C++Lecture 1 Intro To Computers

Spring 2021 - CS1428 Chapter 1 - Introduction to C++
Introduction to Computers and Programming
Why Program ?
Every Profession has tools that make its job easier to do
• Carpenters use hammers – Mechanics use wrenches .. etc.
The computer is a tool that is used by many professionals and it can perform so many jobs
• Accountant – Computers balance book analyzes profits and losses .. etc.

• Factory Workers – Control Manufacturing machines and track production
Why Computers ??
Computer Programmers ??
Components of a Computer System
• A computer system consists of both hardware and information stored on hardware.

Information stored on computer hardware is often called software.
• The hardware components of a computer system are the electronic and mechanical parts.
• The software components of a computer system are the data and the computer programs.
• The major hardware components of a computer system are:
• Processor - CPU / Central Processing Unit-electronic : Controls the computer and how it works. It
consists of two basic parts: the ALU and the Control Unit.
• ALU / Arithmetic and Logic Unit

addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (*), division (/), comparisons (<, <=, >, >=, =,
<>)
• Control Unit - Controls the instruction cycle of the program
• ROM - Read Only Memory is found in the CPU.
• Main Memory/Core Memory (RAM Random Access Memory)
o Random Access Memory is fast, "expensive" and provides more power.

o Main Memory is discrete. (Each space in main memory has its own address…like post office
boxes. Addresses are unique, unsigned numbers that are stored in binary form.)
o Main memory is volatile in that it is easily lost when the computer is turned off and the
information has not been saved.
Husain Gholoom – Senior Lecturer in Computer Science Page 1

• Secondary Memory - Slow, cheap, long-lasting ( Auxiliary Memory / Savable, infinite memory, non-
volatile, external storage). e.g. floppy disks, hard drives, CD, DVD, flash drives, etc.
• Registers
▪ Special purpose storage locations in processor

▪ Program Counter (PC) : Stores the memory address of the next instruction to be
executed
▪ Instruction Register (IR) : Stores the current instruction being executed or decoded. In
simple processors each instruction to be executed is loaded into the instruction register
which holds it while it is decoded, prepared and ultimately executed, which can take
several steps.
▪ Accumulator (ACC) : Where the results of all arithmetic operations and loads is stored.
• Input/Output Devices
▪ Input: . Input devices take data and converts into information such as keyboard, mouse,
scanners, light pens, optical mark readers, voice recognizers, digital cameras,
microphones, etc.
▪ Output: monitors, printers, speakers, disk drives, voice synthesizers
For typical desktop computers, the processor, main memory, secondary memory, power supply, and
supporting hardware are housed in a metal case. Many of the components are connected to the main
circuit board of the computer, called the motherboard. The power supply supplies power for most of the
components. Various input devices (such as the keyboard) and output devices (such as the monitor) are
attached through connectors at the rear of the case.


Program or an algorithm
• Program is a set of instructions to perform a specific task

• Stored in main memory
• Instructions are stored sequentially
• Instructions are in machine language (binary)
Example (Program or an algorithm)
• Display on screen: “how many hours did you work?”

• Wait for user to enter number, store in memory
• Display on screen: “what is your pay rate (per hour)?”
• Wait for user to enter rate, store in memory
• Multiply hours by rate, store in memory
• Display on screen: “you have earned $xx.xx” where xx.xx is result of previous step
Instruction Cycle or Execution Cycle - How does the computer execute a program?
• Fetch the next instruction from memory

▪ then increment the program counter
• Decode the instruction
▪ interpret components of the instruction
• Execute
▪ set things up and send command to appropriate components (ALU, memory, etc.)
• Repeat

Software
• Programs that run on the hardware :-

o System Software ( operating systems - a set of programs that allow you to interface with the
hardware responsible for processing user requests or user programs e.g. WINDOWS, UNIX ..
etc. ).
▪ Single tasking – running one program at a time ( MS-DOS )
▪ Multitasking – running multiple programs at once – called time sharing – Unix –
Windows
o Application Software ( application programs - e.g. spreadsheets, word processors, database

management systems ).
A computer system is a collection of hardware (physical components) and software (programs).

Together, hardware and software define the computing environment.
Algorithm
• An algorithm is A step by step ordered procedure that solves a problem in a finite number of precise steps

Examples:
• Top-down design (hierarchy chart) : start with the overall task, then break down into progressively smaller
tasks ( Divide and Conquer Approach ).
• Natural Language (English-like statements) .
• Flowchart - a diagram that shows the logical flow of a program.
• Pseudocode - a cross between natural language and a programming language

o Control Structures (decisions, loops).
o Style: indentation.
Top-down design
Example :-
Set total to zero

Flowchart
Set grade counter to one
While grade counter is less than or equal to ten

Pseudocode
Input the next grade
Add the grade into the total
Set the class average to the total divided by ten
Print the class average.

Programming Languages :-
▪ Machine Language: binary (1's and 0's), bits. They are machine specific.
▪ Low Level Language: Assembly Language - closer to the numeric machine language of the computer
than to natural language. Consist of letters and digits. Disadvantages:
• Machine dependent.
• Not close enough to natural language to be easily learned and understood.
• Require technical background (understanding of computer architecture).
▪ High Level Languages :-
Consist of Words, symbols, numbers - Easier for humans to read and use - Must be
translated to Machine Code.
• BASIC - met the need for simplicity; often used in an interactive environment
• FORTRAN - designed in the late 1950s to meet the needs of the scientific and
engineering communities
• COBOL - designed for business applications
• Pascal - introduced the concept of structured programming & special data types; a
teaching language
• C - a structured language developed at Bell Laboratories that allows low-level
programming while using a high-level style language
• C++ - a spin off of the C language also developed at Bell Labs that offers object
oriented features not found in C; portable
• Java - object-oriented language developed at Sun Microsystems used to develop
programs that run over the internet in a Web browser
• Visual Basic - a software development environment by Microsoft that allows
programmers to create Windows-based applications
• Python – general purpose languages created in early 1990’s. it has become popular in
both business and academic applications.
• Ruby – general purpose languages created in early 1990’s. it has become popular in
language for program that run on Web Servers.
Language Processors or Translators : -
▪ Assembler - software that translates assembly language programs to machine language

instructions to be executed (later) on a computer
▪ Interpreter - software that translates one statement at a time of a program into machine
language and executes the statement immediately before going on to process the next
statement (Dartmouth BASIC )
▪ Compiler - software that translates a program written in a high-level language into binary
machine language instructions so that the program can be executed (later) on a computer.
( C , C++, Java , Cobol )

Translation Process
▪ Source Code File → [Preprocessor] →

▪ Modified Source Code → [Compiler] →
▪ Object Code →[Linker] →
▪ Executable Code File
▪ Usually don't see intermediate files
▪ Using an “Integrated Development Environment” (like Eclipse) you may only see the source, and
▪ result of running the executable file.
Example Language Elements

#include <iostream> Reserve Words or Key Words : have special meaning
using namespace std;
(lowercase)
int main()
{ Programmer Defined Identifiers : names made by
double hours, rate, pay; programmer
// Get the number of hours worked Operators : instruction to manipulate data ( * , + … )
cout << “How many hours did you work? ” ; Punctuation : special meaning to compiler ( ; \ … )
cin >> hours; Statement : complete instruction to computer to perform
// Get the hourly pay rate an action.
cout << “How much do you get paid per hour? ”; Variables : named storage location in memory for holding
cin >> rate; a piece of information.
// Calculate the pay Variable Definition : instruction to set up variable
pay = hours * rate;
requires :
// Display the pay
cout << “You have earned $” << pay << endl; data type
return 0; information (numbers, characters , … )
}
Categories of Instructions
▪ Input
▪ cin >> hours
▪ gathers info from “outside world”
▪ Processing
▪ pay = hours * rate;
▪ computation
▪ Output
• cout << “How many hours did you work? “;
• sends info to “outside world”

Programming Process
1. Clearly define the problem

2. Visualize output of program
3. Make a model of the program
# hierarchy chart
# flowcharts
# pseudocode
4. Translate to C++ code (type it into a file)
5. Compile, fix syntax errors, repeat
6. Test the program (execute it with data)
7. Correct errors, go to step 5. If no errors, quit.
What is Software Engineering?
Software Engineering is a branch of computer science. It deals with entire process of developing and
maintaining computer software :-
a. Analysis
b. Designing
c. Writing Code
d. Testing
e. Debugging
f. Documenting
g. Modifying (updating)
h. Maintaining (fixing bugs reported by users)
• Problem Analysis and Specification
- Analyze the problem - Specify precisely what the solution requires - list data objects.
a. input values
b. constant values
c. output values
• Design
1. Describe the data objects.

a. kind (variable or constant)
b. type (integer, real, etc.)
c. name (How will the program refer to the data object?)
2. Describe the operations using English like statements.
3. Construct an algorithm using pseudocode--a step by step ordered procedure that describes the
solution to a given problem in a finite number of precise steps.

• Coding (implement pseudocode in language of choice)
• Verification and Validation (testing - debugging) - Error types:
a. Compile time or syntax errors --- ex. missing semicolon

b. Linking errors - ex. #include <cmath> missing when using sqrt() function
c. Run-time errors (occur when program is running) ex. attempt to divide by zero
d. Logic errors (errors in reasoning)
• Documentation
• Modifying – Maintenance
• Obsolescence
C++
What is C++
• C++ is a programming language designed to making programming more enjoyable

for the serious programmer.
• In the 1990s it became one of the most popular programming languages in the world.
Development
• C++, designed by AT&T Bell Lab’s Bjarne Stroustup, was developed as an

enhancement to the C programming language.
• Enhancements Included the addition of classes followed by many features such as:
– Virtual functions
– Operator overloading
– Multiple Inheritance
– Templates
– Exception handling

CodeBlocks – Installation
To install CodeBlocks Version 20.03 on Windows
Go to http://codeblocks.org

Click on Downloads
http://codeblocks.org/downloads/
Click on Binaries

Click on http://codeblocks.org/downloads/binaries
Click on http://codeblocks.org/downloads/binaries

Select and download
codeblocks-20.03mingw-setup
Download from Sourceforge.net

Click on Save File

From your download folder , Double click on the downloaded

file

Click on Next
Click on I Agree

Click on Next

Click on Install

Click on Yes

Select Finish

How to create projects and write programs using

CodeBlocks
Double click on the CodeBlocks short cut
First , you need to create a project as follows :-
File ----------> New ------------ > Project --- > enter

Select Console application

Then Select C++ --- > next
Type in Project title and chose to folder to create the project in then --- > next


Press on Finish

A projects and its main program will be created as it is displayed :

First , make sure that you rename the .cpp file from main.cpp to the
name that is given in the assignment then click ok. High light
main.cpp and change it be
LastName_FirstName_CS1428_PA1.cpp

Press the filename.cpp
The following final Screen will be displayed:

Select Build:

Fix all syntax errors if any then re-build.

Select Run:
Fix all logical errors if any then re-build then re-run

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Spring 2021 - CS1428 Chapter 1 - Introduction to C++

Introduction to Computers and Programming

Every Profession has tools that make its job easier to do

• Carpenters use hammers – Mechanics use wrenches .. etc.

• Accountant – Computers balance book analyzes profits and losses .. etc.

Components of a Computer System

• A computer system consists of both hardware and information stored on hardware.

• The major hardware components of a computer system are:

• ALU / Arithmetic and Logic Unit

• Control Unit - Controls the instruction cycle of the program

• ROM - Read Only Memory is found in the CPU.

• Main Memory/Core Memory (RAM Random Access Memory)

o Random Access Memory is fast, "expensive" and provides more power.

Husain Gholoom – Senior Lecturer in Computer Science Page 1

▪ Special purpose storage locations in processor

Husain Gholoom – Senior Lecturer in Computer Science Page 2

Husain Gholoom – Senior Lecturer in Computer Science Page 3

• Program is a set of instructions to perform a specific task

Example (Program or an algorithm)

• Display on screen: “how many hours did you work?”

• Fetch the next instruction from memory

Husain Gholoom – Senior Lecturer in Computer Science Page 4

• Programs that run on the hardware :-

o Application Software ( application programs - e.g. spreadsheets, word processors, database

A computer system is a collection of hardware (physical components) and software (programs).

Husain Gholoom – Senior Lecturer in Computer Science Page 5

• Natural Language (English-like statements) .

• Flowchart - a diagram that shows the logical flow of a program.

• Pseudocode - a cross between natural language and a programming language

Set total to zero

While grade counter is less than or equal to ten

Set the class average to the total divided by ten

Print the class average.

Husain Gholoom – Senior Lecturer in Computer Science Page 6

▪ High Level Languages :-

Language Processors or Translators : -

▪ Assembler - software that translates assembly language programs to machine language

Husain Gholoom – Senior Lecturer in Computer Science Page 7

▪ Source Code File → [Preprocessor] →

Example Language Elements

Husain Gholoom – Senior Lecturer in Computer Science Page 8

1. Clearly define the problem

What is Software Engineering?

• Problem Analysis and Specification

1. Describe the data objects.

2. Describe the operations using English like statements.

Husain Gholoom – Senior Lecturer in Computer Science Page 9

• Coding (implement pseudocode in language of choice)

• Verification and Validation (testing - debugging) - Error types:

a. Compile time or syntax errors --- ex. missing semicolon

• C++ is a programming language designed to making programming more enjoyable

• C++, designed by AT&T Bell Lab’s Bjarne Stroustup, was developed as an

Husain Gholoom – Senior Lecturer in Computer Science Page 10

To install CodeBlocks Version 20.03 on Windows

Husain Gholoom – Senior Lecturer in Computer Science Page 11

Husain Gholoom – Senior Lecturer in Computer Science Page 12

Husain Gholoom – Senior Lecturer in Computer Science Page 13

Select and download

Download from Sourceforge.net