chptr1 28a 29 Hydrlcsystm

Lectured by:
Aslam Abdullah, PhD

amt_airframe_vol2, pp12-36
amt_airframe_vol2, pp12-1
 The science that deals with the transmission
of energy, and the effect of the flow of liquids.
 It is a system where liquid under pressure is used to

transmit this energy.
 Hydraulics systems take engine power and converts it

to hydraulic power by means of a hydraulic pump.
This power can be distributed throughout the
airplane by means of tubing that runs through the
aircraft.
 Hydraulic power may be reconverted to mechanical

power by means of an actuating cylinder, or turbine.
• The actuating cylinder can change
hydraulic power to linear or rotating
motion.
• Previously, systems used to control

motion by using steel cables connected
by pulleys between the controlling
mechanism (such as the pedals) and the
controlled surface (such as the rudder).
• The cables were affected by expansion rates of the cables due to

temperature changes. Hydraulic systems can control motion
without worrying about the effect of temperature since it is a
closed system (not open to the atmosphere) compared to a cable
system. This means better control of the plane and less lag time
between the pilot's movement to control the plane and the
response by the control surface.
Advantages of Hydraulic Systems
 It is lighter in weight than alternate existing
systems.
 It is dead beat, that is, there is an absence of
sloppiness in its response to demands placed on
the system.
 It is reliable.
 It can be easily maintained.
 It is not a shock hazard; it is not much of a fire
hazard.
 It can develop practically unlimited force or
torque.
 Fluids:
- gases: air, nitrogen - liquids: water, oil..
 Hydraulic fluids (hydraulic liquids) - are the medium by

which power is transferred in hydraulic machinery.
 It is the lifeblood of the system. Common hydraulic fluids

are based on mineral oil or water.
 It also acts as a lubricant for the internal moving parts of

the system, and they are sufficiently viscous to seal the
clearance between them.
 Examples of equipment that might use hydraulic fluids

include excavators and backhoes, brakes, power steering
systems, transmissions, aircraft flight control systems,
lifts and industrial machineries.
Some Devices Operated by Hydraulic
Systems in Aircraft
• Primary control boosters

• Retraction and extension of landing gear
• Sweep back and forth of wings
• Opening and closing doors and hatchways
• Automatic pilot and gun turrets
• Shock absorption systems and valve lifter systems
• Dive, landing, speed and flap brakes
• Pitch changing mechanism, spoilers on flaps
• Bomb bay doors and bomb displacement gears
Hydraulic System Components
1. Reservoir
2. Hydraulic Pumps
3. Pressure Control Valves
4. Fluid Control Valves
5. Accumulators
6. Fluid Lines and Fittings
7. Filters
8. Actuating Cylinders
Hydraulics Systems Principles of Operation
 Pressures in hydraulic systems can be extremely high and

normally are measured in thousands of pounds per square inch (psi)
when using British units of measurement, or pascals (Newtons/
square meter).
 Part of the hydraulic system is the actuating cylinder whose main
function is to change hydraulic (fluid) power to mechanical (shaft)
power.
 The rate of flow of the oil through the system into the actuating
cylinder will determine the speed with which the piston rod in the
actuating cylinder extends or retracts.
Pascal’s Theory
 The method by which fluid is used to create force was explained

by Pascal.
 In a confined stationary liquid, neglecting the effect of gravity,

pressure is distributed equally and undiminished in all directions;
it acts perpendicular to the surface it touches.
 The pressure (p) acting on the incompressible oil does work

[(pressure) x (Area of piston) x (piston's stroke) = Work].
2 1
Exercise a:
How to Increase the Output Power?
Exercise a2
A hydraulic lift as in Exercise a has an output diameter of 30
cm and is to lift objects up to 2000 kg. Determine the fluid
gage pressure that must be maintained in the reservoir.
Exercise a3 3-43
The 500 kg load on the hydraulic lift shown in Fig. below is

3
to be raised by pouring oil (ρ= 780 kg/m ) into a thin tube.
Determine how high h should be in order to begin to raise
the weight.
Exercise b:
Suppose you were asked to determine the mechanical
horsepower (HP) required to retract a landing gear in a required
time period. How would you do the calculations?
Given:
Force Requirements = 4500 lb
Distance moved = 2 ft
Time required = 15 s
(Hint: 1 HP = 745.7 W
= 550 ft-lb per second)
Flow Requirements to Accomplish Task
 The hydraulic system oil flow rate, Q, may be measured in gallons
per minute (gpm).
 The flow rate required can be related to the volume of fluid required
to be moved (in cubic inches-cu in) and the time required for the job (in
minutes).
 The volume of fluid required to be moved is given by the input force
times the piston stroke (in inches) divided by the system oil
pressure. Remember that force divided by pressure, and multiplied by
the piston stroke defines the volume moved. Therefore,
Exercise c:
If the pressure in the system = 2100 psi, find Q in gpm of previous
exercise.

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Lectured by:

Aslam Abdullah, PhD

 It is a system where liquid under pressure is used to

 Hydraulics systems take engine power and converts it

 Hydraulic power may be reconverted to mechanical

• Previously, systems used to control

• The cables were affected by expansion rates of the cables due to

- gases: air, nitrogen - liquids: water, oil..

 Hydraulic fluids (hydraulic liquids) - are the medium by

 It is the lifeblood of the system. Common hydraulic fluids

 It also acts as a lubricant for the internal moving parts of

 Examples of equipment that might use hydraulic fluids

• Primary control boosters

 Pressures in hydraulic systems can be extremely high and

 The method by which fluid is used to create force was explained

 In a confined stationary liquid, neglecting the effect of gravity,

 The pressure (p) acting on the incompressible oil does work

The 500 kg load on the hydraulic lift shown in Fig. below is

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