IMPROVING STUDENTS’ READING SKILLS BY USING THE MIND

MAP TECHNIQUE AT SMA N 1 KRETEK IN THE ACADEMIC YEAR

OF 2013/2014

A Thesis
Presented as Partial Fulfillment to the Requirements for the Attainment of Sarjana
Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education

Lani Suryani
08202241009

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF YOGYAKARTA
2015

i
 IMPROVING STUDENTS’ READING SKILLS BY USING THE MIND
MAP TECHNIQUE AT SMA N 1 KRETEK IN THE ACADEMIC YEAR
OF 2013/2014

A Thesis
Presented as Partial Fulfillment to the Requirements for the Attainment of Sarjana
Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education

Lani Suryani
08202241009

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF YOGYAKARTA
2015

i
 APPROVAL SHEET

IMPROVING STUDENTS’ READING SKILLS BY USING THE MIND

MAP TECHNIQUE AT SMA N 1 KRETEK IN THE ACADEMIC YEAR
OF 2013/2014

A Thesis

By:
Lani Suryani
08202241009

Approved on February 4th, 2015

First Supervisor Second Supervisor

Dr. Agus Widyantoro, M. Pd. Siti Mahripah, S. Pd., M. App. Ling.

NIP. 19600308 198502 1 001 NIP. 19800913 200501 2 001

ii
 RATIFICATION

IMPROVING STUDENTS’ READING SKILLS BY USING THE MIND

MAP TECHNIQUE AT SMA N 1 KRETEK IN THE ACADEMIC YEAR
OF 2013/2014

By:
Lani Suryani
08202241009

Accepted by the board of Examiners of Language and Arts Faculty, State

University of Yogyakarta on February 24th, 2015 and declared to have fulfilled the
requirements for the attainment of the degree of Sarjana Pendidikan in English
Language Department

Board of Examiners
Chairperson : Drs. Samsul Maarif, M. A. 1. ................................

Secretary : Siti Mahripah, S. Pd. M. App. Ling. 2. ................................

Examiner 1 : Siti Sudartini, S. Pd., M. A. 3. ................................

Examiner 2 : Dr. Agus Widyantoro, M. Pd. 4. ................................

Yogyakarta, February 2015

Faculty of Languages and Arts
State University of Yogyakarta
Dean,

Prof. Zamzani, M. Pd.

NIP. 195505051980111001

iii
 PERNYATAAN

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya:

Nama : Lani Suryani
NIM : 08202241009
Program Studi : Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris
Jurusan : Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris
Fakultas : Bahasa dan Seni
Judul Thesis : IMPROVING STUDENTS’ READING SKILLS BY
USING THE MIND MAP TECHNIQUE AT SMA N 1
KRETEK IN THE ACADEMIC YEAR OF 2013/2014

menyatakan bahwa karya ilmiah ini adalah hasil pekerjaan saya sendiri, dan
sepanjang pengetahuan saya tidak berisi materi yang telah dipublikasi atau ditulis
oleh orang lain, kecuali pada bagian-bagian tertentu yang saya ambil sebagai
acuan dengan mengikuti tata cara dan etika penulisan karya ilmiah yang lazim.
Apabila terbukti bahwa pernyataan ini tidak benar, hal ini sepenuhnya
menjadi tanggung jawab saya.

Yogyakarta, Februari 2015

Penulis,

Lani Suryani
NIM. 08202241009

iv
 DEDICATIONS

This bunch of knowledge is lovingly dedicated to:

My beloved parents for their priceless love and prayers

*Mama Lasinah & Bapak Parmo*
and
*Mama Ana Kartiana & Bapak Yoyo Sujaya*

My dearest one, my husband, for his love, patience, and

motivation in my ups and downs
*Aa Lukman Farid*

My lovely sisters and brother for their motivation and prayers

*De Dani, De Erni, and De Arif*

v
 MOTTOS

So, verily, with every difficulty, there is relief.

Verily, with every difficulty there is relief.

(Q. S. Al Insyirah: 5-6)

Do your best!
(The writer)

vi
 ACKNOWLEDMENTS

Alhamdulillahirobbil‟alamin, all praises be to Allah SWT who has given

the writer remarkable blessings and strengths, so that I could finish this thesis. In
this opportunity, I would like to express my deepest and sincere gratitude in
completing this thesis to the following parties.
1. My first supervisor, Dr. Agus Widyantoro, M. Pd., who has guided and
encouraged me during the process of doing the research and writing this
thesis with all his patience.
2. My second supervisor, Siti Mahripah, S. Pd., M. App. Ling., who has guided
me patiently during the process of writing this thesis.
3. My academic consultant, Ari Purnawan, M. Pd. and all of my lectures in
English Education Department who have guided and taught me kindly and
patiently during my study.
4. My beloved parents, Mama Las & Bapak Parmo and Mama Ana & Bapak
Yoyo, for the warm love and endless supports and prayers.
5. My dearest one, Aa Lukman Farid, for his patience, love, and prayers.
6. My guide in the school, Ms. Yuana, where I conducted my research who was
willingly to be collaborator and observer in my research.
7. My friends in class A 2008 members who motivated me during my study.
8. My friends in 08 MNJ, Khoir, Lingkar Falisha, UmDi #2, AL HUDA, Laskar
Semangka, ADK UNY, Fathiyya, Ulya‟, Asrama Aceh, and SANTIKERS
DIY for their prayers and supports.
9. Some participants who cannot be mentioned one by
one here and who have given me support and
contribution during the completion of my research
and the thesis writing.
Finally, I hope this thesis will have some contributions and be useful no
matter how small and imperfect it is.
Yogyakarta, February 2014
Lani Suryani

vii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE .............................................................................................................. i
APPROVAL .................................................................................................... ii
RATIFICATION ............................................................................................. iii
PERNYATAAN ................................................................................................. iv
DEDICATIONS .............................................................................................. v
MOTTOS ........................................................................................................ vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................................................. vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................ viii
LIST OF APPENDICES ................................................................................. xii
LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................... xiii
LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................ xiv
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................... xv
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION .................................................................... 1
A. Background of the Study .................................................. 1
B. Identification of the Problem ............................................ 3
C. Delimitation of the Problem ............................................. 5
D. Formulation of the Problem ............................................. 5
E. Objective of the Study ...................................................... 6
F. Significances of the Study ................................................ 6
CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................... 7
A. Theoretical Review ........................................................... 7
1. Reading .......................................................................... 7
2. Reading Skill .................................................................. 10
3. Reading Technique ........................................................ 13
4. Teaching Reading .......................................................... 15
5. Types of Classroom Reading Performance .................... 19
6. Teaching Reading in SMA ............................................. 20
a. Aims of Teaching English in SMA ........................... 21
b. Characteristics of the Learner .................................... 22

viii
 7. The Mind Map Technique .............................................. 23
a. Definition .................................................................. 23
b. Benefits of Using the Mind Map to Teach
Reading Skills ........................................................... 25
c. How to Make Mind Map ........................................... 26
B. Review of Related Studies ................................................ 28
C. Conceptual Framework .................................................... 29
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHOD ........................................................ 32
A. Type of Research .............................................................. 32
B. Research Setting ............................................................... 33
C. The Participants of the Research ...................................... 34
D. Data collection .................................................................. 34
1. Research Instruments of Data Collection........................ 35
2. Data Collection Technique ............................................. 35
a. Interview .................................................................... 35
b. Observation ............................................................... 36
c. Documentation .......................................................... 36
3. Data Analysis Technique ............................................... 36
a. Assembling the data .................................................. 36
b. Coding the data .......................................................... 37
c. Comparing the data ................................................... 37
d. Building interpretations ............................................. 37
e. Reporting the outcomes ............................................. 37
E. Validity and Reliability .................................................... 38
1. Validity ........................................................................... 38
a. Democratic Validity .................................................. 38
b. Outcome Validity ...................................................... 38
c. Process Validity ......................................................... 39
d. Dialogic Validity ....................................................... 39
2. Reliability ....................................................................... 39
F. Research Procedures ......................................................... 40

ix
 1. Planning ......................................................................... 41
2. Actions and Observations .............................................. 41
3. Reflection ....................................................................... 41
CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION .................... 43
A. Reconnaissance ................................................................ 43
1. Identification of the field problems ............................. 43
2. Determining the actions to solve the field problems .... 47
3. The relationship between the field problems
and the actions ............................................................. 47
B. The Implementation of the Actions .................................. 48
1. The Report of Cycle I ................................................. 48
a. Planning ................................................................ 48
b. Actions and Observation ...................................... 51
1) First Meeting ................................................... 51
2) Second Meeting .............................................. 57
c. Reflection .............................................................. 60
1) The Successful Actions .................................. 60
2) The Unsuccessful Actions .............................. 61
2. The Report of Cycle II ................................................ 62
a. Planning ................................................................ 62
b. Actions and Observations ..................................... 63
1) First Meeting .................................................. 63
2) Second Meeting .............................................. 68
3) Third Meeting ................................................. 71
c. Reflection ............................................................. 73
1) The Successful Actions .................................. 73
2) The Unsuccessful Actions .............................. 75
C. General Findings .............................................................. 75
D. Discussion ........................................................................ 77
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND SUGGESTIONS 80
A. Conclusions ...................................................................... 80

x
 B. Implications ...................................................................... 81
C. Suggestions ....................................................................... 82
REFERENCES ................................................................................................ 81
APPENDICES ................................................................................................ 84

xi
 LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix A: Course Grid ............................................................................... 88

Appendix B: Lesson Plans .............................................................................. 94
Appendix C: Field Notes ................................................................................. 109
Appendix D: Interview Transcripts ................................................................. 119
Appendix E: Students‟ Portofolio .................................................................... 122
Appendix F: Photographs ................................................................................ 127
Appendix G: Letters ........................................................................................ 134

xii
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Reading Skills and the Purposes ....................................................... 12

Table 2: The Field Problems in Class XI IPA 1
SMA N 1 Kretek Yogyakarta ........................................................... 44
Table 3: The Problems Related to the Process of
Reading Teaching and Learning ....................................................... 45
Table 4: The Correlation between the Main Causes and
the Classified Problems ..................................................................... 46
Table 5: The Relationship between the Field Problems and the Actions ....... 48

xiii
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Types of Classroom Performance ................................................... 20

Figure 2: How to Make Mind Map ................................................................. 28
Figure 3: Conceptual Framework ................................................................... 31
Figure 4: Kemmis and McTaggart‟s Concept of Action Research ................. 32
Figure 5: A student‟s work .............................................................................. 55
Figure 6: Folktales Pictures ............................................................................. 56
Figure 7: The students are doing an assignment in a group ............................ 59
Figure 8: The students are checking the unknown words
in the dictionary ............................................................................. 66
Figure 9: The student‟s work .......................................................................... 67
Figure 10: The student‟s work ........................................................................ 70
Figure 11: The student is making a mind map ................................................ 72
Figure 12: A student‟s work ............................................................................ 74
Figure 13: A student‟s paraphrasing work ...................................................... 74

xiv
 IMPROVING STUDENTS’ READING SKILLS BY USING THE MIND
MAP TECHNIQUE AT SMA N 1 KRETEK IN THE ACADEMIC YEAR
OF 2013/2014

By
Lani Suryani
08202241009

ABSTRACT

The nature of this study is action research. This study aimed at improving
the students‟ reading skills by using the mind map technique in the process of
reading teaching and learning.
This research consisted of two cycles. It was conducted collaboratively
with the English teacher. The subjects of this research were 25 students of class
XI IPA 1 in SMA N 1 Kretek, Bantul, Yogyakarta. The data in this research were
collected through observations, interviews, and documentations. The data were in
the form of fieldnotes, interview transcripts, photographs, and students‟ portofolios.
The researcher used qualitative method in analysing the data. The researcher also
enhanced the trustworthiness of the data and the subjectivity by using the two forms
of triangulation: timeand researcher triangulation.
The result of the two cycles showed that the use of the mind map technique
could improve the students‟ reading skills. The students got improvements in
the paraphrasing sentence, finding topic sentence, and vocabulary mastery.
Moreover, through the mind map technique, the students were motivated to be
active in the classroom activities. They were actively involved in the process of
teaching and learning. This condition stimulated the students to work based on their
own actual capability. Thus, the students got more experiences and improved their
achievement.

Keywords: reading skills, mind map technique

xv
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

English is one of some international languages which is used by most people

around the world. In a global era, people are expected to master English so that they

can communicate with other people who live in other countries. As a tool of an

international communication, it should be learned by people who live in a country

which uses English as a foreign language, including Indonesia. To support

Indonesian people in order to be able to communicate with other people around the

globe, Indonesian government incorporates English into its educational curriculum

as one of its compulsory subjects starting from junior high school. Hence, it is hoped

that there will be a great chance for Indonesian learners to improve their English

communication competence.

Learning language covers some aspects. One of the important aspects is

linguistic aspect which covers grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, structure, and

so on. Beside those aspects, the learners also need to master the skills of the language

such as listening, writing, reading, and speaking. However, it should be kept in mind

that those skills cannot be learned discretely. Students who are learning English

should master those skills integratedly.

It has been known that the students tend to face written texts every day.

The written texts could be found in magazines, newspaper, books, articles on

paper and internet, and other kinds of the written texts. Those written texts give so

1
 2

much information for the learners. In school setting, texts are widely presented in

the learners‟ textbooks.

In some school setting, the students get some English textbooks which are

written in English. These textbooks contain a lot of information related to the

subjects the learners learned. In order to access this information, therefore they need

sufficient knowledge of English. Especially, they should have the skills of reading

because it is written in the textbooks so that they could comprehend it well. That

is why the reading skills are important to be mastered.

However, in some schools, the researcher found that there were many

learners who still had low reading skills. It was proven when the researcher

observed a learning process in a school named SMA N 1 Kretek. They faced some

reading problems which caused the learners had difficulties in comprehending the

information presented in the textbooks.

Reading is a complex process, complex to learn and complex to teach

(Carnine, Silbert, and Kameenui: 1990:3), so there must be a technique which can

help them to read effectively and interestingly. Teaching comprehension strategies

explicitly was seen as a possible approach to tackle the problems faced by the

students. In this case, the writer tried to find interesting and effective way for the

students and the teachers so that they can do their reading activity well. One of

techniques which are available is the mind map technique. By using this

technique, the students were able to communicate information because it can

clarify complex concepts into simple, meaningful displays so that the students can
 3

develop a holistic understanding of the content to be learned (Siriphanich and

Laohawiriyano: 2010)

Considering the problems discussed above, the reading has an important role

to help the learners to comprehend a text they read. From the preliminary

observation done by the researcher, it could be known that in the school, the learners

had some problems in reading. Consequently, it is necessary to conduct a research

on improving the students‟ reading skills by using the mind map technique.

It allows the students to imagine and explore associations between the concepts in

a passage they read (Davies, 2010). When the students can represent or manipulate

a complex set of concepts of the passage in a diagram, they are more likely to

understand those relationships, remember them, and be able to analyse the

component parts of the text. The researcher focused on reading skills in class XI

IPA 1 of SMA N 1 Kretek because the students‟ reading skills were still low.

B. Identification of the Problem

There were a number of prominent problems related to the learners‟

reading skills. These problems must be solved so that the students reading skills in

class XI IPA 1 in SMA N 1 Kretek could be improved. There were some factors

which caused these problems. Those factors did not come only from the students,

but also from other components of the teaching learning process. All of the factors

were related to each other.

The researcher observed the class of XI IPA 1 in SMA N 1 Kretek to identify

the problems. This observation showed some problems which

 4

encouragedthe researcher to conduct a research. The researcher did not only observe

the class, but also interviewed the teacher and the students to get further information

about the teaching and learning process. From the activities which were found, there

were some important problems to be solved which existed in the classroom which

involved the learning process, the students, and the teaching technique.

Firstly, the students did not get adequate guideline to the students how to

read a text effectively. They were just given a text and asked to read. After that, they

had to answer some questions about the text. It made the students feel bored and

did not enjoy the lesson, so they only did the assignment carelessly. The process of

teaching also could not handle the students who made noise in the classroom

because there was less students‟ involvement.

Secondly, the students had low motivation to read a text. Moreover,

reading was an activity that the students disliked much. They were not interested

in the reading activity, such as doing assignment and homework. The students

also did not master vocabulary well. As a consequence, they got difficulty in

interpreting the meanings of the difficult words. They guessed the words

carelessly. The students did not use their dictionary in finding the meaning of

unknown words. Meanwhile, the students had low reading skills. As a consequence,

there were students who did not pay attention to their teacher‟s explanation. In

addition to those problems, the students also often made noise in the classroom.

Finally, they were not able to find the topic of the text and its supporting

information.
 5

Lastly, the way they read text was monotonous. There was not an innovative

way for the learners to read a text comprehensively. The students could not learn

effectively without the teacher‟s guidance. When the teacher used an appropriate

technique which could overcome those problems that were identified, the students

could be more active and interested in the reading activity. Therefore, it needs a

technique to solve those problems identified above.

C. Delimitation of the Problem

It was impossible to solve all of the problems identified above. Therefore,

the researcher limited the problems related to the use of teaching technique. It was

chosen as the problem to be solved in this study because it was able to create a

process of teaching English creatively, actively, and effectively, joyfully, and

innovatively (Sujana, 2012). It could also affect other components of teaching

reading skills and cover those problems identified above.

The researcher had discussed with the English teacher in that school that

there needed a technique the process of teaching and learning. The technique should

encompass most of the problems that were identified. Based on the discussion, it

can be concluded that the students of SMA N 1 Kretek need a technique, the mind

map technique, which could improve their skills in reading.

D. Formulation of the Problem

Based on the background of the problem, identification of the problem,

and limitation of the problem, the problems of this research could thus be formulated

as follows: “How does the use of the mind map technique improve the reading skills

of grade XI students in SMA N 1 Kretek?”

 6

E. Objective of the Study

In line with the formulation of the problem above, the objective of the

study was to improve the reading skills of grade XI students in SMA N 1 Kretek

using the mind map technique.

F. Significances of the Thesis

The significances of this research were expected to provide some advantages

for English teaching and learning process. The significances of this research are:

1. For the students as the subjects of the research, it was expected that the

students would take the advantages of the research. They could learn how

to improve their skills of reading.

2. For the teachers in the school, it was expected that the teachers could

improve their technique of reading interestingly and effectively so that the

students would enjoy the study.

 CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter presents review of theories concerning the research topics and

conceptual framework underlying the study. The details of the theoretical review

and conceptual framework are presented as follows.

A. Theoretical Review

1. Reading

Reading is a process when readers learn something from what they read

and involve it in an academic context as a part of education (Grabe, 2009: 5). In

the classroom, some teachers often use texts or books as media to deliver material

of a subject. Furthermore, the teacher asks the students to read the texts to grab

information in order that they could understand the material.

Reading also engages human brain, emotions, and beliefs as Weaver

(2009) stated that

“Reading is a process which is very much determined by what the reader‟s

brain and emotions and beliefs bring to the reading: the
knowledge/information (or misinformation, absence of information),
strategies for processing text, moods, fears and joys—all of it.”

In the engagement, the readers could understand well what the writer meant in her

or his writing. The readers dominantly use brain when they read an argumentative

or scientific writing. They use emotions when they read a letter, a story and other

texts which dominate feeling. When the readers read a newspaper or a religious

book, they should use their beliefs in order that they can understand the meaning.

Other expert defines reading as an activity in which the readers respond to

and make sense of a text being read connected to their prior knowledge (Spratt,

7
 8

Pulverness, and William: 2005: 21). The activity is done by the readers as they want

to get information and knowledge from the text meanwhile the readers have their

own background knowledge. They automatically connect their knowledge with a

new knowledge from what they are reading. By doing this, sometimes, the readers

will get a new conclusion as a new knowledge for them.

Reading can be a means of consolidating and extending someone knowledge

of the language. Doing it, the reader can grab any information and pleasure about

the subject of the language. This activity also gives some advantages for the

readers. One of the advantages is the students can improve their knowledge by

reading a text without the teacher‟s help because they can interpret by themselves

(Rivers, 1981: 260).

Some experts elaborate the processes of reading. These processes facilitate

the readers to read well so that they can get information from what they read. One

of the experts is Rivers (1981: 260) who states in his book some processes of reading

as follows:

a. It is important to recognize the sound patterns which are represented by

graphic symbols and identify their combinations as language units already
encountered.

b. The reader also has to recognize structural clues such as the indicators of
word classes (or part of speech) and of persons and tenses of the verb; the
words that introduce phrases and clauses and the particular modifications of
meaning these indicate; the adverbs and adverbial expressions which limit the
action in time, place, and manner; and the indicators of interrogation in
derogation.

c. They must be able quickly to distinguish word groupings and their relations
with other word groupings.

d. They must be able to anticipate what will probably follow while holding in
their immediate memory inconclusive elements from what preceded.
 9

People know that reading always deals with a text which is written in books,

newspapers, magazines, and websites. Furthermore, the written text has many

varieties. Brown (2001: 302) states there are two main categories of the varieties of

the written texts. The first is non-fiction such as reports, editorials, letters, greeting

cards, diaries, journals, memos, messages, announcements, newspaper „journalese‟,

academic writings, forms, applications, questionnaires, directions, labels, signs,

recipes, bills, maps, manuals, menus, schedules, advertisements, invitations,

directories, articles, and dictionaries. The second is fiction such as novels, short

stories, and comic stripes or cartoons.

From those genres of the written text read by the readers, they have to

interweave their background knowledge to construct meanings after

understanding the text in order to make a better concept of the readers‟ thought.

To construct meaning and conceive writer‟s message from the text, the readers

bring information, knowledge, emotion, experience, and culture to the printed words

in order. The text does not by itself carry meaning (Brown: 2001). It is known as

schema theory.

Hence, reading can be defined as an activity which constructs meaning

from a written text based on the readers‟ background knowledge to make better

concept so that the readers will learn a new thing from the information grabbed from

the text.
 10

2. Reading Skill

Definitional component of reading skill which is stated by Perfetti (2001)

is an individual‟s standing on some reading assessment. From the assessment

result, the researcher will indicate and categorize the students into some

categories. It will guide the researcher to decide what the researcher should do to

them.

The skill of reading is used by the reader to anticipate text information,

selecting key information, organize and mentally summarize information, monitor

comprehension, repair comprehension breakdowns, and match comprehension

output to the reader goals. Every reader has their own way of reading to do that

which is appropriate with them. The teacher should give some skills to the

students to make them comprehend text easily. Using the skills, the students may

increase the pleasure and effectiveness of reading activity.

In academic field, reading aims at some things new to learn. Learning will

be successful when there is a change in mind by knowing something from unknown.

After knowing something, students have to understand the thing so that they can

apply the knowledge in a real life or at least they can pass their school exam. To

gain this successful process, the students should have a skill to bring them into a

good comprehension in reading a text.

As stated by Brown (2004: 187-188), there are two major skills of reading.

They are micro-skills and macro-skills. The readers, in micro-skills, must have

skills when they deal with graphemes and orthographic patterns and linguistic
 11

signals. Here are the lists of skills of reading comprehension (Brown, 2004:187-

188).

a. Discriminate among the distinctive graphemes and orthographic patterns of

English
b. Retain chunks of language of different lengths in short-term memory
c. Process writing at an efficient rate of speed to suit the purpose
d. Recognize a core of words, and interpret word order patterns and their
significance
e. Recognize grammatical word classes (nouns, verbs, etc.) systems (e.g.,
tense, agreement, and pluralisation), patterns, rules, and elliptical forms.
f. Recognize that a particular meaning may be expressed in different
grammatical forms
g. Recognize cohesive devices in written discourse and their role in signalling
the relationship between and among clauses

While in the macro-skills, the readers need to make use of their discourse

knowledge, communicative functions of written texts, inference skill, scanning

and skimming techniques. The macro skills will help the readers to comprehend a

text well. As presented by Brown (2004:187-188), these are the macro-skills of

reading as follows:

a. Recognize the rhetorical forms of written discourse and their significance

for interpretation
b. Recognize the communicative functions of written texts, according to form
and purpose
c. Infer context that is not explicit by using background knowledge
d. Infer links and connections between events, ideas, etc., deduce causes and
effects, and detect such relations as main idea, supporting idea, new
information, given information, generalization, and exemplification
e. Distinguish between literal and implied meanings
f. Detect culturally specific references and interpret them in a context of the
appropriate cultural schemata
g. Develop and use a battery of reading strategies such as scanning and skimming,
detecting discourse makers, guessing the meaning of words from context, and
activating schemata for the interpretation of text.
 12

There are skills of reading from other experts. One of the experts is

Mikulecky. He (1990: 23-30) also proposes reading skills that can be seen in the

table below.
Table1: Reading Skills and the Purposes
No Skills Purposes
1. Automatic decoding Students are able to recognize a word at a glance.
Previewing and Students are able to guess what the text is about by
2.
predicting looking at the text a quick once over.
Students are able to predict what the form and
3. Identifying purposes
context of the text will be.
Students are able to know why the text is being
4. Specifying Purposes
read.
Students are able to find out the specific
5. Scanning information in a text by looking at the text very
rapidly.
Students are able to find out what the text tells
6. Recognizing topics
about after reading and comprehending the text.
Locating the topic Students are able to find out a topic sentence in a
7.
sentences text.
Making inference by Students are able to infer main ideas of the text and
8.
use evidence can show the evidence that supports their inference.
Guessing the meaning Students are able to guess the meaning of unknown
9. of unknown words from word from the context.
the context
Students are able to process a text rapidly at many
10. Skimming
levels in order to get an overall picture of it.
Students are able to paraphrase the text to help
Paraphrasing
11. them understand the text by using their own words.
Students are able to shorten the text by retaining
12. Summarizing
and re-stating the main idea by leaving out details.
Students are able to put together the information
13. Drawing conclusion from several parts of the text and induce new or
additional ideas.
Students are able to judge the accuracy of the text
14. Reading critically with respect to what the reader already knows and
distinguish facts or opinions.
Students are able to read fast enough to allow the
15. Reading faster
brain to process the input.
 13

Having a skill makes the students can solve any problem in reading a written

text. The reading skills also can increase pleasure and effectiveness of reading

activity. When the students master skills of reading, they can be helped in all other

subjects and in the personal and professional lives. However, being a skilled reader

is not a simple effort. They have to struggle and do any activity gradually any time

to produce a good reader to be a good concept maker from the information gained

from the text read.

3. Reading Technique

Anthony in Brown (2001: 14) defines technique as specific activities

manifested in the classroom that were consistent with a method and therefore

were in harmony with an approach as well. These activities can be doing tasks or

exercises to realize lesson objectives. The activities can help teacher and students in

many subjects in the classroom such as English. In the English subject, the teacher

is also able to use the activities in teaching and learning process to improve

four skills in English subject; listening, writing, speaking, and reading.

In the reading activity, the teacher has to understand that reading is not a

simple activity because students have to grab a new knowledge in a passage by

using their eyes, brain, and emotion. To harmonize those things, the students

apply a force well so that they learn something from the knowledge they grab in the

passage they read.

 14

The reading activity sometime becomes a huge problem for the students,

even though they have to do it because it is their need in the process of learning

especially language in the classroom. The students are impaired in reading

because of some reasons. Some of them are laziness, lack of interesting technique,

background knowledge, habit, and so on. The teacher need to understand about it

that she or he has need of solving those problem to make the students can improve

their skill of reading written text in any types.

Designing interactive reading is not easy. It needs techniques in order to

abridge into an easier way. There are principles for designing interactive reading

techniques. An expert named Brown (2000: 313-316) says there are several

techniques. Those techniques are in the following.

a. In an interactive curriculum, the teacher has to gives priority to the

importance of specific instruction in reading skills
b. The teacher has to use techniques which are intrinsically motivating
c. Authenticity and readability in choosing texts should be balanced.
d. The teacher should encourage the development of reading strategies
e. Both bottom-up and top-down techniques are include in the activity.
f. The teacher should follow “SQ3R” sequence.
g. The teacher subdivides the techniques into pre-reading, during-reading, and
after-reading phases.
h. In the last, the teacher should build in some evaluative aspect to the
techniques.
1) Doing: the students respond physically to a command
2) Choosing: the students select from alternative pose orally or in writing
3) Transferring: the students summarize orally what is read
4) Answering: the students answer questions about passage
5) Condensing: the students outline or take notes on a passage
6) Extending: the students provide an ending to a story
7) Duplicating: the students the message into a native language or copy it
8) Modelling: the students put together a toy, for example, after reading
direction for assembly
9) Conversing: the students engage in a conversation that indicates
appropriate processing of information
 15

Hence, the reading technique is the activities which are done in the

classroom to help the teacher and the students in the teaching learning process of

reading which were consistent and harmonious with a method and an approach so

that the students can comprehend a passage well. A technique of reading which is

used in the classroom should be chosen based on the students‟ need and capability

in order they can enjoy every activity in the classroom. It also aims the purpose of

the teaching learning process.

4. Teaching Reading

Teaching is an activity in which the teacher guides and facilitates learning,

gives a chance for the learners to learn, and sets the condition for learning

(Brown, 2000: 7). The teacher cannot do those activities without any guidance.

The teacher needs it to lead the students in gaining any knowledge. Also, to make

the students learn, the teacher should make innovative ways, such as, unnatural

orientation and unusual treatment to what is being learned.

Other experts explained about the term of teaching reading which may be

further discussed here. Nuttal (1982: 21) states one of the functions of teaching

reading especially reading foreign language, such as English, for students who are

not native speaker, is to make them be able to understand the text when they deal

with the foreign language. They will be capable to read in an appropriate speed, a

silent way, and adequate understanding.

The process of teaching and learning English has characteristics. These

characteristics lead the process to be a successful process if the teacher applies

 16

them well. According to Davies and Pears (2000), there are some characteristics

of effective English teaching and learning.

a. Related to the uses of physical appearances in the class, the teacher should
arrange their relationship with the students, the appropriacy of the
variation of nuances in teaching and learning, the movement of the
teachers and the contact happened between teacher and students.
b. Related to the stages happening in the class, the teachers are able to
provide variety and clearly in the stages of teaching and learning.
c. The class should use the variety of seating arrangements.
d. The teacher always do evaluation on what happened on that day so that he
or she can take a narrow step to solve the problem or to improve what had
been reached.

In the process of the teaching reading, the teacher has important role to

provide material, technique, and media to make the students can learn something

new in the classroom and also can enjoy the process. The result of this process is

the students have behavioural changes in human being which are due to the

experience of emotional as well as intellectual.

The teacher also should grip the principles of teaching reading so that the

teacher teaches the students based on the rules. Here are the principles of the

teaching reading which are stated by Anderson in Nunan (2003).

a. Exploit the reader‟s background knowledge

Reading comprehension depends on the readers‟ background knowledge

(Anderson in Nunan, 2003). It can be their experiences which they bring

into the text they read. From this background knowledge, the reader are able

to improve the reading comprehension when they activate setting goals,

asking questions, making predictions, teaching text structure, and so on.

b. Build a strong vocabulary base

 17

It has been known that vocabulary is important to make reading activity

successful. Therefore, it should be taught explicitly. The learners are also

taught to use context to effectively guess the meanings of less frequent

vocabulary. It will be easier for the learners if they use specific terminology

than the general one. There are some formulas from by Anderson in Nunan

(2003) to enhance the teacher vocabulary instruction. The teacher should

know the vocabulary which is necessary for the learners to know. Then, it is

important to know how they can learn the vocabulary. Next is the way to

know what the learners need to know and what they know now.

c. Teach for comprehension

Teaching the students to comprehend is more important than testing

reading comprehension. The process is not simply about how to grasp

information from the text. It is about how the students learn to engage with

the meaning and develop ideas. There must be an engagement of both the

teacher and the students in the class who are discussing a passage.

d. Work on increasing reading rate

Part of the joy of reading is being able to pick up a book and

comprehend it. Moreover, the reader reads without struggle through the task

of reading. Teaching reading is how the teacher is able to produce fluent

readers not speed readers. What the teacher should focus is to reduce the

students‟ dependence on a dictionary. Instead, they have to analyse and

synthesizing the content of the passage being read. It is a big mistake when

a teacher still requires the students become speed readers rather than fluent
 18

readers. To support the focus, the teacher has to work toward finding a balance

between assisting students to improve their reading rate and developing

reading comprehension skills.

e. Teach reading strategies

In Oxford in Nunan (2003), strategy is defined as “the tools for active,

self-directed involvement that is necessary for developing communicative

ability. Strategies are not a simple event but rather a creative sequence of

events that learners actively use”. It is necessary for the students to learn

how to use a range of reading strategies that match their purposes for

reading, so it become a primer consideration in the reading classroom (Nunan,

2003).

f. Encourage readers to transform strategies into skills

Strategies and skills can create an important difference (Nunan 2003).

Using strategies is to achieve desired objectives or goals, while a skill is a

strategy that has become automatic.

g. Build assessment and evaluation into your reading

Growth and development of reading skills are able to be measured through

doing assessment formally and informally. There should be quantitative and

qualitative assessment engaged in classroom. The quantitative assessment

results information of reading comprehension test as well as reading rate data,

while qualitative assessment can include reading journal responses, reading

interest surveys, and responses to reading strategy checklist.

 19

h. Strive for continuous improvement as a reading teacher

The quality reading teacher determines the success of foreign language

readers, so the teacher should be passionate in doing their work as facilitators,

helping each reader discover what works best. Considering that the main focus

of teaching reading is teaching the students what to do, the teacher should

enrich their selves with tips and techniques. They need to understand the

nature of the reading process (Nunan 2003). One of the ways to enrich them

is joining a community or association which provides many inputs about

teaching reading, especially.

5. Types of Classroom Reading Performance

The variety of reading performance in classroom can be determined by the

variety of texts. It means that the teacher should consider about the types of the

text used in the teaching reading in order to support the process. It is stated in Brown

(2001: 312) that there are two types of classroom reading performance. First is

oral reading. In the process of teaching and learning teaching in the classroom,

the teacher may ask the students to read orally. There are some advantages in the

oral reading done at beginning and intermediate levels. The advantages of the oral

reading are as an evaluative check on bottom-up processing skills, a pronunciation

check, and an extra activity for students to help the teacher to highlight a certain

short segment of a reading passage. At advanced levels, the teacher also can apply

this type to reach those three advantages above. Unfortunately, this type has

several disadvantages according to Brown (2001:

 20

312). The oral reading is not authentic language activity. While a student is

reading a text, others can easily lose attention. It also has the outward appearance

of student participation when in reality it is mere recitation.

Second is silent reading. It is subcategorized into intensive and extensive

reading. The intensive reading focuses on linguistic or semantic detail of a

passage. It is usually classroom-oriented activity. The students are demanded to pay

attention to grammatical forms, discourse markers, and other surface details. To

achieve general understanding especially when the students are asked to read longer

text, such as books, magazines, novels, essays, and the like, extensive reading is

more compatible than intensive reading. It belongs to outside of classroom activity.

The extensive reading also can helps the students get away from their tendency

to over analyse or look up words they don‟t know, and read for understanding.

Both oral and silent reading is presented in a chart below.

Figure 1: Types of Classroom Performance

6. Teaching Reading in SMA

In this section, we focus on the discussion of teaching English reading in

senior high school. While teaching English reading in a senior high school, the
 21

teacher has to know the aims of the process and what he or she should do in the

process. Further, the teacher should be able to identify the object of the process,

the students.

a. Aims of Teaching English in SMA

Teaching English in SMA is based on the curriculum. There has been

School-Based Curriculum 2006 which is the last curriculum used in Indonesia. This

curriculum provides guidelines for the teacher to teach English reading especially

in SMA. From School-Based Curriculum 2006 quoted by Safitri (2012:

16), the aim of the teaching English in Senior High School as follows.

“…the teaching English in Senior High School is aimed at developing the

students‟ competences to communicate in the spoken and written form to
reach the level of functional literacy, developing their awareness of the
truth and importance of English subject to improve the competitiveness of
nation in the global community, and developing the students‟
comprehension about connection between language and culture.”

Still based on the School-Based Curriculum 2006 in Priharudi (2013: 9-

10), there are three goals of teaching English in Senior High School. The three goals

are to make the learners have ability of:

1) to improve communicative competence in written and oral form to reach

informational literacy level,
2) to have awareness that English is important to improve nation competitive
ability in global community, and
3) todevelop understanding feedback of the learners between language and
culture.

It is stated in that curriculum that “Standard of competence of reading for

Senior High School students grade XI in the odd semester that the students should

be able to understand the meaning of written short functional texts and essays in

the forms report, narrative, and analytic texts related to surroundings to get
 22

knowledge. The basic competency states that the students should be able to

respond the meaning of short functional texts (such as banner, poster, pamphlet)

both formal and informal accurately, fluently, and acceptably in essays related to

surroundings and to respond the meaning and rhetoric steps accurately, fluently, and

acceptably in essays related to surroundings to get knowledge in the forms of report,

narrative and analytic exposition texts.” (School-Based Curriculum 2006 in Safitri,

2012)

b. Characteristics of the Learner

The aims of the teaching English have been discussed above. The next is the

teacher should understand the characteristics of the learner. Harmer (2007) has

stated that age is the major factor to decide how and what to teach. In every level

of age, people have their own different needs, competences, and cognitive skills. To

encounter those differences, the teacher should consider appropriate setting and

design of English course.

There are groups of learners based on their age. According to Harmer

(2007), the age groups of the learners comprise young children (0-12 years old),

adolescents (12-18 years old), and adult (19-60 years old). Related to this study

which discuss about teaching reading in Senior High School, the learners are

included in adolescents. At this age, the learners are searching for individual

identity. It is forged among classmates and friends. Peer approval they have is

more important for them than the attention of their teacher. In a research, it has been

known that the learner in this age may be disruptive in class. It is because of their

self-esteem and the peer approval. Other factor which may cause problem in
 23

their learning process is boredom. They are in age of transition, confusion, self-

consciousness, growing, and changing bodies and minds (Brown, 2001: 92).

Those characteristics of the learner become a challenge for the teacher. The

teacher should really prepare a very special set or design of consideration applies

to teaching them.

7. The Mind Map Technique

a. Definition

The mind map which was concluded by Astuti in her thesis (2012: 24) is

an important technique that improves the way we take notes, and supports and

enhances our creative problem solving. The reader can simplify what they have read

so that they can understand what is explained by the writer in the text. The diagram

from a text shows detail information, main and minor information. Making the

diagram or map makes reader can remember and learn clearly and easily.

The mind mapping is a technique to use the whole brain by using visual

and other graphic to create a meaningful impression (DePotter and Hernacki:

2004). Using the whole brain can balance two sides of human brain: left and right

brain. It means that human can maximize their brains to create meaningful things

because of their brains power.

Jonassen, Beissner, and Yacci (1993) defined concept maps or mind maps

as “representation of concept and their interrelationship that are intended to

represent the knowledge structures that humans stored in their minds”. This mind
 24

map could be more freestyle, visual, and do not necessarily have particular

meanings imposed on relationships (Buzan: 1995). It is able to be a simple work for

the students who learn to understand a written text.

It is also quoted by Sugiarto (2004) that it is a technique to summarize

reading resources and then visualize the problems in the form of map to make it

easier to comprehend. By using this technique, the readers can quickly identify the

information from the text they read and also grab the structure of a subject and the

way that pieces of information fit together. It can help the readers to make a note

from the text clearly. Every piece of the text can be noted and described in a map

which consist of any symbols or pictures that connected each other to be complete

information.

While Brown (2001: 14) defines a technique as a specific activity

implemented in the classroom that were consistent with a method and therefore were

in harmony with an approach as well. When the researcher decided this mind map

as a technique, she tried to implement the mind map to reach some purposes in the

teaching and learning in order to improve the students‟ reading skills

Hence, the researcher agreed with Panatda‟s definition of mind mapping

techniquein Siriphanich, Panatda & Laohawiriyano (2010: 4). It is teaching

technique using mind mapping as a tool to represent students‟ understanding by

using words, picture with colour and symbols in a hierarchical or tree branch format.
 25

b. Benefits of using the mind map to teach reading skills

The mind map according to Stine (1997: 103-104) has several advantages

which helps reader to grab information so he can comprehend any text easily.

First is an information structure in the mind map simplifies a concept and

description for the reader. Second is activating left brain to control verbal and

analytical capability when the reader organizes a diagram, while the right brain

controls spatial and visual capability. Third is to comprehend a text by writing main

ideas and connecting each other in the reader‟s own way. Fourth is the reader

is able to face a new thing because there are always some spaces for new idea and

its correlation. Fifth is an easiness of remembering important connections because

they are in a piece of paper. Sixth is the reader could easily recall the information

from the mind map or diagram.

DePotter and Hernacki (2004: 110) categorize way of learning into two. The

first is how to grasp information called modality. The second is how to manage and

process the information grasped called brain domination. Every learner has their

own modality to learn something. The modality is classified into three types,

according to DePotter and Hernacki (2004: 112). They are visual, audio, and

kinestetik. For learner who belongs to visual type, they prefer to read and pay

attention to illustration on the board. They also take notes well. So, the use of the

mind map is appropriate for them. This technique is also appropriate for the

adolescent learners because they will not be bored when they are reading a passage.
 26

Using the mind map technique, the students are able to join the teaching and

learning process in a simple way which guide the students learning reading skills

easily so that they can comprehend any text well. The readers can improve their

memory too because this technique links some things in the text the readers read to

be remembered to some other idea. It also directs the students to think detail

information within the text.

c. How to make mind map

There are several ways to make mind map proposed by some experts. The

ways will lead someone to make the mind map. The experts who propose the

ways are Rose and Nicholl (2002). They explain the ways to make mind map. There

are eight steps as follow.

1) Start with the topic in the middle of paper.

2) Use keywords.
3) Make the branch from the main topic.
4) Use symbols, colours, words, or pictures mainly in the mind mapping.
5) Make it as interesting as possible.
6) Make it full of colours.
7) Repeat again two or three times to make it perfect.
8) Do it by yourself.

Other procedures of making mind map are quoted by Sugiarto (2004). He

points out some steps to create a mind map. There are five steps. Here are those

steps.

1) Prepare the equipment to make mind map such as paper (A4/Folio/A3),

pencil or pen, stabile, marker or colour pen.
2) Determine the topic, make a central image in the centre of the paper, the
position of the paper is landscape, draw the topic and give colour to it. It can
be the combination of three or four colours.
 27

3) Make a main branch which is the idea of the topic, make the word in the
same length with the main branch, make a word per branch, write down the
word with capital letters, and then give them some colours.
4) Make a thin branch which is a sub-topic, add the words or pictures, add the
main idea and develop it with the sub-topics. All the sub-topics are placed in
every branch separately.
5) Continue it with other ideas by making a new branch.

Furthermore, there are DePotter and Hernacki (2004). They also itemize

some steps of making a mind map. These steps consist of nine points.

1) Make a circle of main idea in the middle of paper.

2) Make branch from the main idea to make key points. Do not forget to use a
colour pen to make it.
3) Write the keywords or phrases in every branch and then develop them with
details.
4) Give additional symbols and illustrations.
5) Do not forget to use capital letters.
6) Write down the main ideas with the bigger letter.
7) Be creative and express it freely.
8) Use the unique form to show the points or ideas.
9) Do not forget to make it horizontally to make a wider space.

A famous expert of mind map is Buzan in Davies (2010). He makes

several recommendations when making mind map. These are the recommendations.

1) Place an image or topic in the centre using at least 3 colours

2) Use images, symbols, codes, and dimensions throughout your Mind Map.
3) Select key words and print using upper or lower case letters.
4) Each word/image is alone and sitting on its own line.
5) Connect the lines starting from the central image. The central lines are thicker,
organic and flowing, becoming thinner as they radiate out from the centre.
6) Make the lines the same length as the word/image.
7) Use colours—your own code—throughout the Mind Map.
8) Develop your own personal style of Mind Mapping.
9) Use emphasis and show associations in your Mind Map.
10) Keep the Mind Map clear by using radial hierarchy, numerical order or
outlines to embrace your branches.
 28

Among the experts‟ types of making mind map, there is a same focus.

They emphasize the sequences in creating a graphic. It means that making a mind

map is formulating information of a written text into a picture which is more

interesting way to be understood by a reader. In a journal, Ellozy and Mustafa

(2010) stated that “...the mind maps are usually highly visual including pictures and

colours as well as other visual prompts...”.

Figure 2: How to Make Mind Map

B. Review of Related Studies

Review of the previous study is made in order to avoid replication. This

study is intended to improve the students‟ reading skills by using mind mapping.

Another study has been conducted to find the use of mind mapping to improve

students‟ reading skills. The first is a study conducted by Ari Kusmiatun in Astuti

(2012: 28). Her study entitled “Improvement of Reading Comprehension and

Rhetoric Speaking Skills of Elementary School Students through The mind

mapping Technique”had shown that the application of the mind mapping

technique in Bahasa Indonesia teaching learning process could improve students‟

 29

speaking and reading skills. They can comprehend the text better so that they can

perform rhetorical speaking more fluently than before.

Next study is from Chang in Astikaningrum (2013: 20). In his study

entitled “The Effect of Concept Mapping to Enhance Text Comprehension and

Summarization”, he found a useful graphic strategy for improving text learning.

He also states that combining a spatial learning strategy with a correction method

or scaffolding instruction is a potential approach for optimizing the effects of

concept mapping.

C. Conceptual Framework

The concept of using the mind map technique to improve the students‟

reading skills have been explored in the previous discussion. A conceptual

framework derived from those concepts above will be presented as follows.

Reading is one of the important things to get any information. In a school

case, reading is an essential skill because the students face written text in their

textbooks almost every day. In fact, the students‟ faces difficulties in learning

process, especially in learning English. The difficulties caused by a monotonously

technique which is used in the learning process. It is a serious problem because

the difficulties influence other teaching and learning components. The students

are not able to comprehend a passage well so that they cannot grab information of

the passage comprehensively. There should be a solution to solve this problem.

From the previous theoretical review, the researcher had discussed a term

of the mind map. There were several advantages of the use of the mind map in the
 30

learning process. The mind map technique helps the students to simplify a concept

and description, to balance human brain activity, to guide them reading a text in a

joyful way, to invite them to make innovations, and to help them to recall any

information they have read easily. The mind map technique of reading a written

text is one of effective ways to comprehend the text.

Therefore, the mind map technique is a good technique to solve the problems

identified by the researcher in the class XI IPA 1 at SMA N 1 Kretek. This

technique is considered appropriate with the condition of the students there. It can

make the students feel comfortable with the learning activities and achieve the aims

of the reading skills. The following is a schema of the conceptual framework of this

research.
 31

The use of the mind map

The problems
technique

- There was no an adequate guidelinefor - Using scanning and skimming

the students to read a text effectively to support finding out the
- The students‟ had low motivation in the
reading activity. topic.
- The students had limited vocabulary - Rewriting information in the
mastery. students own words in each
- The students‟ involvement in the branch of the mind map.
reading teaching learning process was - Questioning and answering
low.
- The students had difficulty in activity about the text.
recognizing the topic sentence and - Exploring difficult words
information of the text. through map/chart.
- The students were not able to - Using interesting topics and
paraphrasing the text to help them pictures.
understand by their own words.

The reading skills

improved

Figure 3: Conceptual Framework

 CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD

A. Type of Research

The type of this research was classroom action research. The research was

chosen because it provides a method that can be done by the researcher and the

teacher to improve the practice of education by studying issues of problem they

face, especially in reading. The researcher in this study focused on improving

students‟ reading skill by using the mind mapping. The researcher invited the

Englishand the students of XI IPA 1 in SMA N 1 Kretek to work collaborativelly.

There are several concepts of a classroom action research. The researcher

chose one of them which is from Kemmis and McTaggart. The process is

presented below.

Figure 4. Kemmis and McTaggart’s concept of action research (1988: 10)

32
 33

The steps of action research according to Kemmis and McTaggart (1988) are

planning a change, acting and observing the process and consequences of the

change, reflecting on these processes and consequences, replanning, acting and

obseving again, and then reflecting again. Those steps were done to find out the

most appropriate actions to improve the students‟ reading skill of class XI IPA 1

at SMA N 1 Kretek in the academic year of 2012/2013.

B. Research Setting

The research took place at SMA N 1 Kretek located at Kretek, Bantul. Its

setting is the English class of second grade at SMA N 1 Kretek, class XI IPA 1.

SMA N 1 Kretek consists of nine classrooms.Each consists of three classes from

first grade until third grade. There are 270 students totally, so there are about 30

students for each class.

This school has some office rooms. The first room is for headmaster and

guest room, second is for teachers, third is for vice headmasters, and fourth is for

clerical employees. The other rooms are; a school health unit, a kitchen, a science

laboratory, a language laboratory, a basketball field, a library, a music laboratory,

two canteens, a mosque, „pendopo joglo’ for art and sport activities, two teacher‟s

toilets, six students‟ toilets, and three parking areas.

There are also some facilities that support the teaching learning process

and other school activities. They are computers, tape recorders, dictionaries,

televisions, LCDs, sport equipments, maps, etc. The teacher sometimes used the
 34

facilities to make students more interested in English teaching learning processes.

The collaborator taught the students two times every week.

C. The Participants of the Research

The participant of this research were the researcher herself, the

collaborator, and the students of grade XI of SMA N 1 Kretek. The students in grade

XI in the school were devided into three classes. However, the research only

involved one class of XI IPA 1. It consisted of 27 students.

The researcher was as the teacher in the class XI IPA 1 who taught reading

skills according to the learning materials and the lesson plans which had been

developed. The English teacher was as a collaborator and an observer in this

research. The researcher wascollaborated with the collaborator during the

implementation of the actions planned. The observer identified the effectiveness and

the ineffectiveness of the actions and then she helped the researcher in improving

the actions by giving some feedbacks. The researcher and the collaborator worked

together in the process of this research.

D. Data Collection

Hornby (1995: 294) stated that data are facts or information used in deciding

or discusing something. The researcher have collected the data to support this

research in deciding some actions so that the students‟ reading skills

improved. In collecting the data, the researcher collaborated with the collaborator
 35

as an observer and the students. There were three aspects in this collecting data

which are presented in the following.

1. Research Instruments of Data Collection

Instrument is the main important tool to collect the data. The instruments

used in this research wereinterview guidelines, narrative observations, and

camera.The interview guidelines were used in the beginning of the research process,

the end of the cycles, and the end of the research process. These guidelines

were used to guide the researcher to focus on the intended research area as she

conducted the interviews. The guidelines was possibly developed as long as the

interviewee were still on the right path. The next instruments were the

narrative observations which included recordings of the rundown of the classroom

teaching and learning process. The last was camera. The researcher used camera

to take some pictures of the process of teaching and learning process. She also

used it to record the the process of teaching and learning as videos.

2. Data Collection Technique

In this research, the collected data were qualitative data. To get the data,

the researcher used data collection techniques as follows:

a. Interview

The interview was done to get information from the teacher and the students

before and after the actionswere implemented. The information included opinion,

belief, and experience of the interviewee. The result of the interview would be

presented in the transcript.

 36

b. Observation

The researcher observed the teaching learning in class XI IPA 1 when she did

reconnaissance and implemented the action. The researcher also collaborated with

the English teacher who was as the collaborator. The collaborator observed the

process of teaching and learning when the researcher implemented the action and

then they discussed the results of the observation. The results of the observation

were presented in the form of field notes which consisted of the students‟

behavior, the teacher‟s actions, and everything happened in the process of

teaching and learning. The researcher and the collaborator agreed to use narrative

observations proposed by Burns (2010: 69-70).

c. Documentation

The researcher took pictures during teaching and learning process. These pictures

gave the real situation during the process.

3. Data Analysis Technique

After the data have been obtained, the researcher analyzed the data using

several steps. The researcher used a series processes of data analysis proposed by

Burns (1999). Those steps are deliberated in the following.

a. Assembling the data

The first stage in analyzing the data was to assembly the data. The data from

interview transcript, field notes, and observations were collected. After that, the

researcher scanned the data to show up the data so that the data could be compared

and constructed.
 37

b. Coding the data

Coding is a process of attempting to reduce the large amount of data which

may be collected to more manageable categories of concepts, themes or types

(Burns: 1999). The researcher identified the data collected into more specific

group of data.

c. Comparing the data

The researcher compared the data before and after the action. Its purpose

was to know whether the data were repeated or developed across different data

collection techniques. This step was not be interpreted yet but it merely displayed

and described the data.

d. Building interpretations

After three stages above, the researcher tried to think deeply about the

data. Burns (1999) states that this step might make a researcher came back to the

data several times to ask questions, rethink the connections and develop explanation

of the bigger picture underpinning the research. The collaborator was also invited

to interpret the data to find new discoveries.

e. Reporting the outcomes

This was the final step of the data analysis process. After collecting and

analyzing the data sistematically, it was needed to show in a report.

 38

E. Validity and Reliability

1. Validity

To maintain the validity of the data, there are five criteria proposed by

Anderson in Burns (1999: 161) were followed by the researcher. Those five

criteria are democratic validity, catalytic validity, process validity, outcome validity,

and dialogic validity. In this research, the researcher used four criteria of

validity.Those are democratic validity, outcome validity, process validity, and

dialogic validity. The followings are the definition of the validity.

a. Democratic validity

It is related to the extent to which the research is truly collaborative. It

deals with the perspectives given by those who have stakes in the research which

then leads to the inclusion of multiple voices. To establish this validity, the

researcher invited the collaborator to give opinions, suggestions, and so on related

to the classroom action research study. Those were done to prepare the planning,

to do the actions, to evaluate actions, and to do reflections.

b. Outcome validity

This validity relates to the outcomes led by the notion of actions. The

outcomes is called successful based on the research context. In this study, the

outcome is the students‟ changes of behavior in English learning in the classroom,

particularly in the reading skills. Therefore, all of things in the research are

interrelated to one another. Besides, to support the data validity, the researcher

enclosed the photographs and field notesof the teaching and learning process.
 39

c. Process validity

Process validity refers to the criterion to make done in action research.

This validity raises questions about the „dependability‟ and „competency‟ of the

research. The researcher considered and analyzed whether the technique applied

in the classroom had been appropriate with the condition of the participants or not.

This analysis would affect the result. The collaborator observed the classroom

activities. The students felt comfort and showed their participation or involvement

in the classroom activities and then the researcher was able to observe their

different behaviours from different perspectives and data source. The researcher

took notes of the activities in the classroom during teaching and learning process.

d. Dialogic validity

It parallels the process of collaborative inquiry or reflective dialogue with

„critical friends‟ or other practitioners. The researcher have interviewed some

parties of this research. The researcher fulfilled the needs of data by interviewing

the teacher and the students. They gave information from different perspectives.

The information was valuable to measure the success of the research. The

dialogues were done during the researcher conducted the research in the

classroom. The collaborator and the researcher shared their oppinions which

finally made decisions.

2. Reliability

The data of this study were in the form of qualitative data. The researcher

got the data from many resources. In enhancing the trustworthiness of the data and
 40

the subjectivity in analyzing the data, the researcher used triangulation. It aimed to

gather multiple perspectives on the situation being studied. Burns (1999: 164) stated

that there are four forms of triangulation, namely time, space, researcher, and

theoritical triangulation. In this research, the researcher used the two forms of them,

time and researchertriangulation. These are the triangulation forms which were used

by the researcher.

a. Time triangulation is the data which are collected at different points in time.

The researcher interviewed students at the beginning, middle and end of the

course.

b. Researcher triangulation is the data which are collected by more than one

researcher. The researcher asked the teacher and the students to collect data to

compare with her own.

F. Research Procedures

The researcher used Kemmis and McTaggart‟s model in this research as

discussed in the beggining point of this chapter. There were three steps in a cycle.

They were planning, implementation, observation, and reflection. These steps

were involved in cyclical structure. It meant that these steps were possible to

reimplement in the next cycle when it was needed to do. It could be 2, 3, or more

cycles in a research but the researcher only did two cycles because of some

reasons such as time limitation and school policy of teaching and learning

process.
 41

Those steps were headed by a process called reconnaissance. This

reonnaissance led the researcher to focus of the study. By doing the

reconnaissance, the researcher gained data about obsatacles and weakness in reading

a passage. They were collected through observations and interviews. The researcher

observed activities in the learning and teaching process related to reading activities.

the results of the observations were presented in the fieldnotes. Meanwhile, the

interviews were done to make sure and add the data from the observations. The

researcher interviewed the collaborator and the students. The research procedure

included the following steps:

1. Planning

This step was planned the details of the research, such as the actions that

the researcher would do in every cycle. It was the further step from the

reconnaissance. What the researcher would plan depends on what the researcher had

had from the observation and discussion about the urgent problem should be solved

in the research process.

2. Actions and Observations

This step was the implementation of the action plans made after the

researcher got the data from the previous steps. There would be an observation after

doing the action to know the effects of the actions done in the classroom.

3. Reflection

After doing activities in the first cycle and then observing the problems,

there would be a reflection of the implementation. It becomes the reference to

implement the actions in the next cycle better than before. Responses and
 42

suggestions were accepted by the researcher from the other participants of this

research, especially from the collaborator. The results of the identification from

the actions were determined as successful or unsuccessful ones.

 CHAPTER IV
RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the research findings and discussion. In carrying out

the research, the researcher did some steps. These steps are discussed in the previous

chapter. There were planning, observation, action, and reflection. The study aimed

at improving the students‟ reading skill of the students at SMA N 1

Kretek. The researcher focused on using the mind map technique to reach the

purpose. The procedures of the research are presented below.

A. Reconnaissance

Before carried out this research, the researcher tried to collect preliminary

data. To gain the data, the researcher observed the teaching learning process in the

classroom. Then, she interviewed the collaborator and the students. The researcher

discussed with the collaborator about the result of the interviews and observation.

1. Identification of the field problems

The researcher did observation to identify the problems that were found in

the English teaching and learning process of class XI IPA I at SMA N 1 Kretek.

She interviewed the collaborator to support the information gained through the

observation.

After observing the teaching learning process and interviewing the

collaborator and some students, the researcher and the collaborator identified

some field problems that were found in the English teaching and learning process.

The problems were presented in the table as follows:

43
 44

Table 2: The Field Problems in Class XI IPA 1 SMA N 1 Kretek Yogyakarta

No. Problems Codes
There was no adequate guideline for the students to read a text
1 P
effectively.
2 Students‟ reading skills was low. S
3 Students‟ mastery of vocabulary was low. S
4 Students found difficulties in understanding the structure of texts. S
5 Students had difficulties in understanding the main idea. S
6 Students rarely did their homework. S
7 Students‟ motivation to read a text was low. S
Students did not pay attention when the teacher explained the
8 S
materials.
The students often made noise during the teaching learning
9 S
process.
The students rarely checked the difficult words in the dictionary;
10 S
they waited their teacher explaining the meaning of the words.
There was no innovation in creating some interesting ways in the
11 T
teaching and learning process.
The teacher found difficulties in handling the students who made
12 P
noise.
13 The students were not confident to do assignment S
14 The students were easily getting bored in the lesson S
15 The learning process lacked the use of learning facilities F
16 The teaching and learning process focused on several students P
17 The students often cheated their friends when doing assignments. S
18 The students‟ involvement in the classroom were low S
The students could not paraphrase information from the text in
19 S
their own words.
P: Process of teaching and learning (TL); S: Students; T:Technique; F: Facilities

Based on the problems related to the process of learning and teaching

reading, the researcher and the collaborator discussed the main causes of the

problems. Those were categorized into the problems on students, process of TL, and

technique. Since the focus of this study is on the use of the mind map

technique to improve the students‟ reading skill, therefore, the problems which
 45

would be solved were the problems that related to the process of reading teaching

and learning.

Table 3: The Problems Related to the Process of Reading Teaching and

Learning
No. Problems Codes
There was no adequate guideline to the students to read a text
1 P
effectively.
2 Students‟ reading skills was low. S
3 Students‟ mastery of vocabulary was low. S
4 Students found difficulties in understanding the structure of texts. S
5 Students had difficulties in understanding the main idea. S
6 Students‟ motivation to read a text was low. S
Students did not pay attention when the teacher explained the
7 S
materials.
The students often made noise during the teaching learning
8 S
process.
The students rarely checked the difficult words in the dictionary;
9 S
they waited their teacher giving them the meaning of the words.
There was no innovation in creating some interesting way in the
10 T
teaching and learning process.
11 The students were not confident to do assignments. S
12 The students‟ involvement in the classroom was low. S
The students could not paraphrase the information from the text
13 S
using their own words.
P: Process of teaching and learning (TL); S: Students; T:Technique

After determining the problems which were related to the reading process,

the teacher and the researcher discussed the main causes of the problems. These

main causes of the problems helped the researcher to overcome the problems. The

following table presents the correlation between the main causes and the field

problems which were classified before.

 46

Table 4: The Correlation between the Main Causes and the Classified
Problems
Main Causes Problems
a. There was no adequate guideline for - There was no adequate guideline for
the students to read a text effectively. the students to read a text effectively.
- Students‟ reading skills was low.
- There was no innovation in creating
some interesting ways in the teaching
and learning process.
b. The students had difficulty in - Students found difficulties in
recognizing the topic sentence and understanding the structure of texts.
information of the text. - Students had difficulties in
understanding the main idea.
c. The students‟ had low motivation in - Students‟ motivation to read a text
the reading activity. was low.
- The students were not confident to do
assignments.
d. The students had limited vocabulary - Students‟ mastery of vocabulary was
mastery. low.
- The students rarely checked the
difficult words in the dictionary; they
waited their teacher giving them the
meaning of the words.
e. The students‟ involvement in the - Students did not pay attention when
reading teaching learning process was the teacher explained the materials.
low. - The students often made noise during
the teaching learning process.
- The students‟ involvement in the
classroom was low.
f. The students were not able to - The students could not paraphrase the
paraphrasing the text. information from the text using their
own words.

The collaborator suggested the researcher based on the problems above to

propose some actions to solve those problems. The teacher added that the actions

should be relevant with the condition of the students and the ability of the researcher

herself.
 47

2. Determining the actions to solve the field problems

The researcher in collaboration with the collaborator had identified the

urgent and feasible problems which occurred in the process of teaching and learning.

Those important problems were chosen because they could give bad effects to the

students if they were not solved soon. Furthermore, the researcher discussed with

the collaborator about what the researcher should do to solve the problems. As

suggested by the collaborator, the researcher made some plans to overcome the

problems. The researcher planned some actions to be done. Those actions are

presented below.

a. Using scanning and skimming to support finding out the topic of the text.

b. Rewriting information in the students own words in each branch of the mind

map.

c. Questioning and answering activity about the text.

d. Exploring difficult words through map/chart.

e. Using interesting topics and pictures.

3. The Relationship between the Field Problems and the Actions

The researcher had designed some plans which were related to the field

problems. The table below showed the relationship between the actions and the

problems.
 48

Table 5: The Relationship between the Field Problems and the Actions
No. Actions Problems
1 Using scanning and skimming to - There was no an adequate guideline
support finding the topic of the for the students to read a text
text. effectively.

- The students had difficulty in

recognizing the topic sentence and
information of the text.
2 Rewriting information in the The students were not able to
students own words in each paraphrasing the text to help them
branch of the mind map. understand by their own words.
3 Questioning and answering The students‟ involvement in the
activity about the text. reading teaching learning process
was low.
4 Exploring difficult words through The students had limited vocabulary
map/chart. mastery.
5 Using interesting topics and The students‟ had low motivation in
pictures. the reading activity.

B. The Implementation of the Actions

1. The Report of Cycle I

a. Planning

There had been discussion between the researcher and the collaborator about

the planning of actions. The result of the discussion was the implementation of the

action plan in the first cycle. Its focus was to improve the students‟ reading skills.

The researcher prepared the planning of the actions by considering the extract of an

interview with the collaborator below.

 49

Interview Transcript
January 24th, 2014

BY : Gimana, mba? Apa yang tadi sudah diamati?

(How was it? What have you observed from the class?)
P : Tadi kelihatannya siswa masih banyak yang belum bisa mengerjakan soal
ya, bu?
(The students were still not able to do the task, ma‟am.)
BY : Ya begitulah.
(Yes, they were.)
P : Siswa memang tidak punya kamus atau bagaimana, bu?
(Do they don‟t have any dictionary, ma‟am?)
BY : Mereka punya kamus. Cuma ya kamus yang 1 miliar itu dan mereka
seringnya tidak membawanya ke sekolah.Sudah saya ingatkan berkali-kali.
(They have dictionary. They only have 1-billion dictionary and they often
don‟t bring it to school. I always remind them every time.)
P : Kalau di perpus menyediakan kamus tidak, bu?
(Does the library supply some dictionaries, ma‟am?)
BY : Ada banyak kamus di perpus. Tapi siswanya memang kurang inisiatif
untuk memanfaatkannya.Cuma beberapa saja yang mau meminjam.
(Yes. There are some dictionaries in the library. The problem is there are
only several students who want to use them.)
(BY: Bu Yuana – Guru Bahasa Inggris(English Teacher); P: Peneliti (Researcher)

From the extract above, the teacher told the researcher that the students did

not always have dictionaries when they were in the English class. The researcher

also saw a fact in the observation that the students often asked the teacher difficult

words before they checked their dictionary. The researcher decided to prepare a

simple planning for them so that they did not face too many difficulties in the

classroom.

The researcher and the collaborator had discussed and agreed that the mind

map technique would be used to solve the problems identified and then improved

the students‟ reading skills. The actions planned were as the following.
 50

The first action which had been planned was using interesting topics and

pictures. This action was important. It could attract the students to enjoy the activity

in the classroom. It motivated the students to give more interest in the process of

teaching and learning. When they did activity interestingly and felt at ease, they

would be motivated to focus on a subject.

The second action was using scanning and skimming to support finding

out the topic of the text. This action was trying to solve two problems. These

problems were an inadequate guideline in the reading a text effectively and

difficulty in recognizing the topic sentence and information of the text. The

inadequate guideline could not lead the students to read a text well. As it has been

known, reading is not a simple activity. It will not be successful when there is no

guideline to the students as reader how to read in an effective way. The effective

way would help the students to grasp information in the text they read.

The third action in this study was rewriting information in the students

own words in each branch of the mind map. In making a map, the students could

not avoid drawing branches. Every branch might consist of word, phrase, or

sentence. Those contents represented information of the text which had been read.

Paraphrasing a sentence which was done by the students was able to help the teacher

to check the students‟ comprehension about a passage they had read. This also

could help the students to answer multiple choice questions that are usually in the

form of paraphrases.

The fourth action was questioning and answering activity about the text.

This action was able to improve the students‟ involvement in the classroom
 51

activity. It also could invite them to focus on the process of teaching learning in

the classroom. This action that would be done by the researcher could build a

good interaction and then there would be a good relationship between the researcher

and the students.

The last action was exploring difficult words through map/chart. One of

the identified problems was that the students had low vocabulary mastery. The

researcher planned this action to solve this students‟ problem. When the students

read a written text, often they found some unknown words. They should know the

meaning of those words in a process to grab information in the text.

b. Actions and Observation

The actions were carried out two times i.e. on February 7th and 10th 2014.

The narrative texts were chosen as the material of the cycle. The actions were

done and focused on the use of the mind map technique to improve the students‟

reading skill. The researcher did the actions by herself. The researcher acted as a

teacher while the collaborator acted as an observer. The following is the

description of the first cycle.

1) First meeting

In this meeting, the researcher focused on introducing the mind map

technique. She implemented dominantly three actions. There were using scanning

and skimming, using interesting topics and pictures, and rewriting information.

These actions aimed at improving the students‟ motivation, guide them to read a
 52

text effectively, find information within the text, and help them to paraphrase

information using their own words.

The process of the teaching and learning was started by conditioning the

students. The researcher greeted the students in the classroom. The researcher did

not ask the captain of the class to lead a prayer because it was the fourth schedule.

After that, the researcher checked attendance list and tried to remember the students‟

names.

The researcher invited the students to recall their memory, anything about

narrative text. The students seemed enthusiastic answering some questions from

the teacher. Some of them still forget but they listened to what others said. They

remembered the purpose of the narrative text, its generic structure, and some other

characteristics. It helped the researcher to engage them into further discussion.

Field note
February 7th, 2014

Siswa menjawab pertanyaan peneliti tentang teks naratif.Mereka berebut

untuk menjawab pertanyaan.Saat ditanya satu per satu, siswa diam karena
kurang percaya diri saat menyampaikan pendapatnya. Kemudian peneliti
memanggil beberapa nama siswa untuk menjawab pertanyaan yang diajukan
dan mereka akhirnya bisa menjawabnya.
(The students answered the researcher‟s questions about the narrative
text. They scrambled to answer those questions. When they were asked one by
one, they were silent because of their lack of confidence in delivering their
opinion. Then, the researcher called a few names of them to answer the questions,
they could finally answer.)

Next activity was reading a text. The researcher gave the students a piece

of paper consisting of a passage entitled “Golden Egg”. This was a narrative text.

The students were asked to read the text. After that, they were demanded to identify

its generic structure by marking its paragraphs. Moreover, the researcher

 53

also asked them to find more detail information of the passage. The students

looked enthusiastic in doing this activity. They tried to find the information. They

discussed with their friends and sometimes asked the researcher. This activity is

presented in the following field note.

To facilitate the students in doing the activity, the teacher invited them to

know a technique named mind map. The researcher introduced the technique, its

advantages and how to make it. The researcher showed the way it worked in front

of the class. She drew the map on the board to make the students understand. Firstly,

the teacher distributed blank papers and asked the students to copy the map into

the paper so they could know the way to make the map. They could express their

feelings by making the map. Then, they had to make a mind map based on the

passage they read before. The mind map made comprised information about

generic structure of the passage. There were orientation as a main branch which had

sub-branches of more detail information, complication or problem which might be

more than one problem and then could be made sub- branches for those problems,

and resolution. This map helped the students to understand the content of the

passage easily. This activity could be seen in this following field note.
 54

Field Note
February 7th, 2014

Peneliti yang berperan sebagai guru menjelaskan teknik mind map kepada siswa.
“Ada yang sudah pernah mengenal Mind Map?”, peneliti bertanya kepada siswa.
“Mungkin kalian pernah mengenalnya dengan nama lain sperti spider web. Sebuah
gambar peta menyerupai jaring laba-laba yang diisi kata, frase atau kalimat untuk
mempermudah memahami sesuatu.Biasanya berisi satu kata pokok di tengah sebagai
pusatnya kemudian cabanganya berisi kata detailnya”.Beberapa siswa menjawab
belum pernah.Ada siswa yang menjawab, “Pernah lihat yang seperti ini kayaknya,
mba”.“Ya, mungkin bu Yuana juga sudah pernah menyampaikannya ya.Dan sekarang
kita akan mengingatnya lagi untuk membantu kita mengerjakan tugas ini”, guru
menanggapi.
(The researcher as the teacher explained the mind map technique. “Is there any
of you who know Mind map?” the researcher asked the students. “May be you have
known it in other name like spider web. It is a picture like web of a spider which contains
words, phrases, or sentences helping us understand something. It usually comprises a
word in the centre of the web and has some branches consisting detail words as its sub
words”. Some students answered they haven‟t know it. There was a student answered,
“I think I ever knew it before, miss”. “Yes, Ms.Yuana perhaps ever told you about it.
Now, we are going to remember it again to help us finish this assignment”, the teacher
responded.)

In finding that information in the generic structure, they should read the

passage well. Before that, the teacher gave them some unknown words which

were taken from the passage to help them to recognize the meanings and asked them

to consult the other difficult words with their dictionary. Most of the students

did not have dictionary, so the researcher asked them to borrow some dictionaries

from the school library and bring their own dictionary when they joined English

class.

The researcher gave them guide of reading, scanning and skimming. The

students read the text at a glance. They just identified the information by looking

for main idea in each paragraph. They started to read and drew it in a map. Before

that, the researcher gave them some unknown words and their meanings.
 55

Field Note
February 7th, 2014

...Peneliti juga mengarahkan siswa untuk membaca secara sekilas dengan

cara scanning dan skimming supaya mereka tidak harus membaca seluruh
kata. Kemudian mereka diminta untuk membuatkan bentuk Mind Mapnya dalam
sebuah kertas kosong...
(...The researcher led the students to read at a glance by using scanning and
skimming so that they did not need to read all of those words. Furthermore, they
were asked to make a mind map based on the text.)
During the students doing the assignment given by the teacher, the teacher

did not sit on her seat. She walked around the classroom to see the students‟ process

and work. There were some students who asked the meaning of words they did

not know or the word meanings they had forgot. Some of them asked how to fill

the map or confirmed whether the maps they had made were correct or wrong. One

of the maps of the students can be seen below.

Figure 5: A student’s work

In delivering the materials, the researcher sometimes used English. When

the students looked confused, the researcher switched into Bahasa. The researcher
 56

who was as a teacher in the classroom always checked the students whether they

made mistake or they needed help about the given task. The researcher gave

feedback to the students who asked something related to the materials. The

researcher often reminded and warned the students to focus on the task and tried

to explain that it was important to them when they learned something.

In the last meeting, the researcher gave a task to the students as homework.

There were three pictures which represented three folktales. They had to choose one

of them. Then, they had to find a text about the folktale chosen from internet or

other relevant sources. These are the pictures which the researcher prepared for the

homework.

Figure 6: Folktale Pictures

 57

After that, the researcher invited the students to summarize all the

materials that had been learned. Some students gave their responses and showed that

they have understood. The researcher promised that the discussion would be

continued in the next meeting as the time was up. The researcher ended the lesson

by saying a prayer.

2) Second meeting

The second meeting was on Monday, February 10th 2014. The lesson was

the fifth lesson schedule that usually was not started by a prayer. Then, the

researcher asked the students condition and checked the students‟ attendance. In

this meeting, the researcher focused on involving the students to the process of

teaching and learning and building interaction with the students. To reach those

things, the researcher used questioning and answering activity and exploration of

unknown words using map/chart.

Here, in the second meeting, the researcher discussed the homework given

in the previous meeting. The teacher checked their work one by one. Some of

them finished their homework, while another did not finish their works. They who

did not finish their works told the researcher that the homework was too difficult.

The researcher motivated them about this.

Field Note
February 10th 2014

Setelah itu, peneliti mulai memeriksa hasil kerja siswa yang pada
pertemuan sebelumnya dijadikan sebagai tugas rumah.Peneliti menanyakan
satu per satu siswa.Beberapa siswa mengerjakan tugas tersebut dengan
kemampuannya, namun ada juga di antara mereka yang belum mengerjakan
dengan alasan tidak bisa dan tugasnya sulit. Dengan melihat keadaan seperti
ini, peneliti mencoba memotivasi para siswa untuk mengerjakan tugas apa pun
yang dibebankan semaksimal mungkin meski ada kesalahan.
(After that, the researcher started to look at the students‟ homework. The
researcher asked them one by one about the work. Some students did their
homework, some did not because they felt they could do that and it was too
difficult. Since this was a problem that the students had, the researcher tried to
motivated them to do any assignment whether they could do or not.)
 58

The researcher called on the students randomly to present their homework

in front of their friends. The students did not have confidence to do it. The

researcher could not force them to do that. Finally, the researcher invited them to

discuss the work together. It was good. They respected this activity by answering

some questions although there were some mistakes.

Field Note
February 10th 2014

Peneliti meminta salah satu siswa maju untuk mempresentasikan hasil kerjanya.
Sayangnya mereka tidak memiliki cukup kepercayaan diri dan peneliti tidak bisa
memaksa mereka dengan apa yng tidak mereka sukai. Akhirnya untuk mengatasi
hal ini, peneliti mengajak semua siswa untuk membahas tugas tersebut bersama-
sama.Hasilnya cukup bagus.Mereka merespon dengan baik kegiatan ini.Daftar
pertanyaan yang diberikan pada pertemuan sebelumnya diberlakukan untuk
tugas rumah ini.Setiap pertanyaan dijawab oleh siswa meskipun ada jawaban
yang salah.
(The researcher called on a student to present her homework in front of
classroom but she refused because of her unconfidence. The researcher could not
force her to do what she wouldn‟t do. Finally, the researcher invited them to
discuss this work together. It was successful enough. They responded this
activity well.There were some question lists from the last meeting which were
used in this discussion. Every question was answered by the students although
there were some which missed.)
Then, the students were grouped so that they could share and discuss with

their team easily. The teacher gave them a text for each group. They should

discuss the text and make a mind map based on the text. The researcher also tried to

encourage the students to be active in the class by asking questions about the

difficulty in their work. They still remembered the materials learned in the last

meeting that could be used in doing their assignment. Those activities are

presented in the field note and supported by a picture below.

 59

Field Note
February 10th 2014

Peneliti kemudian membagi siswa dalam beberapa kelompok supaya

mereka bisa belajar secara tim dengan teman-teman di kelompoknya. Mereka
lalu diberi sebuah teks untuk dikerjakan dalam kelompok.Peneliti juga
berharap dengan dibentuknya kelompok, mereka mampu memecahkan
permasalahan yang mereka hadapi bersama-sama. Dan cara ini pun berhasil
untuk beberapa kelompok yang ada.
(The researcher divided them into some groups in order to work with their
friends in a team. Then, they were given a text to be done in the group. The
researcher expected that grouping them could help them to solve their problem
together. This way was successful for some groups.)

Figure 7: The students were doing an assignment in a group

In the last meeting, the researcher invited some students to make a mind map

of a certain topic in the sheet of blank paper. When the researcher called on a student

name, she refused to go forward and fill the blank in the frame with the detail

information from the text they had. Then, the researcher invited all students to do

it together, the students spelled the information and the researcher wrote it
 60

on the board. When the activities had been done, the researcher summarized the

lesson and ensured herself that the students got the idea. The researcher ended up

the lesson by saying closing greeting.

c. Reflection

The implementation of actions in Cycle 1 had been done in two meetings.

From the information stated before, there are some points that can be reflected from

the actions done. Some actions were considered successful and others were

unsuccessful. Details of the reflection are presented below.

1) The successful actions

1) The students‟ involvement in the classroom improved and could be

easily seen from their active engagement in the discussion activity. The

topics of the discussion were mainly about the process of making the

mind map and about the narrative text that they worked on.

2) The students‟ interest and motivation were improved too. They were

given narrative texts which were familiar with them. It made them

interested to join in the reading activity in the classroom. This way

could minimize the students‟ boredom. They could express their

feelings by drawing colourful pictures in the mind map too.

Interview script
P : Kamu suka ga sama teks yang dibagi tadi?
(Did you like the text given to you?)
S : Suka, mba. Itu setelah mba ceritain. Soalnya ga mudeng sama kata-
katanya.
(Yes, I liked, miss, after you explained it for me. I did not understand
the words.)
P : Kalo suka, harusnya semangat buat nyari arti dari kata-kata di teks
tadi dong.
(Continued)
 61

(Continued)
(If you liked it, you must be motivated to find the meanings of the
words, right?)
S : Iya dong, mba. Kan biar bisa jawab soalnya juga. Sama ngerjain mind
map juga.
(Yes. Ofcourse. I had to find the meanings in order to answer the
questions and make the mind map.)
P: Researcher S: Student

3) There was a guide for the students to read effectively. The students got

a way to read a text to find information which could save their time and

energy. They just read a text at glance with some clues of several

unknown words which were given by the researcher before the reading

activity.

2) The unsuccessful actions

1) The students still faced difficulties in recognizing topic of a text. They

were confused when they had to find it among so many sentences they

read. They chose other statement instead of the topic that they could not

find.

2) Paraphrasing was one of the difficulties. The students felt that

paraphrasing was very confusing because they had to make a sentence

using their own words because they had limited vocabulary mastery.

3) The other problem which had not improved yet was vocabulary

mastery. The students often complained about the difficult words in the

text. They seldom used their dictionary even they had or they were

supplied by their school. They often relied on their teacher to know the

unknown words.
 62

2. The Report of Cycle 2

a. Planning

In the Cycle 1, some actions had been discussed and agreed to be executed

in order to improve the reading skills of the students of class XI IPA 1 in SMA

Negeri 1 Kretek. There were some evaluations based on the reflection in the first

cycle. Here, in the Cycle 2, the researcher implemented the actions that would

improve the weaknesses in the Cycle 1. The researcher realized that there were some

obstacles when she did those actions in the first cycle. The researcher would still

apply the similar actions done in the Cycle 1 with some adaptations considering the

students‟ condition and based on discussion with the collaborator of the research.

The researcher changed the material of the teaching learning process from narrative

into spoof text as suggested by the collaborator to follow the teaching program in

the school. The researcher presents the actions for this cycle which had been planned

below.

The first action was using scanning and skimming to support finding out

the topic. The researcher tried to guide the students in more detail than in the

Cycle 1. She would explain the guidance in easier and clearer ways. It needed

more practices to do this action.

The second action was rewriting information using the students own words

in each branch of the mind map. The researcher would guide the students to make

paraphrase of a sentence. The researcher needed to teach them to rearrange a

sentence based of its verb, object and subject, like arranging a passive sentence from

an active sentence and so on.

 63

The third action was exploring difficult words through using map/chart.

The students would be invited to understand more about the words. The

researcher was going to teach the students to recognize an original form from a

word, such as its suffix and context of the word and then put them in a map/chart.

This way was expected to help them to know the unknown words. The researcher

also would still use „guessing words‟ in this cycle to run the activity.

The rest actions, questioning and answering activity and using scanning

and skimming, were still implemented in this cycle. These actions were useful to

engage the students in the reading activities in the classroom. They could get

better improvement when they implemented these actions repeatedly.

b. Actions and Observations

Cycle 2 was done in three meetings; February 21st, February 28th, and March

10th, 2014. In this cycle, the researcher tried to help the students to make more

improvement in the reading skills by implementing the mind map technique.

These were the actions done in the Cycle 2.

1) First meeting

To start the lesson, the researcher who still acted as a teacher of this class

greeted the students and checked the attendance, while the collaborator was as an

observer sat behind the students to observe the process of teaching and learning.

In this meeting, the focus of the lesson was improving the students‟ vocabulary

mastery.
 64

The first activity was delivering material about the spoof text. The researcher

asked some questions about the kind of text. Some students could answer the

questions. To check the students‟ concentration, the researcher called on some

students‟ names to answer several questions related to the spoof text. This activity

did not take long time because the teacher had explained it before but in fact, there

were some students who did not understand and forgot it. The students who did not

understand yet got detail explanation from the researcher

when they were doing a task.

Field Note
Friday, February 21st, 2014

Peneliti memberikan penjelasan mengenai teks spoof. Menurut informasi

yang diberikan guru bahasa Inggris, jenis teks ini sudah pernah dijelaskan
sebelumnya.Ini berarti siswa sudah pernah mengenal jenis teks ini
sebelumnya.Peneliti merasa bahwa hal tersebut bisa mempermudah
penjelasannya pada para siswa.Ketika peneliti melontarkan pertanyaan, siswa
bisa menjawabnya dengan benar.Siswa yang belum terlalu memahami
penjelasan dari peneliti bisa terlihat ketika mereka mengerjakan tugas yang
diberikan.Akhirnya peneliti harus memberikan penjelasan khusus bagi mereka
yang belum terlalu faham itu.
(The researcher gave explanation about spoof text. There was
information from the English teacher that this kind of text had been explained
before. It means that the students had ever known this kind of text. The
researcher thought that it could help her to explain this material for the
students. When the researcher gave a question, the students could answer
correctly. Students who had not understood this material well were identified
when they were doing a task. Finally, the researcher had to explain the
material especially for them.)
After that, the researcher gave the students a text entitled “A Man and a

Penguin”. After distributing the text, the researcher gave some unknown words from

the text. The researcher asked them to find these words in their dictionaries which

they took from the school library or they brought their own dictionary. The
 65

researcher made the students to be familiar and close with dictionary that they

would need it in every time they would face English text.

The students read the text and still found some difficult words and then

consulted with their dictionary. Some students asked the researcher some words then

the researcher gave clues to make them thought and found the answer by themselves.

“Mba, kata ini apa artinya ya?” (Miss, what is the meaning of this word?), one of

them asked the researcher. The researcher came to the student‟s seat to be closer

to her, “Oh, took itu bukan kata asli. Kata ini adalah bentuk ke dua dari kata

pertama karena perbedaan waktu.Coba cari di kamus, ada tidak?” (Oh, this is not

an original word. It has been changed from the original one because of the

different time. Check your dictionary! Do you find it?). The student

immediately checked her dictionary and found the word. In other time, a student

called the researcher and asked the meaning of a word. “Mba, put itu apa

artinya?”(Miss, what is the meaning of the word „put‟?”). “Put itu ...”, the

researcher answered the student‟s question by playing her hands to give a clue of

the word. She showed a gesture of putting something on the table. The student

guessed the clue and she could guess well. “Menaruh ya, mba?” (Is it „menaruh’,

Miss?). “Ya, benar. Tuh kan pinter bisa nebak.” (Yes, you are right. You are

smart because you can guess.), the researcher answered and gave her a

compliment.
 66

Figure 8: The students are checking the unknown words in the dictionary

Vocabulary enrichment was an important thing for the students to solve

many problems in the classroom. That was why the researcher emphasized teaching

vocabulary in this meeting. The researcher divided the students into some

groups as she did in the first cycle. Each group had a paper to make a chart. The

researcher guided them to write some words and their suffix and meanings which

were taken from a text given by the researcher before. They should work in a work

team. The researcher guided them to break up some words based on their original

form. They were asked to understand the morphological components of words, such

as their origin, suffix, and so on which made the words different in some contexts.

They made a mind map containing some words with their detail information.

Each group made it in their creativities. The group activity was

 67

presented in the following field note and supported by a picture of the students‟

work.

Field note

“Peneliti membagi siswa dalam lima kelompok kecil yang terdiri dari 5-
6 siswa.Setiap kelompok dibekali sebuah kertas kosong berukuran besar dan
beberapa spidol berwarna-warni.Peneliti telah memberikan sebuah teks kepada
setiap kelompok untuk dibaca dan dipahami.Untuk memperkaya kosakata
siswa, peneliti meminta setiap kelompok menuliskan beberapa kata dalam
sebuah tabel.Setiap kata dimasukkan dalam beberapa kategori.Tugas ini
bertujuan untuk mempermudah siswa mengenal kata dan mengetahui unsur
asli kata tersebut.Selain itu, siswa juga dilatih untuk bekerja dalam kelompok.”
(The researcher distributed the students into five little groups which
consisted of 5-6 students. Each group was supplied a piece of paper in a big size
and some colourful tip-markers. The researcher had given a text for each group
to read and to understand. To enrich the students‟ vocabulary mastery, the
researcher asked the groups to write down some words in a table. Each word
belonged into some categories. This assignment aimed at facilitating the
students to know the words and the origin of the words. Besides, the students
were asked to work in a team work.)

This field note is also supported by a following photograph.

Figure 9: The students’ work

 68

The students did the assignment well. The researcher hoped that the students

would remember those words which they wrote in their work. In the last meeting,

the researcher invited the students to summarize what they had done. The captain

of the class led a prayer. Then, the researcher said salam to end the meeting.

2) Second meeting

In the second meeting of the Cycle 2, the researcher focused on the

teaching and learning process in improving the students‟ skills when they were

recognizing topic within a text. The researcher acted as a teacher and the

collaborator acted as an observer. The researcher still used the spoof text.

The researcher opened the process of teaching learning by greeting. After

that, the researcher did not forget to check the students‟ attendance. The

researcher reminded the students the last meeting lesson. They had learned how to

know and recognize a word.

Then, in this meeting, the researcher demanded them to find a topic within

a text. Afterward, the researcher gave the students a text entitled “Didn‟t Want to

Walk Alone”. The researcher invited the students to read the text carefully. The

students, then, requested to make a mind map based on the passage they had read.

When they found difficult words in the text, they had to check these words in their

dictionary. They also had chances to ask the researcher. The situation was

documented in the following field note.

 69

Fireld note

Aktivitas selanjutnya adalah membaca text.Peneliti membagi sebuah

bacaan kepada siswa.Mereka diminta untuk membaca dengan suara lirih.
Sebelumnya mereka diarahkan untuk menggunakan cara skimming dan scanning
untuk menemukan ide dan topik dari bacaan tersebut. Mereka tidak harus
membaca seluruh kata dalam bacaan.Mereka hanya membaca sepintas dan
mencoba mencari inti dari tiap kalimat yang mudah mereka fahami.
(The next activity was reading a text. the researcher distributed a passage
for each student. They had to read silently. They were guided to use skimming
and scanning to find out idea and topic of the passage. They should not read
word by word. They just needed to read at a glance and tried to look for main
information from each sentence which they easily understood.)

There were some questions related to the text which should be answered

by the students. They were able to finish the task faster because they shared their

problems with their friends. When they finished the task, the researcher invited

one student to read one question and its answer. The researcher guided the student

when they did some mistakes.

 70

Figure 10: The student’s work

After that, the researcher discussed with the students about the activities

done in this meeting. In the last activity, the researcher summarized all the
 71

activities done in this meeting. The researcher ended the meeting by saying a

prayer led by the chairman of the class.

3) Third meeting

The researcher came in to the classroom. She started the meeting by greeting

the students and checking the attendance. The observer was ready to observe in the

classroom. This meeting focused on teaching the students how to paraphrase a

sentence.

The researcher explained some ways at making paraphrase. One of them was

changing a passive sentence into an active sentence or doing the opposite.

The researcher gave the students some examples on the white board to make them

Field note

Peneliti menjelaskan cara membuat sebuah parafrase kalimat kepada

para siswa. Salah satu bentuk paraphrase kalimat adalah mengubahnya dalam
bentuk sebaliknya dari kalimat tersebut, missal mengubah kalimat pasif
menjadi kalimat aktif atau sebaliknya. Adapun bentuk yang lainnya seperti
membahasakan sebuah kalimat menggunakan kata yang semisal atau
mengandung makna yang sama namun tidak mengubah informasi asli dari
kalimat sebelumnya. Siswa diperlihatkan cara mengubah kalimat aktif menjadi
kalimat pasif di papan tulis. Peneliti menyampaikan ada beberapa hal yang harus
diperhatikan, antara laian subjek, objek, dan kata kerja dari kalimat asli.Pada
kalimat aktif, subjek berada di awal kalimat, objek berada setelah kata kerja,
dan kata kerja merupakan kata kerja aktif. Kemudian ketika akan mengubahnya
dalam kalimat pasif, kedudukan mereka harus diubah. Objek kalimat menjadi
ada di awal kalimat, subjek diletakkan di setelah kata kerja, sedangkan kata kerja
diubah menjadi kata kerja pasif dan mendapat imbuhan dan atau kata kerja
bantu. Peneliti memastikan siswa memahami apa yang disampaikan olehnya.
(Continued)
clear. It is able to be seen in the following field note.
 72

(Continued)
(The researcher explained some ways in paraphrasing a sentence to the
students. One of the ways was changing a passive sentence to an active sentence
or doing the opposite. There was another way, such as expressing a sentence
using other words which had similar meaning without changing the original
information of the sentence. The students were shown the way of changing the
passive sentence to the active one on the board. The researcher told them that
there were some things important to be concerned. There were subject, object,
and verb of the sentence. In the active sentence, the subject was in the
beginning of the sentence, the object was after the verb, and the verb was in
the active verb. When the students wanted to change it to the passive one, their
position should be moved. The object should be in the beginning; the subject
should be after the verb, while the verb should be changed into the passive
form and needed auxiliary. The researcher also ensured herself that the students
understood the explanation.)

For further activity, the researcher gave them a text. The students were asked

to read the text. The researcher asked them to make a mind map based on the text

they read. They were asked to apply the explanation before about paraphrasing in

making the mind map.

Figure 11: The student is making a mind map

In the last meeting, the researcher invited the students to resume what they

had done. The researcher check their understasnding by questioning them related
 73

with the paraphrasing a sentence. After that, the chairman did his role to lead a

prayer. The researcher ended the meeting by giving thanks and saying salam.

d. Reflections

The Cycle 2 was done in three meetings. After the implementation of some

actions; such as making group work, giving clues to the students‟ questions about

some difficult words, making a table to document the difficult or unknown words

in order they could remember those words, and improving interaction with the

students, the researcher made reflections of those meetings in Cycle 2.

At the end of the second cycle, the research yielded some results. These

results were considered to become successful and unsuccessful. The researcher

wrote the results of the reflection in Cycle 2. Those were presented as in the

following.

1) The successful actions

1) The students could find a topic within a text better when they got a

guidance of using scanning and skimming clearly. They found out the

topic by looking for the keywords.

Interview script

R : Dek, setelah belajar mencari topic sentence, menurut kamu gimana?

(Dek, after you learned to find out a topic sentence, what do you think then?)
St : Jadi tau aja sih, mba.
(I finally know, miss.)
R : Syukurlah. Jadi, kalau diminta nyari topic sentence lagi, kamu bisa ya?
(Thank God. So, when you are asked to find out the topic sentence again, you
can do it, can‟t you? )
St : Mudah-mudahan masih inget ya, mba. Soalnya suka lupa.
(I hope I still remember this, miss, because I sometimes forget.)
R : Iya, semoga. Rajin belajar makanya ya. Hehehe
(Yes, I hope so. Then you have to study hard.)
St : Ya, mba.
(Yes, miss.)
(You are welcome, miss)
 74

2) The students‟ vocabulary mastery improved when they use the

map/chart. They knew some new words and their morphological form.

They could find keywords of a text that helped them to grab

information of it. It can be seen in the following student‟s work.

Figure 12: A student’s work

3) The students could paraphrase a sentence. They could derive a sentence

into a new form using their own sentence well. It can be seen from one of

the student‟s works below.

Figure 13: A student’s paraphrasing work

 75

2) The unsuccessful actions

1) The students often forgot materials and its explanation delivered by the

teacher. One day the teacher delivered a material in the teaching

learning process, unfortunately in the next day, they forgot the materials

and the researcher‟s explanation. They still have to be reminded to

repeat what they got from their teacher in the classroom. They needed

more practices to maintain their skills so that they could reach good

achievement.

2) Some students also did not bring their dictionary into the classroom.

They would have dictionary when the researcher asked them to borrow

it from the school library.

C. General Findings

Based on the actions, observations, and the reflections discussed above,

general findings can beformulated as follows. Firstly, the technique of the mind map

is able to improve the students‟ reading skills. Formerly, the students had

difficulties in finding information from texts. It was because they rarely practiced

and were taught by using an adequate way in findingprominent information within

the texts. Using the mind map, the students were able to find the information such

as the main idea or detail information easily by reading the keywords and using

the map which represented the information which was linked by lines or arrows.

Secondly, the mind map technique was also able to facilitate the students‟

in guessing the meaning of the unknown words from the context. The researcher
 76

found the best communicative way considering the students capability to invite

the students toknow or understand an unknown word based on what the text was

talking about. As a concequence, the students had to improve their vocabulary

mastery so that they could guess the unknow words well.

Thirdly, this technique could help the students to use scanning and skimming

in the reading activities. They did not need to read all of the words in the text they

read. They only needed to read at a glance to specific information within the text

and then to get the overall picture of it. They need to practise more to improve both

skills, scanning and skimming.

Fourthly, the technique encouraged the students to read critically

especially when they were making a mind map. Some students had prior knowledge

about information in a text they read. They should be able to distinguish between

their opinion and fact. They might not put their opinion without considering

the fact in the text in order to present a comprehensive mind map.

Fifthly, the mind map technique could help the students in paraphrasing a

sentence. They could understand a text better than before after they said a

sentence using their own sentence. They were also able to improve their way in

understanding a text comprehensively. They were guided to know how to make a

new form of a sentence using their own words. Expressing information within a

sentence using their own sentence indicated that they understand the sentence.

Finally, the mind map has good effects to the students in comprehending a

text. There was an adequate guideline for the students. It helped them understand
 77

a text better than before. Those actions which were implemented in the reading

teaching learning process when the researcher conducted this research were able

to facilitate the students in the reading activities.

D. Discussion

The research was focused on improving students‟ reading skills using the

mind map technique. This technique was implemented in two cycles. The findings

of the research showed that the mind map technique was successful in improving

the students‟ reading skills.

From the observation and interview in the preliminary step in this research,

that was reconnaissance, it can be implied that English was one of the difficult

subjects according to the students, especially reading. Based on this main problem,

the researcher and the English teacher agreed to solve this problem by implementing

the mind map technique in combination with some strategies and adaptations

considering the students‟ condition. Those strategies were scanning and skimming,

questioning and answering activity, using map/chart of words, and using interesting

pictures and topics. The adaptations were done to simplify the strategies and

facilitate the students so that they could understand easily. Those actions taken in

the classroom aimed at improving the students‟ reading skills. It was expected to

be able to help the students to comprehend a text easier and better than before.

The researcher implemented the mind map by asking the students to draw

or design a mind map which comprised of information of a text, pictures and

 78

symbols. It helped them understand the information of text that they read. As

Sugiarto (2004) stated that it is the technique to summarize reading resources and

then visualize the problems in the form of map to make it easier to comprehend

information contained. Generally, it will be easier to remember a diagram than a

description because the diagram represents the highlight or summary of texts.

Furthermore, making mind map also could make the students creative and motivated

in the reading teaching learning process.

Implementing mind map in the reading teaching and learning process could

train the students to improve their vocabulary mastery. Since the key words were

important in making a mind map, the students were trained to find some words

which represented an idea and then put in each branch of the mind map. It was stated

in one of the steps in making a mind map proposed by DePotter and Hernacki

(2004). They stated “write the keywords or phrases in every branch and then

develop them with details”. It is also supported in one of Buzan‟s steps in Davies

(2010) which said “select key words and print using upper or lower case letters”.

The researcher also invited the students to understand how to understand the

meaning in a word by teaching the morphological form of the word in a chart/map.

Next, in the making a mind map, the students were asked to elaborate a

topic which was represented by a key word on a branch. They were asked to

elaborate the topic using their own words. They could do it by following the teacher

guidance.
 79

Moreover, the mind map also gave the chance to the students to be

active. They could share their ideas to their friends or their teacher. When they

found difficult words in the text they read, they would consult their dictionary,

their teacher or would guess the meaning on their own. Initially, they were passive

in some discussions because they were not accustomed to speaking freely.

Therefore, the researcher tried to solve those problems by giving them some

intermezzos, asking them to read a question, and inviting them to interact in the

class discussion or to giveresponses.

Finally, the mind map technique combined with scanning and skimming

strategy was able to help the students to find the topic within a passage. They did

not need to read the whole words in the texts in details.

 CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND SUGGESTIONS

This chapter discusses three issues. They are conclusions, implications,

and suggestion. Each is presented below.

A. Conclusions

The two cycles in this research were completely done. This research began

on 7th February and ended on 14th March 2014. In both cycles, the aim of the

implementation of the mind map was to improve the students‟ reading skills.

When the students used the the mind map technique, they could read and

comprehend the texts easily. In the first cycle, there were successful and

unsuccessful actions but those unsuccessful actions were improved in the second

cycle. It can be seen from the field notes, the students‟ opinions and the teacher‟s

opinion about the actions in the interview tanscripts.

From Cycle 1, the researcher found that the mind map technique improved

the students‟ reading skills. The researcher gave them ways of reading. The

researcher also explained how to use a mind map in the process of comprehending

of a text in the reading activities. The researcher invited the students to get

involved in the reading activities so that they understand more how to solve their

reading problems.

80
 81

From the Cycle 2, the researcher found that the the mind map could improve the

students‟ reading skills. They could grasped information from a text they read and

understood it. They could identify the main and detail ideas of the text. The

technique also improved the students‟ creativity and vocabulary mastery. The

interesting ways of making mind map could make the students read texts effectively

and efficiently. They also became good in paraphrasing a sentence which

represented their understanding of information within the sentence.

B. Implications

Based on the results of the study, it was found that the mind map technique

is one of many reading techniques which encouraged the students to improve their

skills of reading. When they could improve their reading skills, they would be

able to understand a text they read and grab information within the text easily.

This study has proven that the students‟ reading skills were improved after the

researcher implemented some actions in the classroom. From the findings above,

it can be implied that the teacher should use this technique because it has some

benefits in teaching reading and can improve the students‟ comprehension

because they have mastered the skills of reading. It is also suggested for other

English teachers to use this technique in the classroom in the reading teaching and

learning.
 82

C. Suggestions

Based on the conclusions and the implications outlined above, there are some

suggestions that will be directed toeard the English teacher and other researchers.

The suggestions are as follows.

1. to the English teachers

The English teachers need to vary the use of reading techniques in the

classroom so that the process of reading teaching learning can be more effective.

Improving students‟ reading skills could help the students to comprehend a text

easily and effectively. The use of the mind map technique is one of the way to

enrich the students‟ reading skills in order to facilitate them when they face

problems in reading activity. Implementing this technique can help the teacher to

deliver some reading skills such as scanning, skimming, paraphrasing, guessing

meaning of unknown words, and reading critically.

2. to the students

The students need more practices in improving reading skills so that they

can comprehend English texts better. They should find an environment that can

support their learning process. When they find difficulties, they can share with

their friends or teacher freely. They should also motivate their selves to study hard

so they can reach better achievement. The mind map technique is a way of

improving reading skills. They need to deepen their understanding of this

advantages for them in the readiing activity.

 83

3. to the other researchers

It is necessary to follow up this study in order to find more variation of

actions and find more advantages to improve students‟ reading skills using mind

map. It may also be beneficial for other researchers to conduct this study in other

school settings as many students in Indonesia seemingly having the similar problem.

This is due to the fact that reading is not yet a habit for Indonesians.
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Pedagogy Second Edition. New York: Pearson Education Company.

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Burns, A. 1999.Classroom Action Research for English Language

Teachers.Cambridge: CUP.

. 2010. Doing Action Research in English Language Teaching. A Guide

for Practitioners.New York: Routledge

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Davies, M. 2010. Concept Mapping, Mind Mapping, and Argument Mapping: What
are the differences and do they matter? Journal. Victoria, Australia:
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DePotter and Hernacki. 2004. Quantum Learning: Membiasakan Belajar Nyaman

dan Menyenangkan. Bandung: Penerbit Kaifa.

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Ellozy, Aziza R and Mostafa, Hoda M. H. 2010.“Making Learning Visible: Using

E-maps to Enhance Critical Reading Skills” Academic Journal, Vol. 6, No.
3.

Grabe, W. 2009.Reading in a Second Language (Moving from Theory to

Practice). New York: Cambridge University Press.

Harmer, J. 2007.The Practice of English Language Teaching, Fourth Edition.

Edinburgh: Pearson Longman.

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Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Jonassen, D., Beissner, K. & Yacci, M. 1993.Structured Knowledge: Technique

for Representing, Conveying and acquiring Structural
Knowledge.Hillsdale (N. J.): Erlbaum.

Kemmis, S. & McTaggart, R. 1988.The Action Research Planner.Victoria:

Deakin University Press.

Mikulecky, B. S. (1990). A short course in teaching reading skills. Reading, MA:

Addison-Wesley.

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Hill.

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Heinemann Educational Books.

Perfetti, Charles A. 2001. Reading Skills. Oxford: Pergamon.

Priharudi, Zanu Rahmat. 2013. The Application of Peer Discussion in The

Classroom to Improve ReADING Comprehension of The XI Grade
Students at SMA N 1 Salaman. Thesis. Yogyakarta: UNY Press

Rivers, Wilga M. 1981. Teaching Foreign Language Skills.United States: The

University of Chicago.

Rose & Nicholl. 2002. Accelerated Learning for 21st Century: Cara Belajar
Cepat Abad XXI. Bandung: Penerbit Press.

Safitri, Isnaini N. 2012. Improving Grade XI Students’ Reading Comprehension

by Using Collaborative Strategic Reading (CSR) in Sman 1 Sewon in The
Academic Year of 2011/2012. Thesis.Yogyakarta: English Education
Department, FBS, UNY.
 86

Siriphanich, Panatda & Laohawiriyano, C. 2010.Using The mind mapping

Technique to Improve Reading Comprehension Ability of Thai EFL
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dengan Menggunakan Seluruh Otak Anda. Paramus: Prentice Hall, Inc.
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and Practice. Ohio: Miami University, Oxford.
APPENDICES

87
 88

APPENDIX A
Course Grid
 89

Course Grid for Cycle I

Competence Basic Teaching Time Media/Teaching

Indicators Teaching Activities
Standard Competence Materials (minute) Sources
5. Memahami 5.2 Merespon 1. Siswa mampu 1. Teks naratif 1. Mengidentifikasi 2 x 40 1. Worksheet
makna teks makna dan mengidentifikasi 2. Struktur teks struktur umum teks 2.
fungsional langkah retorika struktur umum a. Fungsi naratif
pendek dan esei dalam esei yang dari teks naratif sosial: untuk 2. Mengidentifikasi kata
berbentuk menggunakan 2. Siswa mampu menghibur asing dan kata kunci
narrative, spoof ragam bahasa mengidentifikasi pembaca di dalam teks
dan hortatory tulis secara kosakata yang b. Struktur 3. Mengidentifikasi ciri
exposition dalam akurat, lancar dipakai di dalam umum: khusus yang ada di
konteks dan berterima teks sebagai kata - Orientation/i dalam teks
kehidupan dalam konteks kunci ntroduction 4. Mengenal teknik
sehari-hari dan kehidupan 3. Siswa mengenal - Complication mind map
untuk sehari-hari dan teknik mind map /problem 5. Membaca dengan
4. Siswa mampu
mengakses ilmu untuk - Resolution: teknik scanning dan
menggambar
pengetahuan. mengakses ilmu mind map - Grammatical skimming
pengetahuan feature 6. Menggambar mind
5. Siswa mampu
dalam teks - Temporal map sesuai teks dan
menjawab
berbentuk conjunction menjawab
narrative, spoof, pertanyaan
pertanyaannya dengan
dan hortatory mengenai teks membuat parafrase
exposition. kalimat.
 90

5. Memahami 5.2 Merespon 1. Siswa terlibat 1. Teks naratif 1. Mengulas kembali 2 x 45 Worksheet
makna teks makna dan dalam proses 2. Conjunctions pembahasan
fungsional langkah retorika pembelajaran 3. Bentuk kata pertemuan
pendek dan esei dalam esei yang 2. Siswa turut aktif kerja lampau sebelumnya
berbentuk menggunakan dalam yang 2. Mengidentifikasi
narrative, spoof ragam bahasa mengerjakan digunakan kata-kata sulit dalam
dan hortatory tulis secara tugas yang dalam teks kalimat
exposition dalam akurat, lancar diberikan 4. Daftar kata- 3. Mengidentifikasi kata
konteks dan berterima 3. Siswa mampu kata kunci dalam teks
kehidupan dalam konteks membuat mind asing/sulit 4. Membuat mind map
sehari-hari dan kehidupan map sesuai sesuai informasi yang
untuk sehari-hari dan informasi dalam diperlukan dalam
mengakses ilmu untuk teks lembar soal
pengetahuan. mengakses ilmu
pengetahuan
dalam teks
berbentuk
narrative, spoof,
dan hortatory
exposition.
 91

Course Grid for Cycle II

Competence Basic Indicators Teaching Teaching Activities Time Media/Teaching

Standard Competence Materials (minute) Sources
5. Memahami 5.2 Merespon 1. Siswa mampu 1. Teks naratif 1. Mengidentifikasi 2 x 40 Worksheet
makna teks makna dan mengenal dan 2. Daftar kata bentuk asli dari kata-
fungsional langkah retorika memahami akar dalam teks kata yang dipaka
pendek dan esei dalam esei yang kata dan dan dalam teks
berbentuk menggunakan maknanya kedudukan 2. Mengurai kata dalam
narrative, spoof ragam bahasa 2. Siswa mampu nya mind map yang terdiri
dan hortatory tulis secara membuat mind atas kata asli,
exposition dalam akurat, lancar map dari kata imbuhan, dan artinya
konteks dan berterima yang diurai ke
kehidupan dalam konteks dalam bentuk
sehari-hari dan kehidupan asli
untuk sehari-hari dan
mengakses ilmu untuk
pengetahuan. mengakses ilmu
pengetahuan
dalam teks
berbentuk
narrative, spoof,
dan hortatory
exposition.
 92

5. Memahami 5.2 Merespon 1. Siswa mampu 1. Teks naratif 1. Membaca teks secara 2 x 40 Worksheet
makna teks makna dan memahami teks 2. Daftar kata efektif menggunakan
fungsional langkah retorika 2. Siswa mampu asing dalam scanning dan
pendek dan esei dalam esei yang mengidentifikas teks skimming
berbentuk menggunakan i topik kalimat 2. Mengidentifikasi
narrative, spoof ragam bahasa dan beberapa topik dan detail
dan hortatory tulis secara informasi yang informasi pendukung
exposition dalam akurat, lancar mendukung 3. Mengidentifikasi kata
konteks dan berterima kunci
kehidupan dalam konteks
sehari-hari dan kehidupan
untuk sehari-hari dan
mengakses ilmu untuk
pengetahuan. mengakses ilmu
pengetahuan
dalam teks
berbentuk
narrative, spoof,
dan hortatory
exposition.
 93

5. Memahami 5.2 Merespon 1. Siswa mampu 1. Teks naratif 1. Mengenal cara 2 x 45 Worksheet
makna teks makna dan menuliskan 2. Daftar kata membentuk kalimat
fungsional langkah retorika informasi dalam baru dari kalimat
pendek dan esei dalam esei yang bahasanya sebelumnya/parafrase
berbentuk menggunakan sendiri 2. Mengidentifikasi kata
narrative, spoof ragam bahasa 2. Siswa kunci dalam sebuah
dan hortatory tulis secara memahami kalimat
exposition dalam akurat, lancar informasi dalam
konteks dan berterima teks
kehidupan dalam konteks
sehari-hari dan kehidupan
untuk sehari-hari dan
mengakses ilmu untuk
pengetahuan. mengakses ilmu
pengetahuan
dalam teks
berbentuk
narrative, spoof,
dan hortatory
exposition.
 94

APPENDIX B
Lesson Plans
 95

RENCANA PELAKSANAAN PEMBELAJARAN

(RPP)
CYCLE I

NamaSekolah : SMA Negeri 1 Kretek

Mata Pelajaran : Bahasa Inggris
Kelas/program : XI/ IPA 1
Semester/TahunPelajaran : Genap / 2013- 2014
Alokasi waktu : 4x40(2 kali pertemuan)
Keterampilan : Membaca

A. StandarKompetensi
5. Memahami makna teks fungsional pendek dan esei berbentuk narrative,
spoof dan hortatory exposition dalam konteks kehidupan sehari-hari dan
untuk mengakses ilmu pengetahuan.
B. KompetensiDasar
5.2Merespon makna dan langkah retorika dalam esei yang menggunakan
ragam bahasa tulis secara akurat, lancar dan berterima dalam konteks
kehidupan sehari-hari dan untuk mengakses ilmu pengetahuan dalam teks
berbentuk narrative, spoof, dan hortatory exposition.

C. IndikatorPencapaianKompetensi:
a. Siswa mengetahui dan memahami generic structure dari teks narrative.
b. Siswamampu memahami isi dari teks tersebut.
c. Siswa mampu menyebutkan informasi yang detail dalam sebuah
teksdengantepat.
d. Siswa mampu mengidentifikasi kosakata yang dipakai di dalam teks
sebagai kata kunci
e. Siswamampumenjawabpertanyaan-pertanyaan yang berkaitandenganteks.
D. TujuanPembelajaran:
Setelah disajikan materi ini, siswa mengetahui dan memahami generic
structure dari teks narrative, memahami isi teks tersebut, mampu menyebutkan
informasi yang detail dalam sebuah teks dengan tepat, mengidentifikasi kata
 96

kunci dalam teks, dan mampu menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang

berkaitan dengan teks.
E. Materi Ajar
5. Teks input
a. Teks narraitve berjudul “Golden Egg”
6. Struktur teks
a. Jenis teks: Narrative
b. Fungsi sosial: untuk menghibur pembaca
c. Struktur umum:
- Orientation/introduction: berisi pengenalan tokoh, tempat, dan waktu
terjadinya cerita (siapa atau apa, kapan, dan di mana)
- Complication/problem: berisi puncak konflik/masalah dalam cerita.
Sebuah cerita boleh memiliki complication lebih dari satu.
- Resolution: pemecahan masalh. Bisa berakhir dengan kegembiraan
(happy ending) bisa pula berakhir dengan kesedihan (sad ending)
- Grammatical feature menggunakan tenses past
- Sering menggunakan kata penghubung waktu (temporal conjunction),
misal once upon a time, one day, long time ago...

F. MetodePembelajaran:Three-Phase Technique (Presentation, Practice, and

Production)

G. Media
LCD, gambar, teks,danlembarkerja.

H. KegiatanPembelajaran:
I. Pertemuan pertama
1. Kegiatan pembukaan
a. Guru memulai pelajaran dengan mengucapkan salam kepada siswa.
- Assalamu‟alaykum... Good morning, students? How are you
today?
 97

b. Guru memimpin do‟a atau meminta salah satu dari siswa untuk
memimpin do‟a sebelummemulaipelajaran.
- OK, before we start our lesson today, let‟s say a pray.
- Please, one of you lead us to pray in a moment before we start
our lesson today. The leader, please.
c. Guru memeriksa kehadiran siswa.
- Is everybody here today?
- Who is she/he? And why?
2. Kegiatan inti
a. Guru mengawali pembelajaran dengan mengulas kembali
pengetahuan yang siswa miliki tentang narrative text. Guru
melakukan tanya jawab tentang narrative text untukmembangun
interaksi. Beberapa informasi dibahas untuk menyegarkan ingatan
siswa karena pernah mempelajarinya.
b. Guru membagikan sebuah teks berjudul “Golden Egg” dan meminta
siswa untuk membacanya.
c. Guru mengajak siswa untuk mengidentifikasi generic structure dari
teks tersebutdan menandainya dengan mengarisbawahi.
d. Guru memperkenalkan sebuah teknik bernama mind map dan
menjelaskan manfaat dan cara membuatnya.
e. Guru membagikan kertas HVS kosong kepada siswa untuk meniru
gambar mind map yang ditunjukkan menggunakan pensil warna
atau sejenisnya.
f. Guru memintasiswauntukmenggambarkansebuah mind map yang
berisiinformasimengenaiteks yang telah dibagikan.
g. Guru memintasiswamenjawabpertanyaan yang ada di bawahteks.
h. Guru dan siswa bersama mengoreksi jawaban dari pertanyaan
tersebut.

3. KegiatanPenutup
a. Guru dansiswamerangkummaterisecarabersama-sama.
 98

b. Guru melakukanrefleksi
c. Gurumenyampaikanrencanapembelajaran
berikutnyadanmemintasiswamempelajari materi tersebut. Dengan
memberikan task berupa gambar. Siswa harus memilih salah satu
dari gambar tersebut kemudian siswa diminta mencari teks narrative
yang berkaitan dengan gambar yang dipilih yang
kemudiansiswadimintauntukmenggambarkannyadalamsebuah mind
map.

The pictures

Picture no. 1 Picture no. 2

Picture no. 3
 99

d. Guru menutup pertemuan

- OK. Thank you for your attention and your coorperation for this
meeting. Good bye. Wassalamu‟alaykum...
II. Pertemuan kedua
1. Kegiatan pembukaan
a. Guru memulai pelajaran dengan mengucapkan salam kepada siswa.
- Assalamu‟alaykum... Good morning, students? How are you
today?
b. Guru memimpin doa atau meminta salah satu dari siswa untuk
memimpin doa sebelummemulaipelajaran.
- OK, before we start our lesson today, let‟s say a pray.
- Please, one of you leads us to pray in a moment before we start
our lesson today. The leader, please.
c. Guru memeriksa kehadiran siswa.
- Is everybody here today?
- Who is she/he? And why?
2. Kegiatan inti
a. Guru menanyakan kembali materi yang telah dipelajari pada
pertemuan sebelumnya.
b. Guru menanyakan tugas yang diberikan kepada siswa.
c. Guru dan siswa membahas tugas yang diberikan.
d. Guru
memberikankesempatanbagisiswauntukberdiskusimengenaiteknikda
ntugas yang diberikansebelumnya.
e. Guru memintasiswamenyebutkaninformasisecara detail daritugas
yang diberikan (sepertimenjawabpertanyaanpadamateri di
pertemuansebelumnya).
3. Kegiatan penutup
a. Guru menyimpulkan kegiatan yang dilalui.
b. Guru menutup pelajaran
c. Guru memimpin atau meminta salah satu siswa untuk berdoa.
 100

I. PenilaianHasilBelajar
Penilaian proses kegiatanbelajarmengajar
a. Teknik: unjuk kerja
b. Bentuk penilaian: kerja individu

Yogyakarta, 2 Februari 2014

Guru Mata Pelajaran Peneliti

Yuana Purnamaningsih, M. Pd. Lani Suryani

NIP. 19580326 198203 1 008 NIM. 08202241009
Mengetahui,

Kepala SMA Negeri 1 Kretek

Drs. Kabul Mulyana, M. Pd.

NIP. 19610114 198803 1 005

WORKSHEET
 101

Task 1
Work in pairs. Read this following text carefully. Answer the questions based on the
text.
GOLDEN EGG
Long time ago a remote village, in central China was inhabited mainly with
farmers and hunters. One day, a poor farmer lost his entire livestock because of flood. He
prayed hard to God for help or his family would die of starvation.
Few days later, an old man with long grey beard, passed by his house took pity on
him. He gave him a goose and said “ I don‟t have any expensive thing to give you and
hope this goose will help you to ease your hardship.”
A week later the farmer was surprised to find an egg in his yard. This was not an
ordinary egg. It was a golden egg. He was suddenly overcome with joy.
Thereafter, his livelihood had rapidly improved but the farmer had forgotten his
earlier hardship. He became lazy, arrogant and spendthrift.
Strangely, the goose only laid one golden egg every six months. The greedy farmer
lost his patience and slaughtered his goose thinking there were plenty of golden eggs
inside its stomach.
Though he very much regreted for his foolishness, it‟s already too late.

Answer these questions.

1. What is the text about?
2. Who is the main character of the story?
3. Where did the farmer live?
4. What are tha characteristics of the old man who gave a goose to the farmer?
5. What happened to the farmer after he got the egg?
6. What did the farmer want when he killed the goose?
7. What is the moral value in the story?

Task 2
Work individually. Analyze the schematic structure of the following text. Write your
analysis on a piece of paper.

Monkey and Crocodile

One day a monkey wanted to cross a river. He saw a crocodile in the river, so he
asked the crocodile to take him across the other side. The crocodile told the monkey to jump
on its back. Then the crocodile swam down the river.
Now, the crocodile was very hungry, so when it was in the middle of the river, it
stopped and said to the monkey,”Monkey, my father is very sick. He must eat the heart of
the monkey. Then he will be strong again.”
The monkey thought for a while. Then he told the crocodile to swim back to the
river bank. “What‟s for?” asked the crocodile.“Because I didn‟t bring my heart with me,”
said the monkey. “I left it under the tree, near some coconuts.”
So, the crocodile turned around and swam back to the bank of the river. As soon as
they reached the river bank, the monkey jumped off the crocodile‟s back and climbed up
to the top of a tree.“Where is your heart?” asked the crocodile. “You are foolish,” the
monkey said to the crocodile. “Now I am free and you have nothing.”
 102

The monkey told the crocodile not to try to fool him again. The crocodile swam
away, hungry.
Orientation/introduction:
................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................

Complication/problem:
................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................

Evaluation:
................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................

Resolution:
................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................

Task 3
Work individually. Read the text below, then make a mind map based on the story.
BUGGY RACES

Once upon a time there lived two best friends, the hare and the tortoise. They liked
to race against each other, but the hare always won.
One day, the hare asked the tortoise to race down to the beach. The tortoise refused,
he said that he will loose anyway. The hare replied in a kind voice that he felt sorry about
it.
But the next day, the hare found a way to race the tortoise that would be fair and
lots of fun too. He asked the tortoise to come with him. The tortoise was slowly plodding
over the sand hill towards the beach. Now the two friends can race against each other all
day and something tells me that the tortoise might win this time.
Adapted from 50 Bedtime Stories, 2002
 103

COLLIN THINKS BIG

Collin Caterpillar and Sylvia Snail were crawling along the garden wall one sunny morning.
“Isn’t the world big?” remarked Collin as he gazed around.
“It’s huge, it’s enormous” agreed Sylvia, who thought a lot about such things inside her mind.
“It makes me feel so very small,” Collin said.
“But I know a way to change all that!” said Sylvia wisely.
So the two of them spent the rest of that morning collecting the tiniest things they could find.
Collin collected a crumb, a pea, a shell and a petal. Soon he had found a feather, a peanut, a
button and a berry.
Sylvia brought back a drawing pin, a paper clip, a pen nib, a pin and a needle.
“Look! You’re almost a giant Collin!” said Sylvia.
“Funnily enough, how small these things are,” chuckled Collin, “and look how big I am!”
Adapted from 50 Bedtime Stories: the Perfect
Way to End Your Day, 2002

WHY THE SUN AND THE MOON LIVE IN THE SKY

A long time ago, the Sun and the Moon were a married couple who lived on the Earth and were
great friends of the Sea. One day, they invite the Sea to visit them.
So the Sea went along, with the fish and all the members of his family. Surprisingly, the water
begin to rise, so that the Sun and the Moon have to climb up to the roof because they do not
want to be drowned, then they climbed up into the sky, where they have remain ever since.
Adapted from 366 and More Fairy Tales,1990

THE LEGEND OF MOUNT WAYANG

Long, long ago, when the gods and goddesses used to mingle in the affairs of mortals, there
was a small kingdom on the slope of Mount Wayang in West Java. The King, named Sang Prabu,
was a wise man. He had an only daughter, called Princess Teja Nirmala, who was famous for her
beauty but she was not married. One day Sang Prabu made up his mind to settle the matter by a
show of strength.
After that, Prince of Blambangan, named Raden Begawan had won the competition.
Unfortunately, the wicked fairy, Princess Segara fell in love with Raden Begawan and used magic
power to render him unconscious and he forgot his wedding. When Sang Prabu was searching,
Raden Begawan saw him and soon realised that he had been enchanted by the wicked fairy. The
fairy could not accept this, so she killed Raden Begawan. When Princess Teja Nirmala heard this,
she was very sad. So a nice fairy took her to the Kahyangan.
The story goes that on certain moonlight nights, one can hear the sound of music in the air
above from the top of the mountain. It indicates that Sang Prabu and his daughter have not met
each other till dawn when it is time for them to part and to meet again on another moonlight night.
Adapted from Folk Tales from Indonesia,1999
 104

The pictures

Picture no. 1
Picture no. 2

Picture no. 3
 105

RENCANA PELAKSANAAN PEMBELAJARAN

(RPP)
CYCLE II

NamaSekolah : SMA Negeri 1 Kretek

Mata Pelajaran : Bahasa Inggris
Kelas/program : XI/ IPA 1
Semester /TahunPelajaran : Genap / 2013- 2014
Alokasi waktu : 6 x40(3 kali pertemuan)
Keterampilan : Membaca

J. StandarKompetensi
5. Memahami makna teks fungsional pendek dan esei berbentuk narrative,
spoof dan hortatory exposition dalam konteks kehidupan sehari-hari dan
untuk mengakses ilmu pengetahuan.
K. KompetensiDasar
5.2Merespon makna dan langkah retorika dalam esei yang menggunakan
ragam bahasa tulis secara akurat, lancar dan berterima dalam konteks
kehidupan sehari-hari dan untuk mengakses ilmu pengetahuan dalam teks
berbentuk narrative, spoof, dan hortatory exposition.

L. IndikatorPencapaianKompetensi:
f. Siswa mampu membuat mind map sesuai teks yang diberikan.
g. Siswa mampu menyebutkan informasi yang detail dalam sebuah teks
dengan tepat.
h. Siswa mampu menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang berkaitan dengan
teks.
M. TujuanPembelajaran:
Setelah disajikan materi ini, siswa memahamiteknik mind map, mampu
membuat mind map sesuai teks yang diberikan, mampu menyebutkan
informasi yang detail dalam sebuah teks dengan tepat, dan mampu menjawab
pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang berkaitan dengan teks.
N. Materi Ajar
7. Teks input
 106

a. Teks spoof berjudul “A Man and A Penguin”, “Don‟t Want to Walk

Alone”, and “A Prisoner‟s Message”
8. Struktur teks
a. Jenis teks: Spoof
b. Fungsi sosial: to entertain or amuse the reader
c. Struktur umum:

Orientation : the introduction of the story, such as who is involved in

the story.

Events : explore event in a chronological way.

Twist : the unpredictable event/thing/way which amuse the readers.

O. MetodePembelajaran:Three-Phase Technique (Presentation, Practice, and

Production)

P. Media
Teks,dan lembar kerja.

Q. KegiatanPembelajaran:
III. Pertemuan Pertama
4. Kegiatan pembukaan
d. Guru memulai pelajaran dengan mengucapkan salam kepada siswa.
- Assalamu‟alaykum... Good morning, students? How are you
today?
e. Guru memimpin do‟a atau meminta salah satu dari siswa untuk
memimpin do‟a sebelum memulai pelajaran.
- OK, before we start our lesson today, let‟s say a pray.
- Please, one of you leads us to pray in a moment before we start
our lesson today. The leader, please.
f. Guru memeriksa kehadiran siswa.
- Is everybody here today?
- Who is she/he? And why?
 107

5. Kegiatan inti
a. Guru mengawali materi dengan menyampaikan beberapa
karakteristik dan fungsi dari teks spoof kepada siswa dengan mengajak
siswa turut aktif dalam sesi ini.
b. Guru memberikan sebuah teks spoof yang kemudian guru membantu
siswa menemukan dan kata-kata yang sulit dipahami supaya siswa
mampu memahami isi dari teks yang dibagikan.
c. Guru meminta siswa membuat mind map untuk menemukan
informasi yang ada dalam teks.
d. Siswa diminta untuk menjawab pertanyaan yang ada dan berkaitan
dengan teks yang diberikan.
6. Kegiatan Penutup
e. Guru dan siswa merangkum materi secara bersama-sama.
f. Guru melakukan refleksi
g. Guru meminta salah sati siswa memimpin doa.
h. Guru menutup pertemuan
- OK. Thank you for your attention and your coorperation for this
meeting. Good bye. Wassalamu‟alaykum...
IV. Pertemuan Kedua
1. Kegiatan pembukaan
a. Guru memulai pelajaran dengan mengucapkan salam kepada siswa.
- Assalamu‟alaykum... Good morning, students? How are you
today?
b. Guru memimpin doa atau meminta salah satu dari siswa untuk
memimpin doa sebelum memulai pelajaran.
- OK, before we start our lesson today, let‟s say a pray.
- Please, one of you leads us to pray in a moment before we start
our lesson today. The leader, please.
c. Guru memeriksa kehadiran siswa.
- Is everybody here today?
- Who is she/he? And why?
 108

4. Kegiatan inti
a. Guru menanyakan kembali materi yang telah dipelajari pada
pertemuan sebelumnya.
b. Guru menanyakan permasalahan yang masih dirasakan oleh siswa.
c. Guru memberikan kesempatan bagi siswa untuk berdiskusi mengenai
teknik dan tugas yang diberikan sebelumnya.
d. Guru memberikan tips mendapatkan informasi dari teks yang
diberikan.
e. Guru memberikan teks spoof sebagai bahan latihan.
f. Guru meminta siswa menggunakan teknik mind map untuk
mempermudah pencarian informasi tersebut secara sederhana.
g. Guru meminta siswa menjawab pertanyaan. Kemudian bersama
memecahkan permasalahan yang masih dihadapi siswa.
5. Kegiatan penutup
a. Guru menyimpulkan kegiatan yang dilalui.
b. Guru menutup pelajaran
c. Guru memimpin atau meminta salah satu siswa untuk berdoa.
V. Pertemuan Ketiga
1. Kegiatan pembukaan
a. Guru memulai pelajaran dengan mengucapkan salam kepada siswa.
- Assalamu‟alaykum... Good morning, students? How are you
today?
d. Guru memimpin doa atau meminta salah satu dari siswa untuk
memimpin doa sebelum memulai pelajaran.
- OK, before we start our lesson today, let‟s say a pray.
- Please, one of you leads us to pray in a moment before we start
our lesson today. The leader, please.
e. Guru memeriksa kehadiran siswa.
- Is everybody here today?
- Who is she/he? And why?
6. Kegiatan inti
 109

a. Guru memperjelas kembali kepada siswa tentang penggunaan mind

map.
b. Guru mengajak siswa mengulang kembali karakter dan fungsi teks
spoof.
c. Guru memberikan lembar kerja sebagai latihan.
d. Guru bersama siswa menjawab latihan yang telah dikerjakan.
7. Kegiatan penutup
a. Guru menutup pembelajaran.
b. Guru meminta salah satu siswa memimpin doa penutup.

R. PenilaianHasilBelajar
Penilaian proses kegiatan belajarmengajar
c. Teknik: unjuk kerja
d. Bentuk penilaian: kerja individu
Yogyakarta, 2 Februari 2014
Guru Mata Pelajaran Peneliti

Yuana Purnamaningsih, M. Pd. Lani Suryani

NIP. 19580326 198203 1 008 NIM. 08202241009
Mengetahui,

Kepala SMA Negeri 1 Kretek

Drs. Kabul Mulyana, M. Pd.

NIP. 19610114 198803 1 005
 107

WORKSHEET
Task 1
Read this text carefully.
A Man and a Penguin

Once a man was walking in a park, he came across a penguin.

He took him to a police and said, "I have just found this penguin. What
should I do?" The police replied, "Take him to the zoo."
The next day the police saw the same man in the same park and the man
was still carrying the penguin with him. The police was rather surprised and
walked up to the man and asked, "Why are still carrying that penguin about?
Didn't you take it to the zoo?"
"I certainly did," replied the man.
"And it was a great idea because he really enjoyed it, so today I'm taking
him to the movies!"

Questions:
1. What did the writer want to say about the story?
a. We must understand the order clearly before do something
b. We must go to the park sometime.
c. We should report to the police when found something
d. We have to take the penguin to the cinema
e. We could find the penguin in the zoo

2. The purpose of the text is …

a. to persuade the readers
b. to entertain the readers only
c. to explain the readers
d. to tell past events and to entertain the reader
e. to discuss some problems

3. Why did the man take the penguin to the police?

a. to show that he had just found the penguin
b. to take the penguin to the zoo.
c. to give the police the penguin
d. to ask for advice what he had to do with the penguin
e. to make the police surprised

4. What is the twist of the story?

5. Who are the characters of the story?

 108

Text 2
Read this text carefully.
Didn’t Want to Walk Alone

Mrs. Brown‟s old grandfather lived with her and her husband. Every
morning he went for a walk in the park and came home at half twelve for his
lunch.
But one morning a police car stopped outside Mrs. Brown‟s house at
twelve o‟clock, and two policemen helped Mr. Brown to get out. One of them said
to Mrs. Brown, “The poor old gentlemen lost his way in the park and telephoned
us for help, so we sent a car to bring him home.” Mrs. Brown was very surprised,
but she thanked the policemen and they left.
“But, Grandfather,” she then said, “you have been to that park nearly
every day for twenty years. How did you lose your way there?”
The old man smiled, closed one eye and said, “I didn‟t quite lose my way.
I just got tired and I didn‟t want to walk home!”

Questions:
1. What does the text tell us about?

2. Who are the characters of the story?

3. Where did Grandfather like for a walk?

4. Why did Grandfather go home with the policemen?

5. What is the twist of the story?

Text 3
Read this text carefully.
A Prisoner’s Message

A potato farmer was sent to prison just at the time when he should have
been digging the ground for planting the crop of potatoes. He knew that his wife
would not be strong enough to do the digging by herself, so that she could manage
to do planting, and he also knew that he did not have any friends or neighbors
who would be willing to do the digging for him. So he wrote a letter to his wife,
which said, "Please do not dig the potato field. I hid the money and the gun there."
Ten days later he got a letter from his wife. It said, "I think somebody is
reading your letters before they go out of the prison. Some policemen arrived here
two days ago and dug up the whole potato field. What shall I do now?"
The prisoners wrote back at once, "Plant the potatoes, of course."
 109

APPENDIX C
Field Notes
 110

FIELD NOTE 1 (Pra Observasi)

January 18th, 2014
Penyerahan surat ijin observasi

Peneliti datang ke SMA Negeri 1 Kretek untuk menyerahkan surat ijin

observasi kepada Kepala Sekolah. Di ruang piket, peneliti bertemu Kepala
Sekolah dan menyerahkan surat ijin observasi. Kepala Sekolah menerima dan
membaca surat tersebut. Kemudian menyarankan kepada peneliti untuk
menyerahkan surat ijin sekalian untuk penelitian karena supaya lebih jelas dan
langsung tepat sasaran. Peneliti menyampaikan pesan dari dosen pembimbing
untuk terlebih dahulu melakukan observasi, maka dari itu peneliti hanya
menyerahkan surat ijin observasi. Namun, setelah diperjelas oleh Kepala Sekolah,
peneliti mengiyakan saran beliau.
Setelah bertemu Kepala Sekolah, peneliti meminta ijin menemui Guru Mata
pelajaran Bahasa Inggris, Bu Yuana.Setelah diijinkan, peneliti menuju ke ruang
guru dan menemui Bu Yuana. Peneliti menjelaskan maksud kedatangannya adalah
untuk menyerahkan surat ijin observasi yang sebelumnya sudah diterima oleh
Kepala Sekolah yang kemudian dikembalikan lagi untuk diganti dengan surat ijin
penelitian.
Peneliti juga meminta masukan dari Bu Yuana terkait proses yang akan
dijalankan oleh peneliti. Peniliti menyampaikan bahwa akan melaksanakan
observasi di dua kelas terlebih dahulu untuk mempertimbangkan kelas mana yang
lebih tepat untuk dijadikan subjek penelitian. Bu Yuana juga menjelaskan kondisi
siswa dengan kemampuan belajar yang lemah, namun peneliti tetap memutuskan
untuk tetap melanjutkan proses.
Kemudian setelah berdiskusi cukup lama, peneliti meminta ijin kepada Bu
Yuana untuk pulang.Bu Yuana dan Kepala Sekolah memberikan kesempatan bagi
peneliti untuk tetap melakukan kegiatan selama peniliti menyelesaikan urusan ijin
penelitian.
 111

FIELD NOTE 2 (Observasi)

January 24th, 2014
Observation in class XI IPA 1

Saat bel berbunyi, jam pelajaran ke 4 dan 5 dimulai. Siswa XI IPA 1

berhamburan masuk ke dalam ruang kelas. Peneliti duduk di depan ruang kelas XI
IPA 1 menunggu guru Mata Pelajaran Bahasa Inggris. Saat guru datang, guru
mengajak peneliti ikut masuk ke dalam kelas dan duduk di bangku siswa bagian
belakang.
Guru membuka pelajaran dan mulai menyapa siswa. Guru memperkenalkan
peneliti yang duduk di bangku belakang sebagai mahasiswa yang sedang
melaksanakan pengamatan untuk kepentingan tugas akhir/skripsi.
Guru memimpin proses belajar mengajar. Siswa mendengarkan apa yang guru
sampaikan. Saat itu guru memberikan tugas mengerjakan beberapa soal. Siswa
diminta mengerjakan di kertas soal yang telah dibagikan. Kebanyakan siswa
tidak membawa kamus bahasa Inggris yang seharusnya bisa membantu mereka
mengerjakan tugas yang diberikan guru. Siswa yang membawa kamus hanya sedikit
jumlahnya. Siswa yang lain mengerjakan semampunya. Ada beberapa siswa yang
terlihat aktif bertanya arti dari soal yang diberikan. Mereka terkendala kosakata
yang asing bagi mereka atau yang pernah mereka temui tapi lupa.
Sampai bel pelajaran selesai, siswa belum juga menyelesaikan soal yang
diberikan. Akhirnya guru memberikan keluasaan bagi siswa untuk membawa
pulang soal tersebut untuk dikerjakan di rumah. Pelajaran diakhiri.
 112

FIELD NOTE 3
Cycle 1; Meeting 1
Friday, February 7th, 2014
XI IPA 1

Peneliti datang ke sekolah kemudian menemui Bu Yuana, guru Bahasa

Inggris, di kantor terlebih dahulu untuk menyampaikan bahwa pada hari itu
peneliti hendak memulai mengajar di kelas untuk Cycle 1. Bel tanda masuk jam
pelajaran berbunyi, Bu Yuana dan peneliti menuju ruang kelas. Siswa XI IPA 1
mulai berhamburan masuk kelas, apalagi setelah melihat gurunya berjalan
mendekati kelas mereka.
Sampai di dalam kelas, Bu Yuana duduk di bangku belakang dan berperan
sebagai pengamat penelitian. Peneliti memulai pelajaran dengan mengucap salam
dan menyapa siswa. Setelah itu peneliti juga memeriksa kehadiran siswa. Ada
beberapa siswa tidak hadir dengan alasan tertentu. Pada hari Jum‟at, mata
pelajaran Bahasa Inggris adalah mata pelajaran ke empat setelah istirahat, peneliti
tidak memimpin doa.
Siswa diajak untuk mengingat kembali mengenai teks naratif: ciri-cirinya,
tujuan sosialnya, dan struktur umumnya. Beberapa hal tersebut dijelaskan kembali
dengan melakukan tanya jawab dengan siswa supaya siswa ikut terlibat dalam
proses pembelajaran. Siswa menjawab pertanyaan peneliti tentang teks naratif.
Mereka berebut untuk menjawab pertanyaan. Saat ditanya satu per satu, siswa
diam karena kurang percaya diri saat menyampaikan pendapatnya. Kemudia peneliti
memanggil beberapa nama siswa untuk menjawab pertanyaan yang diajukan dan
mereka akhirnya bisa menjawabnya.
Kemudian peneliti menjelaskan teknik Mind Map kepada siswa. “Ada yang
sudah pernah mengenal Mind Map?”, peneliti bertanya kepada siswa. “Mungkin
kalian pernah mengenalnya dengan nama lain sperti spider web. Sebuah gambar
peta menyerupai jaring laba-laba yang diisi kata, frase atau kalimat untuk
mempermudah memahami sesuatu. Biasanya berisi satu kata pokok di tengah
sebagai pusatnya kemudian cabanganya berisi kata detailnya”. Beberapa siswa
menjawab belum pernah. Ada siswa yang menjawab, “Pernah lihat yang seperti
ini kayaknya, mba”. “Ya, mungkin bu Yuana juga sudah pernah
menyampaikannya ya. Dan sekarang kita akan mengingatnya lagi untuk
membantu kita mengerjakan tugas ini”, guru menanggapi.
Setelah peneliti menyampaikan dan menjelaskan teori tentang Mind Map juga
cara membuatnya. Kemudian peneliti membagikan lembaran kertas
bergambar Mind Map yang berisi cara membuatnya. “Nah, ini yang tadi saya
maksud dengan Mind Map. Sudah pernah lihat yang seperti ini?” Siswa
menjawab, “Oh, yang kayak gini. Sudah pernah lihat sih.” Peneliti menjelaskan
lebih detail apa itu Mind Map dan fungsinya juga cara kerjanya.
Peneliti membagikan bacaan narratif. Siswa diminta membaca dan memahami
teks tersebut seperti menandai struktur teks dan beberapa informasi di dalamnya.
Kemudian mereka diminta untuk membuatkan bentuk Mind Mapnya dalam sebuah
kertas kosong. Peneliti juga sudah menyediakan spidol warna-warni yang
dipinjamkan oleh Bu Yuana. Siswa mulai mengerjakan tugasnya. Dalam
 113

mengerjakan tugas tersebut, para siswa nampak antusias memilih spidol dengan
warna yang disukai untuk membuat mind map. Peneliti selalu mengarahkan
mereka untuk berdiskusi dengan temannya atau menanyakan langsung kepadanya.
Hasilnya, siswa mampu membuat Mind Map berdasarkan bacaan naratif
yang dibagikan oleh peneliti. Masih ada beberapa siswa yang menanyakan beberapa
hal terkait kosakata dan isi dari bacaan. Peneliti berusaha menjawab dengan baik.
Di akhir pertemuan, peneliti memberikan tiga gambar yang menggambarkan
beberapa cerita rakyat. Siswa diminta untuk memilih salah satu dari gambar dan
mencari text bahasa Inggris berisi tentang cerita rakyat yang dipilih dari gambar
tersebut. Setelah itu siswa juga diminta untuk membuat mind map dari teks yang
telah didapatnya berdasarkan poin-poin dari teks yang dipelajari pada pertemuan
ini. Setelah itu, peneliti mengajak siswa untuk bersama-sama meringkas
pembahasan pada pertemuan kali ini.
Bel tanda usai pelajaran berbunyi. Siswa mengumpulkan hasil kerjanya.
Peneliti menutup pelajaran hari tersebut dengan meminta ketua kelas untuk
memimpin doa. Siswa pun berhamburan keluar kelas dan segera pulang ke rumah
masing-masing.
 114

FIELD NOTE 4
Cycle 1; Meeting 2
February 10th, 2014
XI IPA 1

Peneliti datang ke sekolah dan bersiap masuk kelas. Ketika bel berbunyi,
peneliti bersama Guru bahasa Inggris sebagai kolaborator dan observer memasuki
kelas. Siswa sudah menempati tempat duduknya masing-masing. Ada yang
menyusul karena masih di luar kelas. Setelah semua masuk kelas, pelajaran dimulai.
Peneliti mengawali dengan menguapkan salam dan menanyakan kondisi siswa.
Peneliti juga memeriksa kehadiran siswa.
Pembahasan materi pelajaran dimulai. Peneliti mengulas pembahasan materi
di pertemuan sebelumnya. Setelah itu, peneliti mulai memeriksa hasil kerja siswa
yang pada pertemuan sebelimnya dijadikan sebagai tugas rumah. Peneliti
menanyakan satu per satu siswa. Beberapa siswa mengerjakan tugas tersebut dengan
kemampuannya, namun ada juga di antara mereka yang belum mengerjakan dengan
alasan tidak bisa dan tugasnya sulit. Dengan melihat keadaan seperti ini, peneliti
mencoba memotivasi para siswa untuk mengerjakan tugas apa pun yang dibebankan
semaksimal mungkin meski ada kesalahan.
Peneliti meminta salah satu siswa maju untuk mempresentasikan hasil
kerjanya. Sayangnya mereka tidak memiliki cukup kepercayaan diri dan peneliti
tidak bisa memaksa mereka dengan apa yng tidak mereka sukai. Akhirnya untuk
mengatasi hal ini, peneliti mengajak semua siswa untuk membahas tugas tersebut
bersama-sama. Hasilnya cukup bagus. Mereka merespon dengan baik kegiatan ini.
Daftar pertanyaan yang diberikan pada pertemuan sebelumnya diberlakukan untuk
tugas rumah ini. Setiap pertanyaan dijawab oleh siswa meskipun ada jawaban
yang salah.
Peneliti kemudian membagi siswa dalam beberapa kelompok supaya
mereka bisa belajar secara tim dengan teman-teman di kelompoknya. Mereka lalu
diberi sebuah teks untuk dikerjakan dalam kelompok. Peneliti juga berharap dengan
dibentuknya kelompok, mereka mampu memecahkan permasalahan yang mereka
hadapi bersama-sama. Dan cara ini pun berhasil mengajak siswa untuk lebih aktif
mengikuti proses pembelajaran dan melajar memecahkan setiap permasalahan yang
mereka hadapi bersama. Diskusi di dalam kelompok juga mereka lakukan untuk
mencari solusi dari masalah yang mereka temui.
Di akhir pertemuan, peneliti mengajak siswa untuk mengulas ulang apa
yang telah dipelajari pada pertemuan itu. Peneliti juga mengingatkan untuk terus
mempelajari apa yang sudah dijelaskan. Kemudian peneliti menutup pelajaran
dengan mengucap salam.
 115

FIELD NOTE 5
Cycle 2; Meeting 1
Friday, February 21st, 2014
XI IPA 1

Saat jam istirahat selesai, peneliti menuju kelas XI IPA 1 bersama Guru
bahasa Inggris sebagai observer dalam kelas. Dari kejauhan nampak para siswa
berhamburan masuk kelas sehingga peneliti dan observer masuk kelas. Beberapa
siswa menyusul dari belakang menuju ruang kelas.
Peneliti memulai pelajaran dengan mengucap salam dan menyapa para
siswa. Setiap jadwal bahasa Inggris, selalu setelah jam istirahat. Dengan kondisi
siswa yang belum terlalu fokus karena masih terbawa suasana istirahat di luar kelas,
peneliti harus mengkondisikan para siswa untuk mengalihkan perhatian ke proses
pembelajaran. Peneliti tidak lupa memeriksa kehadiran siswa.
Peneliti memberikan penjelasan mengenai teks spoof. Menurut informasi yang
diberikan guru bahasa Inggris, jenis teks ini sudah pernah dijelaskan sebelumnya.
Siswa sudah pernah mengenal jenis teks ini sebelumnya. Peneliti merasa bahwa hal
tersebut bisa mempermudah penjelasannya pada para siswa. Ketika peneliti
melontarkan pertanyaan, siswa bisa menjawabnya dengan benar. Siswa yang belum
terlalu memahami penjelasan dari peneliti bisa terlihat ketika mereka mengerjakan
tugas yang diberikan. Akhirnya peneliti harus memperdalam penjelasan khusus bagi
mereka yang belum terlalu faham itu.
Pada aktivitas selanjutnya, peneliti memberikan sebuah teks berjudul “A
Man and a Penguin”. Para siswa diminta membacanya. Peneliti memberikan
bantuan pada siswa beberapa kata yang sulit atau yang asing bagi mereka untuk
memandu mereka memahami teks tersebut. Peneliti juga memberikan arti dari
kata tersebut. Sedangkan kata-kata yang lainnya bisa mereka temukan artinya di
dalam kamus, namun beberapa siswa juga masih ada yang menanyakan kepada
peneliti. Peneliti membantunya dengan memberikan tanya jawab seperti
memberikan klu yang berkaitan dengan kata-kata yanga ditanyakan tersebut.
Misalnya, “Mba, kata ini apa artinya ya?”, tanya seorang siswa. Peneliti
menghampirinya dan menjawab, “Oh, took itu bukan kata asli. Kata ini adalah
bentuk ke dua dari kata pertama karena perbedaan waktu. Coba cari di kamus, ada
tidak?”. Kemudian siswa tersebut mencoba mencarinya di dalam kamus.Siswa
lainnya bertanya, “Mba, put itu apa artinya?”. Peneliti menjawab, “Put itu ...”,
sambil memperagakan gerakan tangan yang menunjukan klu dari kata yang
aditanyakan. Daan siswa pun bisa menjawab, “Menaruh ya, mba?”. “Ya, benar. Tuh
kan pinter bisa nebak.”, peneliti menjawab seraya memberikan pujian kepada siswa
tersebut.
Peneliti membagi siswa dalam lima kelompok kecil yang terdiri dari 5-6
siswa. Setiap kelompok dibekali sebuah kertas kosong berukuran besar dan
beberapa spidol berwarna-warni.Peneliti telah memberikan sebuah teks kepada
setiap kelompok untuk dibaca dan dipahami.Untuk memperkaya kosakata siswa,
peneliti meminta setiap kelompok menuliskan beberapa kata dalam sebuah
tabel.Setiap kata dimasukkan dalam beberapa kategori.Tugas ini bertujuan untuk
 116

mempermudah siswa mengenal kata dan mengetahui unsur asli kata

tersebut.Selain itu, siswa juga dilatih untuk bekerja dalam kelompok.
Hasil pekerjaan mereka cukup memuaskan. Mereka memahami bahwa sebuah
kata tidak selalu merupakan kata asli atau tunggal. Sebuah kata biasanya terbentuk
dari tambahan atau imbuhan untuk membentuk sebuah kata yang disesuaikan
dengan konteks kalimatnya. Mereka juga pada akhirnya bisa mengurai kata
bentukan dalam bentuk aslinya serta mengetahui arti dari kata tersebut. Dengan
aktivitas ini, siswa mampu meningkatkan perbendaharaan kosakatanya. Akhirnya
peneliti menutup pertemuan pada hari itu dengan mengapresiasi para siswa dengan
hasil kerja yang bagus. Peneliti mengakhiri dengan mengucap salam.
 117

FIELD NOTE 6
Cycle 2; Meeting 2
Friday, February 28th, 2014
XI IPA 1

Peneliti memasuki ruang kelas saat bel tanda masuk untuk mata pelajaran
Bahasa Inggris dibunyikan. Siswa berhamburan memasuki ruang kelas. Observer
juga telah bersiap di dalam ruang kelas. Peneliti memulai pelajaran dengan
menyampaikan salam dan menyapa siswa. Peneliti tidak lupa mengecek kehadiran
siswa.
Pada pertemuan kali ini, peneliti memfokuskan proses pembelajaran pada
peningkatan ketrampilan siswa dalam mencari dan menentukan topik pada sebuah
bacaan. Pada pertemuan sebelumnya, siswa telah mempelajari teks spoof. Begitu
pula pada pertemuan ini, siswa diajak kembali untuk menggunakan teks spoof
sebagai materi pembelajaran. Peneliti sedikit menyinggung mengenai proses
pembelajaran sebelumnya yang membahas pengayaan kosakata dalam bentuk
diskusi ringan.
Aktivitas selanjutnya adalah membaca text. Peneliti membagi sebuah
bacaan kepada siswa yang berjudul “A Man and a Penguin”. Mereka diminta
untuk membaca dengan suara lirih. Sebelumnya mereka diarahkan untuk
menggunakan cara skimming dan scanning untuk menemukan ide dan topik dari
bacaan tersebut. Mereka tidak harus membaca seluruh kata dalam bacaan. Mereka
hanya membaca sepintas dan mencoba mencari inti dari tiap kalimat yang mudah
mereka fahami.
Pembelajaran sebelumnya, siswa telah diberi bekal untuk mengidentifikasi
sebuah kata. Pada aktivitas ini, siswa juga sudah diminta untuk membawa kamus.
Ketika membaca teks yang diberikan, para siswa memanfaatkan kamus untuk
mencari arti kata yang tidak diketahuinya. Setelah membaca, siswa diminta untuk
menjawab beberapa soal yang sudah disediakan yang berhubungan dengan teks tadi.
Peneliti memeriksa kefahaman siswa dengan meminta salah seorang siswa
membacakan satu soal dan menjawabnya dengan jawabannya. Jawabannya benar.
Ketika siswa lain diminta melakukan hal yang sama, dia belum bisa menjawab
dengan benar dan peneliti mencoba untuk memandunya menemukan jawaban
yang benar. Akhirnya mereka mengerti.
Jam pelajaran selesai. Peneliti memastikan kembali siswa bisa memahami
pelajaran yang dibahas pada pertemuan ini. Peneliti juga menyimpulkan
pembelajaran. Ketua kelas memimpin doa. Akhirnya ditutup dengan salam.
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FIELD NOTE 7
Cycle 2; Meeting 3
Monday, March 10th, 2014
XI IPA 1

Peneliti bersama observer masuk kelas setelah bel tanda ganti jam pelajaran
dibunyikan. Observer duduk di bangku paling belakang. Peneliti membuka
pelajaran dengan salam. Menyapa siswa seperti yang dilakukan setiap pertemuan
sebelumnya. Tidak lupa peneliti memeriksa daftar kehadiran siswa dan menanyakan
langsung kepada siswa.
Di dalam kelas, peneliti menjelaskan sedikit materi untuk mengingatkan
kembali tentang apa yang pernah dipelajari sebelumnya. Penelliti memberikan
kesempatan kepada siswa untuk menyampaikana pendapat atau pertanyaan.Ketika
peneliti mengajukan pertanyaan kepada siswa untuk melihat kepemahaman
mereka, ada beberapa siswa yang merespon dengan menjawab dengan kalimat
sederhana, namun masih ada juga yang memang kurang memperhatikan.Peneliti
mengapresiasi jawaban dan respon beberapa siswa tersebut. Peneliti melakukan cara
lain yakni mendekati salah satu siswa untuk menanyakan pengetahuan dan kesulitan
yang dihadapinya. Ternyata memang dia lebih mau terbuka ketika ada pendekatan
personal. Mereka mau menyampaikan masalah yang dihadapinya dengan nyaman
ketika mereka didekati dan bicara dengan personal.Terkadang saat peneliti
mendapatkan pertanyaan dari siswa, peneliti tidak hanya menjelaskan jawabannya
khusus untuk siswa yang bertanya saja tapi juga untuk seluruh siswa yang ada di
kelas dengan menjelaskan di depan kelas.
Peneliti membagikan kertas latihan untuk kesekian kalinya supaya siswa
bisa lebih memahami materi yang diberikan.Beberapa siswa menunjukkan
semangat. Namun, akhirnya semua siswa berusaha mengerjakan latihan yang
diberikan tadi setelah adanya arahan betapa memang latihan yang diulang-ulang
merupakan satu hal yang penting dalam proses belajar.
Kemudian siswa diajak untuk membahasa tugas bersama-sama untuk
sekaligus memastikan siswa memahami apa yang telah dikerjakan. Peneliti
mempersilakan siswa yang masih mempunyai kesulitan dalam mengerjakan tugas
atau memahami materi untuk langsung menanyakan kepada peneliti. Setelah
semua dikira cukup, siswa pun sudah tidak menyampaikan pertanyaan, peneliti
mengakhiri pertemuan dan mengucapkan salam.
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APPENDIX D
Interview
Transcripts
 120

Interview transcript

P : Peneliti
BY : Bu Yuana (Guru Mapel B. Inggris)

BY : Gimana, mba? Apa yang tadi sudah diamati?

P : Tadi kelihatannya siswa masih banyak yang belum bisa mengerjakan soal
ya, bu?
BY : Ya begitulah.
P : Siswa memang tidak punya kamus atau bagaimana, bu?
BY : Mereka punya kamus. Cuma ya kamus yang 1 miliar itu dan mereka
seringnya tidak membawanya ke sekolah. Sudah saya ingatkan berkali-kali.
P : Kalau di perpus menyediakan kamus tidak, bu?
BY : Ada banyak kamus di perpus. Tapi siswanya memang kurang inisiatif untuk
memanfaatkannya. Cuma beberapa saja yang mau meminjam.
P : Kalau di kelas yang tadi itu, kira-kira ada tidak, bu yang lebih unggul dari
yang lainnya dalam pelajaran bahasa Inggris?
BY : Ada. Beberapa siswa perempuan ada yang lebih baik dari yang lainnya. Ada
satu siswa apindahan dari Jakarta. Kalau dia memang lumayan bagus. Ya
mungkin karena dia dari kota ya. Beda sama yang lain yang latar belakangnya
seperti ini. Kan, mba? Latar belakang anak-anak tuh beragam. Ada orang tua
yang memang peduli sama pendidikan putranya, ada yang tidak. Yang ga peduli
ya seringnya lebih memilih putranya untuk sibuk membantu orang tuanya
jualan atau memelihara ternak dan lainnya.
P : Oh, begitu ya, bu?
BY : Iya. Kalau dari sekolah sudah berusaha untuk membantu mereka waktu di
sekolah, tapi kalau sudah sampai rumah, kami tidak bisa melakukan apa-apa.
Ya nanti mbanya siap saja dengan kondisi seperti itu.
P : Iya, bu. Inshaa Allah, siap. Saya juga mohon bimbingan ibu untuk ke
depannya.
BY : Ya sebisa saya ya, mba.
P : Iya, bu. Terimakasih. Sementara ini dulu. Minggu depan saya siapkan
RPPnya. Nanti saya minta tolong ibu untuk melihatnya apa sudah sesuai atau
belum. Bagaimana, bu?
BY : Oh, ya. Inshaa Allah.
P : Baik, bu. Saya pamit dulu. Assalamu‟alaykum
BY : Ya, mba. Wa‟alaykumussalam.

Interview script

P : Kamu suka ga sama teks yang dibagi tadi?

S : Suka, mba. Itu setelah mba ceritain. Soalnya ga mudeng sama kata-katanya.
P : Kalo suka, harusnya semangat buat nyari arti dari kata-kata di teks tadi dong.
S : Iya dong, mba. Kan biar bisa jawab soalnya juga. Sama ngerjain mind map juga.
P: Peneliti S: Siswa
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Interview transcript

P : Dek, setelah belajar mencari topic sentence, menurut kamu gimana?

S : Jadi tau aja sih, mba.
P : Syukurlah. Jadi, kalau diminta nyari topic sentence lagi, kamu bisa ya?
S : Mudah-mudahan masih inget ya, mba. Soalnya suka lupa.
P : Iya, semoga. Rajin belajar makanya ya. Hehehe
S : Ya, mba.
P : Kalo gitu, makasih ya, dek.
S : Sama-sama, mba.

Interview transcript

P : Dek, boleh ngobrol bentar?

S : Oh, boleh, mba. Silakan.
P : Dek, setelah belajar mencari topic sentence, menurut kamu gimana?
S : Jadi tau aja sih, mba.
P : Syukurlah. Jadi, kalau diminta nyari topic sentence lagi, kamu bisa ya?
S : Mudah-mudahan masih inget ya, mba. Soalnya suka lupa.
P : Iya, semoga. Rajin belajar makanya ya. Hehehe
S : Ya, mba. Sama-sama.

Interview Tanscript

P : Boleh ngobrol sebentar ga?

S : Oh, boleh, mba. Mau ngobrol apa?
P : Ini, tentang proses pembelajaran kita kemarin itu. Mau tau pendapat Difa
tentang proses pembelajarannya. Gimana menurut Difa?
S : Yang kemarin pemahaman teksnya malah sangat mudah, mba.
P : Syukurlah. Tapi memang dasarnya Difa memang suka bahasa Inggris kan?
S : Iya, mba.
P : Berarti nilainya bagus-bagus dong?
S : Iya, tapi kalau pas agak pusing jadi kurang nilainya, ga bisa konsentrasi. Tapi
syukur akhir-akhir ini baik, mba.
P : Memang kendala Difa dalam belajar bahasa inggris itu apa saja?
S : Artinya sama rumusnya, mba.
P : Punya kamus kan? Nah, bisa dicari tuh di kamus. Kalau ada masalah, tinggal
ditanyakan.
S : Punya, mba. Iya, mba. Makasih.
P : Makasih, Difa, sudah banyak membantu.
S : Iya, mba. Sama-sama. Makas
 122

APPENDIX E
Students’
Portofolios
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APPENDIX F
Photographs
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APPENDIX G
Letters
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