HYDRAULIC MACHINES

INTRODUCTION

Hydraulics: This is a technology and applied science using engineering, chemistry

and other sciences involving the mechanical properties and use of liquids.

Hydraulics is a liquid counterpart of Pneumatics, which concerns gases

Fluid Mechanics provides the theoretical foundation for hydraulics, which focuses on the
applied engineering using the properties of fluids. In its fluid power applications,
hydraulics is used for the generation, control and transmission of power by the used of
pressurized liquids.

Hydraulics topics range through some parts of science and most of engineering modules,
and cover concepts such as flow, dam design, fluidics and fluid control circuitry. The
principle of hydraulics is used naturally in the human body within the vascular system and
erectile tissues.

Free surface hydraulics is the branch of hydraulics dealing with free surface flow, such as
occurring in rivers, canals, lakes, estuaries and seas.

The word “Hydraulics” originate from Greek word (hydraulikos) which in turn originates
from (hydro=”water”) and (aulos; meaning pipes).

Hydraulics Machines uses liquids power to perform work. Heavy construction vehicles are common
example. In this type of machines, hydraulic fluid is pumped in various hydraulics motors and
hydraulics cylinder throughout the machine and becomes pressurized according to the resistance
present. The fluid is controlled directly or automatically by control valves and distributed through
hoses, tubes and pipes.

HYDRAULIC MACHINES
Hydraulic Systems, like pneumatics systems, are based on Pascal’s law which states that
any pressure applied to a fluid in a closed system will transmit that pressure equally
everywhere and in all directions in the fluid. A hydraulic system uses an incompressible
liquid as its fluid rather than a compressible gas.

The popularity of hydraulic machinery is due to the very large amount of power that can be
transferred through small tubes and flexible hoses, and the high power density and wide
array of actuators that can make use of this power, and the huge multiplication of forces
that can be achieved by applying pressures over a relatively large area. One draw-back
compared to machines using gears and shafts is that any transmission of power results in
some losses due to resistance of fluid flow through piping.

In Simple term Hydraulic Machines are machines that convert hydraulic energy (energy
possess by water) into mechanical energy (which is further converted into electrical
energy) or mechanical energy into hydraulic energy.

Note:

i. The hydraulic Machines which convert the hydraulic energy into mechanical
energy are called Turbines.
ii. The hydraulic Machines which convert the Mechanical energy into hydraulic
energy are called Pumps.

TURBINES

Turbines are hydraulic Machines that transform rotational energy from a fluid that is
picked up by a rotor system into usable work or energy.

Turbines achieve this either through mechanical gearing or through electromagnetic

induction to produce electricity. Mechanical uses of turbines power dated back to ancient
Greece. The first wind wheels relied upon gearing and shafts to power machinery.
Windmills and water are also forms of turbines.

TURBINES
BASIC TYPES OF TURBINES

 Water Turbine
 Steam Turbine
 Gas Turbine
 Wind Turbine

Although the same principle applies to all turbines, their specific designs differ sufficiently
to merit separate description.

WATER TURBINES: This is divided into; i. Impulse turbines

ii. Reactions turbines

i. Impulse Turbines: In an impulse turbine, fast moving fluid is fixed through a

narrow nozzle at the turbine blades to make them spin around; the fluid is
forced to hit the turbine at high speed. “Newton Second law of motion”
which, states that the rate of change of momentum of body is directly
proportional to applied force describes the transfer of energy in impulse
turbine. Examples of impulse turbines are Pelton’s wheel and cross flow turbine.

IMPULSE TURBINE

ii. Reaction Turbines: In reaction turbines, torque developed reacting to the fluid’s
pressure. The pressure of the fluid changes as it passes through the turbine
rotor blades. The turbine must be fully immersed in the flowing fluid and the
pressure casement is also provided for a working fluid. Examples of reaction
turbines are Kaplan Turbine, Francis Turbine and Kinetic Turbine.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN REACTION TURBINES AND IMPULSE TURBINES

REACTION TURBINES IMPULSE TURBINES

1. The runner must be enclosed within a Watertight casing is not necessary. Casing has no
watertight casing hydraulic function to perform. It only serves to
prevent splashing and guide water to the
tailrace.
2. Water is admitted over the entire Water is admitted only in the form of jets. There
circumference of the runner may be one or more jets striking equal number
of buckets simultaneously
3. Reaction turbines area generally connected to The turbine is always installed above the tail
the tailrace through a draft tube, which is a race and there is no draft tube used
gradually expanding passage. It may either be
installed below or above the tailrace.
4. The flow regulation in reaction turbine is Flow regulation Is done by means of a needle
carried out by means of guide-vane assembly. valve fitted into the nozzle
Other component parts are scroll casing, stay
ring runner and the draft tub
5. In reaction turbine only some amount of the In impulse turbine, all hydraulic energy is
available energy is converted into kinetic converted into kinetic energy by a nozzle and it
energy before the fluid enters the runner is the jet so produced which strikes the runner
blades.
6. Both pressure and velocity changes as fluid The velocity of jet which changes, the pressure
passed through a runner. Pressure at inlet is throughout remaining atmosphere
much higher than at outlet
 STEAM TURBINES

Convert a part of the energy of the steam evidenced by high temperature and pressure into
mechanical power which inturn convert to electrical power.

The steam from boiler is expanded in a nozzle, resulting in the emission of a high velocity
jet. This jet of steam impinges on the moving vanes or blades mounted on a shaft. Here it
undergoes a change of direction of motion, which gives rise to a change in momentum and
therefore a force.

Steam turbines are applied mostly in Power generation, refinery, petrochemical,

pharmaceuticals, food processing, pulp and paper mill etc

STEAM TURBINES

GAS TURBINES

A gas turbine is a type of turbine that uses pressurized gas to spin it in order to generate
electricity or provide kinectic energy to an airplane or jet. The process todo so is called
“Brayton’s cycle”. In gas turbine turbines, the pressurized gas created by burning of fuel like
natural gases, kerosene, propane or jet fuel. The heat generated by this fuel expands air
which flows through the turbine to supply useful energy.

Gas turbines have three main parts: 1. Compressor 2. Combustor 3. Turbine

Compressor: Air is sucked in and put into the compressor which consist of many rows of
fan blades. In some turbines the pressure of air can increase by factor of 30.

Combustor: The high-pressure air flows into this area, which is where the fuel is
introduced. The fuel get injected constantly into this part in order for energy through the
turbine to be constant.

Turbine: The turbine is connected to the compressor blades by a shaft and they spin
separately. The compressor connects to the turbine, which is connected to an output shaft
and because the turbine spin separately, it can get up a great speed due to hot gas flowing
through it.

WIND TURBINES:

A wind turbine is devices that convert kinetic energy from the wind into electricity. The
blades of a wind turbine turn between 13 and 20 revolutions per minutes, depending on
their technology, at a constant or variable velocity where velocity of the rotor varies in
relation to the velocity of the wind in order to reach a greater efficiency.

The Features of a wind turbine includes; Automatic orientation, Turning of blades, Gearbox,
Evacuation, Monitoring.
PUMPS

Pumps are mechanical devices using suction or pressure to raise or move liquids, compress
gases or force air into inflatable objects such as tyres.

Mechanical pumps serve in a wide range of applications such as pumping water from wells,
aquarium filtering, pond filtering and aeration , in the car industry for water cooling and
fuel injection, in energy industry for pumping oil and natural gas or for operating cooling
towers.

Pumps are also used for biochemical process in developing and manufacturing medicine,
and as artificial replacement of body parts, inparticular the artificial heart and penile
prosthesis.

Pumps can also be defined as a device that moves fliuds (liquids or gases), or sometimes
slurries by mechanical action, typically converted from electrical into hydraulic energy.
Pumps can be classified into three major groups according to the method they use to move
fluids namely;

i. Direct Lift
ii. Displacement
iii. And gravity pumps

Pumps Operate by Some mechanism (typically reciprocating or rotary), and consume

energy to perform mechanical work moving the fluid.

Pumps Operate via many energy sources, including manual operations, electricity, engines,
or wind power and come in many sizes from microscopic to industrial pumps.

TYPES OF PUMPS

Pumps can be classified by their method of displacement into:

i. Positive displacement pumps

ii. Impulse pumps
iii. Velocity pumps
iv. Gravity pumps
v. Steam Pumps
vi. Valvless