala Api. (L. Srisanti,
35
Press. Trans.). Jakarta: PT. Gramedia
Comment:
The simile in the source text …like the breath of life. in source
text is translated into Indonesian in a close equivalent
…bagaikan napas kehidupan.
• Use a non idiomatic or plain prose translation: “a bit over the
top”.
Example: Phrasal Verb
English Indonesian
They knew perfectly well that, as Mereka tahu betul bahwa, sebagai
an underage wizard, Harry wasn’t penyihir di bawah umur, Harry tak
allowed to use magic outside diizinkan menyihir di luar
Hogwarts, but they were still apt to Hogwarts, tetapi mereka tetap saja
blame him for anything that went menyalahkan Harry jika ada apa
wrong about the house. saja yang tidak beres di rumah.
Rowling, J.K. (1999). Harry Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry
Potter and the Goblet of Fire. Potter dan Piala Api. (L. Srisanti,
P.19. New York: Scholastic Press. Trans.). Jakarta: PT. Gramedia
36
Comment:
According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, ...go
wrong... (in the past tense: …went wrong…) is an idiom which
means to experience problems or difficulties. It belongs to the
idiomatic expressions and is translated into a non-idiomatic
expression in Indonesian into ...yang tidak beres...
2.3 Translation Strategies
According to Chesterman (2000: 87-116), there are three main
strategies in translation namely Syntactic Strategies, Semantic Strategies,
and Pragmatic Strategies. All the strategies will be described below:
1) Analyzing the translation using the Syntactic Strategy
Syntactic strategies may be thought of as involving purely syntactic
changes of one kind or another. Larger changes obviously tend to involve
smaller ones too. Syntactic strategies primarily manipulate form. The
main ones are these:
a) Literal translation
Chesterman (2000) stated that:
For some experts literal translation means “word-for-word
and therefore ungrammatical, like a linguist’ gloss”; for
others it means “the closest possible grammatical translation,
probably not sounding very natural”. In both cases, the stress
is on closeness to the original form. (p. 87-116)
37
Example:
English Indonesian
Darkness fell quickly. Kegelapan turun dengan cepat.
Creed: Revelation. P. 19. New Revelation. (M. Violine, Trans.). Jakarta:
York: Penguin Group. PT. Ufuk Publishing House. P. 28.
Comment:
The source text above is translated in Indonesian word by word. It
follows the source text form/word order.
b) Loan, calque
Chesterman (2000) stated that “This strategy covers both the
borrowing of individual items and the borrowing of syntagma. Like
the other strategies, it refers to a deliberate choice, not the
unconscious influence of undesired interference” (p. 87-116).
Example: Loan
English Indonesian
“You heard everything, Muggle?” "Kau mendengar semuanya,
said the cold voice. Muggle?" tanya si suara dingin.
38
Comment:
…Muggle is translated into ...Muggle It is directly transferred from
the source text to the target text without any change. It is called loan.
Example: Calque
English Indonesian
“There is a little more in the "Masih ada sedikit dalam botol,
bottle, My Lord, if you are still Yang Mulia, kalau Anda masih
hungry.” lapar."
Potter and the Goblet of Fire. P.6. Potter dan Piala Api. (L. Srisanti,
New York: Scholastic Press. Trans.). Jakarta: PT. Gramedia
Comment:
The word …botol… is borrowed from the English language, which
is …bottle… and it is integrated into the Indonesian language; the
letter -t-o-l in the last part of botol is changed from -t-t-l-e in bottle.
Therefore, this is called calque.
c) Transposition (word-class change)
I use this term (from Vinay and Darbelnet) to mean any
change of word-class, e.g. from noun to verb, adjective to
39
adverb. Normally, this strategy obviously involves structural
changes as well, but it is often useful to isolate the word-
class change as being of interest itself. (p. 87-116)
Example:
English Indonesian
Nobody else in the village had Tak seorang pun di desa melihat
seen any such boy, and the police anak itu, dan polisi yakin anak
were quite sure that Frank had itu cuma rekaan Frank.
invented him. Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry
Rowling, J.K. (1999). Harry Potter dan Piala Api. (L.
Potter and the Goblet of Fire. P.3. Srisanti, Trans.). Jakarta: PT.
New York: Scholastic Press. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. P.8.
Comment:
The word …invented… is translated into …rekaan… The word
…invented… in the source text is a verb, and is translated into a
noun …rekaan… in the target text. Therefore, this is called
transposition (word-class change)
d) Unit shift
This is a term from Catford (1965). The units are morpheme,
word, phrase, clause, sentence, paragraph. A shift occurs
when a ST unit is translated as a different unit in the TT; this
40
happens very frequently, of course, a sub-classifications can
be set up for unit shifts of different types. (p. 87-116)
Example:
English Indonesian
By the following morning, Paginya, nyaris tak ada orang di
hardly anyone in Little Hangleton Little Hangleton yang meragukan
doubted that Frank Bryce had bahwa Frank Bryce telah
killed the Riddles. membunuh keluarga Riddle.
Rowling, J.K. (1999). Harry Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry Potter
Potter and the Goblet of Fire. dan Piala Api. (L. Srisanti, Trans.).
P.3. New York: Scholastic Press. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka
published 1999).
Comment:
The phrase By the following morning… is translated into
Paginya… which is a word. Therefore, it is called unit shift.
e) Phrase structure change
This strategy (or rather group of strategies) comprises a
number of changes at the level of the phrase, including
number, definiteness and modification in the noun phrase,
and person, tense and mood in the verb phrase. The unit itself
may remain unchanged, i.e. an ST phrase may still
41
correspond to a TT phrase, bit its internal structure changes.
(p. 87-116)
Example: changes of definiteness in the noun phrase
English Indonesian
Moody reached into the jar, Moody memasukkan tangan ke
caught one of the spiders, and dalam tabung, menangkap seekor
held it in the palm of his hand labah-labah dan memeganginya
so that they could all see it. di atas telapak tangannya, supaya
Rowling, J.K. (1999). Harry semua bisa melihatnya.
Potter and the Goblet of Fire. Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry Potter
P.212. New York: Scholastic dan Piala Api. (L. Srisanti, Trans.).
Press. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka
published 1999).
Comment:
In the source text above, the phrase …one of the spiders,… is
definite, and it is translated into …seekor labah-labah… which is
indefinite in Indonesian. So, there is a change of definiteness in the
noun phrase.
f) Clause structure change
Under this heading, I group changes that have to do with the
structure of the clause in terms of its constituent phrases.
42
Various subclasses include constituent order (analyzed
simply as Subject, Verb, Object, Compliment, and
Adverbial), active vs. passive voice, finite vs. nonfinite
structure, and transitive versus intransitive. (p. 87-116)
Example:
English Indonesian
And now, on it, alone, walking Sekarang, di atasnya, seorang
fearlessly forward, was the young diri berjalan tanpa takut ke
cowled man in white he had depan, ada pria muda bertudung
glimpsed in the battle. putih yang dilihatnya dalam
Bowden, O. (2011). Assassin’s pertarungan kemarin.
Creed: Revelation. P. 60. New Bowden, O. (2012). Assassin’s
York: Penguin Group. Creed: Revelation. (M. Violine,
Publishing House. P. 75.
Comment:
The phrase ...had glimpsed... which is active in the source text is
translated into passive …dilihatnya… in the target text. So, there is a
change in the clause structure.
g) Sentence structure change
Chesterman (2000) stated that “This group of strategies affects the
structure of the sentence-unit, insofar as it is made up of clause-units.
43
Included are changes between main-clause and sub-clause status,
changes of sub-clause types etc” (p. 87-116).
Example:
English Indonesian
Harry wouldn’t soon forget the Harry tak bisa melupakan ke-
look of terror on Hagrid’s face ngerian di wajah Hagrid ketika
when he had been told where he dia diberitahu akan dikirim ke
was going, and Hagrid was one of Azkaban, padahal Hagrid salah
the bravest people Harry knew. satu orang paling berani yang
Rowling, J.K. (1999). Harry dikenal Harry. Rowling, J.K.
Potter and the Prisoner of (2001). Harry Potter dan
Azkaban. P.40. New York: Tawanan Azkaban. (L. Srisanti,
Scholastic Press. Trans.). Jakarta: PT. Gramedia
Pustaka Utama. P. 47-48.
Comment:
In the original text, the sentence Harry wouldn’t soon forget the
look of terror on Hagrid’s face when he had been told where he
was going, and Hagrid was one of the bravest people Harry
knew. is a compound sentence which consists of main clause and
main clause with a coordinating conjunction and, meanwhile when
it is translated in Indonesian, it becomes Harry tak bisa melupakan
ke-ngerian di wajah Hagrid ketika dia diberitahu akan dikirim ke
Azkaban, padahal Hagrid salah satu orang paling berani yang
44
dikenal Harry. which is a complex sentence consisting of main
clause and sub clause with a subordinating conjunction padahal.
h) Cohesion change
Chesterman (2000) stated that “A cohesion change is something that
affects intra-textual reference, ellipsis, substitution,
pronominalization and repetition, or the use of connectors of various
kinds” (p. 87-116).
Example: intra-textual reference
English Indonesian
He sat up, one hand still on his Harry duduk. Satu tangan
scar, the other reaching out in the masih pada bekas lukanya,
darkness for his glasses, which satunya lagi terjulur dalam
were on the bedside table. kegelapan mencari-cari
Rowling, J.K. (1999). Harry kacamatanya, yang terletak di
Potter and the Chamber of atas meja di sebelah tempat
Secrets. P.16. New York: tidurnya. Rowling, J.K. (2001).
Scholastic Press. Harry Potter dan Piala Api. (L.
Srisanti, Trans.). Jakarta: PT.
Gramedia Pustaka Utama. P.24.
Comment:
The English pronoun He… in the source text is a cohesion device
belongings to intra-textual reference, and it is translated into a noun,
namely Harry,….
45
i) Level shift
What is meant by levels is phonology, morphology, syntax,
and lexis. In a level shift, the mode of expression of a
particular item is shifted from one level to another. An
obviously influential factor here is the type of languages
concerned, whether they are more analytic or more
agglutinative, for instance. (p. 87-116)
Example:
English Indonesian
“Unfriendly, like. I’m sure if I’ve "Dia tidak ramah. Aku sudah
offered him a cuppa once, I’ve beratus kali menawarinya
offered it a hundred times. Never minum. Tak suka bergaul, dia."
wanted to mix, he didn’t.” Rowling, J.K. (2001). Harry
Potter and the Chamber of Srisanti, Trans.). Jakarta: PT.
Secrets. P.3. New York: Scholastic Gramedia Pustaka Utama. P.7.
Press. (Original work published 2000).
Comment:
The morpheme ...un-... in the word Unfriendly... is translated into a
lexis ...tidak... in the phrase ...tidak ramah. Thus, there occurs a level
shift from a morpheme in the English source text into a lexis in the
Indonesian language.
46
j) Scheme change
Scheme change strategies refer to rhetorical schemata, such
as parallelism, alliteration and, in poetry, metrical rhythm
and rhyming. Parallelism refers to the similar arrangement of
a pair or series of related words, phrases or sentences, while
alliteration refers to the fact that several words in a row begin
with the same letter. (p. 87-116)
There are four possible scheme changes:
(1) ST scheme A= TT scheme A (use the same scheme)
Example: Parallelism
English: Scheme A Indonesian: Scheme A
“You should’ve told us you’d "Mestinya kauberitahu kami kau
entered!” bellowed Fred; he ikutan!" raung Fred, yang
looked half annoyed, half deeply tampak setengah kesal,
impressed. setengah kagum sekali.
Potter and the Goblet of Fire. Potter dan Piala Api. (L.
P.284. New York: Scholastic Srisanti, Trans.). Jakarta: PT.
Press. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
P.347. (Original work published
2000).
47
Comment:
The English parallelism ...half annoyed, half deeply impressed.
is translated into ...setengah kesal, setengah kagum sekali.
which is also parallelism in Indonesian.
(2) ST scheme A= TT scheme B (use a different scheme)
Example:
English: Scheme A Indonesian: Scheme B
Harry couldn’t help noticing that Harry mau tak mau melihat
the statue of the one-eyed witch on bahwa patung nenek sihir
the third floor remained bermata satu di lantai tiga tak
unguarded and unblocked. terjaga dan tak terblokir.
Potter and the Prisoner of Potter dan Tawanan Azkaban.
Azkaban. P.270. New York: (L. Srisanti, Trans.). Jakarta:
Scholastic Press. PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
1999).
Comment:
The parallel scheme of the source text, namely …unguarded…
and …unblocked… is translated into different scheme in the
target text, namely …tak terjaga… and …tak terblokir…
which is an alliteration scheme in the target text.
48
(3) ST scheme A= TT scheme Ø (delete the scheme)
Example:
English: Scheme A Indonesian: No Scheme
Standing at the sink, filling the Saat berdiri di depan wastafel,
kettle, he looked up at the Riddle mengisi ketelnya, dia
House and saw lights glimmering mendongak menatap Rumah
in its upper windows. Riddle dan melihat lampu
Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry berpendar di jendela atas.
Potter and the Goblet of Fire. P.5. Rowling, J.K. (2001). Harry
New York: Scholastic Press. Potter dan Piala Api. (L.
Gramedia Pustaka Utama. P.10-
11. (Original work published
2000).
Comment:
In the English source text, the scheme Standing,… and
…trying… are dropped and translated into the target text
without scheme, namely Saat berdiri,… and …mengisi...
(4) ST scheme Ø = TT scheme B (add a scheme)
Example:
English: No Scheme Indonesian: Scheme B
Harry was several streets away Harry sudah melewati beberapa
before he collapsed onto a low jalan sebelum akhirnya dia
49
wall in Magnolia Crescent, terpuruk di atas tembok rendah
panting from the effort of di Magnolia Crescent,
dragging his trunk. terengah-engah kelelahan
Rowling, J.K. (1999). Harry menyeret kopernya.
Potter and the Prisoner of Rowling, J.K. (2001). Harry
Azkaban. P.31. New York: Potter dan Tawanan Azkaban.
Scholastic Press. (L. Srisanti, Trans.). Jakarta:
PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
1999).
Comment:
There is no scheme in the English source text ...collapsed... and
…panting... however, the translator translated them into
...terpuruk… and …terengah-engah… which are schemes of
alliteration in the Indonesian language.
2) Analyzing the translation using the Semantic Strategy
Under semantic strategies Chesterman groups the kinds of changes which
mainly have to do with lexical semantics, but also includes aspects of
clause meaning such as emphasis. Semantic strategies manipulate
meaning. Several of these strategies derive from Vinay and Darbelnet’s
concept of modulation. Semantic strategies consist of:
50
a) Synonyme
Chesterman (2000) stated that “This strategy selects not the
“obvious” equivalent but a synonym for it e.g. to avoid repetition”
(p. 87-116).
Example:
English Indonesian
And so he tried to imagine his Maka dia berusaha
other best friend, Ron Weasley’s, membayangkan reaksi
reaction, and in a moment, Ron’s sahabatnya yang satu lagi, Ron
red hair and long-nosed, freckled Weasley, dan dalam sekejap
face seemed to swim before Harry, saja rambut merah Ron,
wearing a bemused expression. hidungnya yang panjang, serta
Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry wajahnya yang berbintik-bintik,
Potter and the Goblet of Fire. langsung terbayang di
P.22. New York: Scholastic Press. depannya, tampangnya geli.
Potter dan Piala Api. (L.
Comment:
The Indonesian translation uses two near synonyms i.e. ...dan... and
...serta... for the English word ...and... to avoid repetition.
51
b) Antonym
Chesterman (2000) stated that “The translation selects an antonym
and combines it a negation element” (p.87-116).
Example:
English Indonesian
He’s been away for years, at least Dia sudah pergi selama
since the great earthquake in 1509, bertahun-tahun, setidaknya
and even before that he was almost sejak gempa bumi besar pada
always absent. 1509, dan bahkan sebelum itu
Bowden, O. (2011). Assassin’s dia hampir selalu tidak hadir.
Publishing House. P.169.
Comment:
The word ...absent in the English source text is translated into its
antonym, that is ...hadir... combined with the negation element tidak
in the Indonesian language, so it becomes ...tidak hadir....
c) Hyponymy
Chesterman (2000) stated that “Shifts within the hyponymy relation
are common. In principle this strategy comes in three subclasses” (p.
87-116).
52
(1) ST superordinate → TT hyponym
Example:
English Indonesian
“C’mon,” Ron said hurriedly to "Ayo," kata Ron buru-buru
Harry, seizing a handful of cutlery kepada Harry menyambar
from the open drawer, “let’s go segenggam pisau dan garpu
and help Bill and Charlie.” dari dalam laci yang terbuka,
Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry "kita bantu Bill dan Charlie."
P.59. New York: Scholastic Press. Potter dan Piala Api. (L.
Comment:
…cutlery… which is the superordinate of knives, forks, and
spoons used for eating or serving food is translated into its
hyponym ...pisau dan garpu... in Indonesian.
(2) ST hyponym → ST superordinate
Example:
English Indonesian
It was only just dawning on Harry Harry baru menyadari, betapa
how many witches and wizards banyaknya penyihir di dunia
there must be in the world; he had ini. Dia tak pernah benar-benar
53
never really thought much about memikirkan penyihir di negara
those in other countries. lain.
P.81. New York: Scholastic Press. Srisanti, Trans.). Jakarta: PT.
Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
2000).
Comment:
The words …witches… and …wizards… are hyponym in the
source text and it is translated into ...penyihir... which belongs to
a superordinate in the target text.
(3) ST hyponym X → TT hyponym Y
Example:
English Indonesian
A couple of them were picking up Dua orang di antara mereka
the golden plates and goblets and mengangkat piring dan piala
examining them, apparently emas dan menelitinya, tampak
impressed. terkesan sekali.
Press. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
54
2000).
Comment:
The words ...plates and goblets... which are hyponyms of
tableware in the source text and it is translated into ...piring dan
piala... which are also hyponyms of tableware in the target text.
d) Converses
Chesterman (2000) stated that “Converses are pairs of (usually)
verbal structures which express the same state of affairs from
opposing viewpoint, such as buy and sell” (p. 87-116).
Example:
English Indonesian
Professor Severus Snape was Profesor Snape adalah guru yang
Harry’s least favorite teacher. paling tidak disukai Harry. Harry
Harry also happened to be Snape’s kebetulan juga murid yang
least favorite student. paling tidak disukai Snape.
Rowling, J.K. (1999). Harry Potter Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry
and the Chamber of Secrets. P. 77. Potter dan Kamar Rahasia. (L.
New York: Scholastic Press. Srisanti, Trans.). Jakarta: PT.
Gramedia Pustaka Utama. P. 85.
55
Comment:
In the sentences above, the English words …teacher… and
…student… is translated into …guru… and …murid… in
Indonesian which expresses the same state of affairs from opposing
viewpoint.
e) Abstraction change
Chesterman (2000) stated that “A different selection of abstraction
level may either move from abstract to more concrete or from
concrete to more abstract” (p. 87-116).
Example:
English Indonesian
To Harry’s displeasure, Percy now Harry kecewa sekali, karena
took Padma’s vacated seat. Percy menduduki kursi
Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry Padma.
Comment:
In the source text, the word ...seat… is abstract and is translated into
...kursi… which is concrete. Thus, there occurs an abstraction
change in the Indonesian translation.
56
f) Distribution change
Chesterman (2000) stated that “This is a change in the distribution of
the same “semantic” components over more items (expansion) or
fewer items (compression). Expansion “dilutes” the text somewhat”
(p. 87-116).
Example: Expansion
English Indonesian
Soon after his arrival at Acre, Ezio Begitu dia tiba di Acre, Ezio
took the opportunity to write a mengambil kesempatan itu
long-overdue letter to his sister. untuk menulis surat yang sudah
Bowden, O. (2011). Assassin’s lama tertunda kepada adiknya.
Publishing House. P.63.
Comment:
In the example above, the English word ...long-overdue... consists
of one word and it is translated into four words in Indonesian,
namely ...yang sudah lama tertunda... This is called expansion.
57
Example: Compression
English Indonesian
They looked each other in the eye Mereka bertatapan dan tahu
and knew that in their different bahwa dengan cara tersendiri
ways they were part of the same mereka bersahabat.
fellowship. Bowden, O. (2012). Assassin’s
Bowden, O. (2011). Assassin’s Creed: Revelation, (M. Violine,
Creed: Revelation. P.53. New Trans.). Jakarta: PT. Ufuk
York: Penguin Group. Publishing House. P.66.
Comment:
In the example above, the English phrase ...part of the same
fellowship... consists of five words and it is translated into a word in
Indonesian, namely ...bersahabat... This is called compression.
g) Emphasis change
Chesterman (2000) stated that “This strategy adds to, reduces or
alters the emphasis or thematic focus, for one reason or another” (p.
87-116).
Example:
English Indonesian
I do hope you will allow us to take Saya sungguh berharap Anda
Harry to the match, as this really mengizinkan kami mengajak
is a once-in-a-lifetime Harry menonton, mengingat ini
58
opportunity;… kesempatan sekali-dalam-
Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry seumur-hidup.
P.30. New York: Scholastic Press. Potter dan Piala Api. (L.
Comment:
In the source text, the writer emphasize the sentence by using the
word …really…, but the translator did not translate the word
…really… into the target text. So, there is an emphasize change
from the source text into the target text.
h) Paraphrase
The paraphrase strategy results in a TT version that can be
described as loose, free, in some contexts even under-
translated.
………………………………………………………………
This is a typical strategy for the translation of idioms, for
instance, for which no corresponding idiomatic expression
can be found in the TL. (p. 87-116)
59
Example:
English Indonesian
Once or twice, they broke into the Sekalisekali mereka masuk ke
old house for a dare. dalam rumah jika sedang
Rowling, J.K. (1997). Harry bertaruh siapa yang lebih berani
Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone. di antara mereka.
P.5. New York: Scholastic Press. Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry
Potter dan Batu Bertuah. (L.
Comment:
The English phrasal verb ...broke into... is translated into ...masuk
ke dalam… which is a non-idiomatic expression in Indonesian.
English phrasal verb belongs to idiomatic expression (according to
Duff 1990, p.11).
i) Trope change
Chesterman (2000) stated that “This strategy, or rather set of
strategies, applies in the translation or rethorical tropes (i.e.
figurative expressions)” (p. 87-116).
Correspondingly, three main subclasses of strategy can be
distinguished here:
60
(1) ST trope X = TT trope X. For instance, a ST metaphor is
retained at a metaphor in the TT.
Example:
English Indonesian
“Well,” said Mr. Weasley, "Nah," kata Mr Weasley,
swinging his arms slightly, while mengayun tangannya sedikit,
he tried to find words to break the sementara dia berusaha
very nasty silence. menemukan kata-kata untuk
Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry memecah keheningan yang
Potter and the Goblet of Fire. sangat tidak nyaman ini.
Comment:
The metaphor ...break the silence… is translated into a
metaphor ...memecah keheningan… in Indonesian.
(2) ST trope X = TT trope Y. Here the general feature of
figurativeness has been retained, but the realization of this
feature is different, so that for instance an ST metaphor might
be translated as ne based on a different tenor, or as some other
trope altogether.
61
Example:
English Indonesian
Harry tugged the cloak up again, Harry menarik jubahnya
but the damage was done. menutupi wajahnya lagi, tetapi
Rowling, J.K. (1999). Harry nasi telah menjadi bubur.
Azkaban. P.281. New York: Potter dan Tawanan Azkaban. (L.
Scholastic Press. Srisanti, Trans.). Jakarta: PT.
Comment:
The metaphor ...the damage was done… is translated into a
metaphor ...nasi telah menjadi bubur… in Indonesian.
(3) ST trope X = TT trope 0 (none). In this TT the figurative
element is dropped altogether.
Example:
English Indonesian
Harry glimpsed Fleur Delacour Harry sekali-sekali melihat Fleur
from time to time in the Delacour sekilas di koridor.
corridors;… Rowling, J.K. (2001). Harry
Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry Potter dan Piala Api. (L. Srisanti,
Potter and the Goblet of Fire. Trans.). Jakarta: PT. Gramedia
P.321. New York: Scholastic Pustaka Utama. P.393. (Original
62
Press. work published 2000).
Comment:
...from time to time... is an idiom which means occasionally
but not regularly (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary) and
is translated into a non idiom …sekali-sekali… in Indonesian.
j) Other semantic changes
Chesterman (2000) stated that “These would include other
modulations of various kinds, such as change of (physical) sense or
of deictic direction” (p. 87-116).
Example:
English Indonesian
BANG! Several people screamed DUAR! Beberapa anak
— Harry felt something white-hot menjerit—Harry merasakan
graze the side of his face — he sesuatu yang putih-panas
plunged his hand into his robes for menyerempet pipinya—dia
his wand, but before he’d even merogoh kantong mau mengambil
touched it, he heard a second loud tongkat sihirnya, tetapi bahkan
BANG, and a roar that echoed sebelum dia sempat
through the entrance hall. menyentuhnya, dia mendengar
Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry ledakan keras kedua, dan
Potter and the Goblet of Fire. raungan yang bergaung di seluruh
P.204. New York: Scholastic Aula Depan.
Press. Rowling, J.K. (2001). Harry
63
Comment:
…BANG… is translated into …ledakan… Thus, there is a
modulation change of sense from onomatopoeia into a descriptive
word.
3) Analyzing the translation using the Pragmatic Strategy
a) Cultural filtering
This strategy is referred to as naturalization, domestication or
adaption; it describes the way in which the source language
items, especially cultural-specific items, are translated as the
target language cultural or functional equivalents, so that
they conform to the target language norms. The opposite
procedure, whereby such items are not adapted in this way
but e.g. borrowed or transferred directly, is thus
exoticization, foreignization or estrangement. (p. 108)
64
Example: Naturalization
English Indonesian (Not Natural)
“You know why Snape’s in such a "Kau tahu kenapa Snape dalam
foul mood, don’t you?” said Ron suasana hati yang busuk, kan?"
to Harry as they watched kata Ron kepada Harry sementara
Hermione teaching Neville a mereka menonton Hermione
Scouring Charm to remove the mengajari Neville Jampi
frog guts from under his Penggosok untuk
fingernails. membersihkan sisa usus kodok
dari bawah kukunya.
Comment:
…in such a foul mood… sounds unnatural if it is translated literally
into …dalam suasana hati yang busuk… in the target text. Thus in
order to make it sounds natural, it is translated into …marah-marah
begitu…
English Indonesian (Natural)
“You know why Snape’s in such a "Kau tahu kenapa Snape marah-
foul mood, don’t you?” said Ron marah begitu, kan?" kata Ron
to Harry as they watched kepada Harry sementara mereka
Hermione teaching Neville a menonton Hermione mengajari
Scouring Charm to remove the Neville Jampi Penggosok untuk
frog guts from under his membersihkan sisa usus kodok
fingernails. dari bawah kukunya.
65
P.209. New York: Scholastic Trans.). Jakarta: PT. Gramedia
Press. Pustaka Utama. P.255. (Original
Example: Domestication
English Indonesian
Harry and Ron were deeply Harry dan Ron geli sekali ketika
amused when Professor Trelawney dalam pelajaran berikutnya.
told them that they had received Ramalan, Profesor Trelawney
top marks for their homework in memberitahu mereka bahwa
their next Divination class. mereka mendapat nilai tertinggi
Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry untuk PR Ramalan.
Comment:
The term …homework… is translated into ...PR… which stands for
Pekerjaan Rumah as it is a term used in Indonesian to refer to an
assignment given by the teacher to their students to be done in home
instead of school.
66
Example: Adaptation
English Indonesian
The same arm had been pierced by Lengan yang sama pernah
a venomous foot-long fang not tertusuk taring berbisa sepanjang
long afterward. tiga puluh senti tak lama
Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry sesudahnya. (hlm. 27)
P.18. New York: Scholastic Press. Potter dan Piala Api. (L. Srisanti,
Comment:
…foot… is an American unit for measuring length and is translated
into ...senti… which is an Indonesian unit for measuring length.
Thus, this is called adaptation.
Example: Exoticization
English Indonesian
Neville and Ginny were dancing Neville dan Ginny berdansa di
nearby — he could see Ginny dekat mereka – Harry bisa melihat
wincing frequently as Neville trod Ginny sering mengernyit ketika
on her feet — and Dumbledore Neville menginjak kakinya – dan
was waltzing with Madame Dumbledore berdansa waltz
Maxime. dengan Madame Maxime.
67
P.419-420. New York: Scholastic Trans.). Jakarta: PT. Gramedia
Comment:
The word ...waltz... in the source text above relates to western
culture and it is translated into Indonesian target text namely
…waltz. because there is no equivalent culture in Indonesia. Thus, it
is called as exoticization.
Example: Foreignization
English Indonesian
After fifteen more fast and furious Selewat lima belas menit yang
minutes, Ireland had pulled ahead lebih cepat dan lebih seru,
by ten more goals. Irlandia telah mencetak sepuluh
Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry gol lagi.
68
Comment:
The word ...goals. in the source text is translated into ...gol... in the
target text. The word ...goals... relates to sport context, so it is
translated by changing few letters and it is called foreignization.
Example: Estrangement
English Indonesian
’Tis part of the house-elf’s Itu bagian dari perbudakan peri
enslavement, sir. rumah, Sir.
P.380. New York: Scholastic Trans.). Jakarta: PT. Gramedia
Comment:
The English source text used the archaic word, namely ’Tis...
Nowadays, the word ’Tis... is rarely used. So, it is called
estrangement.
b) Explicitness change
This change is either towards more explicitness
(explicitation) or more implicitness (implicitation).
Explicitation is well known to be one of the most common
translatorial strategies. It refers to the way in which
69
translators add components explicitly in the TT which are
only implicit in the ST. (p. 108-109)
Example: Explicit to Implicit
English (Explicit) Indonesian (Implicit)
“I think this is the best thing that "Kurasa ini hal paling baik yang
could have happened to those elves, bisa terjadi pada para peri itu,”
you know,” said Hermione, leading kata Hermione, berjalan paling
the way back up the marble depan menuju ke tangga pualam.
staircase. Rowling, J.K. (2001). Harry
Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry Potter Potter dan Piala Api. (L. Srisanti,
and the Goblet of Fire. P.383. New Trans.). Jakarta: PT. Gramedia
York: Scholastic Press. Pustaka Utama. P.470. (Original
Comment:
In the source text, the sentence “I think this is the best thing that
could have happened to those elves, you know,” said Hermione,
leading the way back up the marble staircase. is translated into
"Kurasa ini hal paling baik yang bisa terjadi pada para peri itu,”
kata Hermione, berjalan paling depan menuju ke tangga pualam.
The target text should actually be "Kurasa ini hal paling baik yang
bisa terjadi pada para peri itu, bukankah” kata Hermione, berjalan
paling depan menuju ke tangga pualam. So, …you know… is
70
explicit in the source text, while its translation …bukankah…. is
implicit in the target text.
c) Information change
…either addition of the new (non-inferrable) information
which is deemed to be relevant to the TT readership but
which is not present in the ST, or omission of the ST
information deemed to be irrelevant (this latter might involve
summarizing, for instance). (p. 109)
Example:
English Indonesian
Exactly who or what the Weird Persisnya apa atau siapa The
Sisters were Harry didn’t know, Weird Sister ini – yang namanya
never having had access to a berarti kakak beradik perempuan
wizard’s wireless, but he deduced yang aneh – Harry tak tahu,
from the wild excitement of those karena dia tak punya akses ke
who had grown up listening to the radio penyihir. Tetapi dari
WWN (Wizarding Wireless kegairahan mereka yang rajin
Network) that they were a very mendengarkan WWN
famous musical group. (Wizarding Wireless Network –
Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry Potter Jaringan Radio Sihir), mereka
and the Goblet of Fire. P.391. New rupanya grup musik yang sangat
York: Scholastic Press. terkenal.
71
Comment:
In the souce tetx above, …WWN (Wizarding Wireless
Network)… is translated into …WWN (Wizarding Wireless
Network – Jaringan Radio Sihir)… The translator added relevant
information about …WWN (Wizarding Wireless Network)… by
adding more information namely …Jaringan Radio Sihir...
d) Interpersonal change
This strategy effects the overall style of the text; it alters the
formality level, the degree of emotiveness and involvement,
the level of technical lexis and the like: anything that
involves a change in the relationship between text/author and
reader. (p. 110)
Example:
English Indonesian
“There is a little more in the bottle, "Masih ada sedikit dalam botol,
My Lord, if you are still hungry.” Yang Mulia, kalau Anda masih
Rowling, J.K. (1997). Harry Potter lapar."
72
and the Sorcerer’s Stone. P. 6. Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry
New York: Scholastic Press. Potter dan Batu Bertuah. (L.
Comment:
…you… is translated into …Anda… The translator chose the
pronoun Anda because the context of the source text is a servant
offering something to his master. Therefore, Anda is suitable to the
context because it is usually used in a formal situation.
e) Illocutionary change
Chesterman (2000) stated that “Illocutionary changes (changes of
speech act), are usually linked with the other strategies too. For
example, changing the mood of the verb from indicative to
imperative … also involve an illocutionary change from statement to
request” (p. 110-111).
Example:
English Indonesian
They were rewarded for leaving Imbalan karena telah
their firesides when the Riddles’ meninggalkan perapian, mereka
cook arrived dramatically in their peroleh ketika juru masak keluarga
midst and announced to the Riddle tiba secara dramatis di
suddenly silent pub that a man tengah mereka dan mengumumkan
73
called Frank Bryce had just been kepada hadirin di rumah minum
arrested. yang mendadak sunyi bahwa
“Frank!” cried several people. seorang pria bernama Frank Bryce
“Never!” baru saja ditangkap.
Rowling, J.K. (1999). Harry "Frank!" teriak beberapa orang.
Potter and the Goblet of Fire. P.2. "Mana mungkin!"
New York: Scholastic Press. Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry
Comment:
Never! is translated into Mana Mungkin! The translator translated the
interjection expression in the source text by using the interrogative
expression in the target text. The translator changed the style of the
target text.
f) Coherence change
The coherence change is similar to the cohesion change in
the syntactic strategy. While cohesion change has to do with
a single sentence or paragraph, coherence change involves
changes in the logical arrangement in the text. It may include
rearranging, combining or splitting paragraphs. (p. 111)
74
Example:
English Indonesian
The Hanged Man, the village The Hanged Man, rumah minum
pub, did a roaring trade that di desa itu, laris bukan buatan
night; the whole village seemed malam itu. Seluruh desa
to have turned out to discuss tampaknya keluar untuk
the murders. mendiskusikan pembunuhan ini.
Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry Rowling, J.K. (2001). Harry Potter
Potter and the Goblet of Fire. dan Piala Api. (L. Srisanti, Trans.).
P.2. New York: Scholastic Press. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka
published 2000).
Comment:
In the source text, the sentence The Hanged Man, the village pub,
did a roaring trade that night; the whole village seemed to have
turned out to discuss the murders. is translated into The Hanged
Man, rumah minum di desa itu, laris bukan buatan malam itu.
Seluruh desa tampaknya keluar untuk mendiskusikan
pembunuhan ini. The translator split the translation of the source
text into two sentences; therefore, there occurs a coherence change.
75
2.2 Translation Theories
2.2.1 Theories of Transposition
• Munday (2008) stated that “Transposition. This is a change of one
part of speech for another without changing the sense” (p.57).
Example:
English Indonesian
Harry had never been able to Harry tak pernah bisa curhat
confide in them or tell them kepada mereka ataupun
anything about his life in the menceritakan tentang
wizarding world. kehidupannya di dunia sihir.
Comment:
The verb …wizarding… is translated into …sihir… which is a
noun. There is a change of word class into another, namely from a
verb into a noun without changing the meaning of the message.
Therefore, this is called a transposition.
• Vinay and Darbelnet (1995) stated that “The method called
transposition involves replacing one word class with another without
changing the meaning of the message” (p. 36).
76
Example:
English Indonesian
By the time Harry arrived in the Saat Harry tiba di dapur, ketiga
kitchen, the three Dursleys were anggota keluarga Dursley sudah
already seated around the table. duduk mengitari meja.
Comment:
The preposition …around… is translated into …mengitari… which
is a verb. There is a change of word class into another, namely a
preposition into a verb without changing the meaning of the
message. Therefore, this is called a transposition.
2.2.2 Theories of Unit Shift
• Catford (1965) stated that “By unit shift we can mean changes of
rank--that is, departures from formal correspondence in which the
translation equivalent of a unit at one rank in the SL as a unit of
different rank in the TL” (p. 79).
77
Example:
English Indonesian
A team of doctors had examined Tim dokter telah memeriksa
the bodies and had concluded that ketiga jenazah dan menyimpulkan
none of the Riddles had been bahwa tak seorang pun dari
poisoned, stabbed, shot, strangled, mereka yang diracun, ditusuk,
suffocated, or (as far as they could ditembak, dicekik, dibekap
tell) harmed at all. sampai tak bisa bernapas, atau
Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry (sejauh yang mereka bisa
Potter and the Goblet of Fire. katakan), dilukai sedikit pun.
Comment:
The word …suffocated… is translated into ...dibekap sampai tak
bisa bernapas… which is a phrase. There is a change of unit from a
word to a phrase. This is called a unit shift.
• Hatim and Munday (2004) found the following:
The small linguistic changes that occur between ST and TT
are known as translation shifts. John Catford was the first
scholar to use the term in his A Linguistic Theory of
78
Translation. His definition of shifts is ‘departures from
formal correspondence in the process of going from the SL to
the TL.
………………………………………………………………
A formal correspondent is defined by Catford as ‘any TL
category (unit, class, structure, element of structure, etc.)
which can be said to occupy, as nearly as possible, the
“same” place in the “economy” of the TL as the given SL
category occupies in the SL’ (p. 26-27).
Example:
English Indonesian
Rolls of parchment littered that Bergulung-gulung perkamen
part of his desk that was not taken berserakan di atas mejanya, di
up by the large, empty cage in bagian yang tidak ditempati
which his snowy owl, Hedwig, sangkar besar kosong. Hedwig,
usually perched. burung hantunya yang seputih
Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry salju, biasanya bertengger di
Potter and the Goblet of Fire. dalam sangkar itu.
79
Comment:
The word …snowy… is translated into ...yang seputih salju…
which is a phrase. There is a change of unit from word to phrase.
This is called unit shift.
2.2.3 Theories of Phrasal Verb
• Hervey et al. (2005) found the following:
A phrasal verb forms a combination with an
adverbial particle. For example turn down, call up,
dust off, catch on.
……………………………………………………
In all the examples we have looked at, the versions
with prepositional or phrasal verbs more concise,
arguably more concrete and dynamic, but also more
impressionistic, less practice (p. 164).
Example:
English Indonesian
Harry walked over to the book, Harry berjalan ke buku itu,
picked it up, and watched one of memungutnya, dan melihat salah
the wizards score a spectacular satu penyihir mencetak gol
goal by putting the ball through a spektakuler dengan memasukkan
fifty-foot-high hoop. bola ke dalam lingkaran setinggi
Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry lima belas meter.
80
Comment:
The English phrasal verb ...picked it up... which is a kind of
idiomatic expression is translated into ...memungutnya… which is a
non-idiomatic expression in Indonesian. English phrasal verb
belongs to idiomatic expression (Duff 1990, p.11).
• Azar (2003) explains that, “A phrasal verb is a verb and a particle
that together have a special meaning .... a particle is a small word
(e.g., off, on, away, back)” (p. 432).
Example:
English Indonesian
It had been enough of a shock for Harry kaget sekali ketika, pada
Harry to discover, on his eleventh hari ulang tahunnya yang
birthday, that he was a wizard; it kesebelas, dia tahu bahwa
had been even more disconcerting sesungguhnya dia penyihir. Lebih
to find out that everyone in the membingungkan lagi ketika
hidden wizarding world knew his ternyata semua orang dalam
name. dunia sihir yang tersembunyi
Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry kenal namanya.
81
Comment:
The English phrasal verb ...find out... which is a kind of idiomatic
expression is translated into ...ternyata… which is a non-idiomatic
expression in Indonesian. English phrasal verb belongs to idiomatic
expression (Duff 1990, p.11).
2.2.4 Theories of Idiom
• Baker (1982) stated that:
Idioms … are at the extreme end of the scale from
collocations in one or both of these areas: flexibility
of patterning and transparency of meaning. They are
frozen patterns of language which allow little or no
variation in form and, in the case of idioms, often
carry meanings which cannot be deduced from their
individual components. (p. 63)
Example:
English Indonesian
Then, when at last he felt himself Kemudian, ketika akhirnya dia
slowing down, he threw out his merasa dirinya melambat, dia
hands and came to a halt in time melempar tangan ke depan dan
82
to prevent himself from falling berhenti pada waktunya
face forward out of the Weasleys’ sebelum dia jatuh terjerembap
kitchen fire. keluar dari perapian di dapur
Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry keluarga Weasley.
Comment:
The English idiom ...in time... is translated in Indonesian into non-
idiom, namely …pada waktunya…
• Beekman and Callow (as cited in Larson 1998) stated that “idioms
are expressions of “at least two words which cannot be understood
literally and which function as a unit semantically” (p.125).
Example:
English Indonesian
“Knew we’d get there in the end,” "Aku tahu dia pasti akhirnya
said Fudge wearily to Harry. paham juga," kata Fudge lelah
Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry kepada Harry.
83
Comment:
The English idiom ...in the end... is translated in Indonesian into
non-idiom, namely …akhirnya…
2.2.5 Theories of Information Change
• Newmark (1988) stated that:
The additional information a translator may have to
add to his version is normally cultural (accounting for
difference between SL and TL culture), technical
(relating to the topic) or linguistic (explaining
wayward use of words), and is dependent on the
requirement of his, as opposed to the original,
readership.
.......................................................................................
Additional information in the translation may take
various forms:
.......................................................................................
(e) In brackets, often for a literal translation of a
transferred word... (pp. 91-92).
84
Example:
English Indonesian
“What sport did you say you "Kau pernah mengatakan suka
play?” Susan teased. “Zucchini?” olahraga apa? Zucchini?"
Brown, D. (1998). Digital (Zucchini adalah sejenis timun.)
Fortress. P.7. New York: St. Brown, D. (2006). Benteng
Martin Press. Digital. (F. Halim, Trans.). P.12.
Jakarta: PT. Serambi Ilmu
Semesta. (Original work published
1998).
Comment:
Zucchini adalah sejenis timun. is added as further information for
…Zucchini.... That is why it is written between brackets.
• Zakhir (2009) stated that:
Additions, notes and glosses
In general, these procedures are used by translators to add
information about a culturally-bound word/expression, or a
technical term that is related to a specific domain. They may
occupy various places within the text. They might be used
inside the text, and here they can be positioned between
round or square brackets, ... (p. 119).
85
Example:
English Indonesian
Uncle Vernon, Aunt Petunia, and Hanya Paman Vernon, Bibi
Dudley were Harry’s only living Petunia, dan Dudley-lah keluarga
relatives. They were Muggles who Harry yang masih hidup. Mereka
hated and despised magic in any Muggle (bukan penyihir) dan
form, which meant that Harry was membenci serta memandang
about as welcome in their house as rendah sihir dalam segala bentuk,
dry rot. yang berarti di rumah mereka
Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry Harry hanya dianggap sebagai
Potter and the Goblet of Fire. duri dalam daging.
Comment:
…bukan penyihir… is added as further information for
…Muggles.. That is why it is written between brackets.
2.2.6 Theories of Loan
• Newmark (1988) stated that “the literal translation of common
collocations, names of organizations, the components of compounds
and perhaps phrases, is known as calque or loan translation” (p.84)
86
Example:
English Indonesian
Moody jerked his wand, and the Moody menyentakkan tongkatnya,
spider rose onto two of its hind legs dan si labah-labah berdiri di atas
and went into what was kedua kaki belakangnya dan
unmistakably a tap dance. mulai bergerak dengan gerakan
Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry Potter tap dance.
and the Goblet of Fire. P.213. New Rowling, J.K. (2001). Harry
York: Scholastic Press. Potter dan Piala Api. (L. Srisanti,
Comment:
…tap dance. is translated into ...tap dance. It is directly transferred
from the source text to the target text without any change. It is called
loan.
• Baker (1992) found that “…the loan word can then be used on its
own; the reader can understand it and is not distracted by further
lengthy explanations” (p.34).
Example:
English Indonesian
The Hanged Man, the village pub, The Hanged Man, rumah minum
did a roaring trade that night; the di desa itu, laris bukan buatan
whole village seemed to have malam itu. Seluruh desa
87
turned out to discuss the murders. tampaknya keluar untuk
Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry Potter mendiskusikan pembunuhan ini.
Comment:
The Hanged Man,... is translated into The Hanged Man,… It is
directly transferred from the source text to the target text without
any change. It is called loan.
2.2.7 Theories of Calque
• Hatim and Munday (2004) stated that “a calque is a special kind of
borrowing whereby a language borrows an expression form of
another, but then translates literally each of its elements” (p. 149).
Example:
English Indonesian
The only class in which Neville Satu-satunya pelajaran di mana
usually volunteered information Neville biasanya memberi
was Herbology, which was easily informasi dengan sukarela adalah
his best subject. Herbologi, pelajaran yang paling
Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry Potter disukainya.
88
Comment:
The word ...herbologi... in the target text is borrowed from the
English language, i.e. ...herbology..., and it is integrated into the
Indonesian language; The -y, the last letter of the word herbology is
changed into -i. Therefore, this is called calque.
• Vinay and Darbelnet (as cited in Munday, 2008) stated that “calque
is ‘a special kind of borrowing’ where the SL expression or structure
is transferred in a literal translation” (p. 56).
Example:
English Indonesian
They were talking about the lesson, Mereka membicarakannya, pikir
Harry thought, as though it had Harry, seakan itu pertunjukan
been some sort of spectacular spektakuler, tetapi bagi Harry
show, but he hadn’t found it very pelajaran itu tidak
entertaining — and nor, it seemed, menyenangkan—dan tampaknya
had Hermione. bagi Hermione pun tidak.
and the Goblet of Fire. P.218. New Potter dan Piala Api. (L. Srisanti,
York: Scholastic Press. Trans.). Jakarta: PT. Gramedia
89
Comment:
The word ...spektakuler... in the target text is borrowed from the
English language, i.e. ...spectacular..., and it is integrated into the
Indonesian language; both the letter -c- in the middle of the word
spectacular is changed into -k-, and the letter -a- in the last part is
changed into -e-. Therefore, this is called calque.
2.2.8 Theories of Implicitness Change
• Larson (1998) found the following:
In every text that one may want to translate, there will be
information which is implicit; that is, it is not stated in an
explicit form in the text itself. Some information, or
meaning, is left implicit because of the structure of the
source language; some because it has already been included
elsewhere in the text, and some because of shared
information in the communication situation. However, the
implicit information is part of the meaning intended to be
understood by the original writer. (p. 38)
Example: Implicit to Explicit
English (Implicit) Indonesian (Explicit)
“Tripped over a tree root,” he said "Tersandung akar pohon," katanya
angrily, getting to his feet again. jengkel seraya bangkit.
90
“Well, with feet that size, hard not "Yah, dengan ukuran kaki seperti
to,” said a drawling voice from itu, susah tidak tersandung,"
behind them. kata suara di belakang mereka
Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry Potter yang nadanya dipanjang-
and the Goblet of Fire. P.14. New panjangkan.
York: Scholastic Press. Rowling, J.K. (2001). Harry
Comment:
…hard not to,… should actually be …hard not to get tripped,…
The word …get tripped… is implicit in the source text because it
has already been included previously. The translation of …get
tripped… is tersandung… which is explicitly written. So, there
occurs an implicitness change in the translation.
• Nida and Taber (1969) found the following:
In making explicit what is fully implicit in the original
translation, one can often insert material in the text itself
without imposing undue strains upon the process of
translation. On the other hand, information indispensable to
the understanding of the message is often not specifically
implicit in the passage itself (p. 167).
91
Example: Implicit to Explicit
English (Implicit) Indonesian (Explicit)
Voldemort and Wormtail had been Voldemort dan Wormtail tadi
talking about someone they had membicarakan seseorang yang
killed, though Harry could not telah mereka bunuh, meskipun
remember the name . . . and they Harry tak bisa mengingat
had been plotting to kill someone namanya... dan mereka sedang
else . . . him! merencanakan membunuh orang
Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry Potter lain lagi... membunuh dia!
and the Goblet of Fire. P.224. New Rowling, J.K. (2001). Harry Potter
York: Scholastic Press. dan Piala Api. (L. Srisanti, Trans.).
published 2000).
Comment:
…him! should actually be …killing him! The phrase …killing… is
implicit in the source text, of which the translation is membunuh…
which is explicitly written. So, there occurs an implicitness change
in the translation.
92
2.2.9 Theories of Expansion
• Nida and Taber (1969) stated that “some expressions, however, are
so semantically condensed in the source language text that they often
require considerable expansion in the receptor language” ( p. 167).
Example:
English Indonesian
“Ah well, at least I’m "Ah, paling tidak aku sudah tahu
forewarned,” Ron yawned. lebih dulu," Ron menguap.
Comment:
The word …forewarned… which is only one word is translated into
…sudah tahu lebih dulu… which are four words, therefore it is
called expansion.
• “...it is essential that the translator accept the fact that a single source
language word may be translated by one word or by a number of
words in the receptor language...” (Larson, 1998, p. 170).
Example:
93
English Indonesian
He was used to bizarre accidents and Dia sudah terbiasa dengan
injuries; they were unavoidable if kecelakaan dan luka-luka aneh; itu
you attended Hogwarts School of tak bisa dihindari kalau kau
Witchcraft and Wizardry and had a bersekolah di Sekolah Sihir
knack for attracting a lot of trouble. Hogwarts dan Harry rupanya punya
Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry Potter kecakapan khusus, untuk membuat
and the Goblet of Fire. P.18-19. banyak masalah tertarik kepadanya.
published 2000).
Comment:
The word …unavoidable… which is only one word is translated
into …tak bisa dihindari… which are three words, therefore it is
called expansion.
2.2.10 Theories of Compression
• Nida and Taber (1982) stated that in types of reduction, “There are
quite naturally some expressions which are reduced in the process of
transfer from one language to another” (p.168).
The term ‘reduction’ by Nida and Taber has the same meaning with
the term ‘compression’ suggested by Chesterman as both terms
94
refers to the target text translation which has fewer words than the
original text.
Example:
English Indonesian
It had been enough of a shock for Harry kaget sekali ketika, pada
Harry to discover, on his eleventh hari ulang tahunnya yang
birthday, that he was a wizard; it had kesebelas, dia tahu bahwa
been even more disconcerting to sesungguhnya dia penyihir. Lebih
find out that everyone in the hidden membingungkan lagi ketika
wizarding world knew his name. ternyata semua orang dalam dunia
Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry Potter sihir yang tersembunyi kenal
and the Goblet of Fire. P.20. New namanya.
Comment:
The English phrase in source text It had been enough of a shock
for Harry… consists of nine words and it is translated into three
words Harry kaget sekali… It is called compression.
95
• Larson (1998) stated that “…it is essential that the translator accept
the fact ... that what is several words in the source text will
sometimes be translated by a single word” (p. 170).
Example:
English Indonesian
It was due to Sirius that Harry now Berkat Sirius-lah semua peralatan
had all his school things in his sekolah Harry sekarang ada di
bedroom with him. dalam kamarnya.
Comment:
The English phrase in source text It was due to… consists of four
words and it is translated into a word Berkat… It is called
compression.
2.2.11 Theories of Antonym
• Larson (1998) stated that:
Lexical equivalents may also sometimes be found
through the use of negating antonym. There may be no
direct equivalent in the receptor language, but there
may be lexical item with an exact opposite meaning
96
and by negating this, the desired meaning may be
obtained. (p. 173)
Example:
English Indonesian
On the other hand, allowing Harry to Sebaliknya, mengizinkan Harry
disappear to the Weasleys’ for the menghilang ke rumah keluarga
rest of the summer would get rid of Weasley selama sisa musim panas
him two weeks earlier than anyone berarti menyingkirkan Harry dua
could have hoped, and Uncle minggu lebih awal daripada yang
Vernon hated having Harry in the bisa diharapkan siapa pun, dan
house. Paman Vernon sangat tidak suka
Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry Potter Harry tinggal di rumahnya.
Comment:
…hated… is positive and it is translated into its antonym love, of
which the translation is suka combined with a negation element
tidak, so it becomes …tidak suka….
97
• Fawcett (1997) found that “Antonymic translation is translation by
the opposite. It is frequently used to achieve what is felt to be a more
natural wording in the target language.
............................................................................................................
There are many translation situations where this technique can be
useful” (p. 31).
Example:
English Indonesian
Harry wasn’t bothered about what Harry tidak memusingkan apa
the neighbors would think, but he yang akan dikatakan para tetangga,
was anxious about how rude the tetapi dia cemas bagaimana nanti
Dursleys might be to the Weasleys if kalau keluarga Dursley bersikap
they turned up looking like their tidak sopan kepada keluarga
worst idea of wizards. Weasley jika mereka muncul
Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry Potter dengan dandanan sihir yang
and the Goblet of Fire. P.40. New mereka anggap parah.
98
Comment:
…rude… is positive and it is translated into its antonym polite, of
which the translation is sopan combined with a negation element
tidak, so it becomes …tidak sopan….
2.2.12 Theories of Clause Structure Change
• Larson (1998) stated that “It is not uncommon that passive
constructions will need to be translated with an active construction
or vice versa, depending on the natural form of the receptor
language” (pp. 21-22).
Example:
English (Active) Indonesian (Passive)
“I’ve seen the sort of stuff your lot "Aku sudah pernah melihat
wear. They’d better have the pakaian yang dipakai bangsamu.
decency to put on normal clothes, Sebaiknya mereka cukup sopan
that’s all.” dan memakai pakaian normal, itu
Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry Potter saja."
99
Comment:
The word ...wear... in the sort of stuff your lot wear which is an
active verb, is translated into passive voice, namely the sort of stuff
worn by your lot which is translated into …pakaian yang dipakai
bangsamu… in the Indonesian language. So, there is a change in the
clause structure.
• Vinay and Darbelnet (1995) as cited in Munday (2008) stated that:
“Modulation at the level of message is subdivided along the
following lines:
............................................................................................................
active to passive (and vice versa)” (p. 58).
Example:
English (Active) Indonesian (Passive)
Harry looked around and saw that Harry memandang berkeliling dan
Ron and George were sitting at the melihat bahwa Ron dan George
scrubbed wooden table with two duduk di meja kayu yang digosok
red-haired people Harry had never licin dengan dua orang berambut
seen before, though he knew merah yang belum pernah dilihat
immediately who they must be: Bill Harry, walaupun dia langsung
and Charlie, the two eldest Weasley tahu siapa tentunya mereka: Bill
brothers. dan Charlie, dua kakak tertua
Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry Potter Weasley bersaudara.
and the Goblet of Fire. P.51-52. Rowling, J.K. (2001). Harry
100
New York: Scholastic Press. Potter dan Piala Api. (L. Srisanti,
Comment:
The phrase ...had seen... in with two red-haired people Harry had
never seen before which is active, is translated into passive voice,
namely two red haired people had never been seen by Harry
before which is translated into …dua orang berambut merah yang
belum pernah dilihat Harry… in the Indonesian language. So, there
is a change in the clause structure.
2.2.13 Theories of Cohension Device
• Larson (1984) found the following that:
There are many devices which give cohesion to a
text. The particular device which is used, and even
the ways in which they are used, will vary from
language to language. Such cohesion devices as
pronouns,… if translated one-for-one from the source
language into the receptor language, will almost
certainly distort the meaning intended by the original
author. (p. 394)
101
Example:
English Indonesian
The villagers of Little Hangleton PENDUDUK desa Little
still called it “the Riddle House,” Hangleton masih menyebutnya
even though it had been many years "Rumah Riddle", meskipun sudah
since the Riddle family had lived bertahun-tahun lamanya keluarga
there. It stood on a hill overlooking Riddle tak tinggal di sana lagi.
the village, some of its windows Rumah itu terletak di atas bukit,
boarded, tiles missing from its roof, menghadap ke desa, beberapa di
and ivy spreading unchecked over antara jendela-jendelanya ditutup
its face. papan, gentinggentingnya hilang
Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry Potter di sana-sini, dan sulur tumbuhan
and the Goblet of Fire. P.1. New menjalar merambat liar di
York: Scholastic Press. dindingnya.
Comment:
The English pronoun It… in the source text is a cohesion device
namely Rumah,… because it refers to the Riddle Family’s House.
102
• Baker (1992) stated that
Cohesion is the network of lexical, grammatical, and other
relations which provide links between various parts of a text.
These relations or ties organize and, to some extent create a
text, for instance by requiring the reader to interpret words
and expressions by reference to other words and expressions
in the surrounding sentences and paragraphs. Cohesion is a
surface relation; it connects together the actual words and
expressions that we can see or hear (p. 180).
Example:
English Indonesian
It was Frank’s bad leg that woke Kaki Frank yang sakitlah yang
him; it was paining him worse than membuatnya terbangun. Kaki itu
ever in his old age. He got up and semakin sakit saat usianya
limped downstairs into the kitchen semakin lanjut. Frank bangun dan
with the idea of refilling his hot- berjalan terpincang-pincang ke
water bottle to ease the stiffness in dapur dengan maksud mengisi
his knee. ulang botol airpanasnya untuk
Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry Potter mengurangi kekakuan pada
and the Goblet of Fire. P.5. New lututnya.
103
Comment:
The English pronoun He… in the source text is a cohesion device
namely Frank, because it refers to a person named Frank.
104
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODS
This chapter describes the research methods, the research procedure, the
source of the data, the definition of terms, and the collection of the data.
3.1 Research methods
This is an annotated translation research where the researcher is also the
translator. In other words, the researcher and the translator is the same person. An
annotated translation is a translation with commentary. This commentary are notes
made by the researcher/translator which will then be analyzed.
Introspective and retrospective methods are included in this annotated
translation study. Introspective method is the process of observing and reflecting on
one’s thoughts, feelings, motives, reasoning processes, and mental states with a
view to determining the ways in which these processes and states determine our
behaviour. (Sage (2006) as cited in Nunan, 1992, p. 115).
For example, during the process of translation, the researcher/ translator
asked himself:
a. In which part did the researcher/translator have difficulties in translating?
b. What was the best translation for a certain word/phrase/idiom/clause/
sentence which was in line with the context?
c. Were the difficulties related to aspects of syntactic, semantic, pragmatic or
style features?
d. Why did the researcher/translator translate the particular item as such?
105
Asking this question means that the researcher/translator introspects his own
thoughts during the process of the translation. Thus, this is the introspective method
that the researcher/translator has used.
In retrospective method, the researcher/translator traces back the theories of
translation he has studied in order to be able to find the equivalents of the items that
should be translated by considering these following questions:
a. Which translation strategy has the researcher/translator used in translating a
particular problem/difficulty?
b. Which theory of translation has supported the researcher/translator in
translating a particular problem/difficulty?
c. Which language structural rules has the researcher/translator used in
translating a particular problem/difficulty?
d. Has the result conveyed the intended meaning of the source text correctly?
3.2 Research Procedure
The procedure of this research will be as follows:
1) The source text is read thoroughly to give a full understanding of the content.
2) Independently, the researcher/translator translates the source text into
Indonesian (the source text is in English).
3) During the course of translating the text, the researcher/translator regularly
consults his advisor to discuss problems he encountered referring to the task
undertaken.
106
4) At the same time, researcher/translator marks down the items, grammatical,
lexical, cultural, and stylistic, that have become problems in the process of
translating the text (data).
5) These problematic items are analyzed and the researcher/translator then gives
plausible reasons to the solving of these problems.
6) Among the problems found during the process of the translation, the
researcher/translator has taken only the most difficult problems.
3.3 Source of the Data
The source of the data in this research is a book entitled How to Succeed as
a Freelance Translator by Corinne McKay which was published by Two Rat Press
in 2006. This book is translated by the researcher/translator himself into Bahasa
Indonesia.
3.4 Definition of Terms
There are some terms that will be defined in this sub-chapter related to this
research:
1. Annotated translation. This research applies the term of annotated translation.
William Chesterman (2002) explained that “a translation with commentary (or
annotated translation) is a form of introspective and retrospective research
where you yourself translate a text and, at the same time, write a commentary
on your own translation process” (p. 7).
2. Problem and Difficulty. In this study, the term ‘problem’ is interchangeable
with the term ‘difficulty’. While translating the text, the researcher/translator
107
encounters difficulty in rendering English source text into Indonesian. This
difficulty is, at the same time, the problem the researcher/translator is facing.
3. Annotation and Analysis. Annotation and analysis are interchangeable in this
research. Annotation here means the analysis of certain aspects of the language
that becomes a problem for the researcher/translator.
4. Data. The term data in this research refers to the collected items of language
that are difficult and become problems for the researcher/translator during
translation.
5. Most difficult: In this research, most difficult means that looking for the
equivalents of the source text needs very much effort.
6. Researcher and Translator. The researcher and translator are interchangeable,
because in this study the researcher and the translator are the same person.
7. Random sampling. In this research, random sampling means that the chosen
data are taken at random. Each datum has a chance to be chosen.
8. Purposeful. In this study, purposeful means all the data chosen are the most
difficult data to be analyzed.
9. Commentary. The commentary in this research means annotation and analysis.
108
3. 5 Collection of the data
No. Page/
Source Language Target Language
Para
1 9/1 I decided to write this book because Saya memutuskan untuk menulis
I love my job, and because so few buku ini karena saya mencintai
bilingual people are aware of the pekerjaan saya, dan karena begitu
high demand for qualified sedikitnya orang yang pandai
translators and interpreters, or of berdwibahasa menyadari tingginya
the lifestyle benefits of being a permintaan penerjemah lisan dan
language entrepreneur. tulisan yang memenuhi syarat, atau
keuntungan gaya hidup yang
diperoleh menjadi wirausahawan
dalam bidang bahasa.
2 9/1 In 2002, I was looking for a new Pada tahun 2002, saya sedang
career after eight years as a high mencari karir baru setelah delapan
school French teacher, and hoping tahun menjadi guru bahasa
to find a work-from-home job using Perancis di sekolah menengah atas,
my language skills. dan berharap mendapatkan
pekerjaan yang dapat saya lakukan
di rumah dengan menggunakan
keterampilan bahasa saya.
3 I thought back to a translation Saya masih ingat ketika saya
internship that I had done in magang sebagai penerjemah di
109
college, and remembered how kampus saya dulu, dan ingat betapa
much I had enjoyed it. saya menikmatinya.
4 9/1 At the time, I had almost no Pada waktu itu, saya hampir tidak
knowledge of the translation memiliki pengetahuan tentang
industry nor any job contacts, so I industri penerjemahan ataupun
started out by calling every kenalan dalam dunia kerja, jadi
company listed under Translators saya memulainya dengan menelpon
and Interpreters in the local yellow setiap perusahaan yang terdaftar
pages. dalam Penerjemah Lisan dan
Tulisan dari halaman periklanan.
5 9/1 Over the next few months I became Selama beberapa bulan kedepan,
involved with my local translators saya menjalin hubungan dengan
association, the American perhimpunan penerjemah setempat,
Translators Association (ATA), and American Transators Association
began getting some calls for (ATA) atau Perhimpunan
translation work. Penerjemah Amerika, dan mulai
mendapatkan panggilan untuk
menerjemahkan.
6 9/1 A year and some 400 résumés later, Kemudian setelah setahun dan 400
I passed the ATA certification ringkasan terjemahan, saya lulus
exam in French to English ujian sertifikasi ATA dalam
translation, and my business penerjemahan bahasa Perancis ke
continued to grow, while still bahasa Inggris, dan usaha
allowing me to work from home on terjemahan saya pun terus
110
a flexible schedule, earning a berkembang, sementara masih
healthy income and spending memungkinkan saya untuk bekerja
plenty of time with my family. di rumah dengan jadwal yang
mudah diatur, memperoleh
penghasilan yang lumayan dan
saya juga dapat menghabiskan
banyak waktu dengan keluarga
saya.
7 9/2 Although I spent most of that first Meskipun saya menghabiskan
year marketing my fledgling sebagian besar tahun pertama
business, the effort paid off; after tersebut memasarkan usaha
three years as a freelance translator terjemahan saya yang masih baru,
I earned my highest gross income upaya saya membuahkan hasil;
ever (including when I worked full- setelah tiga tahun menjadi
time as a teacher) while working penerjemah lepas, saya
20-30 hours a week from home. memperoleh pendapatan kotor yang
paling tinggi yang pernah saya
terima (termasuk ketika saya
bekerja penuh waktu sebagai guru)
sementara bekerja 20-30 jam per
minggu di rumah.
8 9/2 I developed specializations in legal, Saya mengembangkan keahlian
financial and marketing translation, dalam penerjemahan di bidang
edited my local translators hukum, keuangan, dan pemasaran,
111
association newsletter, presented menyunting berita berkala
seminars at the annual conference perkumpulan penerjemah setempat,
of the American Translators menyajikan seminar di pertemuan
Association and often found myself tahunan Perkumpulan Penerjemah
exclaiming, "This is so interesting!" Amerika, dan sering kali
while working on a translation—in menemukan diri saya berseru, “Ini
short, I had found my niche. sangat menarik!” sementara
mengerjakan penerjemahan—
pendeknya, saya telah menemukan
pekerjaan impian saya.
9 9-10/3 At the same time, the path from Pada waktu yang bersamaan, jalur
that day with the phone book to the mulai dari hari dengan buku
day I told a client, "Sorry, I'm telepon hingga hari saya berkata
booked for the next two weeks" pada pelanggan saya “Maaf, saya
was harder than it had to be, sibuk untuk dua minggu kedepan”
because there is a real shortage of lebih sulit daripada yang
training materials on how to run a seharusnya, karena ada kekurangan
translation business. bahan pelatihan yang nyata tentang
cara menjalankan usaha
terjemahan.
10 10/3 Most translators enter the field Kebanyakan penerjemah memasuki
because they love languages and lapangan pekerjaan ini karena
writing, not because they love mereka mencintai bahasa dan
marketing and bookkeeping, but menulis, bukan karena mereka
112
many translators' businesses fail mencintai pemasaran dan
because they lack basic business pembukuan, tapi banyak usaha
skills. terjemahan yang gagal karena
mereka tidak memiliki cukup
keterampilan usaha dasar.
11 10/3 If you'd like to succeed as a Jika Anda ingin berhasil sebagai
freelance translator, it's definitely penerjemah lepas, jelas sangat
important to pursue training in penting untuk mengikuti pelatihan
translation techniques, translation di teknik penerjemahan, mengikuti
software, and other tools of the pelatihan di piranti lunak
trade, but these types of courses are penerjemahan, dan sarana lain yang
easier to locate. berhubungan dengan
penerjemahan, tapi jenis pelatihan
seperti ini lebih mudah ditemukan.
12 10/3 Part of the reason I decided to write Sebagian dari alasan saya
this book was because, having memutuskan untuk menulis buku
never run my own business before, ini adalah karena, tanpa adanya
I struggled so much with these pengalaman menjalankan usaha
basic business questions: how and terjemahan saya sendiri
where to find prospective clients, sebelumnya, saya berjuang begitu
how to pursue translator keras dengan berbagai pertanyaan
certification, how to decide whether usaha dasar: cara dan tempat
expensive computer software memperoleh pelanggan, cara untuk
would help my business, how to set menjadi penerjemah yang
113
my translation rates, and so on. memenuhi syarat, cara untuk
memutuskan apakah piranti lunak
komputer yang mahal akan
membantu usaha terjemahan saya,
cara untuk menentukan ongkos
terjemahan saya, dan sebagainya.
13 10/4 This book is based on the article Buku ini berdasarkan pada karya
Getting Started as a Freelance tulis Getting Started as a Freelance
Translator, which first appeared on Translator, yang pertama kali
my website and was picked up by muncul di situs saya dan digunakan
several translation websites. oleh beberapa situs terjemahan.
14 10/4 Later, I expanded that article into Kemudian, saya memperluas karya
an online course that has continued tulis tersebut menjadi pelatihan
to be very popular with aspiring daring yang terus menjadi sangat
translators. terkenal di antara para calon
penerjemah.
15 10/4 Following the success of the Menyusul keberhasilan pelatihan
course, I realized that there must be daring tersebut, saya menyadari
many more people out there bahwa pasti ada lebih banyak orang
wondering how to use their diluar sana yang bertanya-tanya
language skills to break into the cara menggunakan keterampilan
translation industry, and the idea bahasa mereka untuk terjun
for this book was born. kedalam industri penerjemahan,
dan gagasan untuk menulis buku
114
ini pun lahir.
16 10/5 If you're considering a career as a Pertimbangkanlah karir sebagai
translator, there's a lot to look penerjemah, karena ada banyak hal
forward to. yang dapat Anda nantikan dari
pekerjaan ini.
17 10/5 Given the global reach of Menimbang jangkauan perusahaan
businesses in the 21st century, yang mendunia di abad ke-21 ini,
translators are employed in almost penerjemah dipekerjakan hampir di
every conceivable business sector, setiap bidang usaha yang dapat
from banking to museums to health Anda bayangkan, dari perbankan
care to high-tech. hingga museum hingga perawatan
kesehatan hingga teknologi tinggi.
18 10/5 If you have a special skill or Jika Anda memiliki keterampilan
interest in addition to being khusus atau minat sebagai
bilingual, you're almost sure to find tambahan memiliki kemampuan
clients who will pay for your berdwibahasa, Anda dipastikan
services, and you'll get to work on akan menemukan pelanggan yang
materials that interest you. mau membayar jasa Anda, dan
Anda pun akan menerjemahkan nas
yang Anda minati.
19 10/5 Overall, the United States Bureau Secara keseluruhan, Biro Statistik
of Labor Statistics http://bls.gov Ketenagakerjaan Amerika Serikat
projects that job prospects for http://bls.gov memperkirakan
translators and interpreters will bahwa kesempatan kerja bagi
115
increase faster than the average penerjemah lisan dan tulisan akan
until at least 2014. meningkat lebih cepat dari
biasanya sampai setidaknya tahun
2014.
20 10- Translators are usually well paid Penerjemah biasanya dibayar
11/5 for their work, with the most recent mahal atas pekerjaan mereka,
compensation survey by the berdasarkan laporan sigi mengenai
American Translators Association imbalan paling terbaru oleh
reporting that the average self- Perkumpulan Penerjemah Amerika
employed full-time translator earns yang menyatakan bahwa
over $50,000 per year. penerjemah penuh waktu yang
bekerja sendiri biasanya
mendapatkan hampir 700 juta
rupiah per tahun.
21 11/6 By working from home, you'll Dengan bekerja di rumah, Anda
probably experience greater job mungkin akan mengalami kepuasan
satisfaction and less stress, since a kerja yang lebih besar dan
relatively minor disruption like a mengalami lebih sedikit tegangan,
dentist appointment or furnace karena gangguan yang nisbi kecil
repair won't derail your entire work seperti janji dengan dokter gigi atau
day. perbaikan perapian tidak akan
merusak seluruh hari kerja Anda.
22 11/6 Most of the time, you'll be able to Sering kali, Anda akan dapat
structure your work day around menyusun hari kerja Anda
116
your peak energy times and your berdasarkan kekuatan puncak dan
family's needs, rather than your kebutuhan keluarga Anda,
employer's policies. ketimbang kebijakan orang yang
mempekerjakan Anda.
23 11/6 Your commute will be as long as it Perjalanan Anda hanya akan sejauh
takes you to walk from your berjalan dari kamar tidur Anda ke
bedroom to your office and fire up ruang kerja Anda dan Anda dapat
the computer while still in your menyalakan komputer Anda ketika
pajamas. masih menggunakan baju tidur
Anda.
24 11/7 Less commuting means less traffic Berkurangnya perjalanan kerja
congestion, less fuel usage and less berarti berkurangnya kemacetan
need for parking areas. lalu lintas, berkurangnya
penggunaan bahan bakar, dan
berkurangnya kebutuhan tempat
parkir.
25 11/7 Home-based workers are around Pekerja rumahan selalu ada pada
during the day, allowing them to waktu siang hari, memungkinkan
volunteer for school and mereka untuk menjadi sukarelawan
community activities and to be untuk kegiatan sekolah dan
available for their families. masyarakat dan juga selalu ada
untuk keluarga mereka.
26 11/7 A study by the International Sebuah penelitian yang dilakukan
Telework Association and Council oleh International Telework
117
(ITAC) found that home-based Association and Council (ITAC)
workers are absent from work less menemukan bahwa tingkat
than half as often as office-based membolos pekerja rumah hanya
workers, leading to greater work setengah dari tingkat membolos
productivity in general. karyawan kantor, yang mengarah
kepada daya hasil kerja yang lebih
besar pada umumnya.
27 12/8 Despite all of these positive reports, Meski semua laporan ini positif,
it's very important to do some sangat penting untuk melakukan
realistic self-assessment to beberapa penilaian diri yang jujur
determine if a career as a freelance untuk memutuskan apakah karir
translator is for you. sebagai penerjemah lepas ini
memang cocok untuk Anda.
28 12/8 Translators need a lot of skills Penerjemah membutuhkan banyak
besides fluency in at least two keahlian selain kefasihan dalam
languages; translators need to be setidaknya dua bahasa; penerjemah
excellent writers in their native diharuskan untuk menjadi penulis
language and need to be interested yang sangat baik dalam bahasa asli
in and skilled at terminology mereka dan diharuskan untuk
research using both paper memiliki minat dan kemampuan
dictionaries and the Internet. dalam penelitian peristilahan
dengan menggunakan kamus
cetakan dan kamus internet.
29 12/9 Equally important, and the subject Juga penting, dan pokok
118
that we'll focus on in this book, is a pembahasan yang akan kita
translator's ability to run a business. pumpun dalam buku ini, adalah
kemampuan seorang penerjemah
untuk menjalankan usaha
terjemahan.
30 12/9 When you work full-time for an Ketika Anda bekerja penuh waktu
employer, you have one job title. untuk seseorang, Anda hanya
memiliki satu jabatan.
31 12/9 When you work for yourself, you're Ketika Anda bekerja sendiri, Anda
not only the translator, but also the bukan hanya seorang penerjemah,
department head for sales and tapi Anda juga merupakan kepala
marketing, technical support, bagian untuk penjualan dan
customer relations, accounting and pemasaran, untuk dukungan teknis,
facilities maintenance. untuk hubungan pelanggan, untuk
akuntansi dan untuk perawatan
fasilitas.
32 12/9 Unless you're willing and able to Kecuali jika Anda bersedia dan
pay someone to do these tasks for mampu membayar orang lain untuk
you, you'll be doing them yourself, melakukan berbagai pekerjaan
in addition to your regular job. tersebut, Anda harus melakukannya
seorang diri, di samping pekerjaan
tetap Anda.
33 21/10 Before you launch yourself into a Sebelum Anda terjun ke dalam
translation career, it's important to karir terjemahan, penting untuk
119
ask yourself a few questions. menanyakan diri Anda sendiri
beberapa pertanyaan.
34 12/10 Are you the type of person who is Apakah Anda jenis orang yang
often described as highly sering digambarkan sebagai orang
motivated, driven, a go-getter; or yang memiliki semangat tinggi,
do you have trouble following terdorong, rajin dan giat; atau Anda
through on a plan once the exciting memiliki masalah dalam mengikuti
idea stage is over? rencana selanjutnya ketika tahap
yang memukau tentang gagasan itu
telah berakhir?
35 12/10 Are you consistently able to meet Apakah Anda secara taat asas dapat
deadlines with almost no memenuhi tenggat waktu dengan
supervision or direction, or do you tanpa adanya pengawasan atau
head off to shopping websites as pengarahan, atau apakah Anda
soon as the boss disappears? jenis orang yang langsung
mengunjungi situs belanja sesaat
setelah atasan Anda pergi?
36 12/10 Do you have the multi-tasking Apakah Anda mempunyai
skills necessary to manage multiple keterampilan untuk sekaligus
clients and deadlines at once, or mengerjakan pekerjaan ganda yang
does this type of work leave you diperlukan untuk mengurus
feeling overwhelmed and beberapa pelanggan dan mengatur
wondering where to start? tenggat waktu, atau apakah jenis
pekerjaan seperti ini membuat
120
Anda kewalahan dan tidak tahu
dari mana harus memulainya?
37 12/11 In addition, it's important to factor Sebagai tambahan, penting untuk
in a start-up period of at least six memasukkan dalam rencana masa
months to a year when launching permulaan setidaknya enam bulan
your freelance business. hingga satu tahun ketika
meluncurkan usaha terjemahan
lepas Anda.
38 12/11 Of course this is just an estimate, Tentu saja ini hanya perkiraan, dan
and the length of everyone's startup panjangnya masa permulaan setiap
period will vary, but for translators orang akan berbeda-beda, tapi
who work in a relatively common untuk para penerjemah yang
language pair (for example French, bekerja dengan pasangan bahasa
Italian, German, Spanish or yang cukup umum (misalnya
Portuguese paired with English), Perancis, Italia, Jerman, Spanyol
it's best to budget on at least six atau Portugis yang dipasangkan
months of doing a lot of marketing dengan bahasa Inggris), sebaiknya
and working less than full time. menganggarkan biaya selama
setidaknya enam bulan untuk
sering melakukan pemasaran dan
kurang bekerja penuh waktu.
39 12- For some people, for example Bagi sebagian orang, misalnya
13/11 parents of small children or full- orang tua yang memiliki anak kecil
time students who are looking for atau mahasiswa yang tidak bekerja
121
some supplemental income, the yang mencari penghasilan
spotty cash flow of a startup period tambahan, arus keuangan yang naik
may not be a huge concern. turun dari masa permulaan
mungkin tidak menjadi
keprihatinan besar.
40 13/11 If you're planning on translation as Jika Anda berniat untuk
your full-time income, you'll need menjadikan penerjemahan sebagai
to either continue your current penghasilan penuh waktu Anda,
employment while your translation Anda harus memilih antara
business gets up to speed, or plan melanjutkan pekerjaan Anda yang
on living off your savings or a loan sekarang hingga usaha terjemahan
during this time. Anda berjalan dengan baik, atau
merencanakan untuk hidup dari
tabungan atau pinjaman pada
waktu seperti itu.
41 13/11 It can help to focus on the fact that Hal tersebut dapat membantu untuk
with a consistent and reasonably memumpun kepada kenyataan
aggressive marketing effort, you'll bahwa dengan upaya pemasaran
have years to enjoy your freelance yang taat asas dan cukup giat,
lifestyle and income after your bertahun-tahun selanjutnya, Anda
startup phase ends. akan menikmati gaya hidup dan
pendapatan lepas setelah tahap
permulaan Anda berakhir.
42 43 2.1 Preparing for your job search 2.1 Mempersiapkan pencarian
122
pelanggan untuk usaha Anda
43 43/74 Whether you're just starting out as a Baik Anda baru saja memulai
translator or moving from in-house sebagai penerjemah atau baru saja
to freelance work, finding your first berpindah dari kerja di dalam
clients is one of the biggest rumah ke pekerjaan lepas,
challenges you'll face. menemukan para pelanggan
pertama Anda adalah salah satu
tantangan terbesar yang akan Anda
hadapi.
44 43/74 For most beginning translators, it Bagi kebanyakan penerjemah
will be hard to find well-paying pemula, akan sulit untuk
work unless you have either a menemukan pekerjaan yang bergaji
degree in translation or some tinggi kecuali jika Anda
translation experience. mempunyai baik gelar dalam
penerjemahan atau beberapa
pengalaman dalam penerjemahan.
45 43/74 If you have both excellent language Jika Anda mempunyai
skills and work experience in a keterampilan bahasa dan
technical field, for example if you pengalaman kerja dalam bidang
are a doctor and bilingual in yang berkenaan dengan ilmu
Russian, it may be worth sending pengetahuan, misalnya jika Anda
off your résumé even without adalah seorang dokter dan memiliki
translation experience. kemampuan berdwibahasa dalam
bahasa Rusia, mungkin layak untuk
123
mengirimkan riwayat hidup Anda
bahkan tanpa pengalaman
menerjemahkan.
46 43/74 For the rest of us, it's important to Bagi kita yang tersisa, penting
compose a file of samples and untuk menyusun berkas contoh dan
references before applying to acuan sebelum mendaftar ke usaha
agencies or direct clients. terjemahan atau pelanggan secara
langsung.
47 43/74 Here are some ways to go about Berikut adalah beberapa cara untuk
beefing up your résumé if you're memantapkan riwayat hidup Anda
starting from zero. jika Anda memulai dari nol.
48 43/75 Having a translation-targeted Mempunyai ringkasan terjemahan
résumé is your most crucial first bersasaran adalah langkah pertama
step in starting your job search. yang paling penting dalam
memulai pencarian pelanggan
untuk usaha Anda.
49 43/75 Since some translation agencies Karena beberapa usaha terjemahan
will look only at your résumé, it's akan melihat hanya pada ringkasan
especially important to have a terjemahan Anda, penting terutama
strong one, as your cover letter may untuk memiliki ringkasan
never be seen by the person terjemahan yang taat asas, karena
responsible for delegating projects. surat lamaran Anda mungkin tidak
akan pernah terlihat oleh orang
yang bertanggung jawab untuk
124
menentukan proyek.
50 43/75 If you are e-mailing your résumé, Jika Anda mengirim ringkasan
you should send it in either terjemahan Anda dalam bentuk
Microsoft Word format or as a surat elektronik, Anda harus
PDF. mengirimnya dalam bentuk
Microsoft Word atau dalam bentuk
PDF.
51 43- Remember, you are applying for Ingat, Anda sedang melamar untuk
44/75 language work—why would a pekerjaan mengenai bahasa—untuk
potential client trust this work to apa calon pelanggan
someone whose own application mempercayakan pekerjaan ini
materials don't show evidence of kepada seseorang yang ringkasan
good language practices? terjemahannya tidak menunjukkan
penggunaan bahasa yang baik?
52 44/76 As a beginning translator, the Sebagai penerjemah pemula, hal
number one thing your résumé paling utama yang diperlukan
needs to do is convince a potential dalam ringkasan terjemahan adalah
client to take a chance on you meyakinkan orang yang
instead of giving the job to a more kemungkinan akan menjadi
experienced linguist. pelanggan Anda untuk
mempertaruhkan kepercayaan
kepada Anda alih-alih memberikan
pekerjaan tersebut kepada ahli
bahasa yang lebih berpengalaman.
125
53 44/76 If you are not familiar at all with Jika Anda tidak akrab dengan
writing a résumé, or with writing menulis riwayat hidup, atau
one for the U.S., large online job menulis riwayat hidup khususnya
search sites such as Monster.com di Amerika Serikat, situs cari kerja
http: //monster.com have extensive daring terbesar seperti
"career search help" sections that Monster.com mempunyai bagian
can help you get started and learn “bantuan pencarian karir” yang
how to format your résumé. luas yang dapat membantu Anda
memulai dan belajar cara
menyusun riwayat hidup Anda.
54 44/76 Even if you are familiar with how Walaupun Anda sudah akrab
to write a strong résumé, spend dengan cara menulis riwayat hidup
some time on the Web looking at yang mantap, habiskan waktu
how other translators present sejenak di Web sambil melihat cara
themselves; online translation para penerjemah lain menampilkan
portals such as Translators Café diri mereka sendiri; gerbang
http://translatorscafe.com and penerjemahan daring seperti
ProZ.com http://proz.com are good Translator Café dan ProZ.com
places to start. merupakan tempat yang baik untuk
memulai.
55 44/77 The first step in the résumé Langkah pertama dalam proses
reinvention process is to think pembuatan ulang riwayat hidup
about and research what your adalah untuk memikirkan dan
potential clients are looking for in a meneliti apa yang calon pelanggan
126
translator. Anda cari dari seorang penerjemah.
56 44/77 Obviously they want someone who Jelas mereka menginginkan
knows at least two languages, but seseorang yang mengetahui
on top of that, think about what setidaknya dua bahasa, tapi selain
your clients are seeking and what itu, pikirkan tentang apa yang para
skills you can offer that you've pelanggan cari dan kecakapan apa
already developed in your current yang dapat Anda tawarkan yang
career. sudah Anda kembangkan dalam
karir Anda sekarang.
57 44/77 For example, translators need to be Misalnya, para penerjemah
able to work independently on tight diharuskan untuk bisa bekerja
deadlines without the oversight of a secara mandiri dengan tenggat
boss. waktu yang ketat tanpa
pengawasan atasan.
58 44/77 Translators work on computers Para penerjemah bekerja dengan
almost all the time, and need to komputer hampir setiap waktu, dan
know how to use computers perlu mengetahui cara
efficiently. menggunakan komputer dengan
berhasilguna.
59 44/77 Translators also need excellent Para penerjemah juga memerlukan
writing skills in their target keterampilan menulis yang sangat
language and excellent baik dalam bahasa sasaran mereka
communications skills to work well dan keterampilan berkomunikasi
with clients. yang luar biasa untuk bekerjasama
127
dengan para pelanggan.
60 44- Therefore, it can be a good idea to Oleh karena itu, merupakan sebuah
45/77 start out your résumé-writing gagasan yang baik untuk memulai
process by thinking about or even proses menulis ringkasan
writing down the key career skills terjemahan Anda dengan
you've developed that will make memikirkan atau bahkan
you a good risk to a new client. menuliskan keterampilan karir
penting yang telah Anda
kembangkan yang akan memberi
Anda kesempatan yang bagus
untuk pelanggan baru.
61 45 2.1.3 The structure of your 2.1.3 Struktur riwayat hidup
résumé Anda
62 45/78 This section will focus mainly on Bagian ini akan memumpun
writing a résumé for use in the terutama pada penulisan riwayat
U.S.. hidup yang digunakan di A.S..
63 45/78 Make sure to follow good Pastikan Anda sendiri mengikuti
translation practice yourself and praktik penerjemahan yang baik
have the résumé in your non-native dan mintalah riwayat hidup dalam
language proofread by a native bahasa sasaran Anda diperiksa oleh
speaker. penutur Asli.
64 45/78 Following are some factors to Berikut ini adalah beberapa faktor
consider when preparing your untuk dipertimbangkan ketika
résumé for use in the U.S. or mempersiapkan riwayat hidup
128
abroad. Anda untuk digunakan di A.S. atau
di luar negeri.
65 45 It is generally only one page long, Riwayat hidup di A.S. biasanya
two pages at most, and does not hanya sebanyak satu lembar, paling
include much personal information banyak dua lembar, dan tidak
other than your name and contact mengikutsertakan banyak
information, including address, keterangan pribadi selain nama dan
telephone number and email orang yang dapat dihubungi,
address. termasuk alamat, nomor telepon,
dan alamat surat elektronik.
66 45 If you are going to be posting your Jika Anda akan memasang riwayat
résumé on the Internet, you might hidup Anda di Internet, ada
consider removing your physical baiknya jika Anda tidak
address from that version of your mengikutsertakan alamat pribadi
résumé. Anda dalam bentuk riwayat hidup
Anda tersebut.
67 45-46 It is common to list your date and Merupakan hal yang umum untuk
place of birth, citizenship(s), menulis tempat dan tanggal lahir,
marital status, and sometimes even kewarganegaraan, status
number of children. pernikahan, dan terkadang bahkan
jumlah anak.
68 46 A scanned photograph is also Foto yang dipindai juga terkadang
sometimes included. disertakan.
69 46 For a résumé intended for the U.S., Untuk riwayat hidup yang
129
note that this type of information digunakan di A.S., perlu dicatat
should never be included on your bahwa jenis keterangan seperti ini
U.S. résumé since it is actually tidak boleh diikutsertakan dalam
illegal for employers to ask for it in riwayat hidup Anda yang
most cases. digunakan di A.S. karena
sebenarnya melanggar hukum bagi
para majikan untuk menanyakan
tentang hal itu dalam sebagian
besar peristiwa.
70 46 Many European employers feel that Para majikan di Eropa merasa
a hand written résumé or cover bahwa riwayat hidup atau sampul
letter lets them evaluate your surat yang ditulis dengan tangan
language skills and may also be memungkinkan mereka untuk
submitted for an analysis of your menilai keterampilan bahasa dan
personal traits as revealed through dapat juga diajukan sebagai telaah
your handwriting. berbagai sifat pribadi Anda yang
dapat diungkapkan melalui tulisan
tangan Anda.
71 46 On a European résumé, Dalam riwayat hidup yang
"chronological order" normally digunakan di Eropa, “urutan
means reverse chronological order, waktu” biasanya berarti urutan
so you would start with your first waktu yang terbalik, jadi Anda
job and end with the one you have akan memulainya dari pekerjaan
now. pertama Anda dan berakhir dengan
130
pekerjaan Anda sekarang.
72 46 European résumés also tend to be Riwayat hidup yang digunakan di
less promotional in nature, and use Eropa juga cenderung kurang
more passive and descriptive bersifat mengiklankan, dan lebih
language such as "responsibilities menggunakan bahasa pasif dan
included..." bersifat memerikan seperti
“tanggung jawab termasuk…”
73 46 An Asian résumé is much more Riwayat hidup yang digunakan di
comprehensive than a U.S. or even Asia lebih lengkap dibandingkan
a European one. riwayat hidup yang digunakan di
A.S. atau bahkan di Eropa.
74 46 For example, while on a U.S. Misalnya, sementara dalam riwayat
résumé you would seldom include hidup yang digunakan di A.S. Anda
levels of education below college akan jarang menuliskan tingkat
or professional school unless you pendidikan di bawah perguruan
didn't attend these, on a résumé to tinggi atau sekolah berkirta kecuali
be sent to Japan or China your jika Anda tidak melanjutkan belajar
Education section might include di kedua jenis sekolah tersebut,
every school you attended starting dalam riwayat hidup yang
with kindergarten, which would digunakan di Jepang atau
reveal insights into your family's Tiongkok, bagian Pendidikan
socioeconomic status. Anda mungkin akan memuat setiap
sekolah yang Anda jalani dimulai
dari taman kanak-kanak, yang akan
131
mengungkap wawasan mengenai
keadaan sosioekonomik keluarga
Anda.
75 46/79 Assuming you know your own Dengan anggapan bahwa Anda
name, this sounds laughably easy, mengetahui nama Anda sendiri, ini
but it isn't. terdengar sungguh sangat
menggelikan, namun pada
kenyataannya tidak.
76 46 You may want to clarify your Ada baiknya bila Anda
gender. memperjelas jenis kelamin Anda.
77 46-47 If you want, you can solve this Jika Anda mau, Anda dapat
problem up front by identifying menyelesaikan masalah ini secara
yourself somewhere on your langsung dengan memperkenalkan
application materials as "Fouad diri Anda di suatu tempat pada
Tarkari (Mr.)" or "Ms. Poonam riwayat hidup Anda seperti “Fouad
Prakash." Tarkari (Mr.)” atau “Ms. Poonam
Prakash.”
78 47 Choose one name and spelling, and Pilih satu nama dan ejaan, dan
use it consistently. gunakan secara taat asas.
79 47 Especially if your name involves Terutama jika nama Anda
any transliteration, pick one version melibatkan alih aksara, pilih satu
and stick to it. bentuk dan jangan mengubahnya
kembali.
80 47 Going by different names can also Menggunakan berbagai nama yang
132
present payment problems when berbeda juga dapat menyebabkan
the agency writes a check or tries to berbagai permasalahan pembayaran
complete a wire transfer under a ketika sang perantara menulis cek
different spelling of your name. atau mencoba mengirim uang
dengan ejaan nama Anda yang
berbeda.
81 47/80 If the first item on your résumé is a Jika tela pertama riwayat hidup
detailed description of your ten Anda adalah penjelasan terperinci
years of work as an auto mechanic pekerjaan Anda sebagai montir
with no mention of language skills, mobil selama sepuluh tahun tanpa
clients may not even make it to the adanya sebutan mengenai
Education section to find out that keterampilan bahasa, para
you're actually bilingual in English pelanggan mungkin tidak akan
and Japanese and interested in sampai ke bagian Pendidikan
automotive translation; with a untuk menemukan bahwa
summary of qualifications you sebenarnya Anda memiliki
highlight this fact right away. kemampuan berdwibahasa dalam
bahasa Inggris dan Jepang dan
tertarik pada terjemahan otomotif;
dengan ringkasan berbagai
keterampilan Anda
menitikberatkan kenyataan ini
secara langsung.
82 47/80 A good way to research what Cara yang baik untuk meneliti
133
qualifications your potential clients keterampilan apa saja yang
want is to read some translation diinginkan para calon pelanggan
agency websites; after all, you'll be adalah dengan membaca beberapa
delivering a good deal of the situs perantara penerjemah;
product that they're promising their lagipula, Anda akan memberikan
clients. banyak hasil yang mereka janjikan
kepada para pelanggan mereka.
83 47/80 Including some of these desired Memasukkan beberapa dari ciri
characteristics is a good way to yang diinginkan merupakan cara
start your résumé on a positive yang baik untuk memulai riwayat
note. hidup Anda dengan catatan positif.
84 48 Objective: Freelance Japanese to Tujuan: Penerjemah lepas
English translation assignments for menerjemahkan bahasa Jepang ke
companies in the automotive bahasa Inggris untuk berbagai
industry, using skills in the areas of perusahaan dalam industri
project completion, quality otomotif, menggunakan
assurance and communication, keterampilan di bidang
demonstrated by ten years of penyelesaian proyek, jaminan mutu
profitable self-employment in the dan komunikasi, dibuktikan dengan
automotive industry. sepuluh tahun kerja mandiri yang
menguntungkan dalam industry
otomotif.
85 48 Excellent computer skills including Keterampilan komputer yang
office software and Internet sangat baik termasuk penggunaan
134
research. perangkat lunak perkantoran dan
penelitian Internet.
86 48 Objective: Freelance Tujuan: Penerjemah lepas bahasa
English<>Spanish medical Inggris<>Spanyol dalam bidang
translation work, making use of kedokteran, memanfaatkan
extensive experience and pengalaman dan keterampilan yang
qualifications in the health care luas dalam bidang pelayanan
field including Spanish--English kesehatan termasuk tempat
bilingual health care settings. pelayanan kesehatan berdwibahasa
Spanyol--Inggris.
87 49/81 Next, you'll have to decide whether Selanjutnya, Anda harus
to structure your résumé memutuskan apakah riwayat hidup
functionally or chronologically. Anda Anda susun secara tepat guna
atau menurut urutan waktu.
88 49/82 For example, some translators like Misalnya, beberapa penerjemah
to include a Skills and Interests suka menyertakan bagian
section in case potential clients Keterampilan dan Minat untuk
have work in one of their berjaga-jaga bila para calon
avocational areas like sports, pelanggan memiliki pekerjaan
music, cooking, etc. dalam salah satu dari bidang
kegemaran seperti olah raga,
musik, memasak, dll.
89 49/82 The key here is to structure your Kuncinya disini adalah untuk
résumé so that it draws attention to menyusun ringkasan terjemahan
135
what you can offer, not what's Anda agar dapat menarik perhatian
missing. pada apa yang dapat Anda
tawarkan, bukan pada apa yang
tidak Anda miliki.
90 49/82 You should also include any Anda juga harus menyertakan
professional credentials you have pencapaian pribadi atau prestasi
even if they're not translation dalam berkirta yang Anda miliki
related; for example if you're a meskipun hal tersebut tidak
certified public accountant, berhubungan dengan
certified energy rater, licensed penerjemahan; misalnya jika Anda
professional engineer, etc. adalah seorang akuntan umum
yang bersertifikat, penilai energi
yang bersertifikat, insinyur berkirta
yang berlisensi, dll.
91 49/83 If you studied abroad in Mexico in Jika Anda belajar di luar negeri di
1975, include it. Meksiko pada tahun 1975,
sertakanlah.
92 49/83 If you belong to a local translators Jika Anda termasuk dalam
association, include it. perhimpunan penerjemah setempat,
masukkanlah.
93 49/83 If you recently attended a Jika Anda baru saja menghadiri
conference on estate and will pertemuan pada peristilahan tanah
terminology, include it. milik dan wasiat, cakupkanlah.
94 49/83 If you just taught a French class for Jika Anda baru saja mengajar kelas
136
elementary school students, include bahasa Perancis untuk murid
it. sekolah dasar, muatkanlah.
95 50/84 Since most freelance translation Karena sebagian besar pekerjaan
work is conducted over the penerjemahan lepas dilakukan
Internet, a formal cover letter really melalui internet, surat lamaran
isn't necessary or even appropriate resmi tidak terlalu diperlukan atau
for most translators. bahkan tidak sesuai bagi
kebanyakan penerjemah.
96 50/84 The exception would be if you are Pengecualiannya adalah jika Anda
interested in doing direct client tertarik untuk melakukan pekerjaan
work, in which case you might be pelanggan secara langsung, yang
sending your materials through the mana Anda mungkin mengirim nas
mail or by fax instead of over the melalui pos atau fax alih-alih
Web. melalui surat elektronik.
97 50/84 Most of the time, you will either Sering kali, Anda akan mengirim
send a short e-mail cover letter, or baik surat lamaran singkat, atau
include a paragraph or two in the menyertakan satu atau dua paragraf
"Additional Information" field of a dalam bagian “Informasi
translation agency's online Tambahan” di pendaftaran daring
application. usaha terjemahan.
98 50/85 Your e-mail cover letter should be Surat lamaran surat elektronik
short and to the point. Anda harus singkat dan langsung
ke inti permasalahan.
99 50/85 Keep in mind that many translation Perlu diingat bahwa banyak usaha
137
agencies receive several thousand terjemahan menerima beberapa
translator applications per year, and ribu pendaftaran penerjemah per
it's unlikely that whoever receives tahun, dan kecil kemungkinan
your e-mail will take the time to siapapun yang menerima surat
read the usual five-paragraph cover elektronik Anda akan
letter. menyempatkan waktu untuk
membaca surat lamaran biasa yang
berisi lima paragraf.
100 50/85 Instead, pare down your message to Sebaiknya, singkatkanlah pesan
the essentials, for example: Anda ke hal yang penting saja,
misalnya:
101 50 To the attention of Name of Kepada Yth. Nama Calon
Prospective Client: Pelanggan:
102 50 My résumé is attached for your Riwayat hidup saya terlampir untuk
consideration. Anda pertimbangkan.
103 50 After a successful ten-year career in Setelah sepuluh tahun keberhasilan
banking, I launched my freelance karir dalam perbankan, saya
translation business and am meluncurkan usaha terjemahan
pursuing ATA certification in lepas saya dan sedang mengejar
Spanish to English translation. sertifikasi Himpunan Penerjemah
Amerika dalam penerjemahan
bahasa Spanyol ke Inggris
104 51 My home office computer Peralatan komputer kantor rumah
equipment includes a desktop and saya meliputi desktop dan laptop
138
laptop computer with daily dengan dukungan harian akses
backups, high speed Internet access internet berkecepatan tinggi dan
and electronic fax. fax.
105 51 Please let me know if I can provide Tolong beritahu jika saya bisa
you with any additional memberikan Anda informasi
information. tambahan apapun.
106 52/87 Along the same lines, most Sama halnya, kebanyakan usaha
agencies prefer not to be contacted terjemahan lebih memilih tidak
by phone unless you are applying dihubungi lewat telepon kecuali
for a specific position that they've Anda mendaftarkan diri untuk
advertised. jabatan tertentu yang telah mereka
iklankan.
107 52/88 When sending inquiries by e-mail, Gunakan baris perihal yang jelas
use a clear subject line, such as seperti “permintaan keterangan
"German—English freelance kerja lepas bahasa Jerman—
inquiry." Inggris” ketika mengirim
permintaan keterangan kerja
melalui surat elektronik.
108 53/90 If you'd like to work with direct Jika Anda ingin bekerja dengan
clients, any large businesses, para pelanggan secara langsung,
hospitals or school systems in your setiap perusahaan besar, rumah
area are worth contacting, even if sakit atau sekolah yang ada di
they don't have obvious daerah sekitar Anda layak untuk
international ties. Anda hubungi, meskipun mereka
139
tidak memiliki hubungan
internasional yang jelas.
109 53/90 Joining one of these organizations Bergabung dengan salah satu dari
is also an excellent way to network himpunan tersebut merupakan cara
with potential clients. yang baik sekali untuk membangun
hubungan dengan para calon
pelanggan.
110 54 Be realistic. Jadilah orang yang realistis.
111 54 If you've never worked as a Jika Anda belum pernah bekerja
translator or interpreter before, sebagai penerjemah lisan atau
starting out by contacting the tulisan, memulai dengan
United Nations or accepting a menghubungi PBB atau menerima
90,000 word document on nuclear nas 90,000 kata mengenai tata cara
power plant safety procedures keselamatan PLTN mungkin
probably isn't the best way to start. bukanlah cara terbaik untuk
memulai.
112 54 Look for projects that you can do a Carilah berbagai proyek yang dapat
great job on, and then use those Anda kerjakan dengan sangat baik,
projects to build up your business. kemudian gunakan berbagai proyek
tersebut untuk membangun usaha
Anda.
113 54 Talk about your business with Bicarakan usaha Anda dengan
everyone you know, and give them semua orang yang Anda kenal, dan
a business card; strike up a berikan mereka kartu nama Anda;
140
conversation with the receptionist mulai percakapan dengan penerima
in every office you wait in, and tamu di semua kantor yang Anda
leave a business card. kunjungi, dan tinggalkan kartu
nama Anda.
114 54-55 Volunteer for your local translators Jadilah relawan untuk himpunan
association and get to know the penerjemah setempat Anda dan
experienced translators in your kenali para penerjemah
language pair; prepare an "elevator berpengalaman dalam pasangan
speech" (a few sentences that bahasa Anda; persiapkan “pidato
summarize what you do) and be tangga berjalan” (beberapa kalimat
ready to give it to anyone who asks yang meringkas apa yang Anda
you about your job! kerjakan) dan bersiaplah untuk
memberikan pidato tersebut kepada
siapapun yang menanyakan Anda
tentang pekerjaan Anda!
115 55 By asking for a meeting to learn Dengan meminta pertemuan untuk
more about the agency and talk mempelajari lebih dan berbicara
about how you might fit in, you'll tentang cara Anda untuk bisa
both benefit from the interaction. menyesuaikan diri dalam usaha
terjemahan tersebut, kedua pihak
akan mendapatkan manfaat dari
pertemuan tersebut.
116 55 Don't be dissuaded if local agencies Jangan patah semangat jika usaha
"have no work in your language terjemahan setempat “tidak
141
combinations right now." memiliki pekerjaan dalam
pasangan bahasa Anda saat ini.”
117 55 By asking for an in-person meeting, Dengan meminta pertemuan secara
you'll position yourself to step in langsung, Anda akan menempatkan
when their needs change. diri Anda untuk turun tangan ketika
kebutuhan mereka berubah.
118 55 One of the biggest mistakes made Salah satu kesalahan terbesar yang
by beginning translators and dibuat oleh penerjemah lisan dan
interpreters is to assume that you'll tulisan pemula adalah menganggap
be working full-time after sending bahwa Anda akan bekerja penuh
out five or ten inquiries. waktu setelah mengirim lima atau
sepuluh permintaan keterangan
kerja.
119 55 Your prospective clients may Para calon pelanggan Anda
include translation agencies in the mungkin meliputi berbagai usaha
U.S., agencies in countries where terjemahan di A.S., berbagai usaha
your other languages are spoken, terjemahan di berbagai negara yang
and companies in your area that menuturkan bahasa lain Anda, dan
could use your services. berbagai perusahaan di daerah
sekitar Anda yang dapat
menggunakan jasa Anda.
120 55 Even for established linguists, Bahkan bagi para ahli bahasa yang
referrals from colleagues are an sudah mapan, referral dari para
important source of work. rekan merupakan sumber pekerjaan
142
yang penting.
121 55 If you're very resourceful and very Jika Anda sangat pandai dan sangat
lucky, you may even find a beruntung, Anda mungkin akan
colleague in your language menemukan rekan dalam pasangan
combination who is willing to take bahasa Anda yang bersedia
you on as an assistant or send some menerima Anda sebagai seorang
extra work your way. asisten atau mengirim pekerjaan
tambahan untuk Anda.
122 55-56 Instead of just firing off e-mails or Alih-alih mengirim banyak surat
making phone calls and then elektronik atau melakukan
waiting to hear back from your panggilan telepon lalu menunggu
potential clients, keep a log of the untuk mendapat balasan dari para
person you talked to or e-mailed calon pelanggan Anda, simpanlah
with and what his or her response catatan nama dari orang yang
was to your inquiry. pernah berbicara atau berkirim
surat elektronik dengan Anda dan
apa balasan mereka atas
permintaan keterangan kerja Anda.
123 56 Let them know what types of Kabari mereka tentang berbagai
projects you've been working on, jenis proyek yang sedang Anda
and let them know that you would kerjakan, dan beritahu mereka
be happy to help them out with bahwa Anda akan senang untuk
similar jobs. membantu mereka dengan berbagai
pekerjaan yang serupa.
143
124 56 2.3 Building up your business 2.3 Membangun usaha Anda
125 56/92 Once you've landed your first few Setelah Anda berhasil mendapatkan
clients, marketing yourself beberapa pelanggan pertama Anda,
becomes easier in the sense that memasarkan usaha Anda menjadi
you have something to tell new lebih mudah dalam artian bahwa
prospective clients about, other Anda memiliki sesuatu yang dapat
than the fact that you're looking for Anda katakan kepada para calon
work. pelanggan, selain fakta bahwa
Anda sedang mencari pekerjaan.
126 56/92 However, many marketing experts Namun, banyak ahli pemasaran
caution that, "If you're not yang mengingatkan, “Jika Anda
marketing, you're dying." tidak memasarkan, Anda akan
mati.”
127 56/92 While this advice may seem Meskipun nasihat ini terdengar
extreme, it's important for even kasar, merupakan hal yang penting
experienced translators to prepare bahkan bagi para penerjemah yang
for the loss of a major client or a sudah berpengalaman untuk
downturn in the economy by mempersiapkan hilangnya
keeping up a steady flow of pelanggan besar atau turunnya
outbound promotion. perekonomian dengan menjaga
aliran outbound promotion yang
lancar.
128 56/93 After a few years in business, many Setelah beberapa tahun dalam
competent translators are busy most usaha terjemahan, banyak
144
of the time, and do not need to penerjemah cakap yang sering kali
market for more work. sibuk, dan merasa tidak perlu untuk
memasarkan jasa mereka untuk
mendapat lebih banyak pekerjaan.
129 56/93 In reality, being busy all the time is Pada kenyataannya, kesibukan
a powerful lever to use with sepanjang waktu merupakan tuas
prospective new clients, since you yang kuat untuk digunakan kepada
can honestly tell them that in order para calon pelanggan, karena Anda
to work for them, you will need to dapat dengan jujur memberitahu
raise your rates. mereka bahwa agar bisa bekerja
untuk mereka, Anda perlu
menaikkan ongkos terjemahan
Anda.
130 56- Following are some ways to keep Berikut ini adalah beberapa cara
57/93 the checks rolling in once you've untuk menjaga agar cek terus
gotten your business off the ground bergulir setelah usaha Anda mulai
initially. berhasil.
131 57 Preferably after you've just done an Sebaiknya setelah Anda baru saja
"above and beyond" job for a menyelesaikan pekerjaan “yang
client, tactfully let him or her know melebihi harapan” untuk pelanggan
that your business continues to Anda, beritahu pelanggan Anda
grow thanks to referrals from tersebut dengan cerdik bahwa
satisfied clients. usaha Anda terus berkembang
berkat berbagai referral dari para
145
pelanggan yang puas.
132 57 Better yet, ask your happy clients to Akan lebih baik lagi, tanyakan para
put their experiences with you in pelanggan Anda yang senang untuk
writing to be posted on your menulis pengalaman memakai jasa
website or included in future Anda dalam tulisan untuk dimuat di
marketing materials. situs Anda atau dimasukkan dalam
berbagai bahan pemasaran
nantinya.
133 57 The definition of "periodically" is Pengertian “secara berkala”
up to you, but an appropriate terserah Anda, tapi tingkat
frequency might be every one to keseringan yang sesuai mungkin
three months; more often and your setiap sekali dalam tiga bulan; lebih
messages will grow annoying, less dari itu maka semua pesan Anda
often and the agency representative akan menjadi sesuatu yang tidak
may not remember you at all. menyenangkan, kurang dari itu dan
wakil usaha terjemahan mungkin
tidak akan mengingat Anda sama
sekali.
134 57 I am a freelance French to English Saya adalah seorang penerjemah
translator registered with your lepas bahasa Perancis ke Inggris
agency, and I'd like to update you terdaftar dengan usaha terjemahan
on some of my recent projects, in Anda, dan ingin memperbarui
the event that you have similar Anda mengenai beberapa proyek
needs in the future. baru saya, sebagai pertimbangan
146
bila Anda memiliki kebutuhan
serupa di kemudian hari.
135 57 I've attached my updated résumé Saya telah melampirkan riwayat
for your consideration, and I look hidup terbaru saya untuk Anda
forward to the opportunity of pertimbangkan, dan saya
working together in the future. menantikan kesempatan untuk
kerja bersama di masa mendatang.
136 58 Keep cold-contacting. Teruskan cold-contacting.
137 58 Many experienced translators Kebanyakan dari para penerjemah
estimate that of their new clients, berpengalaman memperkirakan
approximately half come from cold bahwa dari para pelanggan baru
contacts and half from word of mereka, setengahnya berasal dari
mouth referrals. cold-contact dan setengahnya lagi
berasal dari mulut ke mulut.
138 58 Don't fall into the trap of expecting Jangan jatuh ke dalam perangkap
too many responses from too few mengharapkan terlalu banyak
contacts. balasan dari pelanggan yang terlalu
sedikit.
139 58 In a profession largely populated by Dalam pekerjaan yang sebagian
independent contractors, besar diduduki oleh para
networking gets you in touch with pemborong berdikari, membangun
your colleagues and clients, either hubungan membantu Anda
in person or electronically. terhubung dengan para rekan dan
pelanggan Anda, baik secara
147
langsung atau secara elektronik.
140 58 Depending on your financial and Tergantung pada sumber daya
time resources, it may not be keuangan dan waktu, akan sulit
possible for you to make freelance bagi Anda untuk langsung
translation or interpreting your full- menjadikan penerjemahan lisan
time job right away. atau tulisan lepas sebagai pekerjaan
penuh waktu Anda.
141 59/94 In this situation, you have the Dalam keadaan seperti ini, Anda
advantage of taking as long as you memiliki keuntungan
need to build your business up to memanfaatkan waktu selama
the point where it replaces your mungkin untuk membangun usaha
current income. Anda hingga mencapai titik dimana
usaha Anda menggantikan
penghasilan Anda yang sekarang.
142 60/95 However, you also have the Namun, Anda juga harus
challenge of staying productive and menghadapi tantangan untuk tetap
available to both your full-time siap sedia baik kepada majikan
employer and your translation penuh waktu dan para pelanggan
clients. terjemahan Anda.
143 60/95 In practice, this isn't always the Dalam kenyataannya, hal ini tidak
case. selalu terjadi.
144 60/96 Part-timers of all flavors should pay Para pekerja paruh waktu harus
special attention to business memperhatikan pengeluaran usaha
expenses as related to income. sebagaimana terkait dengan
148
pendapatan.
145 61/97 In this section, we'll take a look at Pada bagian ini, kita akan melihat
the non language-related skills that berbagai keterampilan yang tidak
make for a successful freelance terkait dengan bahasa yang dapat
business. membuat usaha terjemahan lepas
berhasil.
146 61/98 Unless you have a pre-existing Kecuali jika Anda memiliki
client base, for instance a former pelanggan tetap sebelumnya,
employer who is interested in misalnya mantan majikan yang
hiring you as a freelancer, you'll tertarik untuk mempekerjakan
need to be able to market yourself. Anda sebagai penerjemah lepas,
Anda perlu memasarkan usaha
terjemahan Anda sendiri.
147 61-62 Answer the phone cheerfully; when Jawab panggilan telepon masuk
someone contacts you for work, dengan ceria; ketika seseorang
thank them for thinking of you. menghubungi Anda mengenai
pekerjaan, nyatakan terima kasih
karena mereka mencari Anda.
148 62 However, at its most basic level, Namun, pada tingkat yang paling
accounting for a freelancer consists dasar, akuntansi bagi penerjemah
of keeping records of your income lepas hanya terdiri dari mencatat
and expenses, something that is berbagai pendapatan dan
definitely within your grasp. pengeluaran, sesuatu yang masih
dalam batas kemampuan Anda.
149
149 62 When this doesn't happen, the Ketika hal ini tidak terjadi,
situation is less sweet. keadaannya menjadi kurang
menyenangkan.
150 63 Whether you're translating, Baik Anda menerjemahkan lisan
interpreting or selling siding, the atau tulisan, atau menjual papan,
market goes up, and the market harga pasar bisa naik dan turun.
comes down.
151 63 Most practically, you'll need to Bisa dibilang, Anda perlu
develop a budgeting strategy that mengembangkan siasat
keeps you from spending too much penganggaran yang menjaga Anda
when your checking account is full agar tidak menghabiskan terlalu
and going into debt when work is banyak ketika rekening Anda
lean. penuh dan berhutang ketika
pekerjaan sedang sepi.
152 63 Mentally, it's important to be Secara batin, penting untuk berdaya
productive even when you don't hasil bahkan ketika Anda tidak
have much paying work, for memiliki banyak pekerjaan
instance by contacting new berbayar, misalnya dengan
potential clients, updating your menghubungi para calon pelanggan
website, or catching up on your baru, memperbarui situs Anda, atau
accounting. mengurus akuntansi Anda.
153 63 2.6 Setting up your office and 2.6 Mendirikan kantor dan usaha
your business Anda
154 63 While it's possible to spend many Meski Anda bisa menghabiskan
150
thousands of dollars setting up an ribuan dollar untuk membangun
office for your freelance translating kantor untuk usaha terjemahan
or interpreting business, it's equally lisan atau tulisan lepas Anda, Anda
possible to get going with a juga bisa melakukannya dengan
minimal investment while penanaman modal terendah
maintaining a professional image. sementara mempertahankan kesan
berkirta.
155 63/99 If you already have above-average Anda mungkin dapat membangun
time management skills, you may kebiasaan berdaya hasil tanpa harus
be able to establish a productive mempraktikkan semua tindakan di
routine without putting any of these bawah ini jika Anda sudah
measures into practice. memiliki keterampilan mengatur
waktu di atas rata-rata.
156 65/103 For example, block out certain Misalnya, hilangkan waktu tertentu
times during which you allow dimana Anda memungkinkan diri
yourself to do non-work activities Anda sendiri untuk melakukan
such as exercising, grocery kegiatan selain bekerja seperti
shopping, going to medical berolah raga, berbelanja, pergi
appointments, or getting together bertemu dokter, atau berkumpul
with friends. dengan teman Anda.
157 66 This can be a huge time drain for Ini bisa menjadi waktu yang sangat
freelancers, especially translators menguras bagi para pekerja lepas,
who are often contacted to provide terutama para penerjemah yang
quotes on translation projects. sering dihubungi untuk
151
menyediakan berbagai penawaran
mengenai berbagai proyek
terjemahan.
158 66 When I started out, I worked Ketika saya memulai, saya bekerja
mostly at night and on weekends so biasanya pada malam hari dan
I didn't have to pay a babysitter akhir pekan jadi saya tidak perlu
when I had no idea how much I membayar pengasuh anak ketika
would be making. saya tidak tahu berapa penghasilan
yang akan saya dapat.
159 67 This could be especially valuable in Ini bisa menjadi sangat berguna
settings such as hospitals, where dalam suasana seperti rumah sakit,
interpreters are often needed dimana para penerjemah lisan
outside of regular business hours. biasanya dibutuhkan di luar jam
kerja pada umumnya.
160 68/108 3.2 The ups and downs of 3.2 Pasang surut bekerja di
working from home rumah
161 69 Can you set guidelines for your Dapatkah Anda mengatur peraturan
spouse, room-mate, children, etc. untuk pasangan, teman sekamar,
on times that you are "at work" and anak-anak, dll. ketika Anda
not available except in the case of “sedang bekerja” dan tidak dapat
an emergency? diganggu kecuali dalam keadaan
darurat?
162 70/112 If you're planning on translation as Jika Anda merencanakan
your primary source of income, do penerjemahan sebagai sumber
152
you have six to nine months' utama penghasilan Anda, punyakah
income in savings to live off while Anda penghasilan enam hingga
the business gets going? sembilan bulan dalam tabungan
untuk bertahan hidup sementara
usaha Anda sedang berjalan?
163 70/112 A computer is absolutely essential Komputer merupakan hal yang
to a translator's work, and for sangat penting bagi pekerjaan
backup purposes you may even penerjemah, dan untuk berjaga-jaga
want or need more than one Anda mungkin ingin atau perlu
computer. lebih dari satu komputer.
164 71 If you're prone to repetitive strain Jika Anda rentan terhadap cedera
injury from typing, you may want keseleo berulang karena mengetik,
to consider an ergonomic keyboard, ada baiknya bila Anda
although opinions differ on whether menggunakan keyboard yang
these work for everyone. ergonomis, meski banyak pendapat
yang berbeda bagi setiap orang.
165 71 If you live in an area where Jika Anda tinggal di daerah dimana
wireless Internet access is available akses internet nirkabel tersedia di
in public places, a laptop with Wi- tempat umum, laptop dengan
Fi capabilities can be a great way to kemampuan Wi-Fi dapat menjadi
escape the home office when you cara yang ampuh untuk melarikan
get lonely or claustrophobic. diri dari kantor rumah ketika Anda
mulai kesepian atau sesak.
166 74 This can be as simple as writing on Ini bisa sesederhana menulis dalam
153
your calendar how many hours you kalender Anda berapa lama Anda
worked and for which client, or can bekerja dan untuk pelanggan mana,
be done electronically too. atau bisa juga dilakukan secara
elektronik.
167 79/121 If you have poor touch-typing Jika Anda memiliki keterampilan
skills, hate typing or have problems mengetik yang kurang baik, tidak
with your hands or arms hurting suka mengetik atau memiliki
when you type a lot, speech masalah dengan tangan atau lengan
recognition software can be a Anda yang sakit ketika banyak
lifesaver. mengetik, perangkat lunak
pengenal suara dapat menjadi
penyelamat.
154
CHAPTER IV
RESULT OF THE RESEARCH
4.1. Annotations and Analysis
In the process of translating the source text, the researcher/translator has
found difficulties/problems and these difficulties/problems has become the data.
The researcher/ translator has collected 167 data. Of those collected data, 25 data
are taken to be analyzed. Below are the anotation and analysis of the 25 data.
Data 1 – Transposition
Source Text Target text
Over the next few months I became involved Selama beberapa bulan kedepan, saya
with my local translators association, the menjalin hubungan dengan perhimpunan
American Translators Association (ATA), penerjemah setempat, American Transators
and began getting some calls for translation Association (ATA) atau Perhimpunan
work. Penerjemah Amerika, dan mulai
mendapatkan panggilan untuk
menerjemahkan.
Comment:
The noun …translation… is translated into … menerjemahkan… which is a verb.
There is a change from a word class into another without changing the meaning of
the message. Therefore, this is called a transposition.
155
1. Principle of Translation
e. Style and clarity. “The translator should not change the style of the
original.” (Duff, 1990, p.11).
Example:
Source Text Target Text
But he’d taken every precaution. Tapi dia sudah sangat berhati-hati.
Creed: Revelation. P. 5. New York: Creed: Revelation. (M. Violine,
Publishing House. P. 11. (Original
Comment:
The word …precaution… is a noun, which is then translated into
…berhati-hati… which is a verb. There is a change from a word class into
another without changing the meaning of the message. Therefore, this is
called a transposition.
2. Translation Strategy
Syntactic strategy
c. Transposition
“Chesterman (2000) uses this term to mean any change of word-class,…
Normally, this strategy obviously involves structural changes as well, but it
is often useful to isolate the word-class change as being of interest in itself.”
(p.95)
156
Example:
His quest, which had now come to Misi Ezio, yang kini mendadak
such an abrupt halt at the moment of terhambat saat hampir berbuah,
its fruition, had begun soon after his dimulai segera setelah dia kembali
return to Rome,… ke Roma.
Comment:
The word …fruition… is a noun, which is then translated into …berbuah…
which is a verb. There is a change from a word class into another without
changing the meaning of the message. Therefore, this is called a
transposition.
3. Theory of Translation
Example 1:
For a while at least, the Setidaknya untuk sementara ini
Templars were in abeyance, para Templar tertangguhkan,
157
and Ezio left the running of dan Ezio menyerahkan tugas
operations in the capable hands untuk mengoperasikan markas ke
of his sister Claudia; but the tangan adiknya, Claudia, yang
Assassins remained vigilant. mumpuni; tapi para Assassin
Bowden, O. (2011). Assassin’s tetap waspada.
Comment:
The word …abeyance… is a noun, which is then translated into
…tertangguhkan… which is a verb. There is a change from a word
class into another without changing the meaning of the message.
Example 2:
For a while at least, the Setidaknya untuk sementara ini
Templars were in abeyance, and para Templar tertangguhkan, dan
Ezio left the running of Ezio menyerahkan tugas untuk
operations in the capable hands mengoperasikan markas ke
of his sister Claudia; but the tangan adiknya, Claudia, yang
Assassins remained vigilant. mumpuni; tapi para Assassin
Bowden, O. (2011). Assassin’s tetap waspada.
158
Comment:
The word …operation… is a noun, which is then translated into
…mengoperasikan… which is a verb. There is a change from a
word class into another without changing the meaning of the
Example 1:
Its function is simple. Fungsinya sederhana. Bahkan
Elementary, even: dominion. mendasar saja: Menguasai.
Creed: Revelation. P. 17. New Creed: Revelation. (M. Violine,
159
Comment:
The word …dominion… is a noun, which is then translated into
Menguasai. which is a verb. There is a change from a word class
into another without changing the meaning of the message.
Example 2:
That very evening, he made his Malam itu juga dia mengintai
first reconnaissance of the dermaga untuk kali pertama.
docks. Bowden, O. (2012). Assassin’s
Bowden, O. (2011). Assassin’s Creed: Revelation. (M. Violine,
Creed: Revelation. P. 40. New Trans.). Jakarta: PT. Ufuk
York: Penguin Group. Publishing House. P. 52.
Comment:
The word …reconnaissance… is a noun, which is then translated
into …mengintai… which is a verb. There is a change from a word
160
Data 2 – Transposition
Are you the type of person who is often Apakah Anda jenis orang yang sering
described as highly motivated, driven, a go- digambarkan sebagai orang yang memiliki
getter; or do you have trouble following semangat tinggi, terdorong, rajin dan giat;
through on a plan once the exciting idea atau Anda memiliki masalah dalam
stage is over? mengikuti rencana selanjutnya ketika tahap
yang memukau tentang gagasan itu telah
berakhir?
Comment:
The adjective …exciting… is translated into … memukau… which is a verb. There
is a change from a word class into another without changing the meaning of the
Example:
By the time Ezio had reached his Ketika Ezio telah mencapai posisi
vantage point, the discussion in the intainya, diskusi di ruang dewan di
council chamber below him had bawahnya sudah dimulai dan telah
already begun and was already memanas.
161
becoming heated. Bowden, O. (2012). Assassin’s
York: Penguin Group. Publishing House. P. 231. (Original
Comment:
The word …heated… is an adjective, which is then translated into
…memanas… which is a verb. There is a change from a word class into
Syntactic strategy
c. Transposition
“Chesterman (2000) uses this term to mean any change of word-class,…
Normally, this strategy obviously involves structural changes as well, but it
is often useful to isolate the word-class change as being of interest in itself.”
(p.95)
Example:
Pensive in times of war and restless Melamun di masa perang dan
in times of peace. gelisah di masa damai.
162
Comment:
The word Pensive… is an adjective, which is then translated into
Melamun… which is a verb. There is a change from a word class into
Example 1:
Hidden behind a wooden panel Tersembunyi di balik panel kayu
in an old, deserted building in sebuah bangunan tua dan telantar
the Constantine District of the di Distrik Konstantinus, Ezio
city, Ezio found the book he menemukan buku yang dicarinya.
was looking for. Bowden, O. (2012). Assassin’s
163
Comment:
The word …deserted… is an adjective, which is then translated into
…telantar… which is a verb. There is a change from a word class
Example 2:
He will only spread discontent Dia tidak hanya akan menebar
like he did before, making each ketidakpuasan seperti dulu,
man responsible for his membuat setiap orang
decisions. bertanggung jawab atas
Bowden, O. (2011). Assassin’s keputusan masing-masing.
Creed: Revelation. P. 310-311. Bowden, O. (2012). Assassin’s
New York: Penguin Group. Creed: Revelation. (M. Violine,
Comment:
The word …responsible… is an adjective, which is then translated
into …bertanggung jawab… which is a verb. There is a change
from a word class into another without changing the meaning of the
164
Example 1:
You pathetic miser! Stand Dasar menyedihkan! Mundur
down or die! (p. 313) atau mati!
Comment:
The word …pathetic… is an adjective, which is then translated into
…menyedihkan… which is a verb. There is a change from a word
Example 2:
The conflict was short and Konflik itu singkat dan
bloody. berdarah.
165
Comment:
The word …bloody. is an adjective, which is then translated into
…berdarah. which is a verb. There is a change from a word class
166
Data 3 – Unit Shift
I decided to write this book because I love Saya memutuskan untuk menulis buku ini
my job, and because so few bilingual people karena saya mencintai pekerjaan saya, dan
are aware of the high demand for qualified karena begitu sedikitnya orang yang pandai
translators and interpreters, or of the lifestyle berdwibahasa menyadari tingginya
benefits of being a language entrepreneur. permintaan penerjemah tertulis dan lisan
yang memenuhi syarat, atau keuntungan
gaya hidup yang diperoleh menjadi
wirausahawan dalam bidang bahasa.
Comment:
The word …bilingual… is translated into ...pandai berdwibahasa… which is a
phrase. There is a change of unit from word to phrase. This is called unit shift.
Example:
Unobserved, calm. Tanpa ketahuan, pria itu berjalan
Bowden, O. (2011). Assassin’s dengan tenang.
Creed: Revelation. P. 7. New York: Bowden, O. (2012). Assassin’s
Penguin Group. Creed: Revelation. (M. Violine,
167
Comment:
The word …calm… is translated into ...pria itu berjalan dengan tenang…
which is a phrase. There is a change of unit from word to phrase. This is
called unit shift.
Syntactic strategy
d. Unit shift
“Unit shift is a term from Catford (1965). The units are morpheme, word,
phrase, clause, sentence, and paragraph. A unit shift occurs when a ST unit
is translated as a different unit in the TT” (Chesterman, 2000 p.95).
Example:
Any sign of movement. Any. Gerakan apa pun. Sekecil apa pun.
Comment:
The word Any. is translated into Sekecil apa pun. which is a phrase. There
is a change of unit from word to phrase. This is called unit shift.
168
different rank in the TL.” (p. 79)
Example 1:
Then, the arrow whacked into Tiba-tiba, sebatang anak panah
his right shoulder, through the menghantam bahu kanannya,
body armor there. menembus baju pelindungnya.
Comment:
The word …arrow… is translated into …anak panah... which is a
phrase. There is a change of unit from word to phrase. This is called
unit shift.
Example 2:
“I’ll forage as I go along,” he’d “Aku akan mencari makan
told Claudia. sembari jalan,” katanya kepada
169
Bowden, O. (2011). Assassin’s Claudia.
Comment:
The word …forage… is translated into …mencari makan... which
is a phrase. There is a change of unit from word to phrase. This is
called unit shift.
• Hatim and Munday (2004) stated that “the small linguistic changes
that occur between ST and TT are known as translation shifts” (p.
26).
Example 1:
Under the benevolent eye of Diawasi Paus Julius II yang baik
Pope Julius II, who had aided hati, yang telah membantunya
him in his vanquishing of the menaklukkan keluarga Borgia,
Borgia family, Ezio had rebuilt Ezio membangin dan menyusun
and restructured the Assassin’s ulang Persaudaraan Assassin di
Brotherhood in Rome and Roma, juga mendirikan markas
established his power base there. kekuatannya di sana.
170
Comment:
The phrase Under the benevolent eye… is translated into Diawasi...
which is a word. There is a change of unit from phrase to word. This
is called unit shift.
Example 2:
“Insurance,” Ezio told himself. “Untuk berjaga-jaga,” Ezio
Bowden, O. (2011). Assassin’s berkata dalam hati.
Comment:
The word Insurance,… is translated into Untuk berjaga-jaga,...
which is a phrase. There is a change of unit from word to phrase.
171
Data 4 – Unit Shift
This section will focus mainly on writing a Bagian ini akan memumpun terutama pada
résumé for use in the U.S.. penulisan riwayat hidup yang digunakan di
A.S..
Comment:
The word … résumé … is translated into ...riwayat hidup… which is a phrase.
There is a change of unit from word to phrase. This is called unit shift.
Example:
“Follow me to the castle keep,” “Ikuti aku ke menara utama
cried Altair. kastel,” seru Altair,…
Comment:
The word …keep… is translated into ...menara utama… which is a phrase.
172
Syntactic strategy
d. Unit shift
“Unit shift is a term from Catford (1965). The units are morpheme, word,
phrase, clause, sentence, and paragraph. A unit shift occurs when a ST unit
is translated as a different unit in the TT” (Chesterman, 2000 p.95).
Example:
He was an older man, of perhaps Dia pria paruh baya, mungkin
some fifty summers. berusia sekitar lima puluh musim
Bowden, O. (2011). Assassin’s panas.
Comment:
The word …older... is translated into …paruh baya… which is a phrase.
173
different rank in the TL.” (p. 79)
Example 1:
Do as your conscience bids. Lakukan sesuai hati nurani
Bowden, O. (2011). Assassin’s kalian. Bowden, O. (2012).
Creed: Revelation. P. 316. New Assassin’s Creed: Revelation.
York: Penguin Group. (M. Violine, Trans.). Jakarta:
PT. Ufuk Publishing House. P.
2011).
Comment:
The word …conscience… is translated into …hati nurani... which
is a phrase. There is a change of unit from word to phrase. This is
called unit shift.
Example 2:
He reclaimed his honor. Dia menebus harga dirinya.
174
Comment:
The word …honor… is translated into …harga diri... which is a
unit shift.
• Hatim and Munday (2004) stated that “the small linguistic changes
that occur between ST and TT are known as translation shifts” (p.
26).
Example 1:
But when he found his voice, it Tapi ketika dia bisa bicara,
was firm, and it was suaranya tegas dan tanpa
unrepentant. penyesalan. Bowden, O. (2012).
Bowden, O. (2011). Assassin’s Assassin’s Creed: Revelation.
Creed: Revelation. P. 318. New (M. Violine, Trans.). Jakarta:
York: Penguin Group. PT. Ufuk Publishing House. P.
2011).
Comment:
The word …unrepentant. is translated into …tanpa penyesalan.
which is a phrase. There is a change of unit from phrase to word.
175
Example 2:
The explosion was immense. Ledakannya besar sekali.
Comment:
The word …immense. is translated into …besar sekali. which is a
unit shift.
176
Data 5 – Phrasal Verb
At the time, I had almost no knowledge of Pada waktu itu, saya hampir tidak memiliki
the translation industry nor any job contacts, pengetahuan tentang industri penerjemahan
so I started out by calling every company ataupun kenalan dalam dunia kerja, jadi
listed under Translators and Interpreters in saya memulainya dengan menelpon setiap
the local yellow pages. perusahaan yang terdaftar dalam
Penerjemah Lisan dan Tulisan dari halaman
periklanan.
Comment:
The English phrasal verb ...started out... which is a kind of idiomatic expression is
translated into ...memulainya… which is a non-idiomatic expression in Indonesian.
English phrasal verb belongs to idiomatic expression (according to Duff 1990,
p.11).
f. “Idiom. Idiomatic expressions are notoriously untranslatable. These
include ... English phrasal verbs. If the expressions cannot be directly
translated, try one of the following:
………………………………………………………………………………
• Use a non-idiomatic or plain prose translation” (Duff, 1990, pp.
10-11).
177
Example:
The old manuscript tailed off there, the Naskah tua itu berhenti di situ, sisanya
rest lost, and, indeed, the parchment was hilang, dan memang perkamen itu sudah
so brittle with age that its edges crumbled sangat rapuh sehingga pinggirannya rontok
as he touched it. ketika disentuh.
Bowden, O. (2011). Assassin’s Creed: Bowden, O. (2012). Assassin’s Creed:
Revelation. P. 18. New York: Penguin Revelation. (M. Violine, Trans.). Jakarta:
Group. PT. Ufuk Publishing House. P. 27.
Comment:
The English phrasal verb ...tailed off... which is a kind of idiomatic
expression is translated into ...berhenti… which is a non-idiomatic
expression (according to Duff 1990, p.11).
Semantic strategy
h. Paraphrase
“The paraphrase strategy results in a TT version that can be described as
loose, free, in some contexts even under-translated.
………………………………………………………………………………
178
This is a typical strategy for the translation of idioms, for instance, for
which no corresponding idiomatic expression can be found in the TL.”
(Chesterman, 2000, pp. 87-116)
Example:
They rolled over, each trying to get the Mereka berguling, berusaha saling
better of the other, putting in blows where mengungguli, memasukkan serangan
they could, … sebisa mungkin.
Comment:
The English phrasal verb ...rolled over... which is a kind of idiomatic
expression is translated into ...berguling… which is a non-idiomatic
• “Translation by paraphrase is by far the most common way of
translating idioms when a match cannot be found in the target
language or when it seems inappropriate to use idiomatic language
in the target text...” (Baker, 1992, p.74)
179
According to Duff (1990, p.11), English phrasal verbs belong to
idiomatic expressions.
Example 1:
“I’ll finish you off once we’ve seen “Aku habisi kau begitu kita mengurus
to them,” the man added. mereka,” imbuh pria itu.
Creed: Revelation. P. 43. New York: Revelation. (M. Violine, Trans.).
Comment:
The English phrasal verb ...finish off... which is a kind of idiomatic
expression is translated into ...habisi… which is a non-idiomatic
Example 2:
Florentines and Venetians might have Florence dan Venesia memang
been rivals, might have looked down pesaing, memang saling
on one another, but they shared the merendahkan, tapi mereka berasal
same country and the same language. dari negara yang sama dan
(p.39) mempunyai bahasa yang sama.
180
Comment:
The English phrasal verb ...looked down... which is a kind of
idiomatic expression is translated into ...merendahkan… which is a
non-idiomatic expression in Indonesian. English phrasal verb
belongs to idiomatic expression (according to Duff 1990, p.11).
• Nida and Taber (1969) stated that “Frequently idioms are shifted to
non-idioms in the process of transfer” (p.106).
Example 1:
Ezio listened, and listened, sitting Ezio mendengarkan, dan
politely, with his hands on his knees, mendengarkan, duduk dengan sopan
as the governor droned on in a dengan kedua tangan di atas lutut
desiccated voice. sementara sang gubernur berbicara
Bowden, O. (2011). Assassin’s dengan suara kering yang
Creed: Revelation. P. 40. New York: membosankan.
Penguin Group. Bowden, O. (2012). Assassin’s Creed:
Revelation. (M. Violine, Trans.).
Jakarta: PT. Ufuk Publishing House.
181
Comment:
The English phrasal verb ...droned on... which is a kind of idiomatic
expression is translated into ...berbicara… which is a non-idiomatic
Example 2:
He could blend in far more easily Dia bisa membaur dengan jauh lebih
than would have been possible if he’d mudah daripada jika dia diantar, …
had an escort, … Bowden, O. (2012). Assassin’s Creed:
Bowden, O. (2011). Assassin’s Revelation. (M. Violine, Trans.).
Creed: Revelation. P. 55. New York: Jakarta: PT. Ufuk Publishing House.
Penguin Group. P. 68. (Original work published 2011).
Comment:
The English phrasal verb ...blend in... which is a kind of idiomatic
expression is translated into ...membaur… which is a non-idiomatic
182
Data 6 – Phrasal Verb
Here are some ways to go about beefing up Berikut adalah beberapa cara untuk
your résumé if you're starting from zero. memantapkan riwayat hidup Anda jika
Anda memulai dari nol.
Comment:
The English phrasal verb ...beefing up... which is a kind of idiomatic expression is
translated into ...memantapkan… which is a non-idiomatic expression in
Indonesian. English phrasal verb belongs to idiomatic expression (according to
Duff 1990, p.11).
………………………………………………………………………………
10-11).
Example:
She trailed off, shaking her head. Dia berhenti, menggeleng.
183
Comment:
The English phrasal verb ...trailed off... which is a kind of idiomatic
expression is translated into ...berhenti… which is a non-idiomatic
Semantic strategy
h. Paraphrase
“The paraphrase strategy results in a TT version that can be described as
loose, free, in some contexts even under-translated.
………………………………………………………………………………T
his is a typical strategy for the translation of idioms, for instance, for which
no corresponding idiomatic expression can be found in the TL.”
(Chesterman, 2000, pp. 87-116)
Example:
Ezio set off after her and found her at last Ezio mengejarnya, dan akhirnya
in a secluded spot overlooking a small menemukan gadis itu di titik terpencil
public square. sedang mengawasi sebuah alun-alun
Bowden, O. (2011). Assassin’s Creed: Publik kecil.
Revelation. P. 345. New York: Penguin Bowden, O. (2012). Assassin’s Creed:
184
Group. Revelation. (M. Violine, Trans.). Jakarta:
PT. Ufuk Publishing House. P. 384.
Comment:
The English phrasal verb ...set off... which is a kind of idiomatic expression
is translated into ...mengejarnya… which is a non-idiomatic expression in
Indonesian. English phrasal verb belongs to idiomatic expression (according
to Duff 1990, p.11).
• “Translation by paraphrase is by far the most common way of
translating idioms when a match cannot be found in the target
language or when it seems inappropriate to use idiomatic language
in the target text...” (Baker, 1992, p.74)
According to Duff (1990, p.11), English phrasal verbs belong to
idiomatic expressions.
Example 1:
“You aren’t very good at “Kau tidak pandai bekerja sama,”
cooperation,” he said as he came up. kata Ezio saat menghampirinya.
185
Comment:
The English phrasal verb ...came up... which is a kind of idiomatic
expression is translated into ...menghampirinya… which is a non-
idiomatic expression in Indonesian. English phrasal verb belongs to
idiomatic expression (according to Duff 1990, p.11).
Example 2:
Ezio picked himself up and cleaned Ezio bangun dan membersihkan
his blade on Shahkulu’s cloak. bilahnya di jubah Shahkulu.
Creed: Revelation. P. 347. New Revelation. (M. Violine, Trans.).
York: Penguin Group. Jakarta: PT. Ufuk Publishing House.
P. 387. (Original work published
2011).
Comment:
The English phrasal verb ...picked up... which is a kind of idiomatic
expression is translated into ...bangun… which is a non-idiomatic
186
• Nida and Taber (1969) stated that “Frequently idioms are shifted to
non-idioms in the process of transfer” (p.106).
Example 1:
“After the explosion has gone off, “Setelah ledakan reda, aku akan
I’m going after Manuel Palaiologos.” mencari Manuel Palaiologos.
2011).
Comment:
The English phrasal verb ...gone off... which is a kind of idiomatic
expression is translated into ...reda… which is a non-idiomatic
Example 2:
Do you think we should just roll over Kau pikir kita akan menyerah saja
without a fight? tanpa melawan?
187
2011).
Comment:
The English phrasal verb ...roll over... which is a kind of idiomatic
expression is translated into ...menyerah… which is a non-idiomatic
188
Data 7 – Idiom
Unless you're willing and able to pay Kecuali jika Anda bersedia dan mampu
someone to do these tasks for you, you'll be membayar orang lain untuk melakukan
doing them yourself, in addition to your berbagai pekerjaan tersebut, Anda harus
regular job. melakukannya seorang diri, di samping
pekerjaan tetap Anda.
Comment:
The English idiom ...in addition... is translated in Indonesian into non-idiom,
namely ...di samping...
………………………………………………………………………………
10-11).
Example:
He’d arrived at his goal – at last. Dia tiba di tujuan – akhirnya.
Revelation. P. 4. New York: Penguin Revelation. (M. Violine, Trans.).
Group. Jakarta: PT. Ufuk Publishing House. P.
10. (Original work published 2011).
189
Comment:
The English idiom ...at last... is translated in Indonesian into non-idiom,
namely ...akhirnya...
Semantic strategy
i. Trope change
This strategy, or rather set of strategies, applies in the translation of
rhetorical tropes (i.e. figurative expressions). Correspondingly,
three main subclasses of strategy can be distinguished here.
..........................................................................................................
(3) ST trope X = TT trope Ø (none). In this TT the figurative
element is dropped altogether (Chesterman, 2000, p. 105).
Example:
Crouching, just in case, and keeping Untuk berjaga-jaga, dia
still as he instinctively checked his merunduksekarang, dan bergeming saat
weapons, the traveler kept watching, memeriksa persenjataannya secara naluriah.
the traveler kept watching. Selama itu dia tetap mengawasi.
Group. PT. Ufuk Publishing House. P. 10. (Original
190
Comment:
The English idiom ...just in case... is translated in Indonesian into non-
idiom, namely Untuk berjaga-jaga...
• Nida and Tiber (1982) stated that:
Idioms ... are some of the most obvious candidates
for semantic adjustment, for the very fact that they
are idioms means it is unlikely that the same type of
distinctive form will have the same meaning in
another language. The adjustments are quite
understandably of three types: (a) from idioms to
non-idioms, (b) from idioms to idioms, and (c) from
non-idioms to idioms. Frequently idioms are shifted
to non-idioms in the process of transfer. (p. 106)
Example 1:
But life had taught him that it was Tapi, pengalaman telah
always best to make sure. mengajarinya bahwa lebih baik dia
Bowden, O. (2011). Assassin’s memastikan hal ini.
191
Comment:
The English idiom ...make sure... is translated in Indonesian into
non-idiom, namely …memastikan…
Example 2:
Then they started digging at him from Kemudian mereka mulai
all sides with their weapons, trying to mendesaknya dari segala sisi dengan
bring him to his knees. senjata mereka, berusaha
Bowden, O. (2011). Assassin’s membuatnya berlutut.
Comment:
The English idiom ... bring him to his knees... is translated in
Indonesian into non-idiom, namely …berlutut.
192
Example 1:
He would put it to good use as soon Dia akan memanfaatkannya
as he got a chance. dengan baik begitu sempat.
Comment:
The English idiom ...put it to good use... is translated in Indonesian
into non-idiom, namely …memanfaatkannya...
Example 2:
They closed in on him then, and he Kemudian mereka merapat
was just in time to stoop low as a kepadanya, dan dia tepat waktu
rush of air signaled the passage of a membungkuk ketika arus udara
swung pike as it sickled over him, menjadi sinyal ayunan kapak
missing his bent back by an inch. panjang saat disabitkan di atasnya,
Bowden, O. (2011). Assassin’s hanya berjarak satu inci dari
Creed: Revelation. P. 6. New York: punggung yang membungkuk.
Penguin Group. Bowden, O. (2012). Assassin’s
Creed: Revelation. (M. Violine,
193
Comment:
The English idiom ...closed in... is translated in Indonesian into non-
idiom, namely …merapat...
194
Data 8 – Idiom
For some people, for example parents of Bagi sebagian orang, misalnya orang tua
small children or full-time students who are yang memiliki anak kecil atau mahasiswa
looking for some supplemental income, the yang tidak bekerja yang mencari
spotty cash flow of a startup period may not penghasilan tambahan, arus keuangan yang
be a huge concern. naik turun dari masa permulaan mungkin
tidak menjadi keprihatinan besar.
Comment:
The English idiom ...for example... is translated in Indonesian into non-idiom,
namely ...misalnya...
………………………………………………………………………………
Use a non-idiomatic or plain prose translation” (Duff, 1990, pp. 10-11).
Example:
Tazim is more bark than bite. Tazim lebih sering menggonggong
Bowden, O. (2011). Assassin’s Creed: daripada menggigit.
Revelation. P. 307. New York: Penguin Bowden, O. (2012). Assassin’s Creed:
Group. Revelation. (M. Violine, Trans.). Jakarta:
195
Comment:
The English idiom ... more bark than bite... is translated in Indonesian into
non-idiom, namely ... lebih sering menggonggong daripada menggigit.
Semantic strategy
i. Trope change
This strategy, or rather set of strategies, applies in the translation of
rhetorical tropes (i.e. figurative expressions). Correspondingly,
three main subclasses of strategy can be distinguished here.
..........................................................................................................
(3) ST trope X = TT trope Ø (none). In this TT the figurative
element is dropped altogether (Chesterman, 2000, p. 105).
Example:
To Ezio’s alarm, he saw Piri shouting Ezio kaget melihat Piri berteriak
orders to make sail, and his sailors were memerintahkan para kru untuk membuka
letting out the sheets frantically, in order layar. Para pelautnya merentangkan kain
to catch the wind and get out of firing layar dengan panik agar bisa menangkap
range. angin dan keluar dari jarak tembak.
196
Comment:
The English idiom ...in order to... is translated in Indonesian into non-
idiom, namely …agar bisa…
• Nida and Tiber (1982) stated that:
Idioms ... are some of the most obvious candidates
for semantic adjustment, for the very fact that they
are idioms means it is unlikely that the same type of
distinctive form will have the same meaning in
another language. The adjustments are quite
understandably of three types: (a) from idioms to
non-idioms, (b) from idioms to idioms, and (c) from
non-idioms to idioms. Frequently idioms are shifted
to non-idioms in the process of transfer. (p. 106)
Example 1:
The square was deserted, and Ezio Alun-alun itu kosong, dan Ezio
was immediately on his guard. langsung siaga. Bowden, O. (2012).
Bowden, O. (2011). Assassin’s Assassin’s Creed: Revelation. (M.
Creed: Revelation. P. 334-335. New Violine, Trans.). Jakarta: PT. Ufuk
197
York: Penguin Group. Publishing House. P. 10. (Original
Comment:
The English idiom ...on his guard... is translated in Indonesian into
non-idiom, namely …siaga…
Example 2:
He was just in time to see the Dia muncul tepat waktu untuk
Templar captain passing through the melihat sang kapten Templar
gate in the walls of the fortified melewati gerbang di dinding desa
village, a couple of hundred yards berbenteng sejauh hampir dua ratus
away. meter dari sini.
Comment:
The English idiom ...in time… is translated in Indonesian into non-
idiom, namely …tepat waktu...
198
Example 1:
Dear Ezio—Mentor—it’s really high Ezio yang baik—Mentorku—sudah
time you Italians joined the sixteenth waktunya kalian orang-orang Itali
century. memasuki abad keenam belas.
Comment:
The English idiom ...it’s high time... is translated in Indonesian into
non-idiom, namely …sudah waktunya...
Example 2:
He had done what he could, and he Dia telah berbuat sebisanya, dan dia
had achieved peace and stability—for telah mencapai kedamaian dan
the time being—in Italy and in the kestabilan—untuk sementara ini—
East. di Itali dan di timur.
199
Comment:
The English idiom ... for the time being... is translated in
Indonesian into non-idiom, namely … untuk sementara ini...
200
Data 9 – Information Change
While this advice may seem extreme, it's Meskipun nasihat ini terdengar kasar,
important for even experienced translators to merupakan hal yang penting bahkan bagi
prepare for the loss of a major client or a para penerjemah yang sudah berpengalaman
downturn in the economy by keeping up a untuk mempersiapkan hilangnya pelanggan
steady flow of outbound promotion. besar atau turunnya perekonomian dengan
menjaga aliran outbound promotion (siasat
pemasaran dengan cara menarik
perhatian para calon pelanggan dengan
cara yang terbilang lazim, misalnya iklan
TV, radio, dan koran) yang lancar.
Comment:
…siasat pemasaran dengan cara menarik perhatian para calon pelanggan
dengan cara yang terbilang lazim, misalnya iklan TV, radio, dan koran… is
added as further information for …outbound promotion.... That is why it is
written between brackets.
original.
………………………………………………………………………………
…differences in language structure often require changes in the form and
order of words” (Duff, 1990, pp. 10-11). In this research, the translator
201
borrowed the word from the source text into the target text and then
provided an additonal information about the term.
Example:
“What sport did you say you play?” "Kau pernah mengatakan suka olahraga
Susan teased. “Zucchini?” apa? Zucchini?" (Zucchini adalah
Brown, D. (1998). Digital Fortress. P.7. sejenis timun.)
New York: St. Martin Press. Brown, D. (2006). Benteng Digital. (F.
Halim, Trans.). Jakarta: PT. Serambi
Ilmu Semesta. P.12. (Original work
published 1998).
Comment:
Zucchini adalah sejenis timun. is added as further information for
…Zucchini.... That is why it is written between brackets.
Pragmatic strategy
Information change
Chesterman stated in his book, “By this (information change) I
mean either the addition of new (non-inferrable) information which
is deemed to be relevant to the TT readership but which is not
present in the ST...” (2000, p. 109).
202
Example:
Susan leaned over and whispered in Susan mencondongkan badannya ke
David’s ear. “Doctor.” depan dan berbisik di telinga David.
He turned and eyed her, lost. "Dokter." Davis menoleh dan menatap
“Doctor,” she repeated. “Say the first Susan dengan bingung. "Dokter," ulang
thing that comes to mind.” Susan. "Katakan hal pertama yang
Becker looked doubtful. “Word melintas di benakmu."
associations?” David terlihat ragu-ragu. "Permainan
“Standard NSA procedure. I need to kata?"
know who I’m with.” She eyed him "Ini prosedur standar NSA. Aku harus
sternly. “Doctor.” tahu dengan siapa aku bersama." Susan
Becker shrugged. “Seuss.” menatap Becker dengan tegas. "Dokter."
Brown, D. (1998). Digital Fortress. P.7. Becker mengangkat bahunya. "Seuss."
New York: St. Martin Press. (Seuss adalah tokoh dokter dalam
komik anak-anak.)
Brown, D. (2006). Benteng Digital. (F.
Halim, Trans.). Jakarta: PT. Serambi
Ilmu Semesta. P.13. (Original work
published 1998).
Comment:
Seuss adalah tokoh dokter dalam komik anak-anak. is added as further
information for Seuss.. That is why it is written between brackets.
203
The additional information a translator may have to add to his
version is normally cultural (accounting for difference
between SL and TL culture), technical (relating to the topic)
or linguistic (explaining wayward use of words), and is
dependent on the requirement of his, as opposed to the
original, readership.
...............................................................................................
Additional information in the translation may take various
forms:
...............................................................................................
(e) In brackets, often for a literal translation of a transferred
word... (pp. 91-92).
Example 1:
On the VR, the number of hackers Pada VR, jumlah hacker yang
pounding at the gates had doubled in menggedor gerbang bank data
the last few minutes. From now on, berlipat ganda setiap menitnya. Dari
the number would increase saat sekarang, jumlah itu akan
exponentially. Hackers, like hyenas, meningkat dengan hebat. Para
were one big family, always eager to hacker,seperti halnya hiena (sejenis
spread the word of a new kill. anjing liar), adalah sebuah keluarga
204
Brown, D. (1998). Digital Fortress. besar. Mereka selalu bersemangat
P.168. New York: St. Martin Press. untuk menyebarkan berita tentang
buruan baru.
Brown, D. (2006). Benteng Digital.
(F. Halim, Trans.). Jakarta: PT.
Serambi Ilmu Semesta. P.242.
Comment:
…sejenis anjing liar… is added as further information for
…hyenas…. That is why it is written between brackets.
Example 2:
Apparently, not only did the NSA Kelihatannya, NSA bukan saja ada,
exist, but it was considered one of the tetapi bahkan dianggap sebagai satu
most influential government dari banyak organisasi pemerintah
organizations in the world. It had yang paling berpengaruh di seluruh
been gathering global electronic dunia. NSA mengumpulkan data
intelligence data and protecting U.S. intelijen elektronik dari seluruh dunia
classified information for over half a dan melindungi informasi rahasia
century. Only 3 percent of Americans milik Amerika Serikat selama lebih
were even aware it existed. dari separuh abad. Hanya tiga persen
“NSA,” his buddy joked, “stands for dari penduduk Amerika yang sadar
205
‘No Such Agency.’“ akan keberadaan agensi tersebut.
Brown, D. (1998). Digital Fortress. "NSA," kelakar temannya, "berarti
P.5. New York: St. Martin Press. 'No Such Agency’ (tidak ada agensi
seperti itu)."
Comment:
…tidak ada agensi seperti itu… is added as further information for
…No Such Agency.. That is why it is written between brackets.
206
Example 1:
Susan gave him a frown. “Okay, try Susan menatap Becker dengan dahi
this one… ‘kitchen.’ berkerut. "Baiklah, sekarang coba
“He didn’t hesitate. “Bedroom.” yang ini ... 'dapur.'"
Susan arched her eyebrows coyly. David menjawab tanpa ragu, "Kamar
“Okay, how about this… ‘cat.’ “ tidur." Susan mengangkat alisnya
“Gut,” Becker fired back. malu, "Baiklah, bagaimana dengan
“Gut?” yang ini ... 'cat (kucing).'"
“Yeah. Catgut. Squash racquet string "Gut (usus)," Becker menyerang
of champions.” balik.
Brown, D. (1998). Digital Fortress. "Gut?"
P.7. New York: St. Martin Press. "Ya, Catgut. Jenis senar raket squash
unggulan."
Comment:
…kucing… and …usus… are added as further information for
…cat… and …gut… respectively. That is why it is written between
brackets.
207
Example 2:
He’d started signing all his letters Dia mulai mengakhiri semua suratnya
“Without wax, David.” Susan had dengan "Without wax, David"
over two dozen notes from David. ("Tanpa lilin, David"). Susan
They were all signed the same way. menyimpan sekitar dua lusin pesan
Without wax. dari David. Semuanya diakhiri
Brown, D. (1998). Digital Fortress. dengan cara yang sama. Without wax.
P.55. New York: St. Martin Press. Brown, D. (2006). Benteng Digital.
Comment:
…Tanpa Lilin, David. is added as further information for
…Without Wax, David.. That is why it is written between
brackets.
208
Data 10 – Information Change
Many experienced translators estimate that Kebanyakan dari para penerjemah
of their new clients, approximately half come berpengalaman memperkirakan bahwa dari
from cold contacts and half from word of para pelanggan baru mereka, sekitar
mouth referrals. setengah berasal dari cold contact
(menghubungi calon pelanggan untuk
bertemu sehingga kita bisa menawarkan
barang/jasa) dan setengahnya lagi berasal
dari rujukan mulut ke mulut.
Comment:
…menghubungi calon pelanggan untuk bertemu sehingga kita bisa menawarkan
barang/jasa… is added as further information for …cold contacts… That is why
it is written between brackets.
original.
………………………………………………………………………………
order of words” (Duff, 1990, pp. 10-11). In this research, the translator
borrowed the word from the source text into the target text and then
provided an additonal information about the term.
209
Example:
It came from the world’s first computer– Istilah tersebut berasal dan komputer
the Mark 1–a room-size maze of pertama di dunia—Mark 1—sebuah sirkuit
electromechanical circuits built in 1944 elektromekanis sebesar ruangan yang
in a lab at Harvard University. The dibuat pada 1944 di sebuah laboratorium
computer developed a glitch one day, and di Universitas Harvard. Pada suatu hari,
no one was able to locate the cause. After komputer itu mengalami gangguan dan
hours of searching, a lab assistant finally tidak ada yang bisa menemukan
spotted the problem. It seemed a moth penyebabnya. Setelah mencari selama
had landed on one of the computer’s berhari-hari, seorang asisten laboratorium
circuit boards and shorted it out. akhirnya menemukan penyebabnya.
From that moment on, computer glitches Ternyata seekor ngegat telah hinggap di
were referred to as bugs. salah satu papan sirkuit computer itu dan
Brown, D. (1998). Digital Fortress. P.65. menghambat kerjanya. Sejak saat itu,
New York: St. Martin Press. semua gangguan program komputer
disebut bug (serangga).
Brown, D. (2006). Benteng Digital. (F.
Halim, Trans.). Jakarta: PT. Serambi Ilmu
Semesta. P.94. (Original work published
1998).
210
Comment:
…serangga. is added as further information for …bugs. That is why it is
written between brackets.
Pragmatic strategy
Information change
Chesterman stated in his book, “By this (information change) I
mean either the addition of new (non-inferrable) information which
is deemed to be relevant to the TT readership but which is not
present in the ST...” (2000, p. 109).
Example:
“Weekly reports.” She smiled, waving a "Laporan mingguan." Wanita itu
fanfold of paper. “You need to check the tersenyum sambil melambaikan setumpuk
figures.” kertas. "Kau harus memeriksa figur
Brown, D. (1998). Digital Fortress. P.76. (angka-angka) ini."
New York: St. Martin Press. Brown, D. (2006). Benteng Digital. (F.
Halim, Trans.). Jakarta: PT. Serambi Ilmu
Semesta. P.110. (Original work published
1998).
211
Comment:
…angka-angka… is added as further information for …figures.. That is
why it is written between brackets.
The additional information a translator may have to add to his
version is normally cultural (accounting for difference
between SL and TL culture), technical (relating to the topic)
or linguistic (explaining wayward use of words), and is
dependent on the requirement of his, as opposed to the
original, readership.
...............................................................................................
Additional information in the translation may take various
forms:
...............................................................................................
(e) In brackets, often for a literal translation of a transferred
word... (pp. 91-92).
Example 1:
“I’m sorry,” Becker said, “I didn’t "Maaf," kata Becker, "siapa
catch your name.” namamu?"
“Two-Tone,” he hissed, as if he were "Two-Tone," desis pemuda itu,
212
giving a death sentence. seolah-olah dirinya baru menjatuhkan
“Two-Tone?” Becker mused. “Let hukuman mati.
me guess… because of your hair?” "Two-Tone (Dua warna)?" ulang
Brown, D. (1998). Digital Fortress. Becker sambil berpikir. "Coba
P.90. New York: St. Martin Press. kutebak ... karena rambutmu?"
Comment:
…Dua warna… is added as further information for …Two-Tone….
That is why it is written between brackets.
Example 2:
The secret behind “without wax” was Rahasia di balik 'tanpa lilin' terlalu
too sweet. Its origins were ancient. manis. Sejarahnya kuno. Selama
During the Renaissance, Spanish zaman Renaisans, para pematung
sculptors who made mistakes while Spanyol yang membuat kesalahan saat
carving expensive marble often memahat marmer mahal biasanya
patched their flaws with cera–”wax.” menambal bagian yang sompal dengan
A statue that had no flaws and cera-"lilin." Sebuah patung yang tidak
required no patching was hailed as a bercela dan tidak membutuhkan
“sculpture sincera” or a “sculpture tambalan disebut sebagai sebuah
213
without wax.” The phrase eventually "patung sin cera", "patung tanpa lilin."
came to mean anything honest or Frase itu akhirnya berubah arti
true. The English word “sincere” menjadi jujur atau benar. Kata dalam
evolved from the Spanish sincera – bahasa Inggris "sincere" (tulus)
”without wax.” berasal dari bahasa Spanyol sin cera-
Brown, D. (1998). Digital Fortress. "tanpa lilin."
P.179. New York: St. Martin Press. Brown, D. (2006). Benteng Digital.
Comment:
…tulus… is added as further information for …sincere.... That is
why it is written between brackets.
214
Example 1:
Gabrielle found tonight’s page and Gabrielle melihat halaman agenda
noticed it was already shaded out in untuk malam ini. Di situ sudah terisi
Sexton’s handwriting with the bold tulisan tangan Sexton dengan huruf
letters “P.E.”—Sexton shorthand for besar "P.E." Itu adalah singkatan yang
either personal event, private dibuat Sexton entah untuk personal
evening, or piss-off everyone; event (acara pribadi), private
nobody was quite sure which. evening (malam pribadi), atau piss-
Brown, D. (2001). Deception Point. off everyone (peduli setan dengan
P. 65. New York: Pocket Books. semua orang)—tidak ada yang tahu
dengan pasti.
Brown, D. (2006). Titik Muslihat.
(I.B. Koesalamwardi & H.M. Tanaja,
Trans.). Jakarta: PT. Serambi Ilmu
Semesta. P. 105-106. (Original work
published 2001).
Comment:
…acara pribadi…, …malam pribadi… and …peduli setan dengan
semua orang… are added as further information for …personal
event…, …private evening and …piss-off everyone…
respectively. That is why it is written between brackets.
215
Example 2:
Langdon flashed on Peter’s lecture Langdon mengingat ceramah Peter
about the Apocalypse. Although mengenai Apocalypse (Hari
many people erroneously interpreted Kiamat). Walaupun banyak orang
apocalypse as a cataclysmic end of salah menginterpretasikan apocalypse
the world, the word literally signified sebagai akhir dunia, kata itu secara
an “unveiling,” predicted by the harfiah berarti "pengungkapan", dan
ancients to be that of great wisdom. diramalkan oleh orang-orang kuno
Brown, D. (2009). The Lost Symbol. sebagai pengungkapan kebijakan yang
P. 309. New York: Double Day. luar biasa.
Brown, D. (2010). The Lost Symbol.
(I.D. Nimpoeno, Trans.).Yogyakarta:
Bentang Pustaka. P. 467-468.
Comment:
…Hari Kiamat. is added as further information for …Apocalypse..
That is why it is written between brackets.
216
Data 11 – Loan
If you're prone to repetitive strain injury Jika Anda rentan terhadap cedera keseleo
from typing, you may want to consider an berulang karena mengetik, ada baiknya bila
ergonomic keyboard, although opinions Anda menggunakan keyboard yang
differ on whether these work for everyone. ergonomis, meski banyak pendapat yang
berbeda bagi setiap orang.
Comment:
…keyboard… is translated into ...keyboard… It is directly transferred from the
source text to the target text without any change. It is called loan.
c. Registers. “Languages often differ greatly in their levels of formality in
given context (say, the business letter). To resolve these differences, the
translator must distinguish between formal or fixed expressions … and
personal expressions, in which the writer or the speaker sets the tone. (Duff,
1990, pp. 10-11).
Example:
Ah, the Mentor has arrived. Ah, sang Mentor telah tiba.
York: Penguin Group. Jakarta: PT. Ufuk Publishing House. P.
217
Comment:
…Mentor… is translated into ...Mentor… It is directly transferred from the
Syntactic strategy
b. Loan
“This strategy covers both the borrowing of individual items and the
borrowing of syntagma. Like the other strategies, it refers to a deliberate
choice, not the unconscious influence of undesired interference.”
(Chesterman, 2000 p.94)
Example:
“Ever since our Grand Master found “Sejak Master Agung kita
that damned key!” menemukan kunci keparat itu!”
Comment:
…Master… is translated into ...Master… It is directly transferred from the
218
Example 1:
But here he was, in a cell in one Tapi di sinilah dia, di dalam sel
of the topmost towers of the salah satu menara tertinggi di
great fortress of Masyaf the benteng agung Masyaf, benteng
citadel that had once been the yang dulu menjadi kubu
stronghold of the Assassins,… pertahanan para Assassin.
Comment:
…Assassin… is translated into ...Assassin… It is directly
transferred from the source text to the target text without any
change. It is called loan.
Example 2:
He knew why the Templars Dia tahu kenapa para Templar
were there; he had to stop them. ada di sini; dia harus
219
Bowden, O. (2011). Assassin’s mengentikan mereka.
Comment:
…Templar… is translated into ...Templar… It is directly
Example 1:
In the town, the following Di kota pada keesokan paginya,
morning, he went to tan armorer dia pergi ke pandai besi dan
and bought a well-tempered membeli sebilah pedang
scimitar, beating the man down scimitar yang ditempa dengan
to one hundred soldi. baik, menawar hingga 100 soldi.
220
Comment:
…scimitar… is translated into ...scimitar… It is directly transferred
loan.
Example 2:
The greatest Piece of Eden was Potongan Eden terhebat telah
safely concealed from the disembunyikan dengan aman dari
ambitious grasp of the Templars cengkraman para Templar yang
– as Ezio hoped, forever. ambisius – untuk selamanya,
Bowden, O. (2011). Assassin’s Ezio harap.
Comment:
…Eden… is translated into ...Eden… It is directly transferred from
221
Data 12 – Loan
If you live in an area where wireless Internet Jika Anda tinggal di daerah dimana akses
access is available in public places, a laptop internet nirkabel tersedia di tempat umum,
with Wi-Fi capabilities can be a great way to laptop dengan kemampuan Wi-Fi dapat
escape the home office when you get lonely menjadi cara yang ampuh untuk melarikan
or claustrophobic. diri dari kantor rumah ketika Anda mulai
kesepian atau sesak.
Comment:
…laptop… is translated into ...laptop… It is directly transferred from the source
text to the target text without any change. It is called loan.
c. Registers. “Languages often differ greatly in their levels of formality in
given context (say, the business letter). To resolve these differences, the
translator must distinguish between formal or fixed expressions … and
personal expressions, in which the writer or the speaker sets the tone. (Duff,
1990, pp. 10-11).
Example:
Ezio performed a hook-and- Ezio melakukan jurus hook and roll
roll over his back and pitched melompati punggung prajurit itu dan
him, while he was still off melemparnya ke dalam sungai selagi
balance, into the river. dia masih kehilangan keseimbangan.
222
Comment:
… hook-and-roll … is translated into ... hook and roll … It is directly
transferred from the source text to the target text without any change. It is
called loan.
Syntactic strategy
b. Loan
Example:
A massive squitatoria, a Sebuah squitatoria besar, yaitu
flamethrower for Greek fire, stood Meriam Yunani, berdiri siaga dalam
primed, heater, and ready for action, keadaan sudah dipanaskan, juga siap
manned by a crew of three. ditembakkan dengan dipegang oleh
Bowden, O. (2011). Assassin’s tiga kru.
223
Comment:
…squitatoria… is translated into ...squitatoria… It is directly transferred
from the source text to the target text without any change. It is called loan.
Example 1:
The red dhow with the furled Kapal dhow merah dengan layar
white sail and the silver putih yang digulung dan panji
pennant? perak?
224
Comment:
…dhow… is translated into ...dhow… It is directly transferred from
Example 2:
As he prepared to effect a Ketika dia bersiap bersiap untuk
zipline, he saw the Janissaries memakai zipline, dia melihat para
fitting arrows to their bows,… Yanisari memasang panah ke busur
Bowden, O. (2011). Assassin’s mereka.
Creed: Revelation. P. 362. Bowden, O. (2012). Assassin’s Creed:
New York: Penguin Group. Revelation. (M. Violine, Trans.).
Jakarta: PT. Ufuk Publishing House. P.
Comment:
…zipline… is translated into ...zipline… It is directly transferred
loan.
225
Example 1:
“What the hell is that smell? “Bau apa itu? Ventilator
Have the ventilators been terhalang?”
blocked?” Bowden, O. (2012). Assassin’s
Comment:
…ventilator… is translated into ...ventilator… It is directly
Example 2:
He smelled the cedarwood of Dia mencium bau kayu cedar dari
its wall and fittings,… dinding dan perabotannya.
Bowden, O. (2011). Bowden, O. (2012). Assassin’s Creed:
Assassin’s Creed: Revelation. Revelation. (M. Violine, Trans.).
P. 377. New York: Penguin Jakarta: PT. Ufuk Publishing House. P.
Group. 420. (Original work published 2011).
226
Comment:
…cedar… is translated into ...cedar… It is directly transferred from
227
Data 13 – Calque
Following the success of the course, I Menyusul keberhasilan pelatihan daring
realized that there must be many more tersebut, saya menyadari bahwa pasti ada
people out there wondering how to use their lebih banyak orang diluar sana yang
language skills to break into the translation bertanya-tanya cara menggunakan
industry, and the idea for this book was keterampilan bahasa mereka untuk terjun
born. kedalam industri penerjemahan, dan
gagasan untuk menulis buku ini pun lahir.
Comment:
The word …industri… is borrowed from the English language, which is
…industry… and it is integrated into the Indonesian language; the letter -i in the
last part of industri is changed from –y in industry. Therefore, this is called calque.
a. Meaning. “The translation should reflect accurately the meaning of the
original text. Nothing should be arbitrarily added or removed…” (Duff,
1990, p.10).
Example:
The rugged snowcapped mountains Pegunungan terjal yang berselimut
fenced in the castle, protecting it and salju memagari kastel, melindungi
enclosing it as it reared on the crest dan mengurung bangunan yang
of its own height, … berdiri di puncak.
228
Comment:
The word ...kastel... in the target text is borrowed from the English
language, i.e. ...castle..., and it is integrated into the Indonesian language;
The -c- in the beginning of the word is changed into –k-. The –tel is
changed from –tle. Therefore, this is called calque.
Syntactic strategy
b. Calque
Example:
On its ridge there now appeared a Pada bubungannya kini muncul
man in dull red tunic with grey seorang pria bertunik merah gelap
outer garments and armor. dengan pakaian luar berwarna kelabu
229
Bowden, O. (2011). Assassin’s dan baju pelindung.
Comment:
The word ...tunik... in the target text is borrowed from the English language,
i.e. ...tunic..., and it is integrated into the Indonesian language; The -c-, the
last letter of the word tunic is changed into –k-. Therefore, this is called
calque.
Example 1:
“Take him to the turret cell. “Bawa dia ke sel Menara.
Manacle him first, and strongly.” Belenggu dulu, dengan kuat.”
230
Comment:
The word ...sel... in the target text is borrowed from the English
language, i.e. ...cell..., and it is integrated into the Indonesian
language; The -c-, the first letter of the word cell is changed into s-.
Example 2:
“Just a short walk and a lot of “Cuma berjalan kaki sedikit dan
stairs,” the captain said. mendaki tangga banyak,” kata
Bowden, O. (2011). Assassin’s sang kapten.
Comment:
The word ...kapten. in the target text is borrowed from the English
language, i.e. ...captain..., and it is integrated into the Indonesian
language; The -c-, the first letter of the word captain is changed into
k-, and the last three letters –ain are changed into –en. Therefore,
this is called calque.
231
Example 1:
The bird of prey, a dark Burung pemangsa, berupa siluet
silhouette, turning and turning, hitam, berbelok dan berbelok,
but with purpose. tapi kini ia punya tujuan.
Comment:
The word ...siluet... in the target text is borrowed from the English
language, i.e. ...silhouette..., and it is integrated into the Indonesian
language; The -ho- in the middle of the word and –te in the last part
of the word are omitted. Therefore, this is called calque.
Example 2:
Ezio continued to refuse any Ezio tetap menolak pengiring,
escort but accepted supplies for tapi menerima perbekalan untuk
his journey, which from now on perjalanannya, yang cukup untuk
232
would carry him overland, perjalanan darat, melewati tanah
through what had once, long yang dahulu sekali adalah
ago, been the Crusader Kingdom Kerajaan Salib Yerusalem.
of Jerusalem. Bowden, O. (2012). Assassin’s
Comment:
The word ...Yerusalem... in the target text is borrowed from the
English language, i.e. ...Jerusalem..., and it is integrated into the
Indonesian language; The J- in the beginning of the word is changed
into Y-. Therefore, this is called calque.
233
Data 14 – Calque
Before you launch yourself into a translation Sebelum Anda terjun ke dalam karir
career, it's important to ask yourself a few terjemahan, penting untuk menanyakan diri
questions. Anda sendiri beberapa pertanyaan.
Comment:
The word …karir… is borrowed from the English language, which is …career…
and it is integrated into the Indonesian language; the letter k- in the beginning part
of karir is changed from c- in career. The -i- in the middle of karir is changed
from –ee- of career. Therefore, this is called calque.
1990, p.10).
Example:
There was no sign of any military Disini tidak ada tanda kegiatan
activity,… militer.
234
Comment:
The word ...militer... in the target text is borrowed from the English
language, i.e. ...military..., and it is integrated into the Indonesian language;
The –er in the last part of the word militer is changed from –ary of military.
Syntactic strategy
b. Calque
Example:
But there was no obvious sign of Tapi tidak ada tanda jelas keberadaan
any garrison there either. garnisun di situ juga.
Comment:
The word ...garnisun... in the target text is borrowed from the English
language, i.e. ...garrison..., and it is integrated into the Indonesian language;
235
The –r-i-s-o, the middle part of the word is changed into –n-i-s-u. Therefore,
this is called calque.
Example 1:
“I am Dilara,” she added. “Aku Dilara, agen kepala Tarik
“Tarik’s principal agent here.” di sini.”
Comment:
The word ...agen... in the target text is borrowed from the English
language, i.e. ...agent..., and it is integrated into the Indonesian
language; The -t, the last letter of the word agent is omitted.
236
Example 2:
Just an ordinary man, in Cuma orang biasa, yang
command of—illusions. dikendalikan oleh—ilusi.
Comment:
The word ...ilusi. in the target text is borrowed from the English
language, i.e. ...illusions., and it is integrated into the Indonesian
language; The double letter –l- in the word illusions is changed into
single –l-, and -on, the two last letters of the word illusion is
omitted. Therefore, this is called calque.
Example 1:
“Feigning solidarity to push “Memalsukan solidaritas untuk
your own agenda,” said Yusuf mendukung agendamu,” kata
with a hint of contempt. Yusuf, dengan sedikit mencela.
237
Comment:
The word ...solidaritas... in the target text is borrowed from the
English language, i.e. ...solidarity..., and it is integrated into the
Indonesian language; The –tas in the last part of the word solidaritas
is changed from –y of the word solidarity. Therefore, this is called
calque.
Example 2:
“Down with the Janissaries!” “Jatuhkan Yanisari!” seru
shouted a hundred voices. seratus suara.
Comment:
The word ...Yanisari... in the target text is borrowed from the
English language, i.e. ...Janissaries..., and it is integrated into the
238
Indonesian language; The Y- in the beginning of the word Yanisari
is changed into J-. And the double letter –s- is changed into single –
s-. Therefore, this is called calque.
239
Data 15 – Explicitness change
Over the next few months I became involved Selama beberapa bulan kedepan, saya
with my local translators association, the menjalin hubungan dengan perhimpunan
American Translators Association (ATA), penerjemah setempat, American Transators
and began getting some calls for translation Association (ATA) atau Perhimpunan
work. Penerjemah Amerika, dan mulai
mendapatkan panggilan kerja sebagai
penerjemah.
Comment:
In the target text, the word …my… is left implicit. If it is stated explicitly, then it
should be …perhimpunan penerjemah setempat saya…
1990, p.10).
Example:
But he had an idea of where they’d Tapi dia tahu tempat mereka menyimpan
stowed his weapons, after they’d senjata-senjatanya, setelah mereka
ambushed him and overpowered him menyergap dan membawanya ke sini.
and brought him here. Bowden, O. (2012). Assassin’s Creed:
Bowden, O. (2011). Assassin’s Creed: Revelation. (M. Violine, Trans.). Jakarta:
240
Revelation. P. 11. New York: Penguin PT. Ufuk Publishing House. P. 19
Group. (Original work published 2011).
Comment:
In the target text, the phrase …and overpowered him… is left implicit. If it
is stated explicitly, then it should be …setelah mereka menyergap dan
melumpuhkan dia dan membawanya ke sini…
Pragmatic strategy
b. Explicitness change
This change is either towards more explicitness (explicitation) or more
implicitness (implicitation). Explicitation is well known to be one of the
most common translatorial strategies. It refers to the way in which
translators add components explicitly in the TT which are only implicit in
the ST.
………………………………………………………………………………
Implicitation is the opposite change; bearing in mind what the readers can
reasonably expected to infer, the translator leaves some elements of the
message implicit (Chesterman, 2000, pp. 87-116).
Example:
Ezio turned away from the window and Ezio berbalik dari jendela dan melihat ke
looked around the cell. sekitarnya.
241
Comment:
In the target text, the word … cell… is left implicit. If it is stated explicitly,
then it should be …melihat ke sekitar penjara…
Example 1:
There were other Assassins, others Ada para Assassin lain, rekan-rekan
who had wanted to accompany him, persaudaraan yang tahu misinya, yang
even, despite his insistence that he ingin menemaninya, walaupun ia
travel alone. bersikeras untuk pergi seorang diri.
242
Comment:
In the target text, the word … even… is left implicit. If it is stated
explicitly, then it should be …bahkan yang ingin menemaninya…
Example 2:
Still, Ezio reflected, if he hadn’t Tetap saja, seandainya dia tidak
saddled himself with the membebani dirinya dengan tanggung
responsibility for what was to him a jawab yang baginya membosankan,
dreary task, he might never have mungkin dia tidak akan pernah
found the letter. menemukan surat itu.
Comment:
In the target text, the phrase …Ezio reflected… is left implicit. If it
is stated explicitly, then it should be …Tetap saja, pikir Ezio,
seandainya dia tidak membebani dirinya…
243
Example 1:
He visualized the old manuscript in Dia membayangkan naskah tua itu.
his mind. Bowden, O. (2012). Assassin’s Creed:
Creed: Revelation. P. 18. New York: Jakarta: PT. Ufuk Publishing House.
Penguin Group. P. 28. (Original work published 2011).
Comment:
In the target text, the phrase …in his mind… is left implicit. If it is
stated explicitly, then it should be Dia membayangkan naskah tua
itu di pikirannya.
Example 2:
“Time you got a move on, Ezio! “Sudah saatnya kau bergerak, Ezio!
None of us is getting any younger.” Tidak ada orang yang bertambah
Bowden, O. (2011). Assassin’s muda.”
Creed: Revelation. P. 20. New York: Bowden, O. (2012). Assassin’s Creed:
244
Penguin Group. Revelation. (M. Violine, Trans.).
Jakarta: PT. Ufuk Publishing House.
Comment:
In the target text, the word …us… is left implicit. If it is stated
explicitly, then it should be Tidak ada seorang dari kita yang
bertambah muda.
245
Data 16 – Explicitness change
As a beginning translator, the number one Sebagai penerjemah pemula, hal paling
thing your résumé needs to do is convince a utama yang diperlukan dalam ringkasan
potential client to take a chance on you terjemahan adalah meyakinkan orang yang
instead of giving the job to a more kemungkinan akan menjadi pelanggan Anda
experienced linguist. untuk mempertaruhkan kepercayaan kepada
Anda alih-alih memberikan pekerjaan
tersebut kepada ahli bahasa yang lebih
berpengalaman.
Comment:
In the target text, the word …your… is left implicit. If it is stated explicitly, then it
should be … hal paling utama yang diperlukan dalam ringkasan terjemahan Anda
adalah …
1990, p.10).
Example:
As he watched, the young prince rose Pangeran muda itu berdiri dan memanggil
and summoned his attendants. abdi-abdinya.
246
Comment:
In the target text, the phrase As he watched… is left implicit. If it is stated
explicitly, then it should be Sembari mengamati, pangeran muda itu
berdiri…
Pragmatic strategy
b. Explicitness change
This change is either towards more explicitness (explicitation) or more
implicitness (implicitation). Explicitation is well known to be one of the
most common translatorial strategies. It refers to the way in which
translators add components explicitly in the TT which are only implicit in
the ST.
………………………………………………………………………………
Implicitation is the opposite change; bearing in mind what the readers can
reasonably expected to infer, the translator leaves some elements of the
message implicit (Chesterman, 2000, pp. 87-116).
Example:
What has my brother done for you that I Apa yang telah dilakukan adikku tapi aku
have not? tidak?
247
Comment:
In the target text, the phrase … for you… is left implicit. If it is stated
explicitly, then it should be Apa yang telah dilakukan adikku untukmu tapi
aku tidak?
Example 1:
Ezio watched her go for a moment, Ezio mengamati kepergiannya sesaat,
then made his way to the large lalu berjalan ke gedung kayu besar
248
wooden building that held the yang berisi kantor-kantor.
customs offices. Bowden, O. (2012). Assassin’s Creed:
Creed: Revelation. P. 209. New Jakarta: PT. Ufuk Publishing House.
York: Penguin Group. P. 239. (Original work published
2011).
Comment:
In the target text, the word … customs… is left implicit. If it is
stated explicitly, then it should be …yang berisi kantor-kantor bea
cukai…
Example 2:
Near the front of one of the lower Di depan salah satu rak pendek
shelves closest to the counter he terdekat dengan konter, dia melihat
could see a wooden map tube with a sebuah tabung peta kayu dengan label
label attached to it: SOFIA SOFIA SARTOR.
SARTOR. Bowden, O. (2012). Assassin’s Creed:
2011).
249
Comment:
In the target text, the phrase …attached to it… is left implicit. If it is
stated explicitly, then it should be …dengan label yang melekat:
SOFIA SARTOR.
Example 1:
His companion was thinner, sparely Rekannya kurus dan, dinilai dari
built, and, to judge from his dress, pakaiannya, berasal dari
hailed from Turkmenistan. Turkmenistan.
2011).
250
Comment:
In the target text, the phrase …sparely built… is left implicit. If it is
stated explicitly, then it should be Rekannya kurus, dengan tubuh
ramping, dan, …
Example 2:
Undaunted by the soldiers’ show of Tak gentar saat para prajurit
strength—indeed, incensed by it—the memamerkan kekuatan, malah
crowd, whose volume grew by the semakin berang, massa terus menuju
minute, surged forward toward the gerbang.
gate. Bowden, O. (2012). Assassin’s Creed:
2011).
Comment:
In the target text, the word …whose volume grew by the minute…
is left implicit. If it is stated explicitly, then it should be …massa,
yang jumlahnya terus bertambah, terus menuju gerbang…
251
Data 17 – Expansion
In 2002, I was looking for a new career after Pada tahun 2002, saya sedang mencari karir
eight years as a high school French teacher, baru setelah delapan tahun menjadi guru
and hoping to find a work-from-home job bahasa Perancis di sekolah menengah atas,
using my language skills. dan berharap mendapatkan pekerjaan yang
dapat saya lakukan di rumah dengan
menggunakan keterampilan bahasa saya.
Comment:
The words …work-from-home… which consist of three words are translated into
...yang dapat saya lakukan di rumah… which consist of six words, therefore it is
called expansion.
1990, p.10).
Example:
Scuds of snow twisting in a Salju berputar-putar dengan cepat dan
cutting wind. berkelin dan dengan angin yang
Bowden, O. (2011). Assassin’s menusuk.
Creed: Revelation. P. 4. New Bowden, O. (2012). Assassin’s Creed:
York: Penguin Group. Revelation. (M. Violine, Trans.). Jakarta:
252
Comment:
The sentence Scuds of snow twisting in a cutting wind which consists of
eight words is translated into Salju berputar-putar dengan cepat dan
berkelin dan dengan angin yang menusuk. which consist of eleven words.
Therefore it is called expansion.
Semantic strategy
f. Distribution change
“This is a change in the distribution of the same “semantic” components
over more items (expansion) … Expansion “dilutes” the text somewhat”
(Chesterman, 2000, pp. 87-116).
Example:
All seemed at rest, except for the Semua seperti berhenti, kecuali pria
young man in white, walking. muda berpakaian putih ini, yang sedang
Bowden, O. (2011). Assassin’s berjalan.
Creed: Revelation. P. 7. New York: Bowden, O. (2012). Assassin’s Creed:
Penguin Group. Revelation. (M. Violine, Trans.). Jakarta:
253
Comment:
The word …walking… which is only one word is translated into …yang
sedang berjalan… which are three words, therefore it is called expansion.
Example 1
Steadily, calmly, undismayed. Dengan mantap, dengan
Bowden, O. (2011). Assassin’s tenang, tak terusik.
Comment:
The source text has 3 words, Steadily, calmly, undismayed. and
they are translated into the target text with 6 words, Dengan
mantap, dengan tenang, tak terusik. Therefore, it is called
expansion.
Example 2:
254
And he knew this castle. Dia pun tahu seluk beluk
Bowden, O. (2011). Assassin’s kastel ini.
Comment:
The source text has 5 words, And he knew this castle., and they are
translated into the target text with 7 words, Dia pun tahu seluk
beluk kastel ini. Therefore, it is called expansion.
Example 1:
From charts and diagrams. Berkat membaca berbagai
Bowden, O. (2011). Assassin’s peta dan diagram.
255
Comment:
The source text has 4 words, From charts and diagrams., and they
are translated into the target text with 6 words, Berkat membaca
berbagai peta dan diagram. Therefore, it is called expansion.
Example 2:
He imagined that, as so often in Dia bayangkan bahwa, seperti
the past, he would have to yang kerap terjadi pada masa
extemporize. lalu, dia akan terpaksa
Bowden, O. (2011). Assassin’s bertindak sesuai keadaan dan
Creed: Revelation. P. 14. New tanpa rencana.
York: Penguin Group. Bowden, O. (2012). Assassin’s
Creed: Revelation. (M. Violine,
Comment:
The word …extemporize… which is only one word is translated
into …bertindak sesuai keadaan dan tanpa rencana… which are
seven words, therefore it is called expansion.
Data 18 – Expansion
256
Given the global reach of businesses in the Menimbang jangkauan perusahaan yang
21st century, translators are employed in mendunia di abad ke-21 ini, penerjemah
almost every conceivable business sector, dipekerjakan hampir di setiap bidang usaha
from banking to museums to health care to yang dapat Anda bayangkan, dari
high-tech. perbankan hingga museum hingga
perawatan kesehatan hingga teknologi
tinggi.
Comment:
The word …conceivable… which consists of only one word is translated into
...yang dapat Anda bayangkan… which consist of four words, therefore it is called
expansion.
1990, p.10).
Example:
Remounting, he rode toward the Naik kuda lagi, Altair berkuda
castle. menuju kastel.
257
Comment:
The word Remounting,… is translated into Naik kuda lagi,… which
consists of three words. Therefore it is called expansion.
Semantic strategy
“This is a change in the distribution of the same “semantic” components
over more items (expansion) … Expansion “dilutes” the text somewhat”
(Chesterman, 2000, pp. 87-116).
Example:
Curse these Crusaders! Terkutuklah para kesatria salib
Bowden, O. (2011). Assassin’s ini!
Comment:
258
The source text has three words, Curse these Crusaders! and they are
translated into the target text with five words, Terkutuklah para kesatria
salib ini! Therefore, it is called expansion.
Example 1
Bright sunshine, a white light so Sinar matahari yang cerah,
strong, so all-encompassing, that cahaya putih yang sangat kuat,
Ezio was dazzled. sangat menyeluruh hingga Ezio
Bowden, O. (2011). Assassin’s silau.
Comment:
259
The source text has two words, Bright sunshine,… and they are
translated into the target text with four words, Sinar matahari yang
cerah,… Therefore, it is called expansion.
Example 2:
The earthquake did. Terbuka sendiri akibat gempa
Bowden, O. (2011). Assassin’s bumi.
Comment:
The source text has three words, The earthquake did. and they are
translated into the target text with five words, Terbuka sendiri
akibat gempa bumi. Therefore, it is called expansion.
Example 1:
260
Ezio tried to reload, but the Ezio berusaha mengisi ulang
soldiers were already making pistol, tapi para prajurit sudah
their way back toward the rafts. mundur ke arah rakit.
Comment:
The source text has one word, …reload… and it is translated into
the target text with three words, …mengisi ulang pistol…
Therefore, it is called expansion.
Example 2:
Nothing happened. Tidak ada yang terjadi.
Comment:
261
The source text has two words, Nothing happened. and they are
translated into the target text with four words, Tidak ada yang
terjadi. Therefore, it is called expansion.
Data 19 – Compression
262
Your commute will be as long as it takes Perjalanan Anda hanya akan sejauh
you to walk from your bedroom to your berjalan dari kamar tidur Anda ke ruang
office and fire up the computer while still in kerja Anda dan Anda dapat menyalakan
your pajamas. komputer Anda ketika masih menggunakan
baju tidur Anda.
Comment:
The English phrase in source text ...as long as it takes you... consists of six words
and it is translated into a word …sejauh… It is called compression.
1990, p.10).
Example:
And it hadn’t succeeded yet. Dan tidak berhasil.
Comment:
263
The English phrase in source text And it hadn’t succeeded yet. consists of
five words and it is translated into three words Dan tidak berhasil. It is
called compression.
Semantic strategy
Chesterman (2000) stated, “This is a change in the distribution of the
“same” semantic components over ... fewer items (compression)” (p. 104).
Example:
No one had an eye for it. Tidak seorang pun melihat dia.
Comment:
The English phrase in source text No one had an eye for it. consists of
seven words and it is translated into five words Tidak seorang pun melihat
dia. It is called compression.
264
original text.
Example 1:
His thoughts were restless, too. Pikirannya gelisah juga.
Comment:
The English phrase in source text His thoughts were restless, too.
consists of five words and it is translated into three words
Pikirannya gelisah juga. It is called compression.
Example 2:
265
Had he traveled so far and for Apakah dia mengembara
so long, only for it all to come sejauh dan selama ini, hanya
to this? untuk bernasib seperti ini?
Comment:
The English phrase in source text Had he traveled so far and for so
long, only for it all to come to this? consists of seventeen words
and it is translated into twelve words Apakah dia mengembara
sejauh dan selama ini, hanya untuk bernasib seperti ini? It is
called compression.
Example 1:
A grim smile formed on his Senyum muram terbentuk di
lips. bibirnya.
266
Comment:
The English phrase in source text A grim smile formed on his lips.
consists of seven words and it is translated into five words Senyum
muram terbentuk di bibirnya. It is called compression.
Example 2:
And they hadn’t killed him Dan mereka belum
yet. membunuhnya. Bowden, O.
Bowden, O. (2011). Assassin’s (2012). Assassin’s Creed:
York: Penguin Group. Jakarta: PT. Ufuk Publishing
House. P. 19. (Original work
published 2011).
Comment:
The English phrase in source text And they hadn’t killed him yet.
consists of six words and it is translated into four words Dan
mereka belum membunuhnya. It is called compression.
Data 20 – Compression
267
Please let me know if I can provide you Tolong beritahu jika saya bisa memberikan
with any additional information. Anda informasi tambahan apapun.
Comment:
The English phrase in source text Please let me know... consists of four words and
it is translated into two words Tolong beritahu… It is called compression.
1990, p.10).
Example:
Suleiman shook his head. Suleiman menggeleng.
Creed: Revelation. P. 203. New Revelation. (M. Violine, Trans.). Jakarta:
York: Penguin Group. PT. Ufuk Publishing House. P. 231.
Comment:
The English phrase in source text ...shook his head... consists of three
words and it is translated into a word …menggeleng… It is called
compression.
268
Semantic strategy
Chesterman (2000) stated, “This is a change in the distribution of the
“same” semantic components over ... fewer items (compression)” (p. 104).
Example:
Would you be willing to help me Kau mau membantuku mencari
find out? tahu?
York: Penguin Group. Trans.). Jakarta: PT. Ufuk Publishing
House. P. 231. (Original work
published 2011).
Comment:
The English phrase in source text Would you be willing to help me find
out? consists of nine words and it is translated into five words Kau mau
membantuku mencari tahu? It is called compression.
269
original text.
Example 1:
“I will take my leave of you “Aku pergi sekarang,” dia
now,” he announced. mengumumkan.
Comment:
The English phrase in source text “I will take my leave of you
now,” consists of eight words and it is translated into three words
“Aku pergi sekarang,” It is called compression.
Example 2:
“I’ll look forward to that,” she “Aku tunggu,” jawab wanita itu,
replied, watching him go with a mengamati kepergian Ezio
mixture of puzzlement and dengan campuran perasaan
concern. bingung dan cemas.
270
Comment:
The English phrase in source text “I’ll look forward to that,”
consists of five words and it is translated into two words “Aku
tunggu,” It is called compression.
Example 1:
Sofia’s calculations had been Perhitungan Sofia benar.
correct. Bowden, O. (2012). Assassin’s
Comment:
271
The English phrase in source text Sofia’s calculations had been
correct. consists of five words and it is translated into three words
Perhitungan Sofia benar. It is called compression.
Example 2:
Within the fortress, a time long Di dalam benteng, dahulu
ago. sekali.
Comment:
The English phrase in source text …a time long ago. consists of
four words and it is translated into two words …dahulu sekali. It is
called compression.
Data 21 – Antonym
272
If you are going to be posting your résumé Jika Anda akan memasang riwayat hidup
on the Internet, you might consider Anda di Internet, ada baiknya jika Anda
removing your physical address from that tidak mengikutsertakan alamat pribadi
version of your résumé. Anda dalam bentuk riwayat hidup Anda
tersebut.
Comment:
…removing… is positive and it is translated into its antonym include, of which the
translation is mengikutsertakan combined with a negation element tidak, so it
becomes …tidak mengikutsertakan….
original.
………………………………………………………………………………
order of words” (Duff, 1990, pp. 10-11). In this research, the
researcher/translator translated the word in the source text into its antonym
combined with negation element, for example the word …removing… is
translated into its antonym include, of which the translation is
mengikutsertakan combined with a negation element tidak, which becomes
…tidak mengikutsertakan….
Example:
273
“Ms. Sexton, I presume?” a "Ms. Sexton, ya?" tanya seorang lelaki,
man’s voice said, only yards terdengar dari jarak beberapa yard dari
away. tempatnya berdiri.
Rachel jumped, wheeling Rachel terlonjak dan segera berputar ke arah
toward the sound. “Yes, sir.” suara. "Ya, Pak."
The hazy shape of a man Sesosok tubuh seorang lelaki yang tidak
approached. terlihat begitu jelas berjalan
Brown, D. (2001). Deception mendekatinya.
Point. P. 32. New York: Pocket Brown, D. (2006). Titik Muslihat. (I.B.
Books. Koesalamwardi & H.M. Tanaja, Trans.).
Jakarta: PT. Serambi Ilmu Semesta. P. 20.
Comment:
…hazy… is positive and it is translated into its antonym clear, of which the
translation is jelas combined with a negation element tidak, so it becomes
…tidak jelas….
Semantic strategy
b. Antonymy
Chesterman (2000) stated that “The translator selects an antonym and
combines this with a negation element” (p. 110).
274
Example:
Runaway government spending is Pengeluaran negara yang tidak
putting this country deeper in debt terkendali membuat hutang
every day, and Americans are menjadi semakin bertumpuk setiap
starting to realize that it’s time to hari, dan rakyat Amerika mulai
stop spending and start mending. sadar bahwa sudah saatnya mereka
Brown, D. (2001). Deception Point. berhenti mengeluarkan uang dan
P. 10. New York: Pocket Books. memperbaiki keadaan.
(I.B. Koesalamwardi & H.M.
Tanaja, Trans.). Jakarta: PT.
Serambi Ilmu Semesta. P. 11.
Comment:
Runaway… is positive and it is translated into its antonym controlled, of
which the translation is terkendali combined with a negation element tidak,
so it becomes …tidak terkendali….
Theory 1
Larson (1998) stated that:
275
obtained. (p. 173)
Example 1:
Rachel’s only solace was knowing Satu-satunya yang dapat
that the death, with ironic menenteramkan hatinya adalah, dia
compassion, had liberated her mother tahu bahwa kematian itu
from a deep despair over a miserable membebaskan ibunya dari derita
marriage to the senator. mendalam atas perkawinannya yang
Brown, D. (2001). Deception Point. tidak bahagia dengan sang senator.
P. 12. New York: Pocket Books. Dia sadar, pemikiran itu cukup ironis.
(I.B. Koesalamwardi & H.M. Tanaja,
Trans.). Jakarta: PT. Serambi Ilmu
Semesta. P. 15. (Original work
published 2001).
Comment:
…miserable… is positive and it is translated into its antonym
happy, of which the translation is bahagia combined with a
negation element tidak, so it becomes …tidak bahagia….
276
Example 2:
Rachel resented the comment. “I Rachel tidak senang dengan
certainly hope you didn’t call me komentar itu. "Saya sungguh
here to ask me to control my berharap Anda tidak mengundang
father’s rants against NASA.” saya ke sini hanya untuk meminta
Brown, D. (2001). Deception Point. saya mengerem bombardir ayah
P. 27. New York: Pocket Books. saya terhadap NASA."
Comment:
…resented… is positive and it is translated into its antonym happy,
of which the translation is senang combined with a negation element
tidak, so it becomes …tidak senang….
Theory 2
Fawcett (1997) found that “Antonymic translation is translation by
............................................................................................................
277
useful” (p. 31).
Example 1:
“NASA is being silent,” the "NASA tetap diam karena aku
President declared, “because I menyuruhnya begitu," jawab
ordered them to be.” Presiden.
Rachel wondered if she had Rachel bertanya-tanya apakah
heard him correctly. If so, the pendengarannya tidak salah. Kalau
President was committing some telinganya masih beres, itu berarti
kind of political hara-kiri that she Presiden melakukan harakiri politis
did not understand. yang tidak dimengertinya.
Brown, D. (2001). Deception Brown, D. (2006). Titik Muslihat.
Point. P. 29. New York: Pocket (I.B. Koesalamwardi & H.M.
Books. Tanaja, Trans.). Jakarta: PT.
Comment:
…correctly… is positive and it is translated into its antonym salah
combined with a negation element tidak, so it becomes …tidak
salah….
278
Example 2:
The screen in front of her Tiba-tiba layar monitor di
flickered suddenly, and a blurry depannya berkedip-kedip, dan
image of the White House seal lambang Gedung Putih
materialized yang tidak terlalu jelas, muncul
on-screen. pada layar.
Brown, D. (2001). Deception Brown, D. (2006). Titik
Point. P. 71. New York: Pocket Muslihat. (I.B. Koesalamwardi
Books. & H.M. Tanaja, Trans.). Jakarta:
PT. Serambi Ilmu Semesta. P.
2001).
Comment:
…blurry… is positive and it is translated into its antonym clear, of
which the translation is jelas combined with a negation element
tidak, so it becomes …tidak terlalu jelas….
279
Data 22 – Antonym
If you have poor touch-typing skills, hate Jika Anda memiliki keterampilan mengetik
typing or have problems with your hands or yang kurang baik, tidak suka mengetik atau
arms hurting when you type a lot, speech memiliki masalah dengan tangan atau
recognition software can be a lifesaver. lengan Anda yang sakit ketika terlalu lama
mengetik, perangkat lunak pengenal suara
dapat menjadi penyelamat Anda.
Comment:
…hate… is positive and it is translated into its antonym like, of which the
translation is suka combined with a negation element tidak, so it becomes …tidak
suka….
original.
………………………………………………………………………………
order of words” (Duff, 1990, pp. 10-11). In this research, the
researcher/translator translated the word in the source text into its antonym
combined with negation element, for example the word …hate… is
translated into its antonym like, of which the translation is suka combined
with a negation element tidak, which becomes …tidak suka….
280
Example:
Manipulating the controls, Delta- Delta-Two segera mengatur
Two switched on the robot’s sound pengendali dengan menyalakan
sensors, oriented the microbot’s sensor suara pada robot,
parabolic amplifier, and decreased mengarahkan amplifier parabolis
the robot’s elevation until it was ten robot, dan mengurangi
feet over the scientists’ heads. ketinggiannya hingga menjadi
The transmission was faint, but sepuiuh kaki di atas kepala kedua
discernible. ilmuwan tersebut. Transmisinya
Brown, D. (2001). Deception Point. tidak jelas, namun masih dapat
P. 18. New York: Pocket Books. ditangkap.
Comment:
…faint… is positive and it is translated into its antonym clear, of which the
translation is jelas combined with a negation element tidak, so it becomes
…tidak jelas….
281
Semantic strategy
b. Antonymy
Chesterman (2000) stated that “The translator selects an antonym and
combines this with a negation element” (p. 110).
Example:
“You have a skeptical look "Kau sepertinya tidak percaya," kata Presiden
on your face,” the President yang sedang mengamati kecurigaan Rachel.
said, eyeing her askance. Brown, D. (2006). Titik Muslihat. (I.B.
Brown, D. (2001). Deception Koesalamwardi & H.M. Tanaja, Trans.).
Point. P. 30. New York: Jakarta: PT. Serambi Ilmu Semesta. P. 46.
Pocket Books. (Original work published 2001).
Comment:
…skeptical… is positive and it is translated into its antonym believe, of
which the translation is percaya combined with a negation element tidak, so
it becomes …tidak percaya….
Theory 1
Larson (1998) stated that:
282
obtained. (p. 173)
Example 1:
“Absurd! Does the President have "Sungguh tidak masuk akal! Apakah
the power to do something about Presiden memiliki kewenangan untuk
that?” melakukan sesuatu terhadap masalah
Brown, D. (2001). Deception Point. itu?" Brown, D. (2006). Titik
P. 23. New York: Pocket Books. Muslihat. (I.B. Koesalamwardi &
H.M. Tanaja, Trans.). Jakarta: PT.
Comment:
Absurd is positive and it is translated into its antonym rational, of
which the translation is masuk akal combined with a negation
element tidak, so it becomes …tidak masuk akal.
Example 2:
Although the hole was clearly Walau lubang besar itu jelas
visible, any curious soul who terlihat, siapa pun yang datang
ventured too close and accidentally terlalu dekat dan tidak sengaja
283
slipped in would be in dire jeopardy. terpeleset akan celaka.
Brown, D. (2001). Deception Point. Brown, D. (2006). Titik Muslihat.
P. 69. New York: Pocket Books. (I.B. Koesalamwardi & H.M.
Comment:
…accidentally… is positive and it is translated into its antonym
deliberately, of which the translation is sengaja combined with a
negation element tidak, so it becomes …tidak sengaja.
Theory 2
Fawcett (1997) found that “Antonymic translation is translation by
............................................................................................................
useful” (p. 31).
Example 1:
Despite having ascended to the WALAU MENDUDUKI
most powerful political office in lembaga politis yang paling
the world, President Zachary berkuasa di dunia, Presiden
284
Herney was average in height, Zachary Herney hanyalah
with a slender build and narrow seorang lelaki dengan tinggi
shoulders. rata-rata, bertubuh ramping,
Brown, D. (2001). Deception dan memiliki bahu yang tidak
Point. P. 24. New York: Pocket terlalu lebar.
Books. Brown, D. (2006). Titik
Muslihat. (I.B. Koesalamwardi
& H.M. Tanaja, Trans.). Jakarta:
PT. Serambi Ilmu Semesta. P.
2001).
Comment:
…narrow… is positive and it is translated into its antonym wide, of
which the translation is lebar combined with a negation element
tidak, so it becomes …tidak terlalu lebar.
Example 2:
Even in that vile contraption you Sekalipun Anda mengirimkan
sent me up here in, I couldn’t get pesawat yang tidak menyenangkan
back to the White House for yang tadi mengantar saya ke sini,
another couple of hours at the saya hanya dapat kembali ke
very fastest. Gedung Putih paling cepat dalam
Brown, D. (2001). Deception dua jam.
285
Point. P. 77. New York: Pocket Brown, D. (2006). Titik Muslihat.
Books. (I.B. Koesalamwardi & H.M.
Comment:
…vile… is positive and it is translated into its antonym pleasant, of
which the translation is menyenangkan combined with a negation
element tidak, so it becomes …tidak menyenangkan.
286
Data 23 – Cohesion Device (Intratextual reference)
A simple backup system might entail e- Sistem back up sederhana mungkin
mailing yourself copies of projects in mengharuskan mengirim salinan proyek
progress so that you can work on them from yang sedang Anda kerjakan melalui surat
another computer. elektronik kepada diri Anda sendiri agar
Anda dapat mengerjakan proyek tersebut
dari komputer lain.
Comment:
The English pronoun …them… in the source text is a cohesion device belongings
to intra-textual reference, and it is translated into a noun, namely proyek, because it
refers to copies of projects.
original.
………………………………………………………………………………
order of words” (Duff, 1990, pp. 10-11).
In this research, the researcher/translator translated a pronoun which is a
cohesion device in the source text into its reference in the target text.
287
Example:
“So — straight into it. Curses. They "Jadi... langsung ke pokok masalah.
come in many strengths and forms. Kutukan. Ada bermacam-macam
Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry Potter bentuk dan kekuatan kutukan.
and the Goblet of Fire. P.211. New Rowling, J.K. (2001). Harry Potter
published 2000).
Comment:
The English pronoun They… in the source text is a cohesion device
belongings to intra-textual reference, and it is translated into a noun, namely
kutukan, because it refers to the curses.
Syntactic strategies
Cohesion change
Chesterman (2000) found that this strategy refers to “…something that
affects intratextual reference, ellipsis, substitution, pronomalization and
repetition, or the use of connector of various kinds.” (pp. 87-116)
288
Example:
“Pain,” said Moody softly. “You "Kesakitan," kata Moody pelan.
don’t need thumbscrews or knives to "Kau tak memerlukan obeng atau
torture someone if you can perform pisau untuk menyiksa orang kalau
the Cruciatus kau bisa melakukan Kutukan
Curse. . . . That one was very Cruciatus... Kutukan itu juga sangat
popular once too. populer.
and the Goblet of Fire. P.215. New dan Piala Api. (L. Srisanti, Trans.).
published 2000).
Comment:
The English pronoun That… in the source text is a cohesion device
belongings to intra-textual reference, and it is translated into a noun, namely
kutukan, because it refers to the cruciatus curse.
Theory 1
• Larson (1984) found the following that:
There are many devices which give cohesion to a
text. The particular device which is used, and even
the ways in which they are used, will vary from
289
language to language. Such cohesion devices as
pronouns,… if translated one-for-one from the source
language into the receptor language, will almost
certainly distort the meaning intended by the original
author. (p. 394)
Example 1:
“I’m going to bed,” said Harry "Aku mau tidur," kata Harry
shortly. “See you in the pendek. "Sampai besok."
morning.” Di atas dalam kamarnya Harry
Upstairs in the dormitory he memakai piamanya dan naik ke
pulled on his pajamas and got atas tempat tidurnya, tetapi dia
into his four-poster, but he didn’t sama sekali tidak lelah.
feel remotely tired. Rowling, J.K. (2001). Harry
Potter and the Goblet of Fire. Srisanti, Trans.). Jakarta: PT.
P.227. New York: Scholastic Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Press. P.277. (Original work published
2000).
Comment:
The English pronoun …he… in the source text is a cohesion device
namely Harry, because it refers to Harry.
290
Example 2:
By the time Harry arrived in the SAAT Harry tiba di dapur,
kitchen, the three Dursleys were ketiga anggota keluarga Dursley
already seated around the table. sudah duduk mengitari meja.
None of them looked up as he Tak seorang pun menoleh ketika
entered or sat down. Harry masuk dan duduk.
Press. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. P.37.
Comment:
The English pronoun …he… in the source text is a cohesion device
namely Harry, because it refers to Harry.
Theory 2
• Baker (1992) stated that
Cohesion is the network of lexical, grammatical, and other
relations which provide links between various parts of a text.
These relations or ties organize and, to some extent create a
text, for instance by requiring the reader to interpret words
and expressions by reference to other words and expressions
291
in the surrounding sentences and paragraphs. Cohesion is a
surface relation; it connects together the actual words and
expressions that we can see or hear (p. 180).
Example 1:
“Accio! Accio! Accio!” she "Accio! Accio! Accio!"
shouted, and toffees zoomed teriaknya, dan permen
from all sorts of unlikely places, beterbangan dari segala tempat
including the lining of George’s yang tak terduga, seperti lapisan
jacket and the turn-ups of Fred’s jaket George dan lipatan kaki
jeans. celana jins Fred.
“We spent six months "Kami menghabiskan enam
developing those!” Fred shouted bulan membuatnya!" Fred
at his mother as she threw the berteriak kepada ibunya ketika
toffees away. Mrs Weasley membuang
Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry permen-permen itu.
P.68. New York: Scholastic Potter dan Piala Api. (L.
Press. Srisanti, Trans.). Jakarta: PT.
292
Comment:
The English pronoun …she… in the source text is a cohesion device
namely Mrs Weasley, because it refers to Mrs Weasley.
Example 2:
“Oh a fine way to spend six "Oh, cara bagus untuk
months!” she shrieked. “No menghabiskan enam bulan!" jerit
wonder you didn’t get more Mrs Weasley. "Pantas saja
O.W.L.s!” kalian tidak dapat OWL
Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry lebih tinggi!"
P.69. New York: Scholastic Potter dan Piala Api. (L.
Press. Srisanti, Trans.). Jakarta: PT.
Comment:
The English pronoun …she… in the source text is a cohesion device
namely Mrs Weasley, because it refers to Mrs Weasley.
293
Data 24 – Clause Structure Change (Active to Passive)
All of these are important items to consider Semua hal tersebut adalah berbagai tela
when planning your computer system. penting untuk dipertimbangkan ketika
merencanakan sistem komputer Anda.
Comment:
The word …consider… which is an active verb is translated into passive voice,
namely to be considered which is translated into …dipertimbangkan… in
Indonesian. So, there is a change in the clause structure.
b. Form. “The ordering of words and ideas in the translation should match
the original as closely as possible.
........................................................................................................................
But differences in language structure often require changes in the form and
order of words (Duff, 1990, p.10).
Example:
Perhaps there was truth in what Mungkin apa yang dikatakan
Malfoy had said; perhaps Hermione Malfoy ada benarnya. Mungkin
was in more danger than they were. keadaan Hermione lebih rawan
Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry Potter daripada mereka.
and the Goblet of Fire. P. 125. New Rowling, J.K. (2001). Harry Potter
294
Utama. P. 154. (Original work
published 2000).
Comment:
The word ...had said... which is an active verb is translated into a passive
voice, namely had been said which is translated into …dikatakan… in the
Indonesian language. So, there is a change in the clause structure.
Syntactic strategy
f. Clause structure change
“...changes that have to do with the structure of the clause in terms of its
constituent phrases. Various subclasses include ... active versus passive
voice ...” (Chesterman, 2000, p. 96).
Example:
He moved quickly around Mr. Dia bergerak cepat melewati Mr
Diggory and strode off toward the Diggory dan berjalan ke arah tempat
place where he had found Winky. Winky ditemukan.
and the Goblet of Fire. P. 132. New dan Piala Api. (L. Srisanti, Trans.).
published 2000).
295
Comment:
The phrase ...had found... which is active is translated into passive voice,
namely had been found which is translated into …ditemukan… in the
Indonesian language. So, there is a change in the clause structure.
Example 1:
O.W.L.s were Ordinary OWL adalah Ordinary
Wizarding Levels, the Wizarding Level atau Level
examinations Hogwarts students Sihir Umum, ujian yang
took at the age of fifteen. ditempuh murid-murid
Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry Hogwarts saat mereka berusia
Potter and the Goblet of Fire. P. lima belas tahun.
55. New York: Scholastic Press. Rowling, J.K. (2001). Harry
Potter dan Piala Api. (L.
296
Comment:
The word …took… which is an active verb is translated into passive
voice, namely was taken by which is translated into …ditempuh…
in Indonesian. So, there is a change in the clause structure.
Example 2:
Ron’s and Hermione’s reactions Reaksi Ron dan Hermione nyaris
were almost exactly as Harry persis seperti yang dibayangkan
had imagined them back in his Harry dalam kamarnya di Privet
bedroom on Privet Drive. Drive.
Potter and the Goblet of Fire. P. Potter dan Piala Api. (L.
149. New York: Scholastic Srisanti, Trans.). Jakarta: PT.
Press. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. P.
2000).
Comment:
The phrase ...had imagined... which is active is translated into
passive voice, namely had been imagined which is translated into
…dibayangkan… in the Indonesian language. So, there is a change
in the clause structure.
297
following lines:
............................................................................................................
Example 1:
Hermione was immersed in The Hermione asyik membaca Kitab
Standard Book of Spells, Grade Mantra Standar, Tingkat 4, yang
4, copies of which Mrs. Weasley telah dibelikan Mrs Weasley
had bought for her, Harry, and untuknya, Harry, dan Ron di
Ron in Diagon Alley. Diagon Alley.
Potter and the Goblet of Fire. P. Potter dan Piala Api. (L. Srisanti,
152. New York: Scholastic Trans.). Jakarta: PT. Gramedia
Press. Pustaka Utama. P. 188. (Original
Comment:
The phrase ...had bought... which is active is translated into passive
voice, namely had been bought which is translated into
…dibelikan… in the Indonesian language. So, there is a change in
the clause structure.
298
Example 2:
Charlie was darning a fireproof Charlie sedang menisik
balaclava. Harry was polishing balaclava tahan-api. Harry
his Firebolt, the broomstick menggosok Firebolt-nya,
servicing kit Hermione had perangkat pemeliharaan sapu
given him for his thirteenth yang diberikan Hermione
birthday open at his feet. sebagai hadiah ulang tahunnya
Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry yang ketiga belas terbuka di
Potter and the Goblet of Fire. P. kakinya.
152. New York: Scholastic Rowling, J.K. (2001). Harry
Press. Potter dan Piala Api. (L.
Gramedia Pustaka Utama. P.
2000).
Comment:
The phrase ...had given... which is active is translated into passive
voice, namely had been given which is translated into
…diberikan… in the Indonesian language. So, there is a change in
299
Data 25 – Clause Structure Change (Active to Passive)
Translators need a lot of skills besides Penerjemah membutuhkan banyak keahlian
fluency in at least two languages; translators selain kefasihan dalam setidaknya dua
need to be excellent writers in their native bahasa; penerjemah diharuskan untuk
language and need to be interested in and menjadi penulis yang sangat baik dalam
skilled at terminology research using both bahasa asli mereka dan diharuskan untuk
paper dictionaries and the Internet. memiliki minat dan kemampuan dalam
penelitian peristilahan dengan
menggunakan kamus cetakan dan kamus
internet.
Comment:
The word …need… which is an active verb is translated into passive voice
…diharuskan… in Indonesian. So, there is a change in the clause structure.
b. Form. “The ordering of words and ideas in the translation should match
the original as closely as possible.
........................................................................................................................
But differences in language structure often require changes in the form and
order of words (Duff, 1990, p.10).
Example:
“And it begins — and ends — with "Dan cerita ini diawali — dan
300
my young friend here.” diakhiri — oleh teman kecilku ini.”
and the Goblet of Fire. P. 652. New dan Piala Api. (L. Srisanti, Trans.).
published 2000).
Comment:
The two words ...begins — and ends... which are active verbs are translated
into passive voices …diawali — dan diakhiri… in the Indonesian language.
So, there is a change in the clause structure.
Syntactic strategy
f. Clause structure change
“...changes that have to do with the structure of the clause in terms of its
constituent phrases. Various subclasses include ... active versus passive
voice ...” (Chesterman, 2000, p. 96).
Example:
“Not once, in over a thousand "Tak satu kali pun, dalam buku
pages, does Hogwarts, A History Sejarah Hogwarts yang tebalnya lebih
mention that we are all colluding in dari seribu halaman ini disebutkan
the oppression of a hundred slaves!” bahwa kita semua berkolusi dalam
Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry Potter penindasan seratus budak!"
301
and the Goblet of Fire. P. 238. New Rowling, J.K. (2001). Harry Potter
Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
2000).
Comment:
The word ...mention... which is an active verb is translated into passive
voice …disebutkan… in the Indonesian language. So, there is a change in
Example 1:
Harry pulled off Sirius’s reply Harry menarik jawaban Sirius
and offered Hedwig his bacon dan menawarkan daging asapnya
rinds, which she ate gratefully. kepada Hedwig, yang
Rowling, J.K. (2000). Harry dimakannya dengan penuh
Potter and the Goblet of Fire. terima kasih.
P. 240. New York: Scholastic Rowling, J.K. (2001). Harry
Press. Potter dan Piala Api. (L.
302
Gramedia Pustaka Utama. P.
2000).
Comment:
The word ...ate... which is an active verb is translated into passive
voice …dimakannya… in the Indonesian language. So, there is a
change in the clause structure.
Example 2:
The class looked dispiritedly at Seluruh kelas memandang
the enormous boxes Hagrid had dengan putus asa kotak-kotak
brought out, all lined with besar yang dikeluarkan Hagrid.
pillows and fluffy blankets. Rowling, J.K. (2001). Harry
Potter and the Goblet of Fire. P. Srisanti, Trans.). Jakarta: PT.
368. New York: Scholastic Gramedia Pustaka Utama. P.
Press. 451-452. (Original work
published 2000).
Comment:
The phrase ...had brought out... which is active is translated into
passive voice …dikeluarkan… in the Indonesian language. So, there
is a change in the clause structure.
303
following lines:
............................................................................................................
Example 1:
I bet he’s learning loads. Pasti banyak sekali yang
Rowling, J.K. (1999). Harry dipelajarinya.
Azkaban. P. 11. New York: Potter dan Tawanan Azkaban.
Scholastic Press. (L. Srisanti, Trans.). Jakarta: PT.
Comment:
The word ...learning... which is an active verb is translated into
passive voice …dipelajarinya… in the Indonesian language. So,
there is a change in the clause structure.
Example 2:
It had happened when the car the Terjadinya ketika mobil yang
two of them had been flying to diterbangkan mereka berdua ke
Hogwarts had crashed into a tree Hogwarts menabrak pohon di
on the school grounds. halaman sekolah.
304
Potter and the Prisoner of Potter dan Tawanan Azkaban.
Azkaban. P. 9. New York: (L. Srisanti, Trans.). Jakarta: PT.
Scholastic Press. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. P. 14-
1999).
Comment:
The phrase ...had been flying... which is active is translated into
passive voice …diterbangkan… in the Indonesian language. So,
there is a change in the clause structure.
305
4.2 Synthesis
The result of the analysis is synthesized as follows. Of the 167 data found
during the process of translation, the researcher/translator has analyzed the 25 data
which are the most difficult ones. The translation strategies used for analyzing these
25 data are:
1. Syntactic Strategies
1) Unit Shift (2 data)
2) Clause Structure Change: Active to Passive (2 data)
3) Loan, Calque (2 data loan, 2 data calque)
4) Transposition (2 data)
5) Cohesion Change (1 Datum)
2. Semantic Strategies
1) Antonymy (2 data)
2) Distribution Change: Expansion (2 data), Compression (2 data)
3) Paraphrase: Idiom (2 data), Phrasal Verb (2 data)
3. Pragmatic Strategies
1) Information Change (2 data)
2) Explicitness Change: Explicit to Implicit (2 data)
The principles of translation used for analyzing these 25 data are:
1. Meaning (8 data)
2. Idiom (4 data)
3. Form (2 data)
4. Style and Clarity (9 data)
5. Registers (2 data)
306
4.3 Findings
The analysis of the data was based on the principles of translation according
to Duff (1990, pp. 10-11) and translation strategies according to Chesterman (2000,
pp. 87-116). All in all there are 30 translation strategies and 13 principles of
translation. Based on the result of the analysis, it was found that not all of the 30
translation strategies and the 13 principles of translation were used. Only 13
translation strategies and 5 principles of translation were used because there were
only 25 data analyzed. It means that supposing the researcher had analyzed more
than 25 data, all the translation strategies and all the principles of translation might
have been employed.
4.4 Implication of the research
The implication of this research is that translation involves at least two
languages, namely English and Indonesian, as such: (1) the researcher/translator
should master the English language as well as the Indonesian language; (2) the
researcher/translator should master the theories of translation, including principles
of translation and translation strategies, as well as the theories of both languages;
(3) the researcher/translator should be competent in using computer software,
especially Microsoft Office; (4) a translator works alone and has no friends, the
only friends the translator has are dictionaries.
307
CHAPTER V
DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Discussion
Based on the findings, the researcher found that several translation
strategies and the principles of translation were not used because it depended on the
problems faced by the researcher/translator in the translation process. There were
seven translation strategies which were not used in this research, they were 1)
Phrase structure change. The reason why this strategy was not used was that there
were no changes at the level of phrases, including number, definiteness and
modification in the noun phrase, person, tense and mode in the verb phrase. 2)
Sentence structure change. This strategy was not used because there were no
changes between main-clause and sub-clause status and sub-clause types in the
translation process. 3) Level shift. This strategy was not employed because there
were no changes in the level shift of phonology, morphology, syntax and lexis
because there was no equivalent phonology, morphology, syntax and lexis in the
target text found during the translation process. 4) Scheme change. This strategy
was not used because rhetorical schemata, such as parallelism, alliteration, metrical
rhythm and rhyming were not found during the translation process. 5) Converses.
This strategy is not used because the opposing viewpoints were not found in during
the translation process. 6) Abstraction change. The reason why this strategy is not
used is because the researcher/translator could not find sentences which should be
translated from abstract to concrete or vice versa. 7) Other semantic changes. The
reason why the researcher/translator did not use this strategy is because the
308
changing of modulations of various kinds, such as the change of physical sense or
deictic direction was not found in the text that has been translated by the
researcher/translator.
Supposing the whole book has been translated, not only 15.000 words, then
maybe more difficulties/problems/data will be found and it may lead to the use of
all the items of the principles of translation, as well as the translation strategies.
That the researcher/translator has translated only 15.000 words instead of the whole
book is one of the weakness of this research. So is the case with theories of
translation and theories of languages, only the relevant ones have been used by the
researcher/translator. The researcher/translator is quite certain that there are more
theories of translation that can be employed. However, not all of them are acessible
for the researcher/translator. This fact is the second weaknesses of this research.
5.2 Conclusion
This annotated translation research which belong to the area of translation
with commentary has two problems namely: (1) What are the difficulties
encountered by the researcher/translator during the process of translation? and, (2)
How are those difficulties solved in the translation? The first problem is very
important for the researcher/translator as this research is the ultimate result of the
translation study. In translating, the researcher/translator will find difficulties in
looking for the equivalents in the target language. Those difficulties should
especially be stressed here as one of the procedure in the course of translating as the
researcher/translator has to prove his capability in translating. The second problems
309
is as much more important as it shows the competence of the researcher in solving
the problems he has encountered.
As stated in the finding, not all language theories, translation theories,
translation strategies, and principles of translation are used for analyzing, due to the
limited number of the data.
5.3 Recommendation
The researcher/translator recommends other researcher who are interested in
the same topic, annotated translation, to use Indonesian source text to be translated
into English target text and also to collect more data in order to make a more
ellaborate analysis.
310
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APPENDIX
Page/
Source Language Target Language
Para
1 How to Succeed as a Freelance Cara untuk Berhasil sebagai
Translator Penerjemah Lepas
9 Introduction Kata Pengantar
9/1 I decided to write this book because I Saya memutuskan untuk menulis
love my job, and because so few buku ini karena saya mencintai
bilingual people are aware of the high pekerjaan saya, dan karena begitu
demand for qualified translators and sedikitnya orang yang pandai
interpreters, or of the lifestyle berdwibahasa menyadari tingginya
benefits of being a language permintaan penerjemah lisan dan
entrepreneur. tulisan yang memenuhi syarat, atau
keuntungan gaya hidup yang
diperoleh menjadi wirausahawan
dalam bidang bahasa.
9/1 In 2002, I was looking for a new Pada tahun 2002, saya sedang
career after eight years as a high mencari karir baru setelah delapan
school French teacher, and hoping to tahun menjadi guru bahasa Perancis
find a work-from-home job using my di sekolah menengah atas, dan
language skills. berharap mendapatkan pekerjaan
yang dapat saya lakukan di rumah
dengan menggunakan keterampilan
bahasa saya.
314
I thought back to a translation Saya masih ingat ketika saya magang
internship that I had done in college, sebagai penerjemah di kampus saya
and remembered how much I had dulu, dan ingat betapa saya
enjoyed it. menikmatinya.
9/1 At the time, I had almost no Pada waktu itu, saya hampir tidak
knowledge of the translation industry memiliki pengetahuan tentang
nor any job contacts, so I started out industri penerjemahan ataupun
by calling every company listed kenalan dalam dunia kerja, jadi saya
under Translators and Interpreters in memulainya dengan menelpon setiap
the local yellow pages. perusahaan yang terdaftar dalam
Penerjemah Lisan dan Tulisan dari
halaman periklanan.
9/1 Over the next few months I became Selama beberapa bulan kedepan, saya
involved with my local translators menjalin hubungan dengan
association, the American Translators perhimpunan penerjemah setempat,
Association (ATA), and began American Transators Association
getting some calls for translation (ATA) atau Perhimpunan Penerjemah
work. Amerika, dan mulai mendapatkan
panggilan untuk menerjemahkan.
9/1 A year and some 400 résumés later, I Kemudian setelah setahun dan 400
passed the ATA certification exam in ringkasan terjemahan, saya lulus
French to English translation, and my ujian sertifikasi ATA dalam
business continued to grow, while penerjemahan bahasa Perancis ke
still allowing me to work from home bahasa Inggris, dan usaha terjemahan
315
on a flexible schedule, earning a saya pun terus berkembang,
healthy income and spending plenty sementara masih memungkinkan saya
of time with my family. untuk bekerja dari rumah dengan
jadwal yang mudah diatur,
memperoleh penghasilan yang
lumayan dan saya juga dapat
menghabiskan banyak waktu dengan
keluarga saya.
9/2 Although I spent most of that first Meskipun saya menghabiskan
year marketing my fledgling sebagian besar tahun pertama tersebut
business, the effort paid off; after memasarkan usaha terjemahan saya
three years as a freelance translator I yang masih baru, upaya saya
earned my highest gross income ever membuahkan hasil; setelah tiga tahun
(including when I worked full-time as menjadi penerjemah lepas, saya
a teacher) while working 20-30 hours memperoleh pendapatan kotor yang
a week from home. paling tinggi yang pernah saya terima
(termasuk ketika saya bekerja penuh
waktu sebagai guru) sementara
bekerja 20-30 jam per minggu dari
rumah.
9/2 I developed specializations in legal, Saya mengembangkan keahlian
financial and marketing translation, dalam penerjemahan di bidang
edited my local translators association hukum, keuangan, dan pemasaran,
newsletter, presented seminars at the menyunting berita berkala
316
annual conference of the American perkumpulan penerjemah setempat,
Translators Association and often menyajikan seminar di pertemuan
found myself exclaiming, "This is so tahunan Perkumpulan Penerjemah
interesting!" while working on a Amerika, dan sering kali menemukan
translation—in short, I had found my diri saya berseru, “Ini sangat
niche. menarik!” sementara mengerjakan
penerjemahan—pendeknya, saya
telah menemukan pekerjaan impian
saya.
9-10/3 At the same time, the path from that Pada waktu yang bersamaan, jalur
day with the phone book to the day I mulai dari hari dengan buku telepon
told a client, "Sorry, I'm booked for hingga hari saya berkata pada
the next two weeks" was harder than pelanggan saya “Maaf, saya sibuk
it had to be, because there is a real untuk dua minggu kedepan” lebih
shortage of training materials on how sulit daripada yang seharusnya,
to run a translation business. karena ada kekurangan bahan
pelatihan yang nyata tentang cara
menjalankan usaha terjemahan.
10/3 Most translators enter the field Kebanyakan penerjemah memasuki
because they love languages and lapangan pekerjaan ini karena mereka
writing, not because they love mencintai bahasa dan menulis, bukan
marketing and bookkeeping, but karena mereka mencintai pemasaran
many translators' businesses fail dan pembukuan, tapi banyak usaha
because they lack basic business terjemahan yang gagal karena mereka
317
skills. tidak memiliki cukup keterampilan
usaha dasar.
10/3 If you'd like to succeed as a freelance Jika Anda ingin berhasil sebagai
translator, it's definitely important to penerjemah lepas, jelas sangat
pursue training in translation penting untuk mengikuti pelatihan di
techniques, translation software, and teknik penerjemahan, mengikuti
other tools of the trade, but these pelatihan di piranti lunak
types of courses are easier to locate. penerjemahan, dan sarana lain yang
berhubungan dengan penerjemahan,
tapi jenis pelatihan seperti ini lebih
mudah ditemukan.
10/3 Part of the reason I decided to write Sebagian dari alasan saya
this book was because, having never memutuskan untuk menulis buku ini
run my own business before, I adalah karena, tanpa adanya
struggled so much with these basic pengalaman menjalankan usaha
business questions: how and where to terjemahan saya sendiri sebelumnya,
find prospective clients, how to saya berjuang begitu keras dengan
pursue translator certification, how to berbagai pertanyaan usaha dasar: cara
decide whether expensive computer dan tempat memperoleh pelanggan,
software would help my business, cara untuk menjadi penerjemah yang
how to set my translation rates, and memenuhi syarat, cara untuk
so on. memutuskan apakah piranti lunak
komputer yang mahal akan
membantu usaha terjemahan saya,
318
cara untuk menentukan ongkos
terjemahan saya, dan sebagainya.
10/4 This book is based on the article Buku ini berdasarkan pada karya tulis
Getting Started as a Freelance Getting Started as a Freelance
Translator, which first appeared on Translator, yang pertama kali muncul
my website and was picked up by di situs saya dan digunakan oleh
several translation websites. beberapa situs terjemahan.
10/4 Later, I expanded that article into an Kemudian, saya memperluas karya
online course that has continued to be tulis tersebut menjadi pelatihan
very popular with aspiring translators. daring yang terus menjadi sangat
terkenal di antara para calon
penerjemah.
10/4 Following the success of the course, I Menyusul keberhasilan pelatihan
realized that there must be many daring tersebut, saya menyadari
more people out there wondering how bahwa pasti ada lebih banyak orang
to use their language skills to break diluar sana yang bertanya-tanya cara
into the translation industry, and the menggunakan keterampilan bahasa
idea for this book was born. mereka untuk terjun kedalam industri
penerjemahan, dan gagasan untuk
menulis buku ini pun lahir.
10 The good news about translation Kabar baik mengenai terjemahan
10/5 If you're considering a career as a Pertimbangkanlah karir sebagai
translator, there's a lot to look penerjemah, karena ada banyak hal
forward to. yang dapat Anda nantikan dari
319
pekerjaan ini.
10/5 Given the global reach of businesses Menimbang jangkauan perusahaan
in the 21st century, translators are yang mendunia di abad ke-21 ini,
employed in almost every penerjemah dipekerjakan hampir di
conceivable business sector, from setiap bidang usaha yang dapat Anda
banking to museums to health care to bayangkan, dari perbankan hingga
high-tech. museum hingga perawatan kesehatan
hingga teknologi tinggi.
10/5 If you have a special skill or interest Jika Anda memiliki keterampilan
in addition to being bilingual, you're khusus atau minat sebagai tambahan
almost sure to find clients who will memiliki kemampuan berdwibahasa,
pay for your services, and you'll get Anda dipastikan akan menemukan
to work on materials that interest you. pelanggan yang mau membayar jasa
Anda, dan Anda pun akan
menerjemahkan nas yang Anda
minati.
10/5 Overall, the United States Bureau of Secara keseluruhan, Biro Statistik
Labor Statistics http://bls.gov projects Ketenagakerjaan Amerika Serikat
that job prospects for translators and http://bls.gov memperkirakan bahwa
interpreters will increase faster than kesempatan kerja bagi penerjemah
the average until at least 2014. lisan dan tulisan akan meningkat
lebih cepat dari biasanya sampai
setidaknya tahun 2014.
320
10-11/5 Translators are usually well paid for Penerjemah biasanya dibayar mahal
their work, with the most recent atas pekerjaan mereka, berdasarkan
compensation survey by the laporan sigi mengenai imbalan paling
American Translators Association terbaru oleh Perkumpulan
reporting that the average self- Penerjemah Amerika yang
employed full-time translator earns menyatakan bahwa penerjemah
over $50,000 per year. penuh waktu yang bekerja sendiri
biasanya mendapatkan hampir 700
juta rupiah per tahun.
11/5 Most translators, even if they work 40 Kebanyakan penerjemah, meski
hours a week or more, live a very mereka bekerja 40 jam per minggu
self-directed lifestyle and can tailor atau lebih, menjalani gaya hidup yang
their work day around other interests sangat mandiri dan dapat
or commitments such as families. menyesuaikan hari kerja mereka
dengan kepentingan atau tanggung
jawab lain seperti keluarga.
11 The good news about virtual work Kabar baik mengenai kerja maya
11/6 In publicizing their work-from-home Dalam menerbitkan The Rat Race
newsletter The Rat Race Rebellion, Rebellion, berita berkala kerja-rumah
the e-entrepreneurship specialists (work-from-home / home-based), ahli
Staffcentrix http://staffcentrix.com kewirausahaan elektronik Staffcentrix
estimate that "There is a 30 to 1 scam http://staffcentrix.com
ratio among home-based work memperkirakan bahwa “Ada
'opportunities'." perbandingan penipuan sebanyak
321
30:1 di antara ‘kesempatan’ kerja-
rumah.”
11/6 Although there are definitely some Meskipun sudah pasti ada pelanggan
unscrupulous translation clients out penerjemahan yang curang di luar
there, translation itself is a great sana, penerjemahan itu sendiri
example of a legitimate work-from- merupakan contoh kesempatan kerja-
home opportunity. rumah yang dapat dibenarkan.
11/6 The vast majority of translators in the Sebagian besar penerjemah di
U.S. work from home, so translation Amerika Serikat bekerja dari rumah,
agencies are used to this business jadi usaha terjemahan sudah terbiasa
model, and don't think it's odd to dengan contoh usaha seperti ini, dan
employ translators who work from jangan merasa aneh menggunakan
home. jasa para penerjemah yang bekerja
dari rumah.
11/6 Home work has a lot of advantages Kerja di rumah memiliki banyak
for you as the home worker, and for keuntungan untuk Anda yang menjadi
your community as a whole. pekerja rumah, serta bagi masyarakat
Anda secara keseluruhan.
11/6 By working from home, you'll Dengan bekerja dari rumah, Anda
probably experience greater job mungkin akan mengalami kepuasan
satisfaction and less stress, since a kerja yang lebih besar dan mengalami
relatively minor disruption like a lebih sedikit tegangan, karena
dentist appointment or furnace repair gangguan yang nisbi kecil seperti
won't derail your entire work day. janji dengan dokter gigi atau
322
perbaikan perapian tidak akan
merusak seluruh hari kerja Anda.
11/6 Most of the time, you'll be able to Sering kali, Anda akan dapat
structure your work day around your menyusun hari kerja Anda
peak energy times and your family's berdasarkan kekuatan puncak dan
needs, rather than your employer's kebutuhan keluarga Anda, ketimbang
policies. kebijakan orang yang mempekerjakan
Anda.
11/6 Your commute will be as long as it Perjalanan Anda hanya akan sejauh
takes you to walk from your bedroom berjalan dari kamar tidur Anda ke
to your office and fire up the ruang kerja Anda dan Anda dapat
computer while still in your pajamas. menyalakan komputer Anda ketika
masih menggunakan baju tidur Anda.
11/6 Not surprisingly, most home workers Tak mengherankan jika kebanyakan
experience a greatly improved quality pekerja rumah mengalami
of life. peningkatan mutu hidup.
11/7 Likewise, working from home often Demikian juga, bekerja dari rumah
has a very positive effect on your terkadang memiliki pengaruh yang
community and the world as a whole. sangat positif pada masyarakat dan
dunia secara keseluruhan.
11/7 Less commuting means less traffic Berkurangnya perjalanan kerja berarti
congestion, less fuel usage and less berkurangnya kemacetan lalu lintas,
need for parking areas. berkurangnya penggunaan bahan
bakar, dan berkurangnya kebutuhan
323
tempat parkir.
11/7 Home-based workers are around Pekerja rumahan selalu ada pada
during the day, allowing them to waktu siang hari, memungkinkan
volunteer for school and community mereka untuk menjadi sukarelawan
activities and to be available for their untuk kegiatan sekolah dan
families. masyarakat dan juga selalu ada untuk
keluarga mereka.
11/7 A study by the International Sebuah penelitian yang dilakukan
Telework Association and Council oleh International Telework
(ITAC) found that home-based Association and Council (ITAC)
workers are absent from work less menemukan bahwa tingkat membolos
than half as often as office-based pekerja rumah hanya setengah dari
workers, leading to greater work tingkat membolos karyawan kantor,
productivity in general. yang mengarah kepada daya hasil
kerja yang lebih besar pada
umumnya.
12 Is freelance translation for you? Apakah pekerjaan sebagai
penerjemah lepas cocok untuk
Anda?
12/8 Despite all of these positive reports, Meski semua laporan ini positif,
it's very important to do some sangat penting untuk melakukan
realistic self-assessment to determine beberapa penilaian diri yang jujur
if a career as a freelance translator is untuk memutuskan apakah karir
for you. sebagai penerjemah lepas ini memang
324
cocok untuk Anda.
12/8 Translators need a lot of skills besides Penerjemah membutuhkan banyak
fluency in at least two languages; keahlian selain kefasihan dalam
translators need to be excellent setidaknya dua bahasa; penerjemah
writers in their native language and diharuskan untuk menjadi penulis
need to be interested in and skilled at yang sangat baik dalam bahasa asli
terminology research using both mereka dan diharuskan untuk
paper dictionaries and the Internet. memiliki minat dan kemampuan
dalam penelitian peristilahan dengan
menggunakan kamus cetakan dan
kamus internet.
12/8 Translators also need to be avid Para penerjemah juga harus sangat
readers in their native and non-native gemar membaca dalam bahasa ibu
languages in order to keep up their dan bahasa asing yang mereka kuasai
language skills and their knowledge agar mereka dapat mengimbangi
of world events. keterampilan bahasa mereka dan
pengetahuan mengenai seluruh
peristiwa dunia.
12/9 Equally important, and the subject Juga penting, dan pokok pembahasan
that we'll focus on in this book, is a yang akan kita pumpun dalam buku
translator's ability to run a business. ini, adalah kemampuan seorang
penerjemah untuk menjalankan usaha
terjemahan.
12/9 When you work full-time for an Ketika Anda bekerja penuh waktu
325
employer, you have one job title. untuk seseorang, Anda hanya
memiliki satu jabatan.
12/9 When you work for yourself, you're Ketika Anda bekerja sendiri, Anda
not only the translator, but also the bukan hanya seorang penerjemah,
department head for sales and tapi Anda juga merupakan kepala
marketing, technical support, bagian untuk penjualan dan
customer relations, accounting and pemasaran, untuk dukungan teknis,
facilities maintenance. untuk hubungan pelanggan, untuk
akuntansi dan untuk perawatan
fasilitas.
12/9 Unless you're willing and able to pay Kecuali jika Anda bersedia dan
someone to do these tasks for you, mampu membayar orang lain untuk
you'll be doing them yourself, in melakukan berbagai pekerjaan
addition to your regular job. tersebut, Anda harus melakukannya
seorang diri, di samping pekerjaan
tetap Anda.
21/10 Before you launch yourself into a Sebelum Anda terjun ke dalam karir
translation career, it's important to terjemahan, penting untuk
ask yourself a few questions. menanyakan diri Anda sendiri
beberapa pertanyaan.
12/10 Are you the type of person who is Apakah Anda jenis orang yang sering
often described as highly motivated, digambarkan sebagai orang yang
driven, a go-getter; or do you have memiliki semangat tinggi, terdorong,
trouble following through on a plan rajin dan giat; atau Anda memiliki
326
once the exciting idea stage is over? masalah dalam mengikuti rencana
selanjutnya ketika tahap yang
memukau tentang gagasan itu telah
berakhir?
12/10 Are you consistently able to meet Apakah Anda secara taat asas dapat
deadlines with almost no supervision memenuhi tenggat waktu dengan
or direction, or do you head off to tanpa adanya pengawasan atau
shopping websites as soon as the boss pengarahan, atau apakah Anda jenis
disappears? orang yang langsung mengunjungi
situs belanja sesaat setelah atasan
Anda pergi?
12/10 Do you have the multi-tasking skills Apakah Anda mempunyai
necessary to manage multiple clients keterampilan untuk sekaligus
and deadlines at once, or does this mengerjakan pekerjaan ganda yang
type of work leave you feeling diperlukan untuk mengurus beberapa
overwhelmed and wondering where pelanggan dan mengatur tenggat
to start? waktu, atau apakah jenis pekerjaan
seperti ini membuat Anda kewalahan
dan tidak tahu dari mana harus
memulainya?
12/11 In addition, it's important to factor in Sebagai tambahan, penting untuk
a start-up period of at least six memasukkan dalam rencana masa
months to a year when launching permulaan setidaknya enam bulan
your freelance business. hingga satu tahun ketika meluncurkan
327
usaha terjemahan lepas Anda.
12/11 Of course this is just an estimate, and Tentu saja ini hanya perkiraan, dan
the length of everyone's startup panjangnya masa permulaan setiap
period will vary, but for translators orang akan berbeda-beda, tapi untuk
who work in a relatively common para penerjemah yang bekerja dengan
language pair (for example French, pasangan bahasa yang cukup umum
Italian, German, Spanish or (misalnya Perancis, Italia, Jerman,
Portuguese paired with English), it's Spanyol atau Portugis yang
best to budget on at least six months dipasangkan dengan bahasa Inggris),
of doing a lot of marketing and sebaiknya menganggarkan biaya
working less than full time. selama setidaknya enam bulan untuk
sering melakukan pemasaran dan
kurang bekerja penuh waktu.
12- For some people, for example parents Bagi sebagian orang, misalnya orang
13/11 of small children or full-time students tua yang memiliki anak kecil atau
who are looking for some mahasiswa yang tidak bekerja yang
supplemental income, the spotty cash mencari penghasilan tambahan, arus
flow of a startup period may not be a keuangan yang naik turun dari masa
huge concern. permulaan mungkin tidak menjadi
keprihatinan besar.
13/11 If you're planning on translation as Jika Anda berniat untuk menjadikan
your full-time income, you'll need to penerjemahan sebagai penghasilan
either continue your current penuh waktu Anda, Anda harus
employment while your translation memilih antara melanjutkan
328
business gets up to speed, or plan on pekerjaan Anda yang sekarang hingga
living off your savings or a loan usaha terjemahan Anda berjalan
during this time. dengan baik, atau merencanakan
untuk hidup dari tabungan atau
pinjaman pada waktu seperti itu.
13/11 It can help to focus on the fact that Hal tersebut dapat membantu untuk
with a consistent and reasonably memumpun kepada kenyataan bahwa
aggressive marketing effort, you'll dengan upaya pemasaran yang taat
have years to enjoy your freelance asas dan cukup giat, bertahun-tahun
lifestyle and income after your startup selanjutnya, Anda akan menikmati
phase ends. gaya hidup dan pendapatan lepas
setelah tahap permulaan Anda
berakhir.
13/12 So to all of you out there wondering, Jadi untuk Anda semua di luar sana
"What exactly does someone with a yang bertanya-tanya, “Apa yang
degree in foreign languages do for a dilakukan seseorang yang memiliki
living?," I wish you happy reading, gelar berbagai bahasa asing sebagai
and hopefully, happy translating! mata pencahariannya?,” selamat
membaca, dan semoga, selamat
menerjemahkan!
43 2 Starting and Growing your 2 Memulai dan Mengembangkan
Freelance Translation Business Usaha Terjemahan Lepas Anda
43 2.1 Preparing for your job search 2.1 Mempersiapkan pencarian
pelanggan untuk usaha Anda
329
43/74 Whether you're just starting out as a Baik Anda baru saja memulai sebagai
translator or moving from in-house to penerjemah atau baru saja berpindah
freelance work, finding your first dari kerja di dalam rumah ke
clients is one of the biggest pekerjaan lepas, menemukan para
challenges you'll face. pelanggan pertama Anda adalah salah
satu tantangan terbesar yang akan
Anda hadapi.
43/74 For most beginning translators, it will Bagi kebanyakan penerjemah pemula,
be hard to find well-paying work akan sulit untuk menemukan
unless you have either a degree in pekerjaan yang bergaji tinggi kecuali
translation or some translation jika Anda mempunyai baik gelar
experience. dalam penerjemahan atau beberapa
pengalaman dalam penerjemahan.
43/74 If you have both excellent language Jika Anda mempunyai keterampilan
skills and work experience in a bahasa dan pengalaman kerja dalam
technical field, for example if you are bidang yang berkenaan dengan ilmu
a doctor and bilingual in Russian, it pengetahuan, misalnya jika Anda
may be worth sending off your adalah seorang dokter dan memiliki
résumé even without translation kemampuan berdwibahasa dalam
experience. bahasa Rusia, mungkin layak untuk
mengirimkan riwayat hidup Anda
bahkan tanpa pengalaman
menerjemahkan.
330
43/74 For the rest of us, it's important to Bagi kita yang tersisa, penting untuk
compose a file of samples and menyusun berkas contoh dan acuan
references before applying to sebelum mendaftar ke usaha
agencies or direct clients. terjemahan atau pelanggan secara
langsung.
43/74 Here are some ways to go about Berikut adalah beberapa cara untuk
beefing up your résumé if you're memantapkan riwayat hidup Anda
starting from zero. jika Anda memulai dari nol.
43 2.1.1 The basics of writing a 2.1.1 Beberapa dasar menulis
translation résumé ringkasan terjemahan
43/75 Having a translation-targeted résumé Mempunyai ringkasan terjemahan
is your most crucial first step in bersasaran adalah langkah pertama
starting your job search. yang paling penting dalam memulai
pencarian pelanggan untuk usaha
Anda.
43/75 Since some translation agencies will Karena beberapa usaha terjemahan
look only at your résumé, it's akan melihat hanya pada ringkasan
especially important to have a strong terjemahan Anda, penting terutama
one, as your cover letter may never be untuk memiliki ringkasan terjemahan
seen by the person responsible for yang taat asas, karena surat lamaran
delegating projects. Anda mungkin tidak akan pernah
terlihat oleh orang yang bertanggung
jawab untuk menentukan proyek.
43/75 If you are e-mailing your résumé, you Jika Anda mengirim ringkasan
331
should send it in either Microsoft terjemahan Anda dalam bentuk surat
Word format or as a PDF. elektronik, Anda harus mengirimnya
dalam bentuk Microsoft Word atau
dalam bentuk PDF.
43/75 Whatever the format of your résumé, Apa pun bentuk ringkasan terjemahan
it is absolutely imperative that it is Anda, mutlak penting bahwa
well written and contains no errors in ringkasan terjemahan tersebut ditulis
grammar or spelling. dengan baik dan tidak mengandung
kesalahan dalam tata bahasa atau
ejaan.
43- Remember, you are applying for Ingat, Anda sedang melamar untuk
44/75 language work—why would a pekerjaan mengenai bahasa—untuk
potential client trust this work to apa calon pelanggan mempercayakan
someone whose own application pekerjaan ini kepada seseorang yang
materials don't show evidence of ringkasan terjemahannya tidak
good language practices? menunjukkan penggunaan bahasa
yang baik?
44/75 Let's look at some important features Mari kita lihat beberapa ciri penting
of a well-written translator résumé. ringkasan terjemahan yang ditulis
dengan baik.
44 2.1.2 A new résumé for a new 2.1.2 Riwayat hidup baru untuk
career karir baru
44/76 As a beginning translator, the number Sebagai penerjemah pemula, hal
one thing your résumé needs to do is paling utama yang diperlukan dalam
332
convince a potential client to take a ringkasan terjemahan adalah
chance on you instead of giving the meyakinkan orang yang
job to a more experienced linguist. kemungkinan akan menjadi
pelanggan Anda untuk
mempertaruhkan kepercayaan kepada
Anda alih-alih memberikan pekerjaan
tersebut kepada ahli bahasa yang
lebih berpengalaman.
44/76 Many beginning translators fail from Banyak penerjemah pemula yang
the get-go because they use the same gagal dari awal karena mereka
résumé that they've been sending out menggunakan riwayat hidup yang
to look for a job in banking, health sama yang telah mereka kirim untuk
care, teaching or sales, wrongly mencari pekerjaan di bidang
assuming that they have nothing to perbankan, perawatan kesehatan,
write about their qualifications as a pendidikan atau penjualan,
translator. beranggapan dengan keliru bahwa
mereka tidak memiliki apapun untuk
ditulis mengenai kemampuan mereka
sebagai penerjemah.
44/76 If you are not familiar at all with Jika Anda tidak akrab dengan
writing a résumé, or with writing one menulis riwayat hidup, atau menulis
for the U.S., large online job search riwayat hidup khususnya di Amerika
sites such as Monster.com http: Serikat, situs cari kerja daring
//monster.com have extensive "career terbesar seperti Monster.com
333
search help" sections that can help mempunyai bagian “bantuan
you get started and learn how to pencarian karir” yang luas yang dapat
format your résumé. membantu Anda memulai dan belajar
cara menyusun riwayat hidup Anda.
44/76 Even if you are familiar with how to Walaupun Anda sudah akrab dengan
write a strong résumé, spend some cara menulis riwayat hidup yang
time on the Web looking at how other mantap, habiskan waktu sejenak di
translators present themselves; online Web sambil melihat cara para
translation portals such as Translators penerjemah lain menampilkan diri
Café http://translatorscafe.com and mereka sendiri; gerbang
ProZ.com http://proz.com are good penerjemahan daring seperti
places to start. Translator Café dan ProZ.com
merupakan tempat yang baik untuk
memulai.
44/77 The first step in the résumé Langkah pertama dalam proses
reinvention process is to think about pembuatan ulang riwayat hidup
and research what your potential adalah untuk memikirkan dan
clients are looking for in a translator. meneliti apa yang calon pelanggan
Anda cari dari seorang penerjemah.
44/77 Obviously they want someone who Jelas mereka menginginkan
knows at least two languages, but on seseorang yang mengetahui
top of that, think about what your setidaknya dua bahasa, tapi selain itu,
clients are seeking and what skills pikirkan tentang apa yang para
you can offer that you've already pelanggan cari dan kecakapan apa
334
developed in your current career. yang dapat Anda tawarkan yang
sudah Anda kembangkan dalam karir
Anda sekarang.
44/77 For example, translators need to be Misalnya, para penerjemah
able to work independently on tight diharuskan untuk bisa bekerja secara
deadlines without the oversight of a mandiri dengan tenggat waktu yang
boss. ketat tanpa pengawasan atasan.
44/77 Translators work on computers Para penerjemah bekerja dengan
almost all the time, and need to know komputer hampir setiap waktu, dan
how to use computers efficiently. perlu mengetahui cara menggunakan
komputer dengan berhasilguna.
44/77 Translators also need excellent Para penerjemah juga memerlukan
writing skills in their target language keterampilan menulis yang sangat
and excellent communications skills baik dalam bahasa sasaran mereka
to work well with clients. dan keterampilan berkomunikasi
yang luar biasa untuk bekerjasama
dengan para pelanggan.
44/77 Specialized translators need to know Penerjemah khusus perlu mengetahui
terminology in their areas of peristilahan dalam lingkup keahlian
specialization. mereka.
44/77 Some or all of these skills may be Beberapa atau semua keterampilan ini
transferable from your current career. dapat dipindahkan dari karir Anda
sekarang.
44- Therefore, it can be a good idea to Oleh karena itu, merupakan sebuah
335
45/77 start out your résumé-writing process gagasan yang baik untuk memulai
by thinking about or even writing proses menulis ringkasan terjemahan
down the key career skills you've Anda dengan memikirkan atau
developed that will make you a good bahkan menuliskan keterampilan
risk to a new client. karir penting yang telah Anda
kembangkan yang akan memberi
Anda kesempatan yang bagus untuk
pelanggan baru.
45 2.1.3 The structure of your résumé 2.1.3 Struktur riwayat hidup Anda
45/78 This section will focus mainly on Bagian ini akan memumpun terutama
writing a résumé for use in the U.S.. pada penulisan riwayat hidup yang
digunakan di A.S..
45/78 However, it is a good idea to have Namun, merupakan gagasan yang
résumés in both your source and cemerlang untuk memiliki riwayat
target languages so that you can apply hidup baik dalam bahasa sasaran dan
to translation agencies or direct bahasa sumber agar Anda dapat
clients in your non-native language melamar ke perusahaan terjemahan
countries. atau para pelanggan secara langsung
di berbagai negara yang berbahasa
sasaran.
45/78 Make sure to follow good translation Pastikan Anda sendiri mengikuti
practice yourself and have the résumé praktik penerjemahan yang baik dan
in your non-native language mintalah riwayat hidup dalam bahasa
proofread by a native speaker. sasaran Anda diperiksa oleh penutur
336
Asli.
45/78 Following are some factors to Berikut ini adalah beberapa faktor
consider when preparing your résumé untuk dipertimbangkan ketika
for use in the U.S. or abroad. mempersiapkan riwayat hidup Anda
untuk digunakan di A.S. atau di luar
negeri.
45 A résumé for use in the U.S. is quite Riwayat hidup yang digunakan di
streamlined compared to what's A.S. cukup sederhana bila
expected in many other countries. dibandingkan dengan riwayat hidup
yang diharapkan di banyak negara
lainnya.
45 It is generally only one page long, Riwayat hidup di A.S. biasanya
two pages at most, and does not hanya sebanyak satu lembar, paling
include much personal information banyak dua lembar, dan tidak
other than your name and contact mengikutsertakan banyak keterangan
information, including address, pribadi selain nama dan orang yang
telephone number and email address. dapat dihubungi, termasuk alamat,
nomor telepon, dan alamat surat
elektronik.
45 If you are going to be posting your Jika Anda akan memasang riwayat
résumé on the Internet, you might hidup Anda di Internet, ada baiknya
consider removing your physical jika Anda tidak mengikutsertakan
address from that version of your alamat pribadi Anda dalam bentuk
résumé. riwayat hidup Anda tersebut.
337
45 A U.S. résumé can be organized Riwayat hidup yang digunakan di
either chronologically (usually A.S. dapat disusun baik menurut
starting with your current job and urutan waktu (biasanya dimulai dari
then going in reverse), or functionally pekerjaan Anda yang sekarang
(using categories such as kemudian mundur ke pekerjaan awal
Professional Qualifications, Skills Anda), atau secara tepat guna
Summary etc.). (menggunakan kelompok seperti
Keahlian Berkirta, Ringkasan
Keterampilan, dll).
45 A résumé for the U.S. is always Riwayat hidup yang digunakan di
typeset (not hand written), and uses A.S. selalu diketik (tidak ditulis
lots of active verbs, tangan), dan banyak menggunakan
promoting the person's kata kerja aktif, mengiklankan
accomplishments: "established," pencapaian orang tersebut:
"created," "managed," etc. “mendirikan”, “menciptakan”,
“mengelola”, dll.
45 A U.S. résumé, as compared with Riwayat hidup yang digunakan di
résumés for other countries, also A.S., bila dibandingkan dengan
tends to emphasize what the riwayat hidup yang digunakan untuk
prospective employer will gain from negara lain, juga cenderung untuk
hiring the candidate, rather than what menegaskan apa yang calon majikan
the candidate would like to gain from akan dapatkan dari mempekerjakan
the employer. calon pekerja tersebut, bukan apa
yang calon pekerja tersebut ingin
338
peroleh dari sang majikan.
45 A résumé for use in Europe contains Riwayat hidup yang digunakan di
much more personal information. Eropa berisi lebih banyak keterangan
pribadi.
45-46 It is common to list your date and Merupakan hal yang umum untuk
place of birth, citizenship(s), marital menulis tempat dan tanggal lahir,
status, and sometimes even number of kewarganegaraan, status pernikahan,
children. dan terkadang bahkan jumlah anak.
46 A scanned photograph is also Foto yang dipindai juga terkadang
sometimes included. disertakan.
46 For a résumé intended for the U.S., Untuk riwayat hidup yang digunakan
note that this type of information di A.S., perlu dicatat bahwa jenis
should never be included on your keterangan seperti ini tidak boleh
U.S. résumé since it is actually illegal diikutsertakan dalam riwayat hidup
for employers to ask for it in most Anda yang digunakan di A.S. karena
cases. sebenarnya melanggar hukum bagi
para majikan untuk menanyakan
tentang hal itu dalam sebagian besar
peristiwa.
46 If you send a European résumé Jika Anda mengirim riwayat hidup
through the mail, it is sometimes seen yang digunakan di Eropa melalui pos,
as a "plus" to send a hand written terkadang menjadi hal “tambahan”
résumé and cover letter. bila riwayat hidup dan sampul surat
tersebut ditulis dengan tangan.
339
46 Many European employers feel that a Para majikan di Eropa merasa bahwa
hand written résumé or cover letter riwayat hidup atau sampul surat yang
lets them evaluate your language ditulis dengan tangan memungkinkan
skills and may also be submitted for mereka untuk menilai keterampilan
an analysis of your personal traits as bahasa dan dapat juga diajukan
revealed through your handwriting. sebagai telaah berbagai sifat pribadi
Anda yang dapat diungkapkan
melalui tulisan tangan Anda.
46 On a European résumé, Dalam riwayat hidup yang digunakan
"chronological order" normally di Eropa, “urutan waktu” biasanya
means reverse chronological order, so berarti urutan waktu yang terbalik,
you would start with your first job jadi Anda akan memulainya dari
and end with the one you have now. pekerjaan pertama Anda dan berakhir
dengan pekerjaan Anda sekarang.
46 European résumés also tend to be less Riwayat hidup yang digunakan di
promotional in nature, and use more Eropa juga cenderung kurang bersifat
passive and descriptive language such mengiklankan, dan lebih
as "responsibilities included..." menggunakan bahasa pasif dan
bersifat memerikan seperti “tanggung
jawab termasuk…”
46 An Asian résumé is much more Riwayat hidup yang digunakan di
comprehensive than a U.S. or even a Asia lebih lengkap dibandingkan
European one. riwayat hidup yang digunakan di A.S.
atau bahkan di Eropa.
340
46 For example, while on a U.S. résumé Misalnya, sementara dalam riwayat
you would seldom include levels of hidup yang digunakan di A.S. Anda
education below college or akan jarang menuliskan tingkat
professional school unless you didn't pendidikan di bawah perguruan tinggi
attend these, on a résumé to be sent to atau sekolah berkirta kecuali jika
Japan or China your Education Anda tidak melanjutkan belajar di
section might include every school kedua jenis sekolah tersebut, dalam
you attended starting with riwayat hidup yang digunakan di
kindergarten, which would reveal Jepang atau Tiongkok, bagian
insights into your family's Pendidikan Anda mungkin akan
socioeconomic status. memuat setiap sekolah yang Anda
jalani dimulai dari taman kanak-
kanak, yang akan mengungkap
wawasan mengenai keadaan
sosioekonomik keluarga Anda.
46 2.1.4 Your name 2.1.4 Nama Anda
46/79 The first item on your résumé will be Tela pertama pada riwayat hidup
your name. Anda nanti adalah nama Anda.
46/79 Assuming you know your own name, Dengan anggapan bahwa Anda
this sounds laughably easy, but it mengetahui nama Anda sendiri, ini
isn't. terdengar sungguh sangat
menggelikan, namun pada
kenyataannya tidak.
46/79 Here are some observations on why Berikut ini adalah beberapa
341
it's necessary to give some thought to pengamatan tentang perlunya
the name you use professionally, memikirkan nama yang Anda
especially when you're dealing with gunakan secara berkirta, terutama
multilingual and multicultural ketika Anda sedang berhadapan
environments: dengan lingkungan dwibahasa dan
dwibudaya:
46 You may want to clarify your gender. Ada baiknya bila Anda memperjelas
jenis kelamin Anda.
46 In your source language culture, your Dalam budaya bahasa sumber Anda,
name may be gender indeterminate, nama Anda mungkin tidak
making it awkward when potential menentukan jenis kelamin Anda,
clients don't know how to address membuat canggung ketika calon
you. pelanggan Anda tidak mengetahui
cara memanggil Anda.
46-47 If you want, you can solve this Jika Anda mau, Anda dapat
problem up front by identifying menyelesaikan masalah ini secara
yourself somewhere on your langsung dengan memperkenalkan
application materials as "Fouad diri Anda di suatu tempat pada
Tarkari (Mr.)" or "Ms. Poonam riwayat hidup Anda seperti “Fouad
Prakash." Tarkari (Mr.)” atau “Ms. Poonam
Prakash.”
47 Likewise, U.S.-based translators may Demikian juga, para penerjemah yang
want to do this when sending berpusat di A.S. mungkin perlu
materials to their source language melakukan hal ini ketika
342
countries. mengirimkan berbagai riwayat hidup
ke berbagai negara berbahasa sumber
mereka.
47 Choose one name and spelling, and Pilih satu nama dan ejaan, dan
use it consistently. gunakan secara taat asas.
47 Especially if your name involves any Terutama jika nama Anda melibatkan
transliteration, pick one version and alih aksara, pilih satu bentuk dan
stick to it. jangan mengubahnya kembali.
47 Going by different names can also Menggunakan berbagai nama yang
present payment problems when the berbeda juga dapat menyebabkan
agency writes a check or tries to berbagai permasalahan pembayaran
complete a wire transfer under a ketika sang perantara menulis cek
different spelling of your name. atau mencoba mengirim uang dengan
ejaan nama Anda yang berbeda.
47 2.1.5 Your summary of 2.1.5 Ringkasan berbagai
qualifications keterampilan Anda
47/80 This section, which goes below your Bagian ini, yang berada di bawah
name and contact information and nama Anda dan orang yang dapat
might also be called an Objective dihubungi dan mungkin dapat juga
and Profile section, is key to getting disebut sebagai bagian Tujuan dan
started as a translator. Riwayat, adalah kunci utama
memulai sebagai seorang penerjemah.
47/80 If the first item on your résumé is a Jika tela pertama riwayat hidup Anda
detailed description of your ten years adalah penjelasan terperinci
343
of work as an auto mechanic with no pekerjaan Anda sebagai montir mobil
mention of language skills, clients selama sepuluh tahun tanpa adanya
may not even make it to the sebutan mengenai keterampilan
Education section to find out that bahasa, para pelanggan mungkin
you're actually bilingual in English tidak akan sampai ke bagian
and Japanese and interested in Pendidikan untuk menemukan
automotive translation; with a bahwa sebenarnya Anda memiliki
summary of qualifications you kemampuan berdwibahasa dalam
highlight this fact right away. bahasa Inggris dan Jepang dan
tertarik pada terjemahan otomotif;
dengan ringkasan berbagai
keterampilan Anda menitikberatkan
kenyataan ini secara langsung.
47/80 A good way to research what Cara yang baik untuk meneliti
qualifications your potential clients kualifikasi apa saja yang diinginkan
want is to read some translation para calon pelanggan adalah dengan
agency websites; after all, you'll be membaca beberapa situs perantara
delivering a good deal of the product penerjemah; lagipula, Anda akan
that they're promising their clients. memberikan banyak hasil yang
mereka janjikan kepada para
pelanggan mereka.
47/80 Including some of these desired Dengan memasukkan beberapa dari
characteristics is a good way to start ciri yang diinginkan tersebut di atas
your résumé on a positive note. merupakan cara yang baik untuk
344
memulai riwayat hidup Anda dengan
meyakinkan.
47/80 Following are some sample Berikut ini adalah beberapa contoh
summaries of qualifications for career ringkasan kualifikasi bagi para
changing translators. penerjemah yang baru pindah dari
karir lain.
48 For that Japanese---->English auto Bagi montir mobil bahasa Jepang----
mechanic: >Inggris yang disebut di atas:
48 Objective: Freelance Japanese to Tujuan: Penerjemah lepas
English translation assignments for menerjemahkan bahasa Jepang ke
companies in the automotive bahasa Inggris untuk berbagai
industry, using skills in the areas of perusahaan dalam industri otomotif,
project completion, quality assurance menggunakan keterampilan di bidang
and communication, demonstrated by penyelesaian proyek, jaminan mutu
ten years of profitable self- dan komunikasi, dibuktikan dengan
employment in the automotive sepuluh tahun kerja mandiri yang
industry. menguntungkan dalam industri
otomotif.
48 Profile: Native speaker of U.S. Riwayat: Penutur asli bahasa Inggris
English, B.A. in Japanese including A.S., sarjana dalam bahasa Jepang
one year of residency in Japan. termasuk satu tahun bermukim di
Jepang.
48 Excellent computer skills including Keterampilan komputer yang sangat
office software and Internet research. baik termasuk penggunaan perangkat
345
lunak perkantoran dan penelitian
Internet.
48 Large collection of specialized Kumpulan kamus dwibahasa khusus
bilingual dictionaries; recently yang banyak; baru saja
completed online translator training menyelesaikan kursus pelatihan
course. penerjemah daring.
48 Accustomed to meeting numerous Terbiasa memenuhi berbagai tenggat
deadlines per day and providing waktu per hari dan memberi
superior customer service. pelayanan yang sangat memuaskan
kepada pelanggan.
48 For a bilingual nurse: Bagi perawat berdwibahasa:
48 Objective: Freelance Tujuan: Penerjemah lepas bahasa
English<>Spanish medical translation Inggris<>Spanyol dalam bidang
work, making use of extensive kedokteran, memanfaatkan
experience and qualifications in the pengalaman dan kualifikasi yang luas
health care field including Spanish-- dalam bidang pelayanan kesehatan
English bilingual health care settings. termasuk tempat pelayanan kesehatan
berdwibahasa Spanyol--Inggris.
48 Profile: Fully bilingual registered Riwayat: Perawat bersertifikat yang
nurse, grew up in Spanish--English berdwibahasa secara lengkap, tumbuh
bilingual household with numerous besar di rumah tangga berdwibahasa
extended visits to Mexico. Spanyol--Inggris dengan banyak
kunjungan yang lama ke Meksiko.
48 Registered nurse since 1995 including Menjadi perawat bersertifikat sejak
346
three years' experience providing tahun 1995 termasuk tiga tahun
primary care to limited English pengalaman memberikan perawatan
proficiency (LEP) Spanish-speaking utama kepada berbagai pasien
patients. berbahasa Spanyol dengan
kemampuan berbahasa Inggris yang
terbatas.
48 In-depth knowledge of Spanish and Pengetahuan yang mendalam
English medical terminology mengenai istilah kedokteran dalam
including confidential handling of bahasa Spanyol dan Inggris termasuk
medical records. penanganan rahasia catatan
kedokteran.
48 Excellent written communications Keterampilan komunikasi tertulis
skills including chart and medical yang sangat baik termasuk
report writing. penggambaran bagan dan penulisan
laporan kedokteran.
49/81 2.1.6 The body of the résumé 2.1.6 Bagian utama riwayat hidup
49/81 Next, you'll have to decide whether to Selanjutnya, Anda harus memutuskan
structure your résumé functionally or apakah riwayat hidup Anda Anda
chronologically. susun secara tepat guna atau menurut
urutan waktu.
49/81 If the type of translation work you're Jika jenis pekerjaan menerjemahkan
seeking is somewhat related to your yang sedang Anda cari sedikit
current work, you might opt for a berkaitan dengan pekerjaan Anda
chronological résumé. sekarang, sebaiknya Anda memilih
347
riwayat hidup secara urutan waktu.
49/81 For example if you're currently a Misalnya jika sekarang pekerjaan
lawyer and would like to do legal Anda adalah sebagai pengacara dan
translation, your résumé can be ingin melakukan penerjemahan dalam
structured fairly traditionally. bidang hukum, riwayat hidup Anda
dapat disusun secara tradisional.
49/81 If you're breaking off on a completely Jika Anda memutuskan untuk
new path, for example if you've menjalani jalur yang sama sekali
worked as a ski instructor for five baru, misalnya jika Anda bekerja
years and would like to do website sebagai pelatih ski selama lima tahun
translation, you may opt for a dan ingin melakukan penerjemahan
functional résumé, which in the most situs, sebaiknya Anda memilih
extreme examples doesn't even riwayat hidup secara tepat guna, yang
include your job titles or where dalam contoh paling parah bahkan
you've worked, just summaries of tidak menyertakan nama pekerjaan
your skills and experience. Anda atau di mana Anda pernah
bekerja, hanya sebatas ringkasan
berbagai keterampilan dan
pengalaman Anda.
49/82 Below your summary of Di bawah ringkasan berbagai
qualifications, for whichever style of kualifikasi Anda, untuk gaya riwayat
résumé you choose, you should hidup apa pun yang Anda pilih, Anda
include sections for Education and harus menyertakan bagian
Professional Experience or Related Pendidikan dan Pengalaman
348
Experience; other than this the Berkirta atau Pengalaman Terkait;
sections are up to you. selain dari hal ini bagian lainnya
terserah Anda.
49/82 For example, some translators like to Misalnya, beberapa penerjemah suka
include a Skills and Interests section menyertakan bagian Keterampilan
in case potential clients have work in dan Minat untuk berjaga-jaga bila
one of their avocational areas like para calon pelanggan memiliki
sports, music, cooking, etc. pekerjaan dalam salah satu dari
bidang kegemaran seperti olah raga,
musik, memasak, dll.
49/82 The key here is to structure your Kuncinya di sini adalah untuk
résumé so that it draws attention to menyusun ringkasan terjemahan
what you can offer, not what's Anda agar dapat menarik perhatian
missing. pada apa yang dapat Anda tawarkan,
bukan pada apa yang tidak Anda
miliki.
49/82 You should also include any Anda juga harus menyertakan
professional credentials you have pencapaian pribadi atau prestasi
even if they're not translation related; dalam berkirta yang Anda miliki
for example if you're a certified meskipun hal tersebut tidak
public accountant, certified energy berhubungan dengan penerjemahan;
rater, licensed professional engineer, misalnya jika Anda adalah seorang
etc. akuntan umum yang bersertifikat,
penilai energi yang bersertifikat,
349
insinyur berkirta yang berlisensi, dll.
49/83 When you're writing your first Ketika Anda sedang menulis
translation-targeted résumé, you ringkasan terjemahan bersasaran
should highlight any experience you pertama Anda, Anda harus
have, both in the areas of language menitikberatkan pengalaman apa pun
and subject matter. yang Anda miliki, baik dalam bidang
bahasa maupun bidang bahan pokok.
49/83 If you studied abroad in Mexico in Jika Anda belajar di luar negeri di
1975, include it. Meksiko pada tahun 1975,
sertakanlah.
49/83 If you belong to a local translators Jika Anda termasuk dalam
association, include it. perhimpunan penerjemah setempat,
masukkanlah.
49/83 If you recently attended a conference Jika Anda baru saja menghadiri
on estate and will terminology, pertemuan pada peristilahan tanah
include it. milik dan wasiat, cakupkanlah.
49/83 If you just taught a French class for Jika Anda hanya mengajar kelas
elementary school students, include bahasa Perancis untuk murid sekolah
it. dasar, muatkanlah.
49/83 Obviously you can't fabricate résumé Jelas Anda tidak boleh memalsukan
details, but if you're planning to make rincian riwayat hidup, namun jika
translation your full-time or only job, Anda berencana untuk menjadikan
it is fair to refer to yourself as a "self- penerjemahan sebagai pekerjaan
employed freelance translator" penuh waktu atau pekerjaan Anda
350
(including your language pairs) and satu-satunya, merupakan hal yang
describe the work you are doing now. wajar untuk menyebut diri Anda
sebagai “penerjemah lepas yang
bekerja sendiri” (termasuk pasangan
bahasa Anda) dan menjelaskan
pekerjaan yang Anda lakukan
sekarang.
49- As your translation experience grows Seiring pengalaman menerjemahkan
50/83 (and it will!), change the format of Anda berkembang (dan sudah pasti!),
your résumé to reflect this. ubah bentuk riwayat hidup Anda
untuk mencerminkan hal tersebut.
50 2.1.7 What about a cover letter? 2.1.7 Bagaimana dengan surat
lamaran?
50/84 Since most freelance translation work Karena sebagian besar pekerjaan
is conducted over the Internet, a penerjemahan lepas dilakukan
formal cover letter really isn't melalui internet, surat lamaran resmi
necessary or even appropriate for tidak terlalu diperlukan atau bahkan
most translators. tidak sesuai bagi kebanyakan
penerjemah.
50/84 The exception would be if you are Pengecualiannya adalah jika Anda
interested in doing direct client work, tertarik untuk melakukan pekerjaan
in which case you might be sending pelanggan secara langsung, yang
your materials through the mail or by dalam hal ini Anda mungkin
fax instead of over the Web. mengirim nas melalui pos atau fax
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alih-alih melalui surat elektronik.
50/84 Most of the time, you will either send Sering kali, Anda akan mengirim baik
a short e-mail cover letter, or include surat lamaran singkat, atau
a paragraph or two in the "Additional menyertakan satu atau dua paragraf
Information" field of a translation dalam bagian “Keterangan
agency's online application. Tambahan” di pendaftaran daring
usaha terjemahan.
50/85 Your e-mail cover letter should be Surat lamaran elektronik Anda harus
short and to the point. singkat dan langsung ke inti
permasalahan.
50/85 Keep in mind that many translation Perlu diingat bahwa banyak usaha
agencies receive several thousand terjemahan menerima beberapa ribu
translator applications per year, and pendaftaran penerjemah per tahun,
it's unlikely that whoever receives dan kecil kemungkinan siapapun
your e-mail will take the time to read yang menerima surat elektronik Anda
the usual five-paragraph cover letter. akan menyempatkan waktu untuk
membaca surat lamaran yang
biasanya berisi lima paragraf.
50/85 Instead, pare down your message to Sebaiknya, singkatkanlah pesan Anda
the essentials, for example: ke hal yang penting saja, misalnya:
50 Sample Cover Letter Contoh Surat Lamaran
50 To the attention of Name of Kepada Yth. Nama Calon
Prospective Client: Pelanggan:
50 I am a freelance Spanish to English Saya adalah seorang penerjemah
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translator based in San Francisco, lepas bahasa Spanyol ke Inggris yang
California, and I would like to offer bekerja di San Francisco, California,
my services to your agency. dan saya ingin menawarkan jasa saya
untuk usaha terjemahan Anda.
50 My specializations include legal and Keahlian saya mencakup terjemahan
financial translations; due to my hukum dan keuangan; karena
extensive experience in the banking pengalaman saya yang luas di industri
industry, I have in-depth knowledge perbankan, saya memiliki
of financial terminology and industry pengetahuan yang dalam mengenai
procedures. peristilahan keuangan dan tata cara
industri.
50 My résumé is attached for your Riwayat hidup saya terlampir untuk
consideration. Anda pertimbangkan.
50 After a successful ten-year career in Setelah sepuluh tahun keberhasilan
banking, I launched my freelance karir dalam perbankan, saya
translation business and am pursuing meluncurkan usaha terjemahan lepas
ATA certification in Spanish to saya dan sedang mengejar sertifikasi
English translation. Himpunan Penerjemah Amerika
dalam penerjemahan bahasa Spanyol
ke Inggris.
50 Although I am a new translator, I am Meskipun saya penerjemah yang
not a typical beginning translator. baru, saya tidak memiliki ciri khas
seperti penerjemah pemula.
50-51 In addition to my decade of work Selain pengalaman sepuluh tahun
353
experience in the financial industry, I saya di industri keuangan, saya
have a B.A. in Spanish and recently memiliki gelar sarjana dalam bahasa
became a member of both the Spanyol dan baru saja menjadi
American Translators Association anggota Himpunan Penerjemah
and the Northern California Amerika dan Himpunan Penerjemah
Translators Association. California Utara.
51 I also gained additional insights into Saya juga mendapatkan wawasan
the translation industry by taking an tambahan dalam industri
online course on translation business penerjemahan dengan mengikuti
practices. pelatihan daring dalam pelaksanaan
usaha penerjemahan.
51 My home office computer equipment Peralatan komputer kantor rumah
includes a desktop and laptop saya meliputi desktop dan laptop
computer with daily backups, high dengan dukungan harian hubungan
speed Internet access and electronic internet berkecepatan tinggi dan fax.
fax.
51 With each freelance project I Untuk setiap proyek penerjemahan
undertake, I guarantee high quality lepas yang saya kerjakan, saya
work delivered on or before deadline menjamin pekerjaan bermutu tinggi
and prompt response to your phone yang dikirim pada atau sebelum
calls and e-mails. tenggat waktu dan segera menjawab
panggilan telepon dan surat
elektronik Anda.
51 Please let me know if I can provide Tolong beritahu jika saya bisa
354
you with any additional information. memberikan Anda keterangan
tambahan apa pun.
51/86 In the cover letter above, the Di surat lamaran di atas, orang
individual has little or no translation tersebut memiliki sedikit atau tidak
experience, but has work experience sama sekali pengalaman
in an in-demand industry and menerjemahkan, namun ia memiliki
probably good language skills. pengalaman bekerja dalam industri
yang diminati dan ia mungkin juga
memiliki keterampilan bahasa yang
baik.
51/86 Again, if you have any translation Sekali lagi, jika Anda memiliki
experience, highlight it: "I recently pengalaman menerjemahkan,
launched my freelance translation titikberatkanlah: “Saya baru saja
business after gaining experience as a meluncurkan usaha terjemahan lepas
volunteer translator for Doctors saya setelah mendapatkan
Without Borders," etc. pengalaman sebagai penerjemah
sukarelawan untuk Doctors Without
Borders,” dll.
51/86 A cover letter like this could be easily Surat lamaran seperti ini dapat
pasted into an e-mail, or included in dengan mudah disisipkan dalam surat
an appropriate field of an online elektronik, atau dimasukkan dalam
application. bagian pendaftaran daring yang
sesuai.
51/86 For a paper letter, you would want to Untuk surat biasa, sebaiknya Anda
355
expand on the ideas in the letter memperluas gagasan yang ada dalam
above, for instance by providing surat di atas, misalnya dengan
specific examples of the financial menyediakan beberapa contoh
industry terminology you know, or of tertentu mengenai peristilahan
your excellent work history at your industri keuangan yang Anda tahu,
previous job. atau riwayat kerja Anda yang sangat
baik pada pekerjaan Anda
sebelumnya.
51 2.2 Finding your first clients 2.2 Mencari para pelanggan
pertama Anda
51/87 If you're starting out by applying to Jika Anda memulai dengan melamar
translation agencies, remember to ke beberapa usaha terjemahan,
play by their rules in order to ingatlah untuk menaati semua
maximize your chances of getting peraturan mereka demi memperbesar
work. kesempatan Anda dalam
mendapatkan pekerjaan tersebut.
51/87 Most agencies have a translator Sebagian besar usaha terjemahan
application form on their websites; memiliki borang lamaran dalam situs
the "Contact Us" or "Opportunities" mereka; bagian “Hubungi Kami” atau
sections of agency websites are good “Kesempatan Kerja” dalam situs
places to look for these. usaha terjemahan merupakan tempat
yang bagus untuk mencari pekerjaan.
51- Although it feels impersonal to apply Meskipun rasanya tidak
52/87 for work this way, resist the urge to mencerminkan diri Anda sendiri
356
distinguish yourself by sending in a untuk mendaftarkan pekerjaan
paper résumé if the agency requests dengan cara seperti ini, tahan
an electronic one; what seems to you keinginan untuk membedakan diri
like a personal touch will only create Anda dari orang lain dengan
more work for your potential client, mengirim riwayat hidup yang ditulis
and may get your application di kertas jika usaha terjemahan
materials tossed without a second meminta riwayat hidup dikirim
look. melalui surat elektronik; apa yang
tampak bagi Anda sentuhan pribadi
hanya akan menyusahkan calon
pelanggan Anda, dan bisa saja
riwayat hidup Anda dibuang tanpa
dilihat terlebih dahulu.
52/87 Along the same lines, most agencies Sama halnya, kebanyakan usaha
prefer not to be contacted by phone terjemahan lebih memilih tidak
unless you are applying for a specific dihubungi lewat telepon kecuali Anda
position that they've advertised. mendaftarkan diri untuk jabatan
tertentu yang telah mereka iklankan.
52/87 If the online application form Jika borang lamaran daring tersebut
includes a "Comments" field, this is meliputi bagian “Ulasan”, ini adalah
the place to ask for an in-person tempat untuk meminta pertemuan
meeting or introduce yourself as a langsung atau memperkenalkan diri
new translator in the area. Anda sebagai penerjemah baru di
usaha terjemahan tersebut.
357
52/87 For translation agencies in the United Untuk beberapa usaha terjemahan di
States, the website of the American A.S, situs Himpunan Penerjemah
Translators Association Amerika http://atanet.org adalah
http://atanet.org is a good place to tempat yang bagus untuk menemukan
find the agency's web address, and alamat situs usaha terjemahan, dan
the agency's profile on the ATA riwayat usaha terjemahan pada situs
website may also indicate if it is Himpunan Penerjemah Amerika
currently accepting applications from dapat juga menunjukkan jika saat ini
new translators. mereka sedang membuka lamaran
untuk para penerjemah baru.
52/88 Whether applying to translation Baik melamar ke beberapa usaha
agencies or direct clients, there are a terjemahan atau pelanggan secara
few basic rules to follow. langsung, ada beberapa peraturan
dasar yang harus diikuti.
52/88 You're applying for language work, Anda melamar untuk pekerjaan
so your application materials should bahasa, jadi semua ringkasan
be error-free. terjemahan Anda harus bebas dari
kesalahan.
52/88 Make sure that everything you send Pastikan bahwa semua yang Anda
out is proofed by yourself and at least kirim sudah diperiksa dan disetujui
one other person. oleh Anda sendiri dan setidaknya
oleh satu orang lain.
52/88 When sending inquiries by e-mail, Ketika mengirim permintaan
use a clear subject line, such as keterangan kerja melalui surat
358
"German—English freelance elektronik, gunakan baris pokok
inquiry." bahasan yang jelas, seperti
“permintaan keterangan kerja lepas
bahasa Jerman—Inggris”.
52/88 Don't disguise your intentions or Jangan menyamarkan maksud Anda
make your message look like a atau membuat pesan Anda terlihat
response to an e-mail from the seperti balasan dari surat elektronik
agency. dari usaha terjemahan tersebut.
52/88 State your language pairs Nyatakan pasangan bahasa Anda
prominently. dengan jelas.
52/88 As amazing as it may sound, many Walau pun sangat mengherankan,
people neglect this simple step. banyak orang yang mengabaikan
langkah sederhana ini.
52/88 Start your e-mail with a sentence such Mulai surat elektronik Anda dengan
as, "I am a freelance English to kalimat seperti, “Saya adalah seorang
Spanish translator and I would like to penerjemah lepas bahasa Inggris ke
offer my services to your company." dalam bahasa Spanyol dan ingin
menawarkan jasa saya untuk
perusahaan Anda.”
52/89 Looking for work with direct clients Mencari pekerjaan dengan para
has some positive and negative points pelanggan secara langsung memiliki
for a beginning translator. beberapa hal positif dan negatif bagi
penerjemah pemula.
52/89 As a newcomer to the profession, it Sebagai seorang pendatang baru di
359
can be helpful to have some of the pekerjaan ini, akan membantu bagi
safety nets that a translation agency Anda untuk memiliki beberapa jaring
offers; for example when you work pengaman yang ditawarkan oleh
for an agency, your work is almost usaha terjemahan; misalnya ketika
always proofread before being sent to Anda bekerja dengan usaha
the end client, which guards against a terjemahan, pekerjaan Anda hampir
true disaster if you make a mistake. selalu diperiksa dan disetujui sebelum
dikirim ke pelanggan akhir, yang
akan melindungi Anda dari bencana
besar jika Anda membuat kesalahan.
52/89 However, direct clients, especially Namun, para pelanggan langsung,
those located in areas where there are terutama mereka yang tinggal di
not many translators to choose from, berbagai daerah yang tidak memiliki
may be more likely than a translation banyak penerjemah yang dapat
agency to take a chance on an dipilih, akan lebih memilih
inexperienced translator. penerjemah yang belum
berpengalaman dibandingkan dengan
usaha terjemahan.
52- Whereas a translation agency has a Sementara usaha terjemahan
53/89 wide range of translators to choose memiliki berbagai penerjemah untuk
from with no geographic restrictions, dipilih tanpa adanya batasan wilayah,
a direct client who wants to work pelanggan langsung yang ingin
with someone local has a bigger bekerja dengan orang setempat
incentive to work with someone new. memiliki dorongan yang lebih besar
360
untuk bekerja dengan orang baru.
53/90 If you'd like to work with direct Jika Anda ingin bekerja dengan para
clients, any large businesses, pelanggan secara langsung, setiap
hospitals or school systems in your perusahaan besar, rumah sakit atau
area are worth contacting, even if sekolah yang ada di daerah sekitar
they don't have obvious international Anda layak untuk Anda hubungi,
ties. meskipun mereka tidak memiliki
hubungan internasional yang jelas.
53/90 Probably the best source of direct Mungkin sumber terbaik untuk
client contacts is international berhubungan langsung dengan
business organizations such as pelanggan adalah perhimpunan usaha
international chambers of commerce internasional seperti badan
since you can be sure that the perdagangan internasional karena
member companies use your non- Anda dapat memastikan perusahaan
English language in their business anggota menggunakan bahasa selain
operations. bahasa Inggris dalam menjalankan
usaha mereka.
53/90 Joining one of these organizations is Bergabung dengan salah satu dari
also an excellent way to network with himpunan tersebut merupakan cara
potential clients. yang baik sekali untuk menjalin
hubungan dengan para calon
pelanggan.
54/91 Whatever route you'd like to take Apapun jalan yang ingin Anda ambil
toward finding your first clients and dalam mencari para pelanggan
361
building up your business, following pertama Anda dan membangun usaha
are some tips that are applicable to terjemahan Anda, dibawah ini adalah
almost every freelance translator's beberapa kiat yang dapat Anda pakai
startup phase: dalam hampir setiap tahap awal
penerjemah lepas:
54 Be realistic. Jadilah orang yang peka.
54 If you've never worked as a translator Jika Anda belum pernah bekerja
or interpreter before, starting out by sebagai penerjemah lisan atau tulisan,
contacting the United Nations or memulai dengan menghubungi PBB
accepting a 90,000 word document on atau menerima nas 90,000 kata
nuclear power plant safety procedures mengenai tata cara keselamatan
probably isn't the best way to start. PLTN mungkin bukanlah cara terbaik
untuk memulai.
54 Look for projects that you can do a Carilah berbagai proyek yang dapat
great job on, and then use those Anda kerjakan dengan sangat baik,
projects to build up your business. kemudian gunakan berbagai proyek
tersebut untuk membangun usaha
Anda.
54 Realize that depending on your Sadarilah bahwa tergantung pada
languages and specializations, it berbagai bahasa dan keahlian Anda,
could easily take a year to build up a dibutuhkan setidaknya satu tahun
base of regular clients. untuk mempunyai landasan
pelanggan tetap.
54 Network, network, network. Jaringan, jaringan, jaringan.
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54 Although most translators are Meskipun sebagian besar penerjemah
introverts by nature, many job search pada dasarnya memiliki kepribadian
experts identify networking as the tertutup, banyak ahli pencari
most powerful job search strategy, pekerjaan yang menganggap menjalin
and starting your translation business hubungan sebagai siasat pencarian
is no exception. kerja yang paling tepat, dan memulai
usaha terjemahan Anda bukanlah
pengecualian.
54 Talk about your business with Bicarakan usaha Anda dengan semua
everyone you know, and give them a orang yang Anda kenal, dan berikan
business card; strike up a mereka kartu nama Anda; mulai
conversation with the receptionist in percakapan dengan penerima tamu di
every office you wait in, and leave a semua kantor yang Anda kunjungi,
business card. dan tinggalkan kartu nama Anda.
54-55 Volunteer for your local translators Jadilah relawan untuk himpunan
association and get to know the penerjemah setempat Anda dan kenali
experienced translators in your para penerjemah berpengalaman
language pair; prepare an "elevator dalam pasangan bahasa Anda;
speech" (a few sentences that persiapkan “pidato tangga berjalan”
summarize what you do) and be ready (beberapa kalimat yang meringkas
to give it to anyone who asks you apa yang Anda kerjakan) dan
about your job! bersiaplah untuk memberikan pidato
tersebut kepada siapapun yang
menanyakan Anda tentang pekerjaan
363
Anda!
55 Think locally. Berpikirlah secara setempat.
55 Especially if you present yourself Terutama jika Anda lebih baik tampil
better in person than on paper, start secara pribadi daripada di atas kertas,
out by asking for in-person meetings mulailah dengan meminta pertemuan
with every translation or interpreting langsung dengan usaha terjemahan
agency in your local area. lisan atau tulisan di daerah setempat
Anda.
55 By asking for a meeting to learn more Dengan meminta pertemuan untuk
about the agency and talk about how mempelajari lebih dan berbicara
you might fit in, you'll both benefit tentang cara Anda untuk bisa
from the interaction. menyesuaikan diri dalam usaha
terjemahan tersebut, kedua pihak
akan mendapatkan manfaat dari
pertemuan tersebut.
55 Don't be dissuaded if local agencies Jangan patah semangat jika usaha
"have no work in your language terjemahan setempat “tidak memiliki
combinations right now." pekerjaan dalam pasangan bahasa
Anda saat ini.”
55 By asking for an in-person meeting, Dengan meminta pertemuan
you'll position yourself to step in langsung, Anda akan menempatkan
when their needs change. diri Anda untuk turun tangan ketika
kebutuhan mereka berubah.
55 Blanket the field. Liputi semua lapangan.
364
55 One of the biggest mistakes made by Salah satu kesalahan terbesar yang
beginning translators and interpreters dibuat oleh para pemula sebagai
is to assume that you'll be working penerjemah lisan dan tulisan adalah
full-time after sending out five or ten menganggap bahwa Anda akan
inquiries. bekerja penuh waktu setelah
mengirim lima atau sepuluh
permintaan keterangan kerja.
55 On the contrary, you should expect Sebaliknya, Anda sebaiknya berharap
no more than a one percent return rate tidak lebih dari satu persen tingkat
on your cold-contacting efforts. balasan dari berbagai usaha Anda
menghubungi berbagai orang yang
belum Anda kenal.
55 A good start (emphasis: start) if you'd Awal yang baik (penekanan: awal)
like to be working full-time would be jika Anda ingin bekerja penuh waktu
to send out 300-500 résumés during adalah dengan mengirimkan 300-500
your first year in business. ringkasan terjemahan selama tahun
pertama Anda dalam usaha.
55 Your prospective clients may include Para calon pelanggan Anda mungkin
translation agencies in the U.S., mencakup berbagai usaha terjemahan
agencies in countries where your di A.S., berbagai usaha terjemahan di
other languages are spoken, and berbagai negara yang menuturkan
companies in your area that could use bahasa lain Anda, dan berbagai
your services. perusahaan di daerah sekitar Anda
yang dapat menggunakan jasa Anda.
365
55 Join some associations. Bergabunglah dengan berbagai
perhimpunan.
55 Membership in a professional Keanggotaan dalam himpunan
association (see Resources, berkirta (lihat Sumber, “Himpunan
"Associations for translators and penerjemah lisan dan tulisan”)
interpreters") establishes your menunjukkan kesungguhan Anda
seriousness as a linguist, and allows sebagai seorang ahli bahasa, dan
you to make contact with colleagues memungkinkan Anda untuk
in your area. berhubungan dengan berbagai rekan
di sekitar Anda.
55 Even for established linguists, Bahkan bagi para ahli bahasa yang
referrals from colleagues are an sudah mapan, rujukan dari para rekan
important source of work. merupakan sumber pekerjaan yang
penting.
55 If you're very resourceful and very Jika Anda sangat pandai dan sangat
lucky, you may even find a colleague beruntung, Anda mungkin akan
in your language combination who is menemukan rekan dalam pasangan
willing to take you on as an assistant bahasa Anda yang bersedia menerima
or send some extra work your way. Anda sebagai seorang asisten atau
mengirim pekerjaan tambahan untuk
Anda.
55 Keep in touch. Jangan putus hubungan.
55-56 Instead of just firing off e-mails or Alih-alih mengirim banyak surat
making phone calls and then waiting elektronik atau melakukan panggilan
366
to hear back from your potential telepon lalu menunggu untuk
clients, keep a log of the person you mendapat balasan dari para calon
talked to or e-mailed with and what pelanggan Anda, simpanlah catatan
his or her response was to your nama dari orang yang pernah
inquiry. berbicara atau berkirim surat
elektronik dengan Anda dan apa
balasan mereka atas permintaan
keterangan kerja Anda.
56 As you get more experience, Dengan bertambahnya pengalaman
periodically contact these people to Anda, hubungi semua orang yang
let them know that you're still Anda catat tersebut secara berkala
interested and available. untuk memberitahu mereka bahwa
Anda masih tertarik dan siap.
56 Let them know what types of projects Kabari mereka tentang berbagai jenis
you've been working on, and let them proyek yang sedang Anda kerjakan,
know that you would be happy to dan beritahu mereka bahwa Anda
help them out with similar jobs. akan senang untuk membantu mereka
dengan berbagai pekerjaan yang
serupa.
56 2.3 Building up your business 2.3 Membangun usaha Anda
56/92 Once you've landed your first few Setelah Anda berhasil mendapatkan
clients, marketing yourself becomes beberapa pelanggan pertama Anda,
easier in the sense that you have memasarkan usaha Anda menjadi
something to tell new prospective lebih mudah dalam artian bahwa
367
clients about, other than the fact that Anda memiliki sesuatu yang dapat
you're looking for work. Anda katakan kepada para calon
pelanggan, selain fakta bahwa Anda
sedang mencari pekerjaan.
56/92 In general, even a successful Secara umum, bahkan penerjemah
freelancer must spend at least ten lepas yang sudah berhasil harus
percent of his or her time on menghabiskan setidaknya sepuluh
marketing; for beginning translators persen waktu miliknya dalam
this figure may increase to as much as pemasaran; bagi para penerjemah
50 percent, and for those who have pemula angka tersebut mungkin akan
been in the business for many years, meningkat hingga 50 persen, dan bagi
the need to market may fall by the mereka yang telah berada dalam
wayside. usaha terjemahan selama bertahun-
tahun, kebutuhan untuk memasarkan
mungkin sudah tidak diperlukan lagi.
56/92 However, many marketing experts Namun, banyak ahli pemasaran yang
caution that, "If you're not marketing, mengingatkan, “Jika Anda tidak
you're dying." memasarkan, Anda akan mati.”
56/92 While this advice may seem extreme, Meskipun nasihat ini terdengar kasar,
it's important for even experienced merupakan hal yang penting bahkan
translators to prepare for the loss of a bagi para penerjemah yang sudah
major client or a downturn in the berpengalaman untuk mempersiapkan
economy by keeping up a steady flow hilangnya pelanggan besar atau
368
of outbound promotion. turunnya perekonomian dengan
menjaga aliran outbound promotion
yang lancar.
56/93 It's also important to distinguish Penting juga untuk membedakan
between marketing for more work antara pemasaran untuk mendapatkan
and marketing for better work. lebih banyak pekerjaan dan
pemasaran untuk pekerjaan yang
lebih baik.
56/93 After a few years in business, many Setelah beberapa tahun dalam usaha
competent translators are busy most terjemahan, banyak penerjemah
of the time, and do not need to market cakap yang sering kali sibuk, dan
for more work. merasa tidak perlu untuk memasarkan
jasa mereka untuk mendapat lebih
banyak pekerjaan.
56/93 However, many of these people make Namun, kebanyakan dari mereka
the mistake of stopping their membuat kesalahan dengan
marketing efforts because they don't menghentikan upaya pemasaran
need more work. karena mereka tidak membutuhkan
pekerjaan lebih.
56/93 Here's where it's important to realize Di sini lah dimana pentingnya untuk
that marketing can lead to better work menyadari bahwa pemasaran dapat
as well; work that pays a higher per- mengarah pada pekerjaan yang lebih
word or hourly rate, work that is more baik juga; pekerjaan yang bergaji
interesting, more flexible, or more lebih besar per-kata atau per-jam,
369
ongoing, thereby lowering the pekerjaan yang lebih menarik, lebih
translator's administrative costs. mudah diatur, atau lebih
berkelanjutan, sehingga menurunkan
biaya pelaksanaan sang penerjemah.
56/93 In reality, being busy all the time is a Pada kenyataannya, kesibukan
powerful lever to use with sepanjang waktu merupakan tuas
prospective new clients, since you yang kuat untuk digunakan kepada
can honestly tell them that in order to para calon pelanggan, karena Anda
work for them, you will need to raise dapat dengan jujur memberitahu
your rates. mereka bahwa agar bisa bekerja
untuk mereka, Anda perlu menaikkan
ongkos terjemahan Anda.
56- Following are some ways to keep the Berikut ini adalah beberapa cara
57/93 checks rolling in once you've gotten untuk menjaga agar cek terus bergulir
your business off the ground initially. setelah usaha Anda mulai berhasil.
57 Please the clients you've got. Puaskan para pelanggan yang
Anda dapat.
57 While marketing to new clients is a Sementara memasarkan kepada para
worthy and even necessary endeavor, pelanggan baru merupakan usaha
it's far easier to keep your existing yang berguna dan bahkan diperlukan,
clients coming back. akan jauh lebih mudah menjaga para
pelanggan Anda yang sekarang untuk
datang kembali.
57 If you're interested in building a Jika Anda tertarik dengan
370
sustainable business and a healthy membangun usaha yang
income, regular clients who come to berkelanjutan dengan penghasilan
you, rather than the other way around, yang lumayan, para pelanggan tetap
are key, since they allow you to spend yang datang kepada Anda, bukan
your time working rather than sebaliknya, merupakan kunci, karena
looking for work. mereka memungkinkan Anda
menghabiskan waktu Anda bekerja
alih-alih mencari pekerjaan.
57 Doing a great job on every project, Melakukan pekerjaan yang baik pada
responding promptly to phone calls setiap proyek, menanggapi panggilan
and e-mails, never missing a telepon dan surat elektronik dengan
deadline, and being there for your segera, tidak pernah melewati tenggat
clients in a pinch will help turn new waktu, dan selalu ada untuk para
clients into regulars. pelanggan Anda ketika mereka dalam
keadaan genting akan membantu
mengubah para pelanggan baru
menjadi pelanggan tetap.
57 Ask for referrals and testimonials. Mintalah beberapa referral dan
testimoni.
57 Preferably after you've just done an Sebaiknya setelah Anda baru saja
"above and beyond" job for a client, menyelesaikan pekerjaan “yang
tactfully let him or her know that melebihi harapan” untuk pelanggan
your business continues to grow Anda, beritahu pelanggan Anda
thanks to referrals from satisfied tersebut dengan cerdik bahwa usaha
371
clients. Anda terus berkembang berkat
berbagai referral dari para pelanggan
yang puas.
57 Better yet, ask your happy clients to Akan lebih baik lagi, tanyakan para
put their experiences with you in pelanggan Anda yang senang untuk
writing to be posted on your website menulis pengalaman memakai jasa
or included in future marketing Anda dalam tulisan untuk dimuat di
materials. situs Anda atau dimasukkan dalam
berbagai bahan pemasaran nantinya.
57 Spread the word. Sebarkan berita.
57 As mentioned in the previous section, Seperti yang disebutkan di bagian
keep a log of all of the professional sebelumnya, simpan catatan nama
contacts you make, and periodically hubungan berkirta yang Anda buat,
update these potential clients on your dan perbarui para calon pelanggan
recent projects. tersebut secara berkala mengenai
berbagai proyek Anda belakangan ini.
57 The definition of "periodically" is up Pengertian “secara berkala” terserah
to you, but an appropriate frequency Anda, tapi tingkat keseringan yang
might be every one to three months; sesuai mungkin setiap sekali dalam
more often and your messages will tiga bulan; lebih dari itu maka semua
grow annoying, less often and the pesan Anda akan menjadi sesuatu
agency representative may not yang tidak menyenangkan, kurang
remember you at all. dari itu dan wakil usaha terjemahan
mungkin tidak akan mengingat Anda
372
sama sekali.
57 It's possible to accomplish this task Sangat mungkin menyelesaikan
with a minimum of effort, by using a pekerjaan ini dengan usaha yang
personalized e-mail such as this one: sedikit, yaitu dengan menggunakan
surat elektronik pribadi seperti ini:
57 Dear Name of Contact: Yth. Nama Hubungan:
57 I am a freelance French to English Saya adalah seorang penerjemah
translator registered with your lepas bahasa Perancis ke Inggris
agency, and I'd like to update you on terdaftar dengan usaha terjemahan
some of my recent projects, in the Anda, dan ingin memperbarui Anda
event that you have similar needs in mengenai beberapa proyek baru saya,
the future. sebagai pertimbangan bila Anda
memiliki kebutuhan serupa di
kemudian hari.
57-58 In the past few months, I translated Dalam beberapa bulan terakhir, saya
and managed the editing for a 90,000 menerjemahkan dan mengelola
word computer literacy manual, penyuntingan 90,000 kata panduan
translated two large documents of melek komputer, menerjemahkan dua
international airport construction dokumen besar mengenai perincian
specifications and translated an auto pembangunan bandara internasional
parts manufacturing quality manual. dan panduan mutu pembuatan
onderdil.
58 In addition, I recently completed a Sebagai tambahan, saya baru saja
course entitled "French for Lawyers," menyelesaikan pelatihan dengan
373
which covered the terminology of judul “Bahasa Perancis untuk Para
French legal institutions. Pengacara,” yang meliputi
peristilahan lembaga hukum bahasa
Perancis.
58 I've attached my updated résumé for Saya telah melampirkan riwayat
your consideration, and I look hidup terbaru saya untuk Anda
forward to the opportunity of working pertimbangkan, dan saya menantikan
together in the future. kesempatan untuk kerja bersama di
masa mendatang.
58 Keep cold-contacting. Teruskan cold-contacting.
58 Many experienced translators Kebanyakan dari para penerjemah
estimate that of their new clients, berpengalaman memperkirakan
approximately half come from cold bahwa dari para pelanggan baru
contacts and half from word of mouth mereka, setengahnya berasal dari
referrals. cold-contact dan setengahnya lagi
berasal dari mulut ke mulut.
58 Whatever your level of experience, Apapun tingkat pengalaman Anda,
cold-contacting is important. melakukan cold-contact merupakan
suatu hal yang diperlukan.
58 If you're looking for agency clients, Jika Anda sedang mencari para
most agencies allow you to enter your pelanggan usaha terjemahan,
information into their online database kebanyakan usaha terjemahan
through the agency's website, and for memungkinkan Anda untuk memasuk
direct clients you're probably best off informasi Anda kedalam database
374
contacting a project manager in the daring mereka melalui situs usaha
department you'd like to work for, for terjemahan mereka, dan bagi para
instance a localization project pelanggan langsung Anda lebih baik
manager or international sales menghubungi manajer proyek di
manager. bagian yang ingin Anda ambil,
misalnya manajer proyek penempatan
atau manajer penjualan internasional.
58 If you're actively trying to build your Jika Anda secara aktif mencoba
business, set a goal of making 25 or membangun usaha Anda, tetapkan
more cold-contacts each week. tujuan membuat 25 cold-contact
(kegiatan menghubungi calon
pelanggan melalui telepon untuk
membuat janji bertemu, sehingga kita
dapat menawarkan produk/jasa kita
secara langsung) atau lebih setiap
minggunya.
58 Don't fall into the trap of expecting Jangan jatuh ke dalam perangkap
too many responses from too few mengharapkan terlalu banyak balasan
contacts. dari pelanggan yang terlalu sedikit.
58 Keep networking. Terus membangun hubungan.
58 In a profession largely populated by Dalam pekerjaan yang sebagian besar
independent contractors, networking diduduki oleh para pemborong
gets you in touch with your berdikari, membangun hubungan
colleagues and clients, either in membantu Anda terhubung dengan
375
person or electronically. para rekan dan pelanggan Anda, baik
secara langsung atau secara
elektronik.
58 Attending events for linguists is a Menghadiri banyak acara untuk para
great way to meet colleagues who ahli bahasa merupakan cara yang baik
may be in a position to refer work to untuk bertemu para rekan yang
you. mungkin berada pada keadaan untuk
bisa menawarkan pekerjaan untuk
Anda.
58 If you're after new clients, consider Jika Anda sedang mengejar para
joining a professional association in pelanggan baru, pertimbangkan untuk
your target industry, whether this is bergabungdengan himpunan berkirta
signmaking, auto parts di industri sasaran Anda, entah itu
manufacturing, health care or law. pembuatan petanda, pembuatan suku
cadang, perawatan kesehatan atau
hukum.
58 Other networking endeavors worth Beberapa percobaan membangun
considering are speaking to high hubungan lainnya yang layak untuk
school and college students dipertimbangkan yaitu berbicara
considering careers in translation, dengan para murid SMA dan
teaching a class on getting started as a mahasiswa mengenai karir dalam
freelance translator or interpreter or penerjemahan, mengajar kelas
taking on an intern from a local high mengenai memulai sebagai
school or college foreign language penerjemah lisan atau tulisan lepas
376
program. atau magang program bahasa asing di
SMA atau kampus setempat.
59 Get creative. Miliki daya cipta.
59 Sending your résumé to potential Mengirim riwayat hidup Anda ke
clients is important, but other para calon pelanggan itu penting, tapi
marketing tactics can be as effective siasat pemasaran lainnya bisa sama-
or more effective, especially with sama ampuh atau bahkan lebih
direct translation buyers. ampuh, terutama dengan para
pembeli terjemahan langsung.
59 Put together a file of work you've Kumpulkan berkas pekerjaan yang
done for previous clients (with their telah Anda kerjakan untuk para
permission) and send it to prospective pelanggan sebelumnya (atas ijin
clients, offering to do the same for mereka) dan kirim berkas tersebut
them. kepada para calon pelanggan,
menawarkan untuk melakukan hal
yang sama untuk mereka.
59 Present a compelling reason for Berikan alasan yang kuat bagi para
potential clients to spend money on calon pelanggan untuk menghabiskan
translation, i.e. uang dalam penerjemahan, yaitu:
59 "Are Spanish-speaking Internet users “Apakah para pengguna internet
finding you, or your competition?" berbahasa Spanyol menemukan
Anda, atau pesaing Anda?”
59 "Few Americans who visit France “Sedikit orang Amerika yang
speak French, yet few French hotels mengunjungi Perancis bisa berbahasa
377
and restaurants have websites in Perancis, namun beberapa hotel dan
English," etc. tempat makan di Perancis memiliki
situs berbahasa Inggris,” dll.
59 For a potential "big fish" client, show Bagi para calon pelanggan “kelas
your work—translate the prospect's kakap”, tunjukkan hasil kerja Anda—
brochure or website homepage, lay it terjemahkan brosur atau situs beranda
out attractively, and ask for a meeting milik calon pelanggan tersebut,
to discuss how you can help the persiapkan semenarik mungkin, dan
client's business grow by making it mintalah bertemu untuk
more international. membicarakan bagaimana Anda
dapat membantu usaha sang
pelanggan berkembang dengan
membuat usaha tersebut lebih
internasional/
59 Starting an e-newsletter of interest to Memulai berita berkala elektronik
your clients and prospective clients is mengenai minat kepada para
another useful marketing tool, since pelanggan dan calon pelanggan
you're providing your clients with merupakan alat pemasaran lain yang
information they want while keeping berguna, karena Anda menyediakan
your name fresh in their minds. para pelanggan Anda dengan
informasi yang mereka inginkan
sementara menjaga nama Anda agar
tetap diingat dalam pikiran mereka.
59 Become an expert. Menjadi seorang ahli.
378
59 Writing, speaking and consulting Menulis, berbicara dan membimbing
about translation and interpreting are mengenai penerjemahan lisan dan
great ways to get your name tulisan merupakan cara yang baik
recognized. agar nama Anda dikenal.
59 Contact professional journals in your Hubungi berbagai majalah berkirta
specializations and offer to write an dalam semua keahlian Anda dan
article about translation issues in their tawarkan untuk menulis sebuah
industry; write a booklet on Tips for tulisan mengenai berbagai masalah
Translation Buyers and send it to penerjemahan dalam industri mereka;
potential direct clients; speak at tulis buku kecil mengenai Petunjuk
professional conferences; post an untuk para Pembeli Terjemahan dan
article on How to Speak Successfully kirim buku kecil tersebut kepada para
When Using an Interpreter on your calon pelanggan langsung; menjadi
website—by now you've got one, pembicara pada banyak pertemuan
right? berkirta; memuat tulisan mengenai
Cara Berbicara dengan Berhasil
Ketika Menggunakan Jasa
Penerjemah Lisan di situs Anda—
sekarang Anda punya satu, kan?
59 2.4 Starting a part-time translation 2.4 Memulai usaha terjemahan
business paruh waktu
59/94 Depending on your financial and time Tergantung pada sumber daya
resources, it may not be possible for keuangan dan waktu, akan sulit bagi
you to make freelance translation or Anda untuk langsung menjadi
379
interpreting your full-time job right penerjemah lisan atau tulisan lepas
away. sebagai pekerjaan penuh waktu Anda.
59/94 Starting a part-time business is a Memulai usaha penuh waktu
viable option, as long as you are merupakan pilihan yang layak
careful to run your business in a dipertimbangkan, selama Anda
professional way. berhati-hati dalam menjalankan usaha
Anda dengan cara yang berkirta.
59- Part-time freelance businesses can be Berbagai usaha terjemahan paruh
60/94 split into two categories; taking on waktu dapat dibagi menjadi dua jenis;
part-time translation or interpreting menerima pekerjaan menerjemahkan
work in addition to another job, and lisan atau tulisan paruh waktu sebagai
taking on part-time translation or tambahan pekerjaan lain, dan
interpreting work as your only job. menerima pekerjaan menerjemahkan
lisan atau tulisan paruh waktu sebagai
pekerjaan Anda satu-satunya.
60/95 If you already have another job and Jika Anda sudah memiliki pekerjaan
are interested in sideline work as a lain dan tertarik pada pekerjaan
translator or interpreter, it's possible, sampingan sebagai penerjemah lisan
and many successful freelancers start atau tulisan, hal itu mungkin saja, dan
out this way, waiting until the banyak penerjemah lepas yang
translation or interpreting work can berhasil memulai dengan cara ini,
pay the bills before quitting another menunggu hingga penerjemahan lisan
job. atau tulisan dapat memenuhi
kehidupan sehari-hari sebelum
380
berhenti dari pekerjaan lain.
60/95 In this situation, you have the Dalam keadaan seperti ini, Anda
advantage of taking as long as you memiliki keuntungan memanfaatkan
need to build your business up to the waktu selama mungkin untuk
point where it replaces your current membangun usaha Anda hingga
income. mencapai titik dimana usaha Anda
menggantikan penghasilan Anda
yang sekarang.
60/95 However, you also have the challenge Namun, Anda juga harus menghadapi
of staying productive and available to tantangan untuk tetap siap sedia baik
both your full-time employer and kepada majikan penuh waktu dan
your translation clients. para pelanggan terjemahan Anda.
60/95 Translation, like all international Terjemahan, seperti semua usaha
business, is often a fast-paced internasional, merupakan industri
industry, and clients who contact you yang serba cepat, dan para pelanggan
may need a response to their inquiry yang menghubungi Anda mungkin
immediately, whether they're membutuhkan balasan dari
contacting you about working for permintaan keterangan kerja mereka
them, or about doing revisions to a secepat mungkin, entah mereka
translation you've already completed. menghubungi Anda untuk bekerja
dengan mereka, atau tentang
melakukan berbagai perbaikan pada
terjemahan yang telah Anda
selesaikan.
381
60/95 For this reason, if you'll be combining Karena itu, jika Anda akan
part-time translation work with a full- menyatukan usaha terjemahan paruh
time job, it's important to choose your waktu dengan pekerjaan penuh
clients carefully so that you don't end waktu, penting bagi Anda untuk
up being unavailable when they need memilih para pelanggan Anda secara
you. hati-hati agar Anda tidak berakhir
dengan tidak tersedianya Anda ketika
mereka membutuhkan Anda.
60/95 You may be better off taking lower- Akan lebih baik jika Anda
paying work that doesn't have a tight mengambil pekerjaan bergaji kecil
deadline, rather than higher-paying yang tidak memiliki tenggat waktu
work that requires you to yang padat, alih-alih pekerjaan yang
communicate with the translation bergaji besar yang mengharuskan
client during your work day at your Anda untuk berhubungan dengan
full-time job. pelanggan terjemahan Anda selama
hari kerja Anda di pekerjaan penuh
waktu Anda.
60/96 If you either don't want or don't need Jika Anda tidak ingin atau tidak perlu
to work full-time, starting a part-time untuk bekerja penuh waktu, memulai
freelance business as your only job is usaha terjemahan lepas paruh waktu
a possibility as well. sebagai pekerjaan Anda satu-satunya
juga merupakan sebuah
kemungkinan.
60/96 Depending on your geographical Tergantung pada letak geografis dan
382
location and language pairs, your pasangan bahasa Anda, tantangan
main challenge may be limiting your utama Anda mungkin membatasi
workload to your desired schedule. beban kerja Anda dengan jadwal
yang Anda inginkan.
60/96 In theory, the on-call nature of most Secara teori, sifat ketersediaan dari
freelance translation and interpreting kebanyakan pekerjaan terjemahan
work lends itself well to part-time lisan atau tulisan lepas lebih condong
work, since it seems like you should terhadap pekerjaan paruh waktu,
be able to simply accept or turn down karena sepertinya Anda harus bisa
projects as your schedule allows. untuk menerima atau menolak
berbagai proyek sesuai jadwal Anda.
60/96 In practice, this isn't always the case. Dalam kenyataannya, hal ini tidak
selalu terjadi.
60/96 When a regular client calls, it's hard Ketika pelanggan tetap menelpon,
to say "No," since you want to help sulit untuk mengatakan “Tidak,”
them out and keep them as a client; karena Anda ingin membantu mereka
when no one calls, you can't do much dan menjaga agar mereka tetap
about it. menjadi pelanggan Anda; ketika tidak
ada yang menelpon, Anda tidak bisa
berbuat banyak akan hal itu.
60/96 Still, many freelancers can and do Tetap saja, banyak penerjemah lepas
make a go of it part-time. yang dapat dan mau menjalani
pekerjaan ini paruh waktu.
383
60- The main guideline to keep in mind is Pedoman utama untuk diingat adalah
61/96 to organize and run your business just mengatur dan menjalankan usaha
as professionally as you would if you Anda seberkirta mungkin jika Anda
were working full-time; your clients bekerja penuh waktu; para pelanggan
don't need to know that you work Anda tidak perlu tahu bahwa Anda
part-time unless they ask, so don't bekerja paruh waktu kecuali jika
give them a reason to suspect that mereka bertanya, jadi jangan berikan
you're less committed than someone mereka alasan untuk mencurigai
who works 40+ hours per week. bahwa Anda kurang
bertanggungjawab dibandingkan
seseorang yang bekerja 40 jam lebih
per minggu.
61/97 Part-timers of all flavors should pay Semua jenis pekerja paruh waktu
special attention to business expenses harus memperhatikan pengeluaran
as related to income. yang berhubungan dengan pekerjaan
terkait dengan pendapatan.
61/97 If you're interested in earning a Jika Anda tertarik dengan
healthy income even as a part-timer, mendapatkan penghasilan yang
keep in mind that all of your expenses lumayan bahkan sebagai pekerja
are distributed over a smaller number paruh waktu, perlu diingat bahwa
of billable hours than they would be semua pengeluaran Anda tersebar
if you worked full-time. pada sejumlah kecil waktu yang dapat
ditagih dibandingan bila Anda
bekerja penuh waktu.
384
61/97 In this case, it's worth considering Dalam hal ini, ada baiknya memilih
options that allow you to stay berbagai pilihan yang memungkinkan
competitive and professional without Anda untuk tetap bersaing dan
spending top dollar; for instance berkirta tanpa menghabiskan banyak
trying a free or low-cost translation uang; misalnya mencoba program
memory program, using a custom translation memory yang tanpa bayar
ring number instead of a dedicated atau murah, menggunakan nomor
business phone line, forgoing a laptop telepon sesuai pesanan alih-alih
computer and cell phone unless you saluran telepon khusus untuk usaha,
would use them for other reasons, and mengurangi penggunaan laptop dan
looking for second hand office ponsel kecuali Anda akan
furnishings. menggunakannya untuk hal lain, dan
mencari perabotan kantor bekas.
61 2.5 Business skills you'll need 2.5 Berbagai keterampilan usaha
yang akan Anda butuhkan
61/98 As a freelance translator or Sebagai penerjemah lisan atau tulisan
interpreter, you'll be exchanging the lepas, Anda akan menukar kebebasan
freedom of self-employment for the wirausaha dengan tanggung jawab
responsibility of finding your own mencari pelanggan Anda sendiri,
work, charging a fair rate for this mengatur harga yang pantas untuk
work, making sure you get paid, jasa Anda, memastikan Anda
tracking your own tax liabilities, and mendapat bayaran, memantau wajib
many other tasks. pajak Anda, dan banyak pekerjaan
lainnya.
385
61/98 In this section, we'll take a look at the Pada bagian ini, kita akan melihat
non language-related skills that make berbagai keterampilan yang tidak
for a successful freelance business. terkait dengan bahasa yang dapat
membuat usaha terjemahan lepas
berhasil.
61 Marketing. Pemasaran.
61 Unless you have a pre-existing client Kecuali jika Anda memiliki
base, for instance a former employer pelanggan tetap sebelumnya,
who is interested in hiring you as a misalnya mantan majikan yang
freelancer, you'll need to be able to tertarik untuk mempekerjakan Anda
market yourself. sebagai penerjemah lepas, Anda perlu
memasarkan usaha terjemahan Anda
sendiri.
61 "Marketing" sounds like a scary and “Pemasaran” terdengar seperti
imposing concept at first, but if gagasan yang menakutkan dan
you've ever applied for a job, you've mengesankan pada awalnya, tapi jika
marketed yourself. Anda pernah melamar kerja, Anda
telah memasarkan diri Anda sendiri.
61 Working as a freelancer is just a Bekerja sebagai penerjemah lepas
matter of applying for work over and hanyalah soal melamar kerja terus
over again until you build up a group menerus hingga Anda membangun
of regular clients. sekelompok pelanggan tetap.
61 One of the most important elements Salah satu dari unsur terpenting dari
of marketing yourself as a translator memasarkan diri Anda sendiri
386
or interpreter is to determine your sebagai penerjemah lisan atau tulisan
comfort level with various sales adalah menentukan tingkat
techniques such as cold-contacting, kenyamanan Anda dengan berbagai
networking, and public speaking. teknik penjualan seperti cold-
contacting, membangun hubungan,
dan berbicara di muka umum.
61 Communicating. Berkomunikasi.
61-62 People do business with people they Orang-orang melakukan usaha
like, so while you don't want to dengan orang yang mereka sukai, jadi
grovel, it's important to hone your sementara Anda tidak ingin
communications skills where your merendahkan diri Anda sendiri,
freelance business is concerned. penting untuk mengasah keterampilan
berkomunikasi Anda yang
berhubungan dengan usaha
terjemahan Anda.
62 First, you have to actually do the Pertama, harus Anda yang melakukan
communicating; answer all business- komunikasi tersebut; jawab semua
related phone calls and e-mails as panggilan telepon dan surat
soon as possible, always within the elektronik yang berhubungan dengan
same business day and preferably usaha Anda sesegera mungkin, selalu
within an hour, and change your dalam hari kerja yang sama dan lebih
voice mail message or e-mail auto- baik bila dijawab dalam satu jam, dan
responder when you'll be out of the ubah pesan suara atau penjawab surat
office for more than one business elektronik otomatis Anda ketika Anda
387
day. akan keluar kantor lebih dari satu hari
kerja.
62 Be honest about your availability and Jujurlah mengenai ketersediaan Anda
don't promise miracles that you can't dan jangan menjanjikan keajaiban
deliver. yang tidak dapat Anda berikan.
62 Second, you need to communicate in Kedua, Anda perlu berkomunikasi
a way that is positive and dengan cara yang positif dan berkirta.
professional.
62 Answer the phone cheerfully; when Jawab panggilan telepon masuk
someone contacts you for work, thank dengan ceria; ketika seseorang
them for thinking of you. menghubungi Anda mengenai
pekerjaan, nyatakan terima kasih
karena mereka mencari Anda.
62 When you call a client back and Ketika Anda menelpon pelanggan
they've already found another kembali dan mereka telah
linguist, thank them for contacting menemukan ahli bahasa lainnya,
you and ask them to keep you in nyatakan terima kasih karena telah
mind in the future, rather than getting menghubungi Anda dan minta
angry that they didn't wait for your mereka untuk mencari Anda kembali
response. jika suatu saat mereka membutuhkan
jasa penerjemah, alih-alih marah
karena mereka tidak menunggu
jawaban Anda.
62 Accounting. Akuntansi.
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62 Like marketing, this is a concept that Layaknya pemasaran, gagasan ini
sounds frightening if you've never terdengar menakutkan jika Anda
done it before. belum pernah melakukan hal ini
sebelumnya.
62 Especially if you've always worked as Terutama jika Anda selalu bekerja
a salaried employee, working as a sebagai pegawai bergaji, bekerja
freelancer will require much more sebagai penerjemah lepas akan
record-keeping than you've done memerlukan lebih banyak pencatatan
before. dibandingkan dengan apa yang telah
Anda lakukan sebelumnya.
62 However, at its most basic level, Namun, pada tingkat yang paling
accounting for a freelancer consists of dasar, akuntansi bagi penerjemah
keeping records of your income and lepas hanya terdiri dari mencatat
expenses, something that is definitely berbagai pendapatan dan
within your grasp. pengeluaran, sesuatu yang masih
dalam batas kemampuan Anda.
62 As with communicating, the most Sama halnya dengan berkomunikasi,
important aspect of accounting is to segi terpenting dari akuntansi adalah
do it; record every payment as soon melakukannya; catat setiap
as you receive it and save receipts for pembayaran sesegera mungkin
every business expense in order to setelah Anda menerimanya dan
minimize your headaches at tax time. simpan tanda terima dari setiap
pengeluaran usaha agar Anda tidak
kerepotan saat waktu perpajakan.
389
62 Using technology. Menggunakan teknologi.
62 For translators, the days of pen and Bagi para penerjemah, hari-hari
paper work are long gone, and you'll menggunakan pulpen dan kertas
need to know how to use, at a sudah lama hilang, dan Anda harus
minimum, the Internet, e-mail, and tau cara menggunakan, setidaknya,
office software such as word Internet, surat elektronik, dan
processing and spreadsheet programs. perangkat lunak perkantoran seperti
pengolah kata dan program lembar
kerja.
62 Translation memory software can Perangkat lunak translation memory
increase your productivity, and dapat meningkatkan daya hasil Anda,
depending on your languages and dan menggantungkan diri pada
specializations may be necessary to bahasa dan kekhususan Anda
running a viable business, since some mungkin diperlukan dalam menjalani
clients require it. usaha yang layak dipertimbangkan,
karena beberapa pelanggan
membutuhkannya.
62 Billing and Collections. Tagihan dan Pengelolaan Piutang.
62-63 As a freelance translator or Sebagai penerjemah lisan atau tulisan
interpreter, you'll usually be lepas, Anda biasanya akan
responsible for billing your clients bertanggungjawab untuk menagih
yourself and following up if they para pelanggan Anda sendiri dan
can't or won't pay. menindaklanjuti jika mereka tidak
bisa atau tidak mau membayar.
390
63 For most freelancers, a simple system Bagi kebanyakan penerjemah lepas,
of sending invoices by e-mail is sistem sederhana mengirim surat
enough, and you can keep track of tagihan melalui surat elektronik sudah
your invoices either with a cukup, dan Anda dapat memantau
spreadsheet or on paper. surat tagihan Anda baik dengan
lembar kerja atau dengan kertas.
63 Billing is the fun part, because your Menagih adalah bagian yang
work is completed, and the menyenangkan, karena pekerjaan
expectation is that you'll be paid on Anda sudah selesai, dan harapan
time. Anda adalah Anda akan dibayar tepat
waktu.
63 When this doesn't happen, the Ketika hal ini tidak terjadi,
situation is less sweet. keadaannya menjadi kurang
menyenangkan.
63 You'll need to learn how to deal with Anda harus belajar cara menghadapi
clients who won't pay because of para pelanggan yang tidak mau
disagreements about issues such as membayar karena adanya perbedaan
the quality and timeliness of your pendapat mengenai masalah seperti
work, and with clients who can't pay mutu dan ketepatan waktu kerja
because of their own poor financial Anda, dan dengan para pelanggan
situations. yang tidak bisa membayar karena
keadaan keuangan mereka yang
buruk.
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63 Dealing with highs and lows. Menghadapi naik dan turun.
63 While this is more of a psychological Sementara hal ini lebih ke
skill than a business one, it's one of keterampilan psikologis daripada
the most important assets that a usaha, hal ini merupakan salah satu
freelancer needs. modal terpenting yang diperlukan
penerjemah lepas.
63 Whether you're translating, Baik Anda menerjemahkan lisan atau
interpreting or selling siding, the tulisan, atau menjual papan, harga
market goes up, and the market pasar bisa naik dan turun.
comes down.
63 Unless you're either very lucky, a Kecuali jika Anda sangat beruntung,
great planner, or both, you'll have atau perencana yang hebat, atau
weeks where you want to unplug your bahkan keduanya, Anda akan
phone so that clients will stop calling, menghadapi keadaan dimana Anda
and weeks where you feel like you'll ingin mencopot kabel telepon Anda
never be called by a client again. hingga para pelanggan berhenti
menelpon, dan keadaan dimana Anda
merasa bahwa Anda tidak akan
pernah dicari kembali oleh
pelanggan.
63 To make it as a freelancer, you'll need Agar berhasil sebagai penerjemah
to deal with these peaks and valleys lepas, Anda perlu menghadapi
on several fronts. berbagai puncak dan lembah dalam
berbagai peristiwa.
392
63 Most practically, you'll need to Bisa dibilang, Anda perlu
develop a budgeting strategy that mengembangkan siasat penganggaran
keeps you from spending too much yang menjaga Anda agar tidak
when your checking account is full menghabiskan terlalu banyak ketika
and going into debt when work is rekening Anda penuh dan berhutang
lean. ketika pekerjaan sedang sepi.
63 Mentally, it's important to be Secara batin, penting untuk berdaya
productive even when you don't have hasil bahkan ketika Anda tidak
much paying work, for instance by memiliki banyak pekerjaan berbayar,
contacting new potential clients, misalnya dengan menghubungi para
updating your website, or catching up calon pelanggan baru, memperbarui
on your accounting. situs Anda, atau mengurus akuntansi
Anda.
63 2.6 Setting up your office and your 2.6 Mendirikan kantor dan
business mendirikan usaha terjemahan
Anda
63/99 While it's possible to spend many Sementara Anda bisa menghabiskan
office for your freelance translating kantor untuk usaha terjemahan lisan
or interpreting business, it's equally atau tulisan lepas Anda, Anda juga
possible to get going with a minimal bisa melakukannya dengan
investment while maintaining a penanaman modal terendah
professional image. sementara mempertahankan kesan
berkirta.
393
63- Having a dedicated place to work is Memiliki tempat khusus untuk
64/100 good for business on a few fronts; it bekerja merupakan hal yang baik
helps you stay focused and organized untuk usaha pada beberapa bidang;
in your work environment, and at tax hal ini membantu Anda untuk tetap
time it helps you claim office space terpumpun dan terurus dalam
as a business expense. lingkungan kerja Anda, dan ketika
waktu perpajakan hal ini membantu
menyatakan ruang kantor sebagai
biaya usaha.
64/100 At least at the outset, your office will Setidaknya pada awalnya, kantor
probably be located in your home. Anda mungkin akan bertempat di
rumah Anda.
64/100 Many translators and interpreters Banyak penerjemah lisan dan tulisan
work from home for their entire bekerja dari rumah selama mereka
careers, while some choose to rent berkarir, sementara beberapa
office space once their businesses are penerjemah lebih memilih untuk
on firm financial ground. menyewa ruang kantor setelah usaha
mereka sudah berada pada keadaan
keuangan yang kokoh.
64/100 Unless you have absolutely no space Kecuali jika Anda sungguh tidak
to set up an office in your home or memiliki ruang untuk mempersiapkan
have access to free office space kantor di rumah Anda atau memiliki
outside your home, working from hubungan ke ruang kantor yang tanpa
home is the most cost-effective bayar di luar rumah Anda, bekerja
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option. dari rumah merupakan pilihan yang
paling hemat biaya.
64/100 As more libraries and places of Dengan bertambahnya jumlah
business start to offer free or low-cost perpustakaan dan tempat usaha yang
wireless Internet access, it's also an memulai menawarkan hubungan
option to set up a very minimal office internet nirkabel yang tanpa bayar
in your house, and do most of your atau murah, juga merupakan sebuah
work at another location on a laptop pilihan untuk membangun kantor
computer, although you may forgo kecil di rumah Anda, dan melakukan
the tax benefits of having a full- sebagian besar pekerjaan di tempat
fledged home office. lain dengan menggunakan laptop,
meski Anda mungkin melupakan
manfaat pajak dari memiliki kantor
rumah yang sudah berkembang.
64/101 In order to field inquiries from clients Untuk menjawab dengan tangkas
and research new client prospects, permintaan keterangan kerja dari para
you'll need a phone with voice mail pelanggan dan meneliti para calon
or an answering machine, and a pelanggan baru, Anda memerlukan
computer with e-mail and Internet, telepon dengan pesan suara atau
preferably via a DSL, cable or mesin penjawab, dan komputer
satellite broadband connection that dengan surat elektronik dan internet,
allows you to be on the phone and on lebih baik melalui hubungan pita
line at the same time. lebar DSL, kabel, atau satelit yang
memungkinkan Anda untuk
395
menggunakan telepon dan Internet
pada saat yang bersamaan.
64/101 Translators and interpreters at all Para penerjemah lisan dan tulisan
levels will want to invest in a variety pada semua tingkatan akan
of general and specialized menginginkan untuk menanam modal
dictionaries, both print and electronic. pada berbagai kamus khusus dan
umum, baik cetak atau elektronik.
64/101 You'll also need, at a minimum, Anda juga akan memerlukan,
office software on your computer. setidaknya, perangkat lunak kantoran
pada komputer Anda.
64/101 Translation memory (TM) software, Perangkat lunak translation memory
also called CAT (computerassisted (TM), atau disebut juga sebagai
translation) software is fast becoming perangkat lunak CAT
a necessity as well, with prices (computerassisted translation) juga
ranging from free to several thousand semakin menjadi kebutuhan, dengan
dollars. berbagai harga mulai dari tanpa bayar
hingga beberapa ribu dollar.
64/101 A fax machine is convenient to have, Memiliki fax bukanlah sesuatu yang
but as e-mailed PDF files replace merugikan, tapi setelah berkas PDF
faxes, not a necessity if you live near yang bisa dikirim melalui surat
a copy shop that offers incoming fax elektronik menggantikan fax,
service; services such as Efax bukanlah suatu keharusan jika Anda
http://efax.com that deliver faxes to tinggal di dekat toko salinan yang
your e-mail inbox are also a good menawarkan jasa fax masuk; berbagai
396
possibility. jasa seperti Efax http://efax.com yang
mengirimkan fax ke kotak masuk
surat elektronik juga merupakan
kemungkinan yang baik.
64/101 If you're looking to field client Jika Anda ingin menjawab
inquiries immediately and win a permintaan keterangan kerja para
maximum number of assignments, a pelanggan dengan tangkas sesegera
cell phone and/or wireless email mungkin dan meraih jumlah
device will help keep you in contact, pekerjaan sebanyak mungkin, ponsel
especially if you prefer the flexibility dan/atau perangkat surat elektronik
of working from a café or library nirkabel akan membantu Anda
when the walls of your home office berhubungan, terutama jika Anda
start closing in! lebih memilih kebebasan bekerja dari
kafe atau perpustakaan ketika Anda
sudah bosan di rumah!
64/102 Especially for translators, who often Terutama bagi para penerjemah, yang
spend 40 and more hours a week at biasa menghabiskan lebih dari 40 jam
the computer, it's important to dalam seminggu di depan komputer,
consider comfort and ergonomics penting untuk mempertimbangkan
when setting up your office. kenyamanan dan ergonomika ketika
mendirikan kantor Anda.
64- While you don't have to call in a Meski Anda tidak perlu memanggil
65/102 consultant to correctly position your penasihan untuk mengatur letak layar
monitor, it's worth investing in a komputer Anda, merupakan hal yang
397
good-quality office chair, a computer patut untuk menanam modal pada
desk that is correctly sized for you, kursi kantor yang bermutu tinggi,
and a monitor that is large enough meja komputer yang berukuran cocok
that you're not constantly scrolling up untuk Anda, dan layar komputer yang
and down pages all day. cukup lebar sehingga Anda tidak
perlu secara terus menerus
menggulirkan halaman ke atas dan ke
bawah sepanjang hari.
65/102 If cash is an issue, consider Jika keuangan Anda tidak
purchasing these items used. mencukupi, pertimbangkan untuk
membeli barang bekas yang masih
layak pakai.
65/102 Put a bookshelf with your most Letakkan juga rak buku dengan bahan
commonly used reference materials rujukan yang paling sering Anda
within arm's reach as well. gunakan dalam jangkauan.
65 2.7 Maximizing productivity 2.7 Memperbesar daya hasil
65/103 While one of the advantages of self- Sementara salah satu keuntungan
employment is flexibility, many wirausaha adalah kebebasan, banyak
translators and interpreters struggle to penerjemah lisan dan tulisan yang
remain productive without the berjuang untuk tetap berdaya hasil
structure offered by a full-time job for tanpa susunan yang ditawarkan oleh
an outside employer. pekerjaan penuh waktu bagi majikan
luar.
398
65/103 Following are some suggestions for Berikut ini adalah beberapa saran
staying on task when you're on your untuk tetap bertugas ketika Anda
own time clock. sedang berada dalam jam kerja Anda.
65/103 If you already have above-average Anda mungkin dapat membangun
time management skills, you may be kebiasaan berdaya hasil tanpa harus
able to establish a productive routine mempraktikkan semua tindakan di
without putting any of these measures bawah ini jika Anda sudah memiliki
into practice. keterampilan mengatur waktu di atas
rata-rata.
65/103 If you're constantly overcome by the Jika Anda terus-menerus dikalahkan
temptation to do anything but work, dengan godaan untuk melakukan
consider putting these systems into apapun selain bekerja, pertimbangkan
practice from day one! berbagai sistem ini untuk
dipraktikkan dari hari pertama!
65 Strike a balance between enjoying the Seimbangkan antara menikmati
flexibility of freelancing and not kebebasan bekerja lepas dan tidak
letting it take over your work time. membiarkan kebebasan itu
mengambil alih waktu bekerja Anda.
65 Too little flexibility will leave you Terlalu sedikit kebebasan akan
wondering why you're freelancing in membuat Anda bertanya-tanya
the first place, too much and you mengapa Anda bekerja lepas sejak
won't be earning any money. awal, terlalu banyak kebebasan dan
Anda tidak akan menghasilkan
banyak uang.
399
65 For example, block out certain times Misalnya, hilangkan waktu tertentu
during which you allow yourself to dimana Anda memungkinkan diri
do non-work activities such as Anda sendiri untuk melakukan
exercising, grocery shopping, going kegiatan selain bekerja seperti
to medical appointments, or getting berolah raga, berbelanja, pergi
together with friends. bertemu dokter, atau berkumpul
dengan teman Anda.
65 Limit non-work activities to these Batasi kegiatan selain bekerja hanya
times only and consider yourself "at pada waktu tersebut dan anggap diri
work" the rest of the time. Anda “sedang bekerja” pada sisa
waktu Anda.
66 Set quantifiable goals. Tetapkan berbagai tujuan yang dapat
diukur.
66 Instead of amorphous targets such as Alih-alih berbagai target tak menentu
"contact more new clients," draw up a seperti “menghubungi lebih banyak
list of concrete objectives that you pelanggan baru,” susun daftar tujuan
must meet, such as "send out 20 yang dapat Anda capai, misalnya
résumés per week and follow up ten “mengirimkan 20 riwayat hidup per
by phone." minggu dan menindaklanjuti sepuluh
dengan telepon.”
66 As much as possible, consider Sesering mungkin, anggap diri Anda
yourself "at work" when you're “sedang bekerja” ketika Anda bekerja
working from your home office. di kantor rumah Anda.
66 Close your office door. Tutup pintu kantor Anda.
400
66 Don't answer your home phone unless Jangan jawab telepon rumah Anda
you're expecting an important call, kecuali jika Anda sedang menunggu
and let your family know that you are telepon penting, dan biarkan keluarga
not to be interrupted except in an Anda tahu bahwa Anda sedang tidak
emergency. bisa diganggu kecuali dalam keadaan
darurat.
66 Limit the time you spend reading and Batasi waktu Anda menghabiskan
responding to e-mail. waktu membaca dan membalas surat
elektronik.
66 This can be a huge time drain for Ini bisa menjadi waktu yang sangat
freelancers, especially translators who menguras bagi para pekerja lepas,
are often contacted to provide quotes terutama para penerjemah yang sering
on translation projects. dihubungi untuk menyediakan
berbagai penawaran mengenai
berbagai proyek terjemahan.
66 Unless you're expecting an important Kecuali jika Anda sedang menunggu
message, give yourself a set time to pesan penting, beri diri Anda sendiri
check e-mail, for example every hour waktu tetap untuk memeriksa surat
on the hour for a maximum of ten elektronik, misalnya setiap jam
minutes. selama paling lama sepuluh menit.
66 A corollary to this is keeping separate Hasil dari kegiatan ini adalah
personal and work email accounts so memisahkan akun pribadi dan kerja
that you are never tempted to spend agar Anda tidak tergoda untuk
work time on personal menghabiskan waktu kerja pada
401
correspondence. surat-menyurat pribadi.
66 Take a break by doing something Beristirahatlah dengan melakukan
useful. sesuatu yang berguna.
66 When you've had as much oil and gas Ketika Anda sudah muak dengan
terminology as you can stand, peristilahan minyak dan gas,
decompress for a few minutes by hilangkan tekanan beberapa menit
reading articles on a translators' dengan membaca berbagai tulisan
website, writing a "tip of the day" for pada situs penerjemah, menulis
your website, or emailing a client to “catatan hari ini” untuk situs Anda,
check in. atau mengirim surat elektronik
kepada pelanggan untuk memeriksa.
66 If you're contacted frequently for the Jika Anda sering dihubungi untuk
same information by prospective informasi yang sama oleh para calon
clients, make this available with as pelanggan, buat hal ini tersedia
little effort as possible. dengan usaha sekecil mungkin.
66 Post your résumé on your website so Pasang riwayat hidup Anda pada situs
that you can refer clients there. Anda agar Anda dapat merujuk para
pelanggan Anda kesana.
66 Keep a list of questions to ask new Simpan daftar pertanyaan untuk
clients (rate, word count, subject ditanyakan kepada para pelanggan
matter, time of appointment, baru (harga, jumlah kata, materi
deadline, payment terms, etc.) within pokok, waktu pertemuan, tenggat
eyesight in your office so that you waktu, syarat pembayaran, dll) dalam
don't have to think about it when penglihatan di kantor Anda jadi Anda
402
prospective clients call or e-mail you. tidak perlu repot memikirkannya
ketika para calon pelanggan
menelpon atau mengirim Anda surat
elektronik.
67 2.8 For working parents 2.8 Bagi para orangtua yang
bekerja
67/104 Especially as compared with other Terutama bila dibandingkan dengan
types of freelance work, translation jenis kerja lepas lainnya,
and interpreting are great career penerjemahan lisan dan tulisan
options for working parents. merupakan pilihan karir yang bagus
bagi para orangtua yang bekerja.
67/104 Although a freelance translation or Meski karir penerjemahan lisan atau
interpreting career won't free you tulisan lepas tidak akan
from the need to be available when membebaskan Anda dari kebutuhan
clients call or to find reliable child untuk selalu ada ketika para
care, it does allow flexibility, good pelanggan menelpon atau untuk
income potential, and the freedom to menemukan penitipan anak
expand or contract your working terpercaya, karir ini memungkinkan
hours according to your other kebebasan, kemungkinan pendapatan
commitments. yang baik, dan kebebasan untuk
menambah atau mengurangi jam
kerja Anda sesuai tanggung jawab
Anda lainnya.
403
67/105 Translation and interpreting offer Penerjemahan lisan dan tulisan
several advantages for the working menawarkan beberapa keuntungan
parent. bagi para orangtua yang bekerja.
67/105 In contrast to professions where Berbeda dengan berbagai pekerjaan
freelancing is seen as the reward for dimana pekerjaan lepas terlihat
years spent working as a full-time sebagai hasil jerih payah
employee, most translators and menghabiskan waktu selama
interpreters start out as freelancers; bertahun-tahun bekerja sebagai
the few in-house translation and pekerja penuh waktu, kebanyakan
interpreting jobs out there would penerjemah lisan dan tulisan memulai
rarely be offered to a beginner, so sebagai pekerja lepas; beberapa
there's no stigma in starting out penerjemahan lisan dan tulisan
working for yourself. rumahan di luar sana jarang
ditawarkan kepada pemula, jadi tidak
ada aib dalam memulai bekerja untuk
diri Anda sendiri.
67/105 In addition, the project-based nature Selain itu, sifat dasar proyek sebagian
of most translation and interpreting besar pekerjaan penerjemahan lisan
assignments lends itself relatively dan tulisan cukup cocok dengan
well to part-time work on a flexible pekerjaan paruh waktu dalam jadwal
schedule. yang bebas.
67/106 For freelancers who have already Bagi para penerjemah lepas yang
built up a thriving business before telah membangun usaha yang telah
having children, keeping the business berkembang sebelum memiliki anak,
404
going is primarily a matter of finding menjaga agar usaha terus berjalan
reliable child care, whether by paying hanyalah masalah menemukan
a provider or by working when a penitipan anak terpercaya, entah
partner or other family member can dengan membayar penyedia atau
take over the family responsibilities, dengan bekerja ketika pasangan atau
and of finding the energy to both anggota keluarga lainnya dapat
work and take care of a small child. mengambil alih tanggung jawab
keluarga, dan menemukan tenaga
untuk baik bekerja dan mengurus
anak kecil.
67/107 If you're starting your business and Jika anda memulai usaha Anda dan
your family at the same time, keluarga Anda pada saat yang
deciding if and when to schedule bersamaan, menentukan jika dan
child care is a significant concern, as kapan untuk menjadwal perawatan
paying for child care when you're not anak merupakan masalah yang
earning money can quickly turn into a penting, karena membayar perawatan
money-losing proposition. anak ketika Anda tidak menghasilkan
uang dapat segera berubah menjadi
masalah yang menghabiskan uang.
67/107 One translator who started her Seorang penerjemah yang memulai
freelance business three months after usaha terjemahan lepas tiga bulan
her daughter was born comments: setelah ia melahirkan mengulas:
67 When I started out, I worked mostly Ketika saya memulai, saya bekerja
at night and on weekends so I didn't biasanya pada malam hari dan akhir
405
have to pay a babysitter when I had pekan jadi saya tidak perlu membayar
no idea how much I would be pengasuh anak ketika saya tidak tahu
making. berapa penghasilan yang akan saya
dapat.
67-68 After my first year, I hired a sitter Setelah tahun pertama saya, saya
four mornings a week after estimating menyewa pengasuh empat pagi setiap
conservatively on the financial side, minggu setelah memperkirakan segi
and after two years my husband was keuangan secara kolot, dan setelah
able to quit his job and work part- dua tahun suami saya akhirnya dapat
time, so now he takes over when I'm keluar dari pekerjaannya dan bekerja
working. paruh waktu, jadi sekarang ia yang
mengambil alih ketika saya bekerja.
68/108 As a working parent, one of the keys Sebagai orangtua yang bekerja, salah
to a successful business is to satu kunci usaha berhasil adalah
capitalize on the advantages of your memanfaatkan keuntungan keadaan
situation; rather than seeing your time Anda; daripada melihat keterbatasan
constraints as a problem for clients, waktu Anda sebagai masalah bagi
look for ways in which you can use para pelanggan, cari cara agar Anda
them to advantage. dapat menggunakan masalah tersebut
sebagai keuntungan Anda.
68/108 As an interpreter, you might offer to Sebagai penerjemah lisan, Anda bisa
work nights and weekends at menawarkan untuk bekerja malam
weekday rates, minimizing your need dan akhir pekan dengan harga hari
for expensive child care and giving kerja, memperkecil kebutuhan Anda
406
your employer an incentive to use untuk perawatan anak yang mahal
you more. dan memberikan majikan Anda
dorongan untuk lebih mempekerjakan
Anda.
68/108 This could be especially valuable in Ini bisa menjadi sangat berguna
settings such as hospitals, where dalam suasana seperti rumah sakit,
interpreters are often needed outside ketika para penerjemah lisan biasanya
of regular business hours. dibutuhkan di luar jam kerja pada
umumnya.
68/108 As a translator, you might offer to be Sebagai penerjemah tulisan, Anda
available after hours, so that clients bisa menawarkan untuk dapat tersedia
can get a jump on the next day's setelah jam kerja, agar para
business by sending you a project to pelanggan bisa mendapatkan jasa
start as their work day ends, or you Anda lebih awal dengan mengirim
might look for clients in other time Anda proyek agar Anda kerjakan
zones who will appreciate your setelah hari kerja mereka berakhir,
unconventional schedule as an atau Anda mungkin bisa mencari para
addition to their own work hours. pelanggan pada zona waktu lain yang
akan menghargai jadwal tidak biasa
Anda sebagai tambahan jam kerja
mereka sendiri.
69 3 Home office setup, technology, 3 Mempersiapkan kantor rumah,
and translation memory software teknologi, dan perangkat lunak
translation memory
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69 3.1 Preparing for your home office 3.1 Mempersiapkan kantor rumah
Anda
69/109 While it's possible to spend many Meski Anda bisa menghabiskan
office for your freelance translation kantor untuk usaha terjemahan lisan
business, it's equally possible to get atau tulisan lepas Anda, Anda juga
going with a minimal investment bisa melakukannya dengan
while maintaining a professional penanaman modal terendah
image. sementara mempertahankan kesan
berkirta.
69/109 Most translators work from home, so Kebanyakan penerjemah bekerja dari
there's no stigma attached to doing so. rumah, jadi tidak ada aib yang
melekat dalam melakukannya.
69/109 At the same time, working from Pada saat yang bersamaan, bekerja
home poses its own set of challenges, dari rumah memiliki tantangan
including but not limited to: knowing tersendiri, termasuk namun tidak
how to manage your time so that your terbatas pada: mengetahui cara
business is profitable; knowing when mengatur waktu Anda agar usaha
to take breaks and how to get enough Anda untung; mengetahui kapan
exercise; resisting the temptation to harus beristirahat dan cara
work either too little or too much; mendapatkan cukup olahraga;
setting rules for kids or other people melawan godaan untuk bekerja terlalu
in your household; staying on task sebentar atau terlalu lama;
and setting priorities. menetapkan peraturan untuk anak-
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anak atau orang lain di rumah tangga
Anda; tetap mengerjakan tugas dan
menetapkan keutamaan.
69 3.2 The ups and downs of working 3.2 Pasang surut bekerja dari
from home rumah
69/110 Especially if your current job Terutama jika pekerjaan Anda
involves a long commute, sekarang melibatkan perjalanan
inconvenient hours or an unpleasant panjang dari luar kota ke kota, jam
work environment, the thought of yang tidak sesuai atau lingkungan
checking your e-mail in the morning yang tidak menyenangkan, pikiran
while still wearing your pajamas and memeriksa surat elektronik Anda di
drinking a cup of coffee can seem pagi hari sementara masih
like a slice of paradise. menggunakan baju tidur dan
meminum secangkir kopi bisa terlihat
sedikit seperti surga.
69/110 For many translators who work from Bagi banyak penerjemah yang
home, the situation is an all around bekerja dari rumah, keadaannya
win, allowing them to be more in sangat menguntungkan,
control of their schedules, work at memungkinkan mereka untuk lebih
times of the day when they have the mengendalikan jadwal mereka,
most energy, and spend more time bekerja pada waktu ketika mereka
with family. memiliki banyak tenaga, dan
menghabiskan lebih banyak waktu
dengan keluarga.
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69- At the same time, other freelance Pada saat yang bersamaan, para
70/110 translators fail at self-employment penerjemah lepas lain gagal dalam
primarily because they cannot work wirausaha terutama karena mereka
productively from home. tidak bisa bekerja secara berdaya
hasil di rumah.
70/111 It's important to realize that there are Penting untuk menyadari bahwa ada
jobs for translators that don't involve banyak pekerjaan bagi para
working from home as an penerjemah yang tidak melibatkan
independent contractor, for example bekerja dari rumah sebagai
you might find translation or project pemborong berdikari, misalnya Anda
management work with a translation mungkin menemukan penerjemahan
agency, technology company, atau pengelolaan proyek dengan
hospital, school, etc. usaha terjemahan, perusahaan
teknologi, rumah sakit, sekolah, dll.
70/111 However in most cases you'll find the Namun pada sebagian besar peristiwa
most work opportunities and highest Anda akan menemukan kesempatan
pay by working for yourself. kerja terbanyak dan gaji terbesar
dengan bekerja untuk diri Anda
sendiri.
70/111 Many work-from-home consultants Banyak penasihat yang bekerja di
identify a few key personality traits rumah mengenali beberapa ciri
that successful independent kepribadian penting yang dimiliki
professionals share, for example: they oleh para pekirta berdikari yang
are self-starters or "go-getters" who berhasil, misalnya: mereka adalah
410
need very little external motivation; para pelopor atau “peraih” yang
they understand their own positives hampir sama sekali tidak
and negatives; they are able to make membutuhkan dorongan luar; mereka
good decisions quickly; they are mengerti kelebihan dan kekurangan
energized by healthy competition mereka sendiri; mereka mampu
rather than feeling intimidated by it, membuat berbagai keputusan tepat
and they have a high level of self- dengan cepat; mereka justru
discipline and will-power. bersemangat dengan persaingan sehat
alih-alih merasa tertekan oleh
persaingan tersebut, dan mereka
memiliki tingkat kedisiplinan diri dan
tekad yang tinggi.
70/112 You'll want to assess where you stand Sebaiknya Anda mengkaji dimana
on the issues presented by these Anda berdiri pada permasalahan yang
questions, and also consider how well disampaikan oleh beberapa
your current life situation lends itself pertanyaan ini, dan juga
to working independently from a pertimbangkan seberapa cocok
home office. keadaan hidup Anda sekarang dengan
bekerja berdikari dari kantor rumah.
70/112 For example, do you have a location Misalnya, apakah Anda memiliki
in your home that can be used as a tempat di rumah Anda yang dapat
home office? digunakan sebagai kantor rumah?
70/112 Keep in mind that in most (but not Perlu diingat bahwa pada sebagian
all) cases, in order to tax-deduct your besar (tapi tidak semua) peristiwa,
411
home office expenses, your office demi mengurangi pajak biaya kantor
must be a separate area that is used rumah Anda, kantor Anda harus
exclusively as an office, so if you set berada di daerah yang terpisah yang
up your computer in a corner of the khusus digunakan sebagai kantor, jadi
guest room, it's not an office. jika Anda menempatkan komputer
Anda di pojok ruang tamu, itu bukan
kantor.
70/112 Does your family or living situation Apa keluarga atau keadaan hidup
lend itself to working productively Anda cocok untuk bekerja secara
from home? berdaya hasil di rumah?
70/112 Can you set guidelines for your Dapatkah Anda mengatur peraturan
spouse, room-mate, children, etc. on untuk pasangan, teman sekamar,
times that you are "at work" and not anak-anak, dll. ketika Anda “sedang
available except in the case of an bekerja” dan tidak dapat diganggu
emergency? kecuali dalam keadaan darurat?
70/112 If you have small children, can you Jika Anda memiliki anak kecil,
afford to pay for child care while you mampukah Anda membayar
work, even if you're not making a lot perawatan Anda sementara Anda
of money at the start? bekerja, meskipun Anda tidak
menghasilkan banyak uang pada
awalnya?
70/112 If you're planning on translation as Jika Anda merencanakan
your primary source of income, do penerjemahan sebagai sumber utama
you have six to nine months' income penghasilan Anda, punyakah Anda
412
in savings to live off while the penghasilan enam hingga sembilan
business gets going? bulan dalam tabungan untuk bertahan
hidup sementara usaha Anda sedang
berjalan?
70/112 It's important to consider these issues Penting untuk mempertimbangkan
before you find yourself in a bad permasalahan tersebut sebelum
situation, and to see the relationship menemukan diri Anda sendiri dalam
between planning and business keadaan sulit, dan untuk melihat
success. hubungan antara merencanakan dan
keberhasilan usaha.
71 3.3 Necessary office equipment 3.3 Peralatan kantor yang
diperlukan
71/113 Even if you need to purchase some Bahkan jika Anda perlu untuk
pieces of computer or office membeli beberapa komputer atau
equipment, startup expenses for a peralatan kantor, biaya awal untuk
freelance translation business should memulai usaha terjemahan lepas
be relatively modest. harus cukup sederhana.
71/113 If you already have an appropriate Jika Anda sudah memiliki komputer
computer and a place to work from, yang layak dan tempat untuk bekerja,
your expenses might run only a few pengeluaran Anda mungkin hanya
hundred dollars. akan berjumlah beberapa ratus dollar
saja.
71/113 Whether you have them already or Entah Anda sudah memiliki kedua
not, here are a few items that make up hal tersebut atau belum, berikut ini
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the basic translation home office. adalah beberapa benda yang
membentuk kantor rumah terjemahan
dasar.
71 A computer is absolutely essential to Komputer merupakan hal yang sangat
a translator's work, and for backup penting bagi pekerjaan penerjemah,
purposes you may even want or need dan untuk berjaga-jaga Anda
more than one computer. mungkin ingin atau perlu lebih dari
satu komputer.
71 If you're prone to repetitive strain Jika Anda rentan terhadap cedera
injury from typing, you may want to keseleo berulang karena mengetik,
consider an ergonomic keyboard, ada baiknya bila Anda menggunakan
although opinions differ on whether keyboard yang ergonomis, meski
these work for everyone. banyak pendapat yang berbeda bagi
setiap orang.
71 If you live in an area where wireless Jika Anda tinggal di daerah dimana
Internet access is available in public hubungan internet nirkabel tersedia di
places, a laptop with Wi-Fi tempat umum, laptop dengan
capabilities can be a great way to kemampuan Wi-Fi dapat menjadi
escape the home office when you get cara yang ampuh untuk melarikan diri
lonely or claustrophobic. dari kantor rumah ketika Anda mulai
kesepian atau sesak.
71 A good sized computer monitor is Layar komputer berukuran besar juga
also important, in order to minimize penting, agar mengurangi jumlah
the amount of time you spend waktu yang Anda habiskan untuk
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scrolling up and down. bergulir ke atas dan ke bawah.
71 A 21-inch monitor is ideal, and some Layar komputer berukuran 21 inci
translators even install two video sangat cocok, dan beberapa
cards in their computer in order to penerjemah bahkan memasang dua
accommodate two 21-inch monitors, video card dalam komputer mereka
one for the source document and one agar dapat menampung dua layar
for the target, or one for the komputer berukuran 21 inci, satu
translation memory program and one untuk nas sumber dan satu lagi untuk
for an online reference. sasaran, atau satu untuk program
translation memory dan satu untuk
rujukan daring.
71 A comfortable desk and chair. Meja dan kursi yang nyaman.
71 You're going to be spending 90% or Anda akan menghabiskan 90% atau
more of your time sitting at your lebih waktu Anda duduk di depan
desk, so make it comfortable and kursi Anda, jadi buatlah senyaman
correctly sized for you; using your mungkin untuk diri Anda sendiri;
kitchen table or a card table isn't a menggunakan meja dapur atau meja
great idea. kartu bukanlah ide yang cemerlang.
71 Without a desk and chair that fit you, Tanpa meja dan kursi yang cocok
it can be tiring and uncomfortable to untuk Anda, Anda akan kelelahan dan
sit in the same position for hours at a merasa tidak nyaman duduk di tempat
time. yang sama selama berjam-jam.
71 A phone. Ponsel.
71 Whether or not you want or need a Entah Anda ingin atau butuh saluran
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dedicated business phone line, it's telepon usaha khusus, penting untuk
crucial to be able to identify which dapat mengenali telepon mana yang
calls are for your business so that you untuk usaha Anda agar Anda dapat
can answer the phone professionally. menjawab telepon tersebut secara
berkirta.
71-72 One option offered by most phone Salah satu pilihan yang ditawarkan
service providers is a custom ring oleh sebagian besar penyedia layanan
number (sometimes called a telepon adalah nomor custom ring
distinctive ring number), which is an (kadang disebut sebagai nomor
additional phone number that runs distinctive ring), yang merupakan
over the same physical line as your nomor telepon tambahan yang
existing phone number. berjalan dalam satu jalur fisik yang
sama dengan nomor telepon Anda
yang sudah ada.
72 When a call comes to your business ketika telepon masuk ke nomor
phone number, the phone will ring telepon usaha Anda, telepon tersebut
differently (normally two short rings akan mengeluarkan dering yang
instead of one long one), so that you berbeda (biasanya dua dering pendek
know that the call is work related. alih-alih satu dering panjang), agar
Anda tahu telepon tersebut terkait
dengan pekerjaan.
72 A hands-free telephone headset can Headset telepon bebas gengam dapat
be really helpful when you need to benar-benar membantu ketika Anda
type and talk at the same time, and perlu mengetik dan berbicara pada
416
you can purchase one inexpensively saat yang bersamaan, dan Anda dapat
at an office supply store. membeli headset tersebut dengan
harga yang murah di toko peralatan
toko.
72 A way to receive faxes. Cara untuk menerima faks.
72 Many hard copy documents are now Banyak nas salinan cetak yang
scanned and e-mailed, so you may sekarang dipindai dan dikirim melalui
not receive faxes every day, but you surat elektronik, jadi Anda mungkin
do need some fax capability. tidak akan menerima faks setiap hari,
namun hal itu tidak berarti bahwa
Anda tidak membutuhkan faks.
72 A standalone fax machine is an Perangkat faks yang terpisah adalah
obvious choice, or a fax modem pilihan yang jelas, atau modem faks
connected to your computer, or a yang terhubung ke komputer Anda,
service such as Efax http://efax.com atau jasa seperti Efax http://efax.com
that converts faxes to e-mail. yang dapat mengubah faks ke surat
elektronik.
72 If you get very few faxes and live Jika Anda jarang menerima faks dan
near a copy shop, the cheapest option tinggal di dekat toko fotokopi, pilihan
of all is to receive your faxes at the termurah adalah dengan menerima
shop and pay the per-page charge. faks Anda di toko tersebut dan
membayar per halaman.
72 If you have a fax machine or a fax Jika Anda memiliki mesin faks atau
modem, it should also be able to use a modem faks, kedua benda tersebut
417
custom ring number, since most seharusnya bisa nomor dering khusus,
phone companies can assign at least karena kebanyakan perusahaan
two custom ring numbers to your telepon dapat menetapkan setidaknya
existing phone line. dua nomor dering khusus pada nomor
telepon Anda yang sudah ada.
72 If you want a fax machine, you might Jika Anda menginginkan mesin faks,
also consider a "multifunction Anda juga bisa mempertimbangkan
machine" that acts as a fax machine, untuk membeli “mesin serbaguna”
copier, printer and scanner. yang dapat berfungsi sebagai mesin
faks, mesin fotokopi, mesin pencetak,
dan mesin pemindai.
72 A place to keep files. Tempat untuk menyimpan berbagai
berkas.
72 You'll need a filing box or cabinet to Anda akan membutuhkan kotak arsip
keep invoices, check stubs, tax atau lemari untuk menyimpan
information, hard copy translation tagihan, sobekan cek, informasi
documents, client information, etc. pajak, berbagai salinan cetak nas
terjemahan, informasi pelanggan, dll.
72 Internet access is another essential Hubungan internet merupakan unsur
element of the translation home penting lainnya dari kantor rumah
office. terjemahan.
72 For most translators, broadband Bagi sebagian besar penerjemah,
Internet via cable, DSL or satellite is internet pita lebar melalui kabel, DSL
fast becoming a necessity. atau satelit sudah semakin menjadi
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kebutuhan.
72 Especially if you use online Terutama jika Anda menggunakan
dictionaries, you'll be connected to berbagai kamus daring, Anda akan
the Internet for most of the time terhubung dengan internet sebagian
you're working, which means that besar waktu selama Anda bekerja,
you can't make or receive phone calls yang berarti bahwa Anda tidak dapat
if you have only dialup Internet melakukan atau menerima panggilan
access. telepon jika Anda hanya memiliki
hubungan internet dialup.
72-73 In addition, many translation project Selain itu, banyak berkas proyek
files are very large and can take a terjemahan yang berukuran sangat
long time to download over a dialup besar dan dapat memakan waktu yang
connection. lama bila diunduh melalui jaringan
dialup.
73 In the event that your high-speed Sekiranya hubungan internet cepat
Internet access goes down, it's Anda terputus, akan sangat
definitely helpful to have an Internet membantu jika Anda menyewa
service provider that also allows dial- penyedia layanan internet yang juga
up access, giving you a backup memperbolehkan hubungan dialup,
method of Internet access when memberikan Anda rencana cadangan
there's an outage. hubungan internet ketika terjadi
perbaikan layanan.
73 A bookcase for dictionaries. Rak buku untuk berbagai kamus.
73 Ideally, this should be within arm's Sebaiknya, hal ini harus dalam
419
reach of your desk so that you're not jangkauan tangan dari meja Anda
constantly getting up to get a book. agar Anda tidak perlu bangun secara
terus-menerus untuk mengambil
buku.
73 3.4 Organizing your business 3.4 Menata usaha Anda
73/114 When setting up your office, prepare Saat membuka kantor Anda,
for your business to grow. persiapkan usaha Anda untuk
tumbuh.
73/114 Following are some tips for Berikut ini adalah beberapa nasehat
organizing your translation business untuk menata usaha terjemahan Anda
for maximum productivity. agar berdaya hasil sebaik mungkin.
73 Keep track of your assignments. Pantau semua pekerjaan Anda.
73 When you only have one or two Saat Anda hanya memiliki satu atau
clients, it's relatively easy to dua pelanggan, cukup mudah untuk
remember what assignment is due mengingat pekerjaan apa dan harus
when; add in five or ten others, and dikirim kapan; tambah lima atau
it's impossible. sepuluh lainnya, dan Anda tidak akan
bisa mengingatnya.
73 In order to avoid missing deadlines, Untuk menghindari melewati tenggat
make sure to log every project as it waktu, pastikan untuk mencatat setiap
comes in, ideally in more than one proyek setelah Anda
place. mendapatkannya, sebaiknya di lebih
dari satu tempat.
73 For example, you might keep a Misalnya, anda bisa menyimpan
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spreadsheet using different color lembar kerja dengan warna yang
codes for each client, and record the berbeda untuk setiap pelanggan, dan
project description, due date, and rate mencatat keterangan proyek, batas
of pay. tanggal terakhir, dan upah.
73 Then you could also keep a calendar Kemudian Anda juga dapat menaruh
next to your desk, with upcoming kalender di sebelah meja Anda,
deadlines written in it. dengan tenggat waktu mendatang
tertulis di kalender tersebut.
73 With this double-entry system, you're Dengan sistem pencatatan rangkap
less likely to forget a deadline. ini, Anda kecil kemungkinan akan
melupakan tenggat waktu.
73 Keep track of your billings and Pantau tagihan dan pengelolaan
collections. piutang Anda.
Without this simple step, you will Tanpa langkah sederhana ini, Anda
soon have no business at all. akan segera kehilangan usaha Anda.
73 Every time you issue an invoice, Setiap kali Anda mengeluarkan
record the date, client's name, invoice tagihan, catat tanggal, nama
number, amount of the invoice, and pelanggan, nomor tagihan, jumlah
date due. tagihan, dan batas tanggal terakhir.
73 Again, you can record this Satu hal lagi, Anda dapat mencatat
information either electronically, by informasi ini baik secara elektronik,
using a spreadsheet or accounting dengan menggunakan lembar kerja
software, or on paper. atau perangkat lunak akuntansi, atau
di kertas.
421
73 When a client pays you, note this Ketika pelanggan membayar Anda,
wherever you recorded the invoice catat pembayaran tersebut dimanapun
information, and also file the check Anda mencatat informasi tagihan, dan
stub or invoice marked "paid" in a juga simpan sobekan cek atau tagihan
folder for that client. dengan tanda “sudah dibayar” dalam
map khusus untuk pelanggan
tersebut.
74 Know where your time goes. Ketahuilah ke mana waktu Anda
berjalan.
74 Especially if you're hoping to Terutama jika Anda berharap untuk
freelance full-time, it's crucial to bekerja lepas penuh waktu, penting
know how much you're working and untuk mengetahui berapa lama Anda
how much you're actually making per bekerja dan berapa banyak perolehan
hour. Anda per jam.
74 This can be as simple as writing on Ini bisa sesederhana menulis dalam
your calendar how many hours you kalender Anda berapa lama Anda
worked and for which client, or can bekerja dan untuk pelanggan mana,
be done electronically too. atau bisa juga dilakukan secara
elektronik.
74 This also helps you calculate your Ini juga bisa membantu Anda
overhead expenses by showing how menghitung pengeluaran tambahan
much time you're spending on non- dengan menunjukkan berapa lama
billable work such as marketing and waktu yang Anda habiskan pada
accounting. pekerjaan yang tidak dapat ditagih
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seperti pemasaran dan akuntansi.
74 Keep track of your business Pantau pengeluaran usaha Anda.
expenses.
74 Depending on your tax and living Tergantung pada pajak dan keadaan
situation, some or all of your business hidup Anda, beberapa atau semua
expenses such as office supplies, pengeluaran usaha seperti peralatan
Internet access, auto mileage, phone kantor, hubungan internet,
bills, and even home office expenses pengeluaran bensin, biaya telepon,
like a portion of your mortgage dan bahkan biaya kantor rumah
payment and utilities may be tax seperti bagian pembayaran
deductible. penggadaian dan keperluan Anda
mungkin dapat dikurangi dari pajak.
74 However, you can get in serious tax Namun, Anda dapat mendapatkan
trouble for deducting these expenses masalah pajak yang besar dengan
without having accurate records such mengurangi pengeluaran tersebut
as receipts and an auto mileage log. tanpa memiliki catatan lengkap
seperti tanda terima dan catatan
pengeluaran bensin.
74 Choose a reliable accounting Pilih sistem akuntansi yang dapat
system. dipercaya.
74 There are a variety of ways to do your Ada banyak jenis cara untuk mencatat
office bookkeeping, from a paper pembukuan kantor Anda, dari buku
ledger book to a spreadsheet to a full- kas sampai ke lembar kerja hingga
423
spectrum accounting software paket perangkat lunak yang lengkap.
package.
74 Whatever you choose, the key is to Apa pun yang Anda pilih, kuncinya
use your system consistently so that adalah untuk menggunakan sistem
you don't end up wondering how Anda secara taat asas agar Anda tidak
much money you actually made or berakhir bertanya-tanya berapa
how much you spent on office banyak uang yang Anda dapat atau
expenses. berapa banyak Anda habiskan untuk
pengeluaran kantor.
74 Keep only one calendar. Cukup simpan satu kalender.
74 One of the beautiful things about Salah satu kelebihan mengenai
working from home is that you're not bekerja di rumah adalah Anda tidak
usually on a set schedule; one of the selalu pada jadwal yang sudah
downsides of this is the tendency to ditentukan; salah satu kelemahan
double-book appointments or daripada hal ini adalah
deadlines so that you end up kecenderungan untuk membuat
scheduling a phone conference and a perjanjian atau tenggat waktu untuk
dentist appointment at the same time. dua orang berbeda pada waktu yang
sama dimana Anda berakhir
menjadwal rapat telepon dan
perjanjian dengan dokter gigi pada
waktu yang sama.
74 Keep one calendar with personal and Simpan satu kalender dengan
work appointments and deadlines to perjanjian pribadi dan kantor serta
424
avoid conflicts. tenggat waktu untuk menghindari
benturan.
74 Use a prioritized to-do list. Gunakan to-do list yang
diutamakan.
74 One of the keys to remaining Salah satu kunci agar tetap berdaya
productive, especially in a home hasil, terutama di tempat seperti
office setup, is to avoid interrupting kantor rumah, adalah dengan
your work to perform the many small menghindari mengganggu pekerjaan
administrative tasks that come up. Anda dengan melakukan berbagai
pekerjaan administratif kecil yang
datang.
74-75 When you remember something that Ketika Anda mengingat sesuatu yang
you need to do, such as send out an harus Anda kerjakan, seperti
invoice, respond to an e-mail, or mengirim tagihan, membalas surat
update your website, don't perform elektronik, atau memperbarui situs
the task right then unless absolutely Anda, jangan melakukan pekerjaan
necessary. tersebut saat itu juga kecuali jika
pekerjaan itu benar-benar diperlukan.
75 Instead, record it, either on paper or Sebaiknya, catat hal tersebut, baik di
electronically and prioritize it, for kertas atau secara elektronik dan
example as low/medium/high, or utamakan hal tersebut, misalnya
today /this week /when time allows. dengan rendah/menengah/atas, atau
hari ini/minggu ini/ketika ada waktu.
75 Then when you need a break from Kemudian ketika Anda membutuhkan
425
working, tackle the tasks in order of istirahat dari pekerjaan, selesaikan
priority. pekerjaan tersebut sesuai dengan
urutan keutamaan.
75 File! Simpan!
75 Instead of piling things on your desk Alih-alih menumpukkan berbagai
to be lost, recycled, etc., force barang di atas meja Anda hingga
yourself to file anything that you're hilang, didaur ulang, dll., paksa diri
not using immediately. Anda untuk langsung menyimpan apa
pun yang sedang tidak Anda gunakan.
75 For example, keep a file for receipts Misalnya, simpan berkas untuk tanda
to be entered into your business terima untuk dimasukkan ke dalam
expense log, then transfer the receipts catatan pengeluaran usaha, kemudian
to a file for that year's business kirim tanda terima tersebut ke berkas
expenses once you've entered them. untuk pengeluaran usaha tahun
tersebut setelah Anda
memasukkannya.
75 3.5 Translation home office 3.5 Teknologi kantor rumah
technology terjemahan
75/115 Aside from translation memory Selain dari perangkat lunak
software and possibly speech translation memory dan mungkin
recognition software, the translation perangkat lunak pengenal suara,
home office does not usually include teknologi kantor rumah terjemahan
out-of-the-ordinary technology. tidak selalu berisi teknologi yang luar
biasa.
426
75/115 If you already work in a career where Jika Anda sudah bekerja di karir
you use a computer, you probably dimana Anda menggunakan
know most of what it takes to run a komputer, Anda mungkin tahu
translation home office. sebagian besar dari apa yang
diperlukan untuk menjalankan kantor
rumah terjemahan.
75/115 If your current job does not involve Jika pekerjaan Anda sekarang tidak
computer use, you may want to invest melibatkan penggunaan komputer,
in a library or community college sebaiknya Anda menanamkan modal
course in basic computer skills. di perpustakaan atau kelas community
college jurusan keterampilan
komputer dasar.
75/115 Regardless of what your translation Apapun keahlian terjemahan khusus
specializations are, every translator Anda, setiap penerjemah wajib untuk
should know: mengetahui:
75 How to use advanced e-mail Cara menggunakan berbagai fitur
features. surat elektronik canggih.
75 You should know what a read receipt Anda harus tahu apa tanda terima
is and how to request one or send yang sudah dibaca itu serta cara
one; how to carbon copy (CC) and untuk meminta dan mengirimnya;
blind carbon copy (BCC) someone on cara untuk mengirim carbon copy
an e-mail and when to use both of (CC) dan blind carbon copy (BCC)
these features; how to send and kepada seseorang dalam surat
receive attachments; how to copy a elektronik dan kapan untuk
427
text document and paste it into the menggunakan kedua fitur tersebut;
body of an e-mail, and how to use cara mengirim dan menerima
reply all and reply to sender on e- lampiran; cara menyalin dokumen
mails that are sent to more than one naskah dan menyisipkannya kedalam
person. isi surat elektronik, dan cara
menggunakan balas semua dan balas
ke pengirim pada surat elektronik
yang dikirim ke lebih dari satu orang.
75 Sending and receiving attachments. Mengirim dan menerima lampiran.
75-76 You will receive and return most Anda akan menerima dan membalas
translation projects as e-mail sebagian besar proyek terjemahan
attachments, so it's important to know sebagai lampiran surat elektronik,
how to attach a file to an e-mail and jadi penting bagi Anda untuk
how to download an attachment when mengetahui cara melampirkan berkas
you receive one. ke dalam surat elektronik dan cara
mengunduh lampiran ketika Anda
menerimanya.
76 It's also important to know where to Juga penting untuk mengetahui
find an attachment if your spam filter dimana untuk menemukan lampiran
catches the message it's attached to. jika saringan spam Anda
mendapatkan pesan yang berlampir.
76 In addition, you should know how to Sebagai tambahan, Anda harus tahu
use a program such as WinZip to zip cara menggunakan program seperti
groups of files into one attachment, WinZip untuk menggabungkan
428
and how to unzip these attachments berbagai kelompok berkas ke dalam
when you receive them. lampiran, dan cara untuk membuka
gabungan lampiran tersebut ketika
Anda menerimanya.
76 How to format documents. Cara untuk menyusun berbagai
dokumen.
76 Often, clients will want their Sering kali, para pelanggan akan
translated documents to look as much menginginkan dokumen mereka yang
as possible like the source documents, telah diterjemahkan agar terlihat
so that the reader has the impression semirip mungkin dengan dokumen
of looking at the same document in sumber, agar pembaca mendapatkan
another language. kesan melihat dokumen yang sama di
dalam bahasa lain.
76 To achieve this, it's important to Untuk mencapai hal ini, penting
know how to use different fonts, text untuk mengetahui cara menggunakan
boxes, tables, etc. in a word processor berbagai jenis huruf, kotak, tabel, dll.
in order to properly format yang berbeda di dalam pengolah kata
documents. agar dapat menyusun dokumen
dengan tepat.
76 How to fill out and submit an Cara untuk mengisi dan
online form. menyerahkan formulir daring.
76 Especially if you will be applying to Terutama jika Anda akan menlamar
agencies, it's important to know how ke usaha terjemahan, penting untuk
to use drop-down menus and text mengetahui cara menggunakan menu
429
fields, how to paste your resume into drop-down dan text field, cara
the appropriate field on an online menyisipkan riwayat hidup Anda ke
form, and to remember to hit that dalam bagian formulir daring yang
Submit button only once! sesuai, dan mengingat untuk menekan
tombol Submit tidak lebih dari satu
kali.
76 You should also know how to use Anda juga harus tahu cara
browser features such as cookies, menggunakan fitur penjelajah seperti
without which you won't be able to cookies, yang tanpanya Anda tidak
navigate certain websites. akan bisa mengunjungi situs tertentu.
76 How to use Track Changes in a Cara menggunakan Track Changes
word processor. dalam pengolah kata.
76 In the translation industry, the Dalam industri terjemahan, pengolah
standard word processor is Microsoft kata yang paling umum adalah
Word, so if you use another word Microsoft Word, jadi jika Anda
processor such as Word- menggunakan pengolah kata lain
Perfect or OpenOffice.org, make sure seperti Word-Perfect atau
that the program can save files in OpenOffice.org, pastikan program
Microsoft Word format. tersebut dapat menyimpan berkas
dalam bentuk Microsoft Word.
76 For sending and receiving editing Untuk mengirim dan menerima
comments on your documents, you ulasan suntingan mengenai dokumen
should know how to use Microsoft Anda, Anda harus mengetaui cara
Word's Track Changes feature to menggunakan fitur Track Changes
430
make corrections and insert dalam Microsoft Word untuk
comments. membuat perbaikan dan memasukkan
suntingan.
76 How to effectively search on-line. Cara mencari dengan ampuh
daring.
76 Often during a translation Sering kali selagi menerjemahkan,
assignment, you'll come across a term Anda akan menjumpai istilah yang
that isn't in any dictionary you use. tidak dapat Anda temukan di kamus
apapun yang Anda gunakan.
76 The next step is to search for the term Langkah selanjutnya adalah dengan
on-line and see what you find. mencari istilah tersebut secara daring
dan lihat apa yang Anda temukan.
76 You should know how to evaluate the Anda perlu tahu cara menilai
trustworthiness of a website, how to kepercayaan sebuah situs, cara
use bilingual websites, and which menggunakan situs dwibahasa, dan
search engines work best for you. mesin pencarian mana yang paling
cocok untuk Anda.
77 How to use web browser Cara menggunakan markah buku
bookmarks. dalam penjelajah situs.
77 For sites you visit all the time, or visit Untuk situs yang Anda kunjungi
once and want to remember, it's setiap waktu, atau kunjungi sekali dan
important to have a system of ingin Anda ingat, penting untuk
organized bookmarks stored in your memiliki sistem markah buku yang
web browser. terurus yang tersimpan di dalam
431
penjelajah situs Anda.
77 How to organize folders on your Cara mengatur map dalam
computer. komputer Anda.
77 Starting out with a folder called Memulai dengan map bernama
"Translation" isn't a bad idea, but “Penerjemahan” merupakan gagasan
once you have multiple clients with yang baik, tapi setelah Anda memiliki
multiple projects, your files will banyak pelanggan dengan banyak
quickly become impossible to find proyek, berkas Anda akan dengan
without a system of organized folders cepat menjadi sulit untuk ditemukan
for each client and project. tanpa adanya sistem map teratur
untuk setiap pelanggan dan proyek.
77 How to rename a file. Cara mengganti nama sebuah
berkas.
77 When you perform a translation, the Ketika Anda melakukan
client will often want you to translate penerjemahan, pelanggan akan sering
the file name as well. kali menginginkan Anda untuk
menerjemahkan nama berkas tersebut
juga.
77 How to find a file. Cara menemukan berkas.
77 Once you've been translating for a Setelah Anda telah menerjemahkan
few years or maybe even a few selama beberapa tahun atau bahkan
months, your hard drive will be filled beberapa bulan, perangkat keras
with hundreds or thousands of files. Anda akan terisi dengan ratusan atau
ribuan berkas.
432
77 Knowing how to effectively use the Mengetahui cara menggunakan fitur
advanced features of Find—File or canggih Find—File atau padanannya
the equivalent on your computer is dalam komputer Anda secara tepat
crucial. merupakan hal yang sangat penting.
77 How to back up your computer. Cara melakukan back up pada
komputer Anda.
77 This certainly isn't the most alluring Tentunya hal ini bukanlah segi yang
aspect of home office computing, but paling menarik dari penggunaan
it is arguably the most crucial. komputer kantor rumah, tapi bisa
dibilang hal ini merupakan hal yang
paling penting.
77 Since a translator is nearly 100% Karena penerjemah hampir 100%
dependent on having a functional bergantung pada kepemilikan
computer in order to work, think komputer yang tepat guna agar dapat
about what you would do if your bekerja, pikirkan tentang apa yang
computer simply wouldn't turn on one akan Anda lakukan jika komputer
morning, if the hard drive died, or if Anda tidak bisa menyala pada suatu
the computer itself were destroyed by pagi, jika perangkat keras mati, atau
a flood or fire. jika komputer tersebut rusak akibat
banjir atau kebakaran.
77 A simple backup system might entail Sistem back up sederhana mungkin
e-mailing yourself copies of projects mengharuskan mengirim salinan
in progress so that you can work on proyek yang sedang Anda kerjakan
them from another computer. melalui surat elektronik kepada diri
433
Anda sendiri agar Anda dapat
mengerjakan proyek tersebut dari
komputer lain.
77 More advanced systems, which are an Sistem yang lebih canggih, yang
excellent idea, involve using some merupakan gagasan yang sangat baik,
sort of removable device like a USB melibatkan penggunaan semacam
flash drive, Zip drive, CD-RW/DVD- perangkat yang dapat dipindahkan
RW, external hard drive or even seperti USB flash drive, Zip drive,
another computer to back up your CD-RW/DVD-RW, perangkat keras
primary computer. luar atau bahkan komputer lain
sebagai back up dari komputer utama
Anda.
77 Whatever backup system you choose, Apapun sistem back up yang Anda
it is extremely helpful to have one pilih, akan sangat membantu untuk
that runs unattended, meaning that memiliki satu yang dapat berjalan
you don't have to remember to start it. sendiri, yang memiliki arti bahwa
Anda tidak perlu ingat terlebih dahulu
untuk menyalakannya.
77 You should also test your backups Anda juga harus memeriksa back up
periodically so that you don't end up Anda secara berkala agar Anda tidak
with a whole spindle of carefully berakhir dengan kumpulan CD back
marked backup CDs that turn out to up yang ditandai dengan hati-hati
be blank! ternyata kosong.
78 3.6 Translation technology and 3.6 Teknologi penerjemahan dan
434
non-Western character sets huruf non-latin
78/116 For translators who work from or into Bagi para penerjemah yang bekerja
languages that use a Western dari atau dalam berbagai bahasa yang
character set, it is relatively easy to menggunakan huruf latin, cukup
use software, view web pages, or mudah untuk menggunakan
create, edit and save documents in the perangkat lunak, melihat halaman
non-English language. situs, atau membuat, menyunting dan
menyimpan dokumen dalam bahasa
non-Inggris.
78/116 For translators working from or into Bagi para penerjemah yang bekerja
languages that use non-Western dari atau dalam bahasa yang
character sets (i.e. Greek, Russian, menggunakan huruf non-latin
Thai, Hebrew, Chinese, Japanese, (misalnya bahasa Yunani, Rusia,
Arabic and others), the situation can Thailand, Ibrani, Mandarin, Jepang,
be more complex, and requires more Arab, dan lainnya), keadaannya bisa
planning of your computer system. menjadi lebih rumit, dan memerlukan
lebih banyak perencanaan dalam
sistem komputer Anda.
78/116 There are three basic ways of Terdapat tiga cara dasar menjalankan
implementing a non-Western huruf bahasa non-latin dalam
character language on your computer. komputer Anda.
78/117 First, you can use an operating Pertama, Anda dapat menggunakan
system that is localized for the non- sistem operasi setempat untuk bahasa
Western language; for example, Red non-latin; misalnya, Red Flag Linux,
435
Flag Linux, a Chinese Linux keluaran Linux berbahasa Mandarin,
distribution, or the traditional or atau versi aksara Han tradisional atau
simplified Chinese version of sederhana dari Microsoft Windows
Microsoft Windows or Mac OS X. atau Mac OS X.
78/117 If you use a localized operating Jika Anda menggunakan sistem
system, all of the text that your operasi setempat, semua naskah yang
computer displays will be in the non- komputer Anda tampilkan akan
Western language. berada dalam bahasa non-latin.
78/117 This type of setup is a good option Jenis persiapan seperti ini merupakan
for translators who translate into a pilihan yang baik bagi para
non-Western language, or who work penerjemah yang menerjemahkan ke
in software localization, since it is dalam bahasa non-latin, atau yang
helpful to see all of the messages bekerja dalam penempatan perangkat
generated by the computer in the non- lunak, karena hal ini sangat
Western language. membantu untuk mlihat semua pesan
yang dihasilkan oleh komputer dalam
bahasa non-latin.
78/118 A second option is to use an English Pilihan ke-dua adalah dengan
operating system with helper kits for menggunakan sistem operasi
your non-Western language. berbahasa Inggris dengan peralatan
pembantu untuk bahasa non-latin
Anda.
78/118 For example, Apple produces several Misalnya, Apple membuat beberapa
non-Western language kits, which peralatan pembantu bahasa non-latin,
436
enable software such as word yang memungkinkan perangkat lunak
processors and web browsers to seperti pengolah kata dan penjelajah
display and handle input of non- situs untuk menampilkan dan
Western characters. menangani masukan huruf non-latin.
78/119 Finally, advances in Unicode Terakhir, kemajuan dalam teknologi
technology have made it possible for Unicode telah memungkinkan banyak
many pieces of software to handle bagian perangkat lunak untuk
non-Western languages natively, menangani bahasa non-latin secara
meaning without the use of a helper asli, yang artinya tanpa penggunaan
program. program pembantu.
78/119 Unicode is a standard that encodes Unicode adalah patokan dasar yang
the underlying characters in a menyandi huruf pokok dalam sebuah
language, rather than their visual bahasa, alih-alih gambaran visual
representations, which enables almost berbagai huruf tersebut, yang
all scripts and writing systems to be memungkinkan hampir semua sistem
displayed on a computer through the aksara dan penulisan untuk
use of code points, which are ditampilkan dalam komputer melalui
numbers that represent a language's penggunaan code points, yang
characters. merupakan berbagai angka yang
mewakili huruf dari sebuah bahasa.
78/119 In this way, Unicode makes it Dengan cara ini, Unicode
possible to display languages with memungkinkan untuk menampilkan
non-Western character sets, including berbaga bahasa dengan huruf non-
right to left languages such as Arabic latin, termasuk bahasa yang ditulis
437
and Hebrew. dari kanan ke kiri seperti bahasa Arab
dan Ibrani.
79/120 Before deciding what type of Sebelum menentukan jenis apa sistem
operating system you would like to operasi yang ingin Anda gunakan,
use, it is important to think about penting untuk memikirkan mengenai
what you will be using your computer apa yang akan Anda gunakan dengan
for, other than standard tasks such as komputer Anda, selain pekerjaan
web browsing and word processing, sederhana seperti menjelajahi web
which are now relatively dan mengolah kata, yang sekarang
accomodating of non-Western cukup memberikan kemudahan
character sets. terhadap huruf non-latin.
79/120 Especially if you translate between Terutama jika Anda menerjemahkan
two languages with different antara dua bahasa dengan huruf yang
character sets (for example French berbeda (misalnya bahasa Perancis
and Japanese), your needs may be dan Jepang), kebutuhan Anda
very different from those of a mungkin sangat berbeda dengan para
translator who works between penerjemah yang bekerja antara
English and Spanish. bahasa Inggris dan Spanyol.
79/120 It's also important to research the Penting juga untuk meneliti bantuan
support offered for your language by untuk bahasa Anda yang ditawarkan
the software that you would like to oleh perangkat lunak yang ingin
use. Anda gunakan.
79/120 If the software has a relatively small Jika perangkat lunak tersebut
market, is it fully localized, with the memiliki pasar yang cukup kecil,
438
help files and documentation apakah perangkat lunak tersebut
translated into your language, or is benar-benar setempat, dengan
just the user interface localized? bantuan berbagai berkas dan
dokumentasi yang diterjemahkan ke
dalam bahasa Anda, atau hanya
antarmuka pengguna saja?
79/120 If you will be working in software Jika Anda akan bekerja dengan
localization, will clients want you to perangkat lunak yang setempat,
use an operating system in a language akankah para pelanggan
other than English? menginginkan Anda untuk
menggunakan sistem operasi dalam
bahasa selain bahasa Inggris?
79/120 All of these are important items to Semua hal tersebut adalah berbagai
consider when planning your tela penting untuk dipertimbangkan
computer system. ketika merencanakan sistem
komputer Anda.
79 3.7 Speech recognition software 3.7 Perangkat lunak pengenal
suara
79/121 Depending on the type of translation Tergantung pada jenis terjemahan
you do and your stamina for typing, yang Anda lakukan dan keuletan
speech recognition software is Anda dalam mengetik, perangkat
somewhere between totally lunak pengenal suara berada di suatu
unnecessary and completely tempat antara sama sekali tidak
indispensable. diperlukan dan benar-benar
439
dibutuhkan.
79/121 For translators who don't mind doing Bagi para penerjemah yang tidak
a lot of typing, are relatively fast keberatan melakukan banyak
typists and don't have problems with pengetikan, penerjemah yang secara
repetitive strain injuries, speech nisbi cepat dan tidak bermasalah
recognition software is probably not dengan cedera terkilir berulang,
necessary. perangkat lunak pengenal suara
mungkin tidak diperlukan.
79/121 If you have poor touch-typing skills, Jika Anda memiliki keterampilan
hate typing or have problems with mengetik yang kurang baik, tidak
your hands or arms hurting when you suka mengetik atau memiliki masalah
type a lot, speech recognition dengan tangan atau lengan Anda yang
software can be a lifesaver. sakit ketika banyak mengetik,
perangkat lunak pengenal suara dapat
menjadi penyelamat.
79/122 Probably the most popular speech Mungkin perangkat lunak pengenal
recognition software used by suara yang paling terkenal yang
translators is ScanSoft's Dragon digunakan oleh para penerjemah
Naturally Speaking adalah ScanSoft's Dragon Naturally
http://scansoft.com/naturallyspeaking, Speaking
which starts at about $200. http://scansoft.com/naturallyspeaking,
yang berharga mulai dari Rp. 2.5 juta.
79/122 If you translate primarily from Jika Anda menerjemahkan utamanya
electronic format documents and use dari dokumen berbentuk elektronik
440
a translation memory program most dan sering kali menggunakan
of the time, speech recognition program translation memory,
software may be of limited use. perangkat lunak pengenal suara
mungkin akan jarang Anda gunakan.
79- However, many legal and financial Namun, banyak penerjemah bidang
80/122 translators do a good deal of their hukum dan keuangan yang banyak
work from hard copy or scanned bekerja menggunakan salinan cetak
documents and thus spend a lot of atau dokumen yang dipindai dan
time typing directly into a word dengan demikian menghabiskan
processing program. banyak waktu untuk mengetik
langsung ke dalam program pengolah
kata.
80/122 On projects like this, speech Dalam berbagai proyek seperti ini,
recognition software can help you perangkat lunak pengenal suara dapat
work faster and with less strain to membantu Anda bekerja lebih cepat
your hands and arms. dan dengan kurang tegang pada
kedua tangan dan lengan Anda.
80 3.8 Translation memory software 3.8 Perangkat lunak translation
memory
80/123 Probably one of the most frequent Mungkin satu dari sebagian besar
topics of conversation among tema pembicaraan di antara para
translators is whether to purchase penerjemah adalah perlukah membeli
translation memory software, which perangkat lunak translation memory,
software works best for a particular perangkat lunak mana yang paling
441
application, how much the software baik untuk aplikasi tertentu, berapa
costs, and on and on and on. harga perangkat lunak, dan
seterusnya dan seterusnya.
80/123 Conceptually, translation memory Secara gagasan, perangkat lunak
software is not very complex. translation memory tidak terlalu
rumit.
80/123 The most important thing to Hal terpenting yang harus dimengerti
understand is the difference between adalah perbedaan antara perangkat
translation memory software (TM; lunak translation memory (TM;
sometimes also referred to as kadang disebut juga sebagai
computer-assisted translation computer-assisted translation
software, or CAT) and machine software, atau CAT) dan perangkat
translation software (MT). lunak penerjemahan mesin (MT).
80/123 Translation memory software doesn't Perangkat lunak translation memory
do the translation for you, rather it tidak menerjemahkan untuk Anda,
helps human translators work faster melainkan membantu para manusia
and more accurately by recycling penerjemah bekerja lebih cepat dan
material that has already been lebih tepat dengan mendaur ulang
translated and suggesting a match bahan yang telah diterjemahkan dan
between the old translation and the menyarankan pasangan antara
current one. terjemahan lama dengan yang
sekarang.
80/123 Machine translation software is Perangkat lunak penerjemahan mesin
translation done entirely by a adalah terjemahan yang seluruhnya
442
computer. dilakukan oleh komputer.
80/123 Machine translation is currently the Penerjemahan mesin sekarang
subject of a great deal of research and menjadi pokok bahasan banyak
development, and it sometimes works penelitian dan pengembangan, dan
well enough to get the basic idea of a terkadang berguna untuk memperoleh
document, but often produces gagasan dasar sebuah dokumen, tapi
comical or totally incomprehensible sebaliknya sering menghasilkan
translations otherwise. terjemahan yang lucu atau benar-
benar tidak bisa dimengerti.
80/124 By definition, translation memory Menurut pengertiannya, perangkat
software only works with electronic lunak translation memory hanya
documents; you can't take a piece of bekerja dengan dokumen elektronik;
paper and run it through a translation Anda tidak bisa mengambil secarik
memory program unless you retype it kertas dan menjalankannya dalam
or scan it first using optical character program translation memory kecuali
recognition software (OCR), so if you jika Anda mengetik ulang atau
translate mostly from hard copy or memindai kertas tersebut terlebih
scanned documents, translation dahulu menggunakan perangkat lunak
memory software is not very helpful. optical character recognition (OCR),
jadi jika Anda menerjemahkan
sebagian besar dari salinan cetak atau
dokumen yang dipindai, perangkat
lunak translation memory tidak
terlalu berguna.
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80/124 However, most translation memory Namun, kebanyakan program
programs can pull the text out of translation memory dapat menarik
spreadsheets, HTML files, etc. naskah dari lembar kerja, berkas
HTML, dll.
80/124 Translation memory software works Perangkat lunak translation memory
by segmenting your source document, bekerja dengan membagi dokumen
meaning that the program breaks your sumber Anda, yang artinya program
document up into smaller chunks, tersebut memecahkan dokumen Anda
normally sentences but sometimes menjadi bagian kecil, biasanya
paragraphs. kalimat namun terkadang paragraf.
80- Then, when a segment is ready to be Kemudian, setelah bagian tersebut
81/124 translated, the program checks to see siap untuk diterjemahkan, program
if you already translated a similar tersebut memeriksa apakah Anda
segment, and if it finds a match it sudah menerjemahkan bagian yang
suggests the match to you, sama, dan jika program itu
theoretically resulting in a faster and menemukan padanan program itu
more consistent translation. akan menyarankan padanan tersebut
kepada Anda, secara teoritis
menghasilkan terjemahan yang lebih
cepat dan lebih taat asas.
81/124 For example, if you already translated Misalnya, jika Anda sudah
the sentence "This is a cat," and the menerjemahkan kalimat “Ini adalah
next sentence was "This is a black kucing,” dan kalimat selanjutnya
cat," the TM program would suggest adalah “Ini adalah kucing hitam,”
444
"This is a cat" as a match, so that you program TM akan menyarankan “Ini
only had to type "black" in the target adalah kucing” sebagai padanannya,
text box, instead of typing the whole jadi Anda hanya perlu mengetik
sentence. “hitam” dalam kotak naskah sasaran,
alih-alih mengetik keseluruhan
kalimat.
81/124 Most TM programs display potential Kebanyakan program TM
matches as percentages, for example menampilkan kemungkinan padanan
the sentence "This is a dog" would be sebagai persentase, misalnya kalimat
a 75% match with the sentence "This “Ini adalah anjing” akan
is a cat," since only one of the four menunjukkan 75% padanan dengan
words is different. kalimat “Ini adalah kucing,” karena
hanya satu dari tiga kata yang
berbeda.
81/124 This matching feature can be Fitur padanan ini khususnya dapat
particularly helpful when your sangat membantu ketika pelanggan
translation client has specific terms terjemahan Anda memiliki istilah
that they want you to use throughout khusus yang mereka ingin Anda
the document, for example to always gunakan dalam seluruh dokumen,
use "President and Chief Executive misalnya untuk selalu menggunakan
Officer" for the chairman of the “Presiden dan Direktur Utama” untuk
company. pemimpin perusahaan.
81/124 Most translation memory packages Kebanyakan paket translation
use the file terms uncleaned and memory menggunakan istilah berkas
445
cleaned; an uncleaned file contains uncleaned dan cleaned; berkas yang
the source text and the electronic belum dibersihkan berisi naskah
codes used by the translation memory sumber dan sandi elektronik yang
program, while the cleaned file digunakan oleh program translation
contains only the target text. memory, sementara berkas yang telah
dibersihkan berisi hanya naskah
sasaran.
81/125 Another use of translation memory Kegunaan lain dari perangkat lunak
tools, although a task that some TM translation memory, meskipun hasil
tools don't do very well, is alignment. beberapa peralatan TM tidak baik,
adalah kesejajaran (alignment).
81/125 Alignment means taking the source Kesejajaran artinya mengambil versi
and target versions of a document, sumber dan sasaran dari sebuah
and matching them up so that you dokumen, dan memadankan
have pairs of sentences, one in the keduanya agar Anda memiliki
source language and one in the target pasangan kalimat, satu di bahasa
language. sumber dan satu di bahasa sasaran.
81/125 This way, you can create a bilingual Dengan cara ini, Anda dapat
glossary out of your old translated membuat daftar istilah dwibahasa dari
documents. dokumen terjemahan lama Anda.
81/125 In practice, this function can be Dalam kenyataannya, guna ini dapat
annoying to use; if the source and menjengkelkan ketika digunakan; jika
target sentence pairs don't match up pasangan kalimat sumber dan sasarn
exactly, it requires a lot of time on the tidak persis berpadanan, akan
446
translator's part to manually fix the membutuhkan waktu yang lama bagi
mis-aligned segments. penerjemah untuk memperbaiki
bagian yang tidak sejajar secara
langsung.
81/126 Translation memory software is also Perangkat lunak translation memory
somewhat controversial among juga sedikit disawalakan di antara
translators. para penerjemah.
81/126 One of the reasons for this is that Salah satu dari banyak alasan untuk
translation clients who are aware of hal ini adalah pelanggan terjemahan
TM software's capabilities will often yang tahu akan kemampuan
ask for discounts on repetitive perangkat lunak TM akan sering
documents; for example the client meminta potongan harga bila ada
will use the software to analyze a dokumen yang berulang; misalnya
document, and tell you that although pelanggan akan menggunakan
the document is 2,782 words, they perangkat lunak untuk memeriksa
only want to pay for 2,582, because dokumen, dan memberitahu Anda
there are 200 words that are repeated bahwa meskipun dokumen tersebut
in the document. terdiri dari 2,782 kata, mereka hanya
akan membayar untuk sebanyak
2,582 kata, karena ada 200 kata yang
terulang dalam dokumen tersebut.
81- Or, a client might ask you to reuse the Atau, pelanggan akan menanyakan
82/126 translation memory file from an old Anda untuk menggunakan kembali
translation, and want to pay only for berkas translation memory dari
447
the new words translated; for terjemahan lama, dan ingin
example if the client is putting out a membayar hanya untuk kata yang
new version of a software manual, baru diterjemahkan; misalnya jika
they might want to pay you to pelanggan menyerahkan buku
translate only the updated parts. panduan perangkat lunak versi baru,
mereka mungkin hanya mau
membayar Anda untuk
menerjemahkan bagian yang baru
saja.
82/126 Some translators are completely Beberapa penerjemah menentang
opposed to giving discounts for the untuk memberi potongan harga dalam
use of TM software, on the grounds penggunaan perangkat lunak TM,
that they pay to acquire and maintain dengan alasan bahwa mereka harus
the software, they do the work on the membayar terlebih dahulu untuk
translation, and even if a segment is a mendapatkan dan merawat perangkat
100% match with a previously lunak tersebut, mereka
translated one, the translator still has menerjemahkan, dan bahkan jika
to read the segment and sometimes sebagian 100% sesuai dengan yang
make other adjustments as well. sudah diterjemahkan sebelumnya,
penerjemah tersebut tetap harus
membaca bagian itu dan terkadang
membuat penyesuaian juga.
82/126 On the other hand, translation Di samping itu, beberapa usaha
agencies and even some direct clients terjemahan dan bahkan beberapa
448
are very familiar with the potential pelanggan langsung sudah sangat
cost savings of translation memory akrab dengan kemungkinan
software, and they in turn want to penghematan biaya dari perangkat
reap some of the benefits too. lunak translation memory, dan
mereka sebagai gantinya ingin
meraup keuntungan juga.
82/126 Many translators rightly point out that Banyak penerjemah dengan alasan
when there are cost savings from yang baik menunjuk bahwa ketika
using TM, three players in the ada penghematan biaya dari
situation want to benefit: the penggunaan TM, tiga pemain dalam
translator, the translation agency, and keadaan ingin mendapatkan untung:
the end client, and obviously si penerjemah, usaha terjemahan, dan
someone has to forgo his or her akhirnya pelanggan, dan pastinya
percentage of the savings. seseorang harus melepaskan
persentase dari penghematan biaya.
82/127 One issue with translation memory Satu masalah dengan perangkat lunak
software is that there are a variety of translation memory adalah adanya
programs available at different price berbagai jenis program yang tersedia
levels and with different features, and pada tingkat harga yang berbeda dan
these programs are not always dengan fitur yang berbeda, dan
compatible with each other. berbagai program tersebut tidak
selalu cocok satu dengan lainnya.
82/127 The TMX (Translation Memory Taraf TMX (Translation Memory
eXchange) and XLIFF (XML eXchange) dan XLIFF (XML
449
Localization Interchange File Format) Localization Interchange File
standards are changing this situation Format) agak mengubah keadaan ini,
somewhat, and some newcomers to dan beberapa pendatang baru dalam
the market, such as Heartsome, use pasar, seperti Heartsome,
these open standards, and guarantee menggunakan kedua taraf terbuka
that translation memories generated tersebut, dan menjamin bahwa semua
by their software can be re-used with ingatan terjemahan yang dihasilkan
market leaders such as Trados, dari perangkat lunak mereka dapat
SDLX, and Déjà Vu. digunakan kembali dengan pemimpin
pasar seperti Trados, SDLX, dan Déjà
Vu.
82 3.8.1 Trados 3.8.1 Trados
82/128 Trados http://translationzone.com is Trados http://translationzone.com
the market leader translation memory adalah pemimpin pasar perangkat
tool, and probably the tool most lunak translation memory, dan
requested by translation agencies. mungkin perangkat lunak yang paling
banyak diminati oleh usaha
terjemahan.
82/128 It works from within Microsoft Program ini berjalan melalui
Word, so you must also have a Microsoft Word, jadi Anda juga harus
current version of MS Word to use memiliki versi terbaru MS Word agar
Trados. bisa menggunakan Trados.
82/128 Trados is, by most freelancers' Trados, bagi taraf sebagian
standards, expensive: $895 for the penerjemah lepas, tidaklah murah:
450
freelance edition of Version 7, hampir sekitar Rp 12 juta untuk
although group buying discounts are terbitan lepas versi 7, meski potongan
sometimes available through harga karena membeli dalam
translation websites. kelompok terkadang tersedia melalui
situs terjemahan.
82- Trados, like many translation Trados, seperti program translation
83/128 memory programs, is not always easy memory lainnya, tidak selalu mudah
to learn to use, and can require untuk dipelajari untuk digunakan, dan
additional training outside the dapat membutuhkan pelatihan
resources that come with it. tambahan di luar sumber yang sudah
termasuk di dalamnya.
83/128 Two terms that you'll need to know Dua istilah yang Anda perlu tahu
when working with Trados: ketika bekerja menggunakan Trados:
uncleaned files are the files generated berkas uncleaned adalah berkas yang
by MS Word that have the Trados dihasilkan oleh MS Word yang di
segment markers still in them, and dalamnya masih bertanda bagian
cleaned files are the files that have Trados, dan berkas cleaned adalah
the markers removed. berkas yang tandanya telah
dihilangkan.
83 3.8.2 SDLX 3.8.2 SDLX
83/124 SDLX http://sdlx.com is produced by SDLX http://sdlx.com diciptakan oleh
SDL, which acquired Trados in 2005. SDL, yang mengakuisisi Trados pada
tahun 2005.
451
83/124 As of this writing, the standard Saat saya menulis buku ini, taraf
edition of SDLX is $695. keluaran SDLX adalah sekitar kurang
dari Rp 1 juta.
83/124 You can also download a fully Anda juga dapat mengunduh salinan
functional 30-day trial copy of SDLX percobaan SDLX selama 30 hari yang
for free. berjalan penuh secara cuma-cuma.
83/124 SDLX has the reputation of being SDLX terkenal agak seimbang dan
somewhat more stable and easier to lebih mudah digunakan dibanding
use than Trados, but this depends on Trados, tapi ini tergantung dari
the user's level of computer skills. tingkat keterampilan komputer
pengguna tersebut.
83/124 Note: Due to SDL, Inc's (the makers Catatan: Karena pembelian Trados
of SDLX) purchase of Trados in the oleh SDL, Inc pada musim panas
summer of 2005, these two tools have 2005, kedua perangkat lunak tersebut
been merged into SDL Trados 2006. telah digabung menjadi SDL Trados
2006.
83/124 For more information, see Untuk informasi lebih lanjut,
TranslationZone kunjungi TranslationZone
http://www.translationzone.com. http://www.translationzone.com.
83 3.8.3 Déjà Vu 3.8.3 Déjà Vu
83/125 Déjà Vu http://atril.com is very Déjà Vu http://atril.com sangat
popular with European translators and terkenal di antara para penerjemah
is becoming more so in the United Eropa dan malah lebih terkenal di
States. Amerika Serikat.
452
83/125 Unlike Trados, Déjà Vu (sometimes Berbeda dengan Trados, Déjà Vu
referred to as DVX since it is now in (terkadang dikenal sebagai DVX
version 10) is a standalone karena sekarang dalam versi 10)
application that runs by itself, rather adalah aplikasi mandiri yang dapat
than from within Microsoft Word. berjalan dengan sendirinya alih-alih
harus berada dalam Microsoft Word.
83/125 The standard edition of DVX costs Taraf keluaran DVX berkisar kurang
$603. dari Rp 8 juta.
83 3.8.4 Wordfast 3.8.4 Wordfast
83/126 Wordfast http://wordfast.net is a TM Wordfast http://wordfast.net adalah
application that is quite similar to aplikasi TM yang cukup serupa
Trados in look and feel; it also works dengan Trados dalam penampilan dan
from within Microsoft Word. perasaan; program ini juga bekerja
dalam Microsoft Word.
83/126 Wordfast costs €180 for a license that Harga Wordfast berkisar kurang dari
is good for three years of upgrades. Rp 3 juta untuk sebuah lisensi yang
cukup untuk pembaruan tiga tahun.
83 3.8.5 Heartsome 3.8.5 Heartsome
83/127 Heartsome http://heartsome.net, Heartsome http://heartsome.net, yang
developed in Singapore, is a relative dikembangkan di Singapura, secara
newcomer to the TM industry, but nisbi merupakan pendatang baru
has gained a lot of attention lately. dalam dunia TM, tapi telah
mendapatkan banyak perhatian
belakangan ini.
453
83- Heartsome uses the XLIFF standard Heartsome menggunakan taraf
84/127 and is currently the only commercial XLIFF dan sekarang satu-satunya
TM application that will run on a aplikasi TM komersil yang akan
Linux computer system and support berjalan pada komputer dengan
the OpenOffice.org free office suite's sistem operasi Linux dan mendukung
file formats. jenis berkas free office suite dari
OpenOffice.org.
84/127 Heartsome is also quite affordable; Heartsome juga cukup terjangkau;
the translation editor is $88 and the penyunting terjemahan berkisar Rp
full translation suite is $398. 1.2 juta dan paket penuh berharga Rp
5.2 juta.
84 3.8.6 OmegaT 3.8.6 OmegaT
84/128 OmegaT http://omegat.org is the best- OmegaT http://omegat.org adalah
known free TM application. aplikasi TM tidak berbayar yang
paling terkenal.
84/128 It is developed by a team of Program ini dikembangkan oleh
volunteers and has a very active user kelompok sukarelawan dan memiliki
community. himpunan pengguna yang sangat
aktif.
84/128 Like DVX, it is a standalone Seperti DVX, program ini adalah
application that does not require aplikasi mandiri yang tidak
Microsoft Word. membutuhkan Microsoft Word.
84/128 And it really is free! Dan program ini benar-benar tanpa
bayar!
454
84/128 OmegaT runs on Windows, MacOS OmegaT berjalan pada Windows,
X and Linux, and will also work with MacOS X dan Linux, dan juga akan
files from the free OpenOffice.org bekerja dengan berbagai berkas dari
office suite. OpenOffice.org dengan berkas free
office suite.
84 3.8.7 WordFisher 3.8.7 WordFisher
84/129 WordFisher http://wordfisher.com is WordFisher http://wordfisher.com
another free translation tool, written adalah perangkat lunak terjemahan
by a Hungarian translator, that has a tanpa bayar lainnya, dibuat oleh
lot of features for the price! penerjemah asal Hungaria, yang
memiliki banyak fitur sesuai dengan
harganya!
84/129 WordFisher is a small-scale WordFisher adalah aplikasi berskala
application for translators who find kecil bagi para penerjemah yang
that the higher-priced translation menemukan bahwa aplikasi
memory applications are translation memory berharga lebih
overpowered for what they need to tinggi terasa terlalu kuat untuk apa
do. yang mereka perlukan dalam
menerjemahkan.
84/129 For translators who don't need the Bagi para penerjemah yang tidak
functionality of a high-end TM tool, membutuhkan kegunaan perangkat
Wordfisher is very easy to learn to lunak TM canggih, Wordfisher cukup
use and has some excellent features. mudah untuk dipelajari untuk
digunakan dan memiliki beberapa
455
fitur yang sangat baik.
84/129 It requires a current version of WordFisher membutuhkan versi
Microsoft Word. terbaru dari Microsoft Word.
84 3.8.8 across 3.8.8 across
84/130 across http://across.net, produced in across http://across.net, yang
Germany, is another tool that diciptakan di Jerman, adalah
integrates a translation editor, perangkat lunak lainnya yang
translation memory engine, memadukan penyunting terjemahan,
terminology system and some project mesin translation memory, sistem
management tools. peristilahan dan beberapa perangkat
lunak pengelolaan proyek.
84/130 Like many other programs, across Seperti banyak program lainnya,
offers several editions; the Personal across menawarkan beberapa
Edition for freelancers costs €399. keluaran; Personal Edition untuk para
penerjemah lepas berkisar Rp 6 juta.
84/130 across is a standalone application across adalah aplikasi mandiri yang
running on its own, rather than from berjalan dengan sendirinya, alih-alih
within another program such as harus berjalan dalam program lainnya
Microsoft Word. seperti Microsoft Word.
85 3.9 Choosing a computer system 3.9 Memilih sistem komputer
85/131 Probably the most popular computer Mungkin pengadaan komputer yang
setup for freelance translators is a paling terkenal bagi para penerjemah
desktop computer with a Windows lepas adalah komputer desktop
operating system and Microsoft dengan sistem operasi Windows dan
456
Office. Microsoft Office.
85/131 However, translators do also Namun, para penerjemah juga dengan
successfully use Mac OS X or Linux berhasil menggunakan Mac OS X
systems as well. atau sistem Linux juga.
85/131 While some translation clients will Sementara beberapa pelanggan
want their translators to run a certain terjemahan akan menginginkan para
operating system, most clients don't penerjemah mereka untuk
have strong preferences as long as the menjalankan sistem operasi tertentu,
completed translation files are kebanyakan pelanggan tidak memiliki
delivered in the correct format. pilihan kuat selama berkas
terjemahan yang sudah selesai
terkirim dengan bentuk yang benar.
85/131 Before selecting a computer system, Sebelum memilih sistem komputer,
it is important to decide what penting untuk menentukan perangkat
additional software you would like to lunak tambahan apa yang ingin Anda
use. gunakan.
85/131 For example, while most of the Misalnya, sementara kebanyakan
market leader translation memory pemimpin pasar aplikasi translation
applications such as SDL, Trados and memory seperti SDL, Trados dan
Wordfast do not officially support OS Wordfast tidak secara resmi
X, their applications will often run on mendukung OS X, aplikasi mereka
it with some fine-tuning, without biasanya akan berjalan dalam OS X
using any additional software. dengan penyesuaian yang handal,
tanpa menggunakan perangkat lunak
457
tambahan.
85/131 Applications such as Heartsome and Beberapa aplikasi seperti Heartsome
OmegaT are relatively platform- dan OmegaT secara nisbi bebas
independent, and will run on serambi, dan akan berjalan melalui
Windows, Mac or Linux systems. sistem Windows, Mac atau Linux.
85/131 In addition, CrossOver Office Sebagai tambahan, CrossOver Office
http://www.codeweavers.com enables http://www.codeweavers.com
Linux users to run a wide variety of memungkinkan pengguna Linux
Windows applications (such as untuk menjalankan berbagai aplikasi
Microsoft Office) on Linux without a Windows (seperti Microsoft Office) di
Windows license. dalam Linux tanpa adanya lisensi
Windows.
85/131 For example, the Wordfast translation Misalnya, aplikasi translation
memory application, which runs from memory Wordfast, yang berjalan
within Microsoft Word, will run on dalam Microsoft Word, akan berjalan
Linux using CrossOver Office. melalui Linux menggunakan
CrossOver Office.
87 4 Rates, contracts and terms of 4 Harga, kontrak, dan persyaratan
service layanan
87 4.1 Setting your translation rates 4.1 Menetapkan harga terjemahan
Anda
87/132 Possibly the most anxiety-provoking Boleh jadi segi yang paling
aspect of launching your translation menimbulkan kegelisahan dalam
business is deciding how much to meluncurkan usaha terjemahan Anda
458
charge. adalah menentukan berapa banyak
harga terjemahan Anda.
87/132 Charge too much and you'll be priced Harga yang terlalu tinggi membuat
out of the market; charge too little Anda terusir dari pasar; harga yang
and you'll be working overtime just to terlalu rendah membuat Anda bekerja
make ends meet. lembur hanya untuk memenuhi
kebutuhan hidup sehari-hari.
87/132 The easiest way to remove some of Cara termudah untuk menghilangkan
the anxiety from this decision is to kegelisahan dari keputusan ini adalah
gather some objective data such as dengan mengumpulkan beberapa data
how much money you would like to sasaran seperti berapa banyak uang
make, and how much it will cost you yang ingin Anda dapat, dan berapa
to run your business. banyak biaya untuk menjalankan
usaha Anda.
87/133 Every language combination and Setiap pasangan bahasa dan keahlian
specialization has a range of rates; for memiliki kisaran ongkos; misalnya,
example, translators of Asian para penerjemah bahasa Asia ke
languages into English will almost dalam bahasa Inggris akan hampir
invariably earn more than translators selalu mendapatkan ongkos lebih
of European languages into English, dibandingkan dengan para
although there are individual penerjemah bahasa Eropa ke dalam
translators who will always be the bahasa Inggris, meski ada beberapa
exception to this rule. penerjemah perorangan yang akan
selalu menjadi pengecualian dalam
459
kebiasaan ini.
87/133 In addition, how much you need to Lagi pula, berapa banyak yang Anda
charge depends on your cost of butuhkan dalam membebankan biaya
living. tergantung dari biaya hidup Anda
sendiri.
87/133 An English to Spanish translator Penerjemah bahasa Inggris ke bahasa
living in rural Mexico can afford to Spanyol yang hidup di pinggiran kota
work for lower rates than his or her Meksiko mampu bekerja dengan
colleague who lives in Manhattan. harga yang lebih rendah dari
rekannya yang hidup di Manhattan.
87/133 Some translators get very angry about Beberapa penerjemah sangat marah
these global outsourcing possibilities, dengan kemungkinan alih daya yang
but the reality is that they are just a mendunia, tapi kenyataannya adalah
function of the variation in global mereka hanyalah sebuah guna dari
costs of living; in a developing perbedaan dalam biaya hidup
country, someone earning $15.00 an sedunia; dalam negara berkembang,
hour can live quite well, while seseorang yang mendapatkan Rp
someone making $75.00 an hour in 200.000 per jam dapat hidup dengan
Geneva may be barely getting by. cukup baik, sementara seseorang
yang mendapatkan Rp 1 juta per jam
di Jenewa mungkin hanya bisa
memenuhi kehidupan sehari-hari.
87/134 Adding to the pricing confusion is Yang menambah kekacauan dalam
that most people are used to penentuan biaya adalah kebanyak
460
calculating their wages by the hour, orang terbiasa menghitung upah
while most translation projects are mereka dalam hitungan jam,
paid by the word. sementara kebanyakan proyek
terjemahan dibayar dengan hitungan
per kata.
87/134 Depending on the language Tergantung pada pasangan bahasa
combination involved, individual yang bersangkutan, para penerjemah
translators will want to be paid either perorangan akan menginginkan untuk
by the source or the target word. dibayar baik dengan kata sumber
maupun kata sasaran.
87- For example, Romance languages Misalnya, rumpun bahasa Roman
88/134 such as French and Spanish take seperti bahasa Perancis dan Spanyol
about 30% more words than English mengambil sekitar 30% kata lebih
to communicate the same text. banyak dibandingkan bahasa Inggris
untuk menyampaikan naskah yang
sama.
88/134 So, translators of French or Spanish Jadi, para penerjemah bahasa
into English will usually ask to be Perancis atau Spanyol ke dalam
paid by the source word, whereas bahasa Inggris biasanya akan
translators working in the opposite meminta untuk dibayar berdasarkan
direction will earn more money by kata sumber, sementara para
being paid by the target word. penerjemah yang bekerja dalam
pasangan bahasa sebaliknya akan
mendapatkan uang lebih banyak
461
dengan dibayar berdasarkan kata
sasaran.
88/134 If there is an industry standard, it is Jika ada taraf industri, taraf tersebut
often to set payment based on the terkadang digunakan untuk
source word count, since this lets the menentukan pembayaran berdasarkan
client and the translator know how jumlah kata sumber, karena ini akan
much the project will cost before it memberi tahu pelanggan dan
has even begun. penerjemah berapa nilai proyek
tersebut bahkan sebelum proyek
tersebut dimulai.
88/134 For character-based languages such Bagi bahasa berdasar karakter seperti
as Japanese and Chinese, the word bahasa Jepang dan Mandarin, jumlah
count is most often based on the kata biasanya berdasarkan jumlah
number of English words regardless kata bahasa Inggris tanpa
of the direction of the translation. memperhatikan arah terjemahan.
88/135 Beginning translators often don't Penerjemah pemula biasanya tidak
know how to estimate how long a mengetahui cara memperkirakan
translation will take; so they don't berapa lama penerjemahan akan
know how to set their per-word rates berlangsung; jadi mereka tidak tahu
in order to reach their target hourly cara menentukan ongkos per kata
rate of pay. mereka untuk mencapai sasaran
ongkos per jam mereka.
88/135 Whereas an experienced linguist Walaupun ahli bahasa yang sudah
knows approximately how many berpengalaman tahu perkiraan berapa
462
words per hour he or she translates banyak kata per jam yang dapat ia
when working on various types of terjemahkan ketika menerjemahkan
documents (general, technical, highly berbagai jenis dokumen (umum, yang
technical, handwritten, hard copy, berkenaan dengan ilmu pengetahuan,
HTML, etc.), there is no way to yang sangat berkenaan dengan ilmu
know this if you haven't done much pengetahuan tinggi, tertulis dengan
translation; you simply have to time tangan, salinan cetak, HTML, dll),
yourself while you translate to see tidak ada cara untuk mengetahui hal
how fast you work. ini jika Anda belum pernah
melakukan banyak penerjemahan;
Anda hanya perlu mengukur waktu
Anda sendiri sementara Anda
menerjemahkan untuk melihat
seberapa cepat Anda bekerja.
88/135 In general, a translator who is a Secara umum, seorang penerjemah
relatively fast typist (or uses speech yang secara nisbi pengetik cepat (atau
recognition software that works well) menggunakan perangkat lunak
can translate 400-600 words per hour pengenal suara yang bekerja dengan
or 2,000-3,000 words per day, but baik) dapat menerjemahkan 400-600
this is only a ballpark figure. kata per jam atau 2,000-3,000 kata
per hari, tapi ini hanyalah perkiraan
semata.
88/135 When working on a highly technical Ketika menerjemahkan dokumen
document with few repetitions, or on yang berkenaan dengan ilmu
463
a handwritten document that is pengetahuan dengan beberapa
difficult to read, even an experienced pengulangan, atau dalam dokumen
translator might produce just a few tertulis tangan yang sulit dibaca,
hundred words per hour. bahkan penerjemah yang
berpengalaman akan menghasilkan
beberapa ratus kata per jam.
88/136 Non-billable time is another variable Waktu yang tidak dapat ditagih
in the pricing equation. adalah variabel lain dalam
penghitungan harga.
88/136 When you have a full-time job for an Ketika Anda memiliki pekerjaan
employer, you are normally paid to penuh waktu sebagai karyawan, Anda
work 40 hours a week, whether or not biasanya dibayar untuk bekerja 40
all of those hours are spent working jam per minggu, entah semua jam
productively. tersebut dihabiskan untuk bekerja
secara berdaya hasil atau tidak.
88/136 As a self-employed freelancer, you Sebagai penerjemah lepas yang
will be paid only when you are bekerja sendiri, Anda akan dibayar
actually translating. ketika Anda benar-benar
menerjemahkan.
88/136 Tasks like marketing, billing, Berbagai pekerjaan seperti
collections, e-mailing back and forth pemasaran, penagihan, pengelolaan
with current and prospective clients, piutang, mengirim dan menerima
providing rate quotes for upcoming surat elektronik dengan para
projects, and downtime when you pelanggan Anda sekarang atau
464
have no work, are all off the clock— nantinya, menyediakan penawaran
work time that you have to put in but harga untuk berbagai proyek yang
that you don't get paid for. akan datang, dan masa menganggur
ketika Anda sedang tidak punya
pelanggan, semuanya di luar jam
kerja—waktu bekerja yang harus
Anda lakukan tapi tidak mendapat
bayaran.
465

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An Annotated Translation of

How to Succeed as a Freelance Translator

Submitted as a partial fulfilment of the requirements

for the degree of Magister in English Literature

HOW TO SUCCEED AS A FREELANCE TRANSLATOR

The work provided in this research, unless otherwise referenced, is the

indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references.

Name : Wahyu Budi

Date : 24th November 2016

Jakarta, 24th November 2016

Student Number: 95115012

TITLE : An Annotated Translation of How to Succeed as a

NAME : Wahyu Budi

STUDENT NUMBER : 95115012

DATE OF GRADUATION : 24th November 2016

Prof. Dr. Ratna Sayekti Roesli

Prof. Dr. Ratna Sayekti Roesli

First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to

my parents for their unceasing encouragement, support, and attention that

process in completing this thesis. Those people are:

1. Prof. Dr. E. S. Margianti, S.E., M.M, the rector of Gunadarma University.

2. Prof. Dr. Yuhara Suka, M.Sc., the Coordinator of Post-Graduate Program

Director of the Social and Culture of Magister Program of Gunadarma

4. Drs. Haryanto, M.Si., as the director of Sarjana Magister Program at

5. Prof. Dr. Ratna Sayekti Roesli, the Head of Magister Program of

Literature Majoring in Translation of Gunadarma University who is at the

same time as the advisor of the researcher/translator. The researcher/

translator is sincerely grateful for her advice, guidance, patience,

6. Mr. Remi Sendjaya, S.T, M.Si, as the coordinator of Sarjana Magister

Program at Gunadarma University.

of Literature Majoring in Translation of Gunadarma University and as the

secretary of Board Examiners.

8. All lecturers in English Department of Gunadarma University, the

researcher/translator is grateful to the lecturers for their lessons.

9. My laptop as well as my precious modem, for never letting me down in

support and help, gonna miss our moments in class.

support. Thank you so much.

Jakarta, November 2016

This thesis is dedicated to:

My mother who takes care of me patiently.

Name : Wahyu Budi

Place/ Date of Birth : Kebumen, October 12, 1993

2011 - now Undergraduate Gunadarma University

2008 – 2011 Senior High SMA Negeri 1 Tambun Selatan

2005 - 2008 Junior High SMP Negeri 2 Tambun Selatan

1999 - 2005 Elementary SD Negeri Mekarsari 01 Tambun

“All things are difficult before they are easy.”

Wahyu Budi. An Annotated Translation of How to Succeed as a Freelance

What are the difficulties encountered by the researcher/translator during the

plausible solution by referring to the principles of translation, the translation

introspective and retrospective methods, (2) the sampling method is purposefully

Change (2 data), Loan (2 data), Calque (2 data), Explicitness Change (2 data),

Expansion (2 data), Compression (2 data), Antonymy (2 data), Cohesion Change

DECLARATION PAGE ............................................................................... ii

RESPONSIBILITY PAGE .......................................................................... iii

PAGE OF APPROVAL ................................................................................ iv

DEDICATION ............................................................................................. vii

CURICULUM VITAE ................................................................................. viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................. xi