[NUR 1101] CHAPTER 01: THE HUMAN ORGANISM

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OUTLINE IMPORTANCE OF
1.1. Anatomy
1.2. Physiology
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
1.3. Structural and Functional Organization of the
Human Body To understand how the body responds to stimuli,
A. Chemical level environmental changes, environmental cues,
B. Cell level diseases, and injury. Without deep knowledge of
C. Tissue level
the internal body and organs, an individual
D. Organ level
E. Organ system level cannot truly evaluate, diagnose and treat
F. Organism level illnesses
Microbes in Your Body: “Getting to Know Your
Bacteria"
Clinical Impact: “Cadavers and the Law” 1.3 STRUCTURAL & FUNCTIONAL
1.4. Characteristics of Life ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY
A. Organization • Chemical level
B. Metabolism
C. Responsiveness
o Smallest level.
D. Growth o Atoms, due to chemical bond, combine to
E. Development form molecules.
F. Reproduction • Cell level
1.5. Homeostasis
A. Negative feedback o Molecule form organelles, such as
B. Positive feedback nucleus and mitochondria, which make
Clinical Impact: "Humors and Homeostasis" up cells.
1.6. Terminology and the Body Plan
A. Body positions
o Cells; basic fundamental unit of life.
B. Directional terms • Tissue level
C. Body parts and regions o Similar cells and surrounding materials
D. Planes make up tissues.
E. Body cavities
F. Serous membranes ➢ Four broad types:
- Epithelial: surfaces of body inside
and out.
1.1 ANATOMY - Connective: tissue that connects
o Is the scientific discipline that investigates the part of the body.
the body’s structures. - Muscular: makes a part of the
o Anatomy; the term means to dissect. body move.
- Nervous: controls the messages
TYPES OF ANATOMY there are between the brain &
• Systemic – studies body organ-systems. parts of the body.
• Regional – studies body regions (medical • Organ level
schools). o Different tissue types combined that form
• Surface – studies external features, for organs acting together to perform
example, bone projections. function(s)
• Anatomical Imaging – using technologies [e.g.; urinary bladder]
(x-rays, ultrasound, MRI). • Organ system level
o Organs, such as the urinary bladder and
1.2 PHYSIOLOGY kidneys, make up an organ system.
o is the scientific investigation of the processes o Group of organs function together.
or functions of living things.
• Organism level
o Basically, how the parts come together
o Organ systems make up an organism.
to function and keep the body alive.

BRANCHES OF PHYSIOLOGY
• Systemic – studies body organ-systems.
• Cellular – studies body cells.

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 1.4 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE • Positive feedback
• Organization o Instead of getting a counteracting
o Functional interrelationships between response to some variable, it intensifies
parts of organism. the variable.
o Outside of normal range
• Metabolism o Generally associated with injury, disease.
o Sum of all chemical and physical
changes sustaining an organism. COMPONENTS OF FEEDBACK
o Ability to acquire and use energy in • Receptor
support of these changes. o Detects changes in variable.
• Responsiveness o For example, skin has a hot and cold
o Ability to sense and respond to receptor.
environmental changes. • Regulator/Control center
o Includes both internal and external o Receives messages from receptors.
environments. o Process information to establish a set
• Growth point.
o Can increase in size. o Sends signal to effector.
o Size of cells, group of cells, extracellular • Effector
materials. o Directly causes change in variable and
• Development bring the system back to its set point.
o Changes in form and size.
o Changes in cell structure and function 1.6 TERMINOLOGY & THE BODY PLAN
from generalized to specialized – • Anatomical position
differentiation. o Person standing erect with the face
• Reproduction directed forward, the upper limbs hanging
o Formation of new cells or new organisms. to the sides, and the palms of the hands
o Generation of new individuals. facing forward.
o Tissue repair - A person is supine when lying face
upward and prone when lying face
downward.
1.5 HOMEOSTASIS
Maintenance of constant internal environment
(balance, remains a certain range) despite DIRECTIONAL TERMS
fluctuations in the external or internal Superior Above
environment. Inferior Below
Anterior Front/Ventral
• Variables
Posterior Back/Dorsal
o Conditions that can change.
Ventral (in 4-legged Belly
o Examples are heart rate, blood pressure, animals
blood glucose level, blood cell counts, Dorsal (in 4-legged Back
respiratory rate, etc. animals)
• Normal range Medial Close to midline
o Normal extent of increase or decrease Lateral Away from midline
around a set point. Proximal Close to point
• Set point of attachment
Distal Far from point
o Normal, or ideal value of a variable
of attachment
Superficial Structure close to
HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL MECHANISM the surface
• Negative feedback Deep Structure toward the
o A variable that triggers a counteracting interior of the body
response—in order to keep in
homeostasis. BODY PLANES
o Body in “homeostasis”, then “variable” • Sagittal plane
throws the body out of balance, and then o Separates the body into right and left
body “counteracts” in response. parts.

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• Median plane HEAD CEPHALIX
oA sagittal plane along the midline that Forehead Frontal
divides body into equal left and right Eye Orbital
halves. Nose Nasal
• Transverse plane Mouth Oral
o A horizontal plane that separates the Ear Otic
body into superior and inferior parts. Cheek Buccal
Chin Mental
• Frontal plane
o A vertical plane that separates into
NECK CERVICAL
anterior and posterior parts.

TRUNK
THORAX THORACIC
Chest Pectoral
Breastbone Sternal
Breast Mammary

Abdomen Abdominal
Navel Umbilical
Pelvis Pelvic
Groin Inguinal
Genital Pubic

UPPER LIMB
PLANES THROUGH AN Collarbone Clavicular
Armpit Axillary
ORGAN Arm Brachial
Front of elbow Antecubital
Forearm Antebrachial

LOWER LIMB
Hip Coxal
Thigh Femoral
Kneecap Pat`ellar
Leg Crural

FOOT PEDAL
Ankle Talus
Top of foot Dorsum
Toes Digital

SKULL CRANIAL
Base of Skull Occipital
Back of Neck Nuchal
BODY PARTS & REGIONS

ANTERIOR VIEW POSTERIOR VIEW

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 BACK DORSAL
Shoulder blade Scapular
Spinal Column Vertebral
Lumbar Loin

Between hips Sacral

Buttock Gluteal
Perineum Perineal

UPPER LIMB
Point of shoulder Acromial
Point of elbow Olecranon
Back of hand Dorsum

LOWER LIMB
Hollow behind knee Popliteal
Calf Sural SEROUS MEMBRANES
Sole Plantar • Line trunk cavities, cover organs.
Heel Calcaneal o Structure
- Visceral serous membrane is in
SUBDIVISION OF THE ABDOMEN contact with the internal organs.
- Parietal serous membrane is in
contact with the outer membrane
thus lines the wall of the cavity.
- Cavity: a fluid-filled space between
the membranes.

THREE SETS OF SEROUS

MEMBRANES AND CAVITIES
• Pericardium and pericardial cavity
o Visceral pericardium covers the heart.
BODY CAVITIES o Parietal pericardium is the tough
• Thoracic cavity thickened membranous outer layer.
o Space within chest wall and diaphragm. o Pericardial cavity contains pericardial
o Consists of mediastinum, pleural cavity, fluid. It is also located between the
and pericardial cavity. visceral and the parietal; pericardium.
• Mediastinum
o Wall of organs that separates left from • Pleura and Pleural cavity
right pleural cavities.
o Contains heart, major blood vessels,
thymus gland, esophagus, and trachea.
• Abdominal cavity
o Space between diaphragm and pelvis.
o Contains stomach, intestines, liver,
spleen, pancreas, kidneys.
• Pelvic cavity
o Space within pelvis.
o Contains urinary bladder, reproductive o Visceral pleura covers lungs.
organs, part of large intestine. o Parietal pleura lines inner wall of thorax.
• Abdominopelvic cavity o Pleural cavity – A fluid filled space that
o Abdominal and pelvic cavity. surrounds the lungs.

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• Peritoneum and peritoneal cavity
o Visceral peritoneum anchors organs in
the abdominopelvic cavity.
- Mesenteries
➢ A specialized membrane.
➢ Anchors the organs to the
body wall and provide a
pathway for the nerves and
blood.
➢ Connect certain organs’
visceral peritoneum to the
visceral peritoneum of other
abdominopelvic organs.
o Parietal peritoneum lines inner wall of
abdominopelvic cavity.
o Peritoneal cavity surrounds certain
abdominal and pelvic organs.

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