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    My Introduction To Human Anatomy

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    Iannah Corazon Faduga
    The document provides an introduction to human anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy as the study of the structure of the body and its parts, while physiology is the study of how those parts function. The key levels of organization in the human body are discussed from atoms to organ systems. The major anatomical features including body cavities and membranes are also introduced.

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    My Introduction To Human Anatomy

    Uploaded by

    Iannah Corazon Faduga
    50 views8 pages
    The document provides an introduction to human anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy as the study of the structure of the body and its parts, while physiology is the study of how those parts function. The key levels of organization in the human body are discussed from atoms to organ systems. The major anatomical features including body cavities and membranes are also introduced.

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    My-Introduction-to-Human-Anatomy

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    The document provides an introduction to human anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy as the study of the structure of the body and its parts, while physiology is the study of how those parts function. The key levels of organization in the human body are discussed from atoms to organ systems. The major anatomical features including body cavities and membranes are also introduced.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    50 views8 pages

    My Introduction To Human Anatomy

    Uploaded by

    Iannah Corazon Faduga
    The document provides an introduction to human anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy as the study of the structure of the body and its parts, while physiology is the study of how those parts function. The key levels of organization in the human body are discussed from atoms to organ systems. The major anatomical features including body cavities and membranes are also introduced.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
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    At a glance
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    The document provides an overview of human anatomy and physiology, discussing topics like anatomical terminology, levels of organization in the body, the organ systems, and homeostatic control mechanisms.

    The main organ systems discussed are the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems.

    The two main types of homeostatic control mechanisms are negative feedback mechanisms, which prevent sudden changes and correct deviations from the set point, and positive feedback mechanisms, which increase or accelerate bodily actions in a short-lived manner.

    Introduction to Human Anatomy & ANATOMY ------------ PHYSIOLOGY

    Physiology
    The two disciplines are closely
    DR. JOHER B. MENDEZ, JR., R.N. interrelated because the functional role
    Lecturer of a part depends on how it is constructed.
    AREAS OF DISCUSSION • Anatomy and Physiology work together.
    GENERAL OVERVIEW What is the Importance of Anatomy and
    Physiology?
    DEFINITION OF TERMS
    • Basis for understanding diseases
    ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY
    • Allows an understanding of how the
    ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES
    body works and responds to stimuli
    LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
    CLINICAL
    HUMAN BODY
    CORRELATES
    CHARACTERISTICS & MAINTENANCE OF
    WHY DO I NEED TO STUDY
    LIFE
    ANATOMY AS A Student?
    Anatomy: Ano?
    ■ deals with the structure (morphology) of
    the body
    and its parts, in other words, what are
    things called?
    - study of structure
    - means to dissect
    APPROACHES TO ANATOMY
    SYSTEMIC – BODY SYSTEMS
    REGIONAL – BODY REGIONS
    (ABDOMINAL REGION) THE MOST
    COMMON
    SURFACE – EXTERNAL FEATURES (SKIN,
    EYES, NOSE)
    ANATOMICAL IMAGING – (XRAYS,
    ULTRASOUND, CT SCAN)
    Physiology: Paano?
    • studies the functions of these parts or
    asks the question, “how do they work?”
    -study of function
    The key to learning anatomy is to use Directional Terms
    one’s IMAGINATION....
    • Superior: (S- Sa taas)
    Always remember that when presented
    Above (The mouth is superior to the chin)
    with images, imagine you are FACING the
    patient. • Inferior: (I- Ilalim)
    The patient’s RIGHT side is at your LEFT Below (The nose is inferior to the forehead)
    The patient’s LEFT side is at your RIGHT • Anterior: (hArApAn)
    Front (The teeth are anterior to the throat)
    • Posterior: (P-atalikod)
    back (The brain is posterior to the eyes)

    QUICK RECALL
    RIBS _________ HEAD
    LIPS_________ CHIN

    Body Positions ANTERIOR : VENTRAL


    • Supine: POSTERIOR : DORSAL
    person lying face up
    • Prone: QUICK RECALL
    person lying face down LIPS _________ TEETH
    TONGUE_________ TEETH

    • Proximal: Pataas
    close to point of
    attachment to the trunk
    • Distal: Pababa
    far from point of
    attachment to the trunk
    •Proximal:
    close to point of attachment
    (The elbow is proximal to the wrist)
    • Distal:
    far from point of attachment
    (The knee is distal to the hip)
    • Superficial:
    close to surface
    (The skin is superficial to muscle)
    • Deep:
    toward interior of body
    (The lungs are deep to the skin)

    IPSILATERAL vs CONTRALATERAL

    Body Regions
    1. The abdominal area can be divided into
    nine regions, 4
    quadrants.
    2. Terms used to refer to various body
    regions are depicted in
    Fig. 1.13.
    The human body is the sum of its parts
    and these parts can be studied at a variety
    of levels of organization.
    • Atoms are the simplest level.
    • Two or more atoms comprise a
    molecule.
    • Macromolecules are large, biologically
    important molecules inside cells.
    • Organelles are aggregates of
    macromolecules used to carry out a
    specific function in the cell.
    • Cells are the basic living unit.
    • Tissues are groups of cells functioning
    together.
    • Groups of tissues form organs.
    • Groups of organs function together as
    organ systems.
    • Organ systems functioning together
    make up an organism.
    ■Organization of the Human Body

    Levels of Organization: ■ Major features of the human body


    include its cavities, membranes, and
    organ systems.
    ■ cavity : any space or compartment
    ■ membranes : layer / sheet of cells;
    covering
    ■ Body Cavities:
    ■ The body can be divided into an
    appendicular portion (upper and lower
    limbs) and an axial portion (head, neck,
    and trunk), which includes a dorsal and a
    ventral cavity. Organs within these cavities
    are called viscera.
    a. The dorsal cavity can be divided into Membranes
    the cranial cavity and vertebral canal.
    • Mesentery:
    b. The ventral cavity is made up of a
    double-layered membrane that covers
    thoracic cavity and an abdominopelvic
    organs and anchors them to body wall
    cavity, separated by the diaphragm.
    • Serous membrane:
    i. The mediastinum divides the thorax into
    right and left halves. cover organs and line cavity walls
    ii. The abdominopelvic cavity can be Types of Serous Membranes
    divided into the abdominal cavity and the
    • Visceral membrane:
    pelvic cavity.
    covers organs
    c. Smaller cavities within the head include
    the oral cavity, nasal cavity, orbital • Parietal membrane:
    cavities, and middle ear cavities.
    lines cavity walls
    •Pericardial cavity:
    around heart
    • Pleural cavity:
    around lungs
    • Peritoneal cavity:
    around abdominopelvic cavity
    Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Positive feedback summary:
    Two types: ●Increases (accelerates) the actions of the
    body
    ●Negative feedback mechanism
    ●short-lived
    ●Positive feedback mechanisms
    ●do not require continuous adjustments
    Negative feedback summary:
    ●Examples: blood clotting and child birth
    ●Prevents sudden, severe changes in the
    body
    ●Corrects the set point
    ●Causes opposite of bodily disruption to
    occur, i.e. the ‘negative’
    ●Most common type of feedback loop
    ●Examples: body temperature, blood
    pressure & glucose regulation

    Maintenance of Life
    Life depends on five (5) environmental
    factors:
    ●Water
    ●Food
    ●Oxygen
    ●Heat
    ●Pressure
    THE ORGAN SYSTEMS
    ■ Organ Systems:
    ■ Body Covering
    a. The integumentary system, including
    skin, hair, nails, and various glands,
    covers the body, senses changes outside
    the body, and helps regulate body
    temperature.
    Support and Movement
    a. The skeletal system, made up of bones
    and ligaments. It supports, protects,
    provides frameworks, stores inorganic
    salts, and houses blood-forming tissues.
    b. The muscular system consists of the
    muscles that provide body movement,
    posture, and body heat.
    ■ Integration and Coordination
    a. The nervous system consists of the
    brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense
    Characteristics of Life organs. It integrates information incoming
    • Metabolism: information from receptors and sends
    impulses to muscles and glands.
    - ability to use energy
    b. The endocrine system, including all of
    - uses digestive and respiratory systems the glands that secrete hormones, helps to
    • Responsiveness: integrate metabolic functions

    ability to sense changes in env’t and make ■ Transport


    adjustments a. The cardiovascular system, made up
    Growth: of the heart and blood vessels, distributes
    oxygen and nutrients throughout the body
    an increase in size while removing wastes from the cells.
    • Development: b. The lymphatic system, consisting of
    changes in cell structure and function lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus,
    from generalized to specialized and spleen, drains excess tissue fluid and
    includes cells of immunity.
    • Reproduction:
    formation of new cells or new organisms
    ■ Absorption and Excretion
    a. The digestive system is made up of the
    mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines
    and accessory organs. It receives, breaks
    down, and absorbs nutrients.
    ■ b. The respiratory system exchanges
    gases between the blood and air and is
    made up of the lungs and passageways.
    c. The urinary system, consisting of the
    kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra,
    removes wastes from the blood and helps
    to maintain water and electrolyte balance.
    Reproduction
    a. The reproductive system produces
    new organisms.

    i. The male reproductive system consists


    of the testes, accessory organs, and
    vessels that conduct sperm to the penis.

    ii. The female reproductive system consists


    of ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina,
    and external genitalia. The female
    reproductive system also houses the
    developing offspring.

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