Topic : Computer Organization

M1-R4: IT TOOLS AND BUSINESS SYSTEMS

Multimedia
Multimedia is the use of a computer to present and combine text, graphics, audio, and
video with links and tools that let the user navigate, interact, create, and communicate.
Multimedia might include video, audio clips, and still photographs, for example. A
newspaper's online presence could use multimedia as well, combining graphics, sound,
and animation. The word itself, sometimes spelled with a hyphen as multi-media, has
been used since 1962, from multi-, or "many," rooted in the Latin multus, "many or
much;" and media, the plural form of medium, or "system of communication."

Text
Text is a component of multimedia. The text consists of alphanumeric characters, which
are used to create information. The text provides information that has a meaning. Text
is the simplest data type that requires the least storage. We can design the text
accordingly.

Graphics
Graphics are an important part of multimedia because humans are visually
oriented. Images including photographs, illustrations, drawings, clip art, icons or any
other non-text elements on a website or in social media are an example of graphics.

Animation
Animation refers to a type of multimedia that provides the viewers with an illusion of
pictures moving in a sequential manner. It is an integration/collection of various types
of media. It is a type of multimedia that is very interactive.

Audio
Audio is sound that is within the acoustic range of human hearing. It is the audible
portion on the spectrum of sound frequencies, distinct from inaudible sounds heard by
certain animals or used in science and medicine. An elephant, for example, can hear
sounds at lower frequencies than humans, and porpoises can hear sounds at higher
frequencies. In both cases, they hear sounds that fall outside the range of human
hearing.

Images
Images are a media type displayed as visual information. They can be drawings,
paintings or photographs. Images are used to create interest and provide information.
Photographs and other types of graphical data are designed specifically for display. An
image on a screen is made up of dots called pixels.
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M1-R4: IT TOOLS AND BUSINESS SYSTEMS

Video
The term video refers to the moving picture, accompanied by sound such as a picture in
television. Video element of multimedia application gives a lot of information in small
duration of time. Digital video is useful in multimedia application for showing real life
objects.

Multimedia Application in Education

A multimedia learning environment involves numbers of elements in order to enable
learning process taking places. There are six main elements in multimedia applications
for educational purposes which are texts, images, audio, video, animations and user
control.

Types of Multimedia in Education

Educational classrooms use multimedia formats from various media. Text and graphics
include slideshows, presentations, diagrams and infographics. Audio includes podcasts
and recordings. Screen captures, lecture captures and animation are examples of video
components of multimedia. Other multimedia components include blogs, vlogs,
webinars and other interactive content.

There are many ways to use different types of multimedia, either individually or layered
for a deeper understanding of a school subject. Audiobooks are ideal for second-
language learners. Song files and music videos can be used to compare social norms in
different eras. A teacher who is adept at different types of multimedia can offer their
students a better understanding of the subject.

Benefits of Using Multimedia

Digital storytelling allows students to improve their knowledge about a specific subject
and increases skills such as writing, researching and reading. Using multimedia in the
classroom tends to improve a student’s overall academic performance. In particular,
multimedia in the classroom is used for self-directing learning or SDL.

The many medias and ways in which to use them to express a student’s idea for a
project on their chosen subject offers a sense of autonomy, which can assist in boosting
a student’s self-esteem. With self-directing learning, a student takes the initiative in the
chosen project rather than follow strict guidelines or be under the direction of a teacher.
The students manage their time and assess what needs to be included in their learning
activities. This style of learning is used mostly with older students who already know
how to manipulate many of the multimedia venues available to them.

Entertainment

Entertainment is performances of plays and films, and activities such as reading and
watching television, that give people pleasure. Multimedia is heavily used in the
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M1-R4: IT TOOLS AND BUSINESS SYSTEMS

entertainment industry, especially to develop special effects in movies and animations

(VFX, 3D animation, etc.). Multimedia games are a popular pastime and are software
programs available either as CD-ROMs or online.

Multimedia is heavily used in the entertainment industry,especially to develop special

effects in movies and animations. Multimedia games are a popular pastime and are
software programs available either as CD-ROMs or online. Some video games also use
multimedia features. Multimedia applications that allow users to actively participate
instead of just sitting by as passive recipients of information are called Interactive
Multimedia.

Marketing

Multimedia marketing uses various forms of media to reach your company's target
audience and increase brand recognition. It combines offline marketing (radio,
newspaper ads, TV commercials, and direct mail) with digital channels (email, social
networks, PPC). here are seven golden rules to multimedia marketing:

1. Know Your Customers and Prospects

2. Know the Right Way to Use Your Media Choices
3. Get the Support of Senior Management
4. Use a Brand Book
5. Have Clear Communications Objectives
6. Be Customer-Centric
7. Test Test Test Test and Test Again

Essential Multimedia Resources for Marketing

1. Audio Resources
2. Video Resources
3. Photo Resources

Multimedia File Format

There are three major types of media: Audio, Video, and Still Images. Each type of
media can be saved in various formats (the digital “container” in which the data is
stored to be machine readable), for use in various situations and software.

Video Formats

a. "MP4" — MPEG-4 Part 14 video format (.mp4)

b. "AVI" — Microsoft AVI format (.avi)
c. "QuickTime" — Apple QuickTime multimedia container (.mov)
d. "Matroska" — Matroska multimedia container format (.mkv)
e. "Ogg" — Ogg multimedia container format (.ogg)
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f. "VideoFormat" — a generic registered format to cover all other video

containers
g. "FLV" — Adobe Flash video files (.flv)
h. "VideoFrames" — sequence of raster images

Audio Formats

a. MP3/M4A. MP3s are the most common file type for general listening. ...
b. AAC. AAC is a lossy compressed format designed by a group of digital
technology companies including Dolby, Microsoft and Bell . ...
c. Ogg Vorbis. ...
d. FLAC. ...
e. WAV/AIFF.

Still Images Formats

a. TIFF (.tif, .tiff) : TIFF or Tagged Image File Format are lossless images files
meaning that they do not need to compress or lose any image quality or
information (although there are options for compression), allowing for very
high-quality images but also larger file sizes.

b. Bitmap (.bmp) : BMP or Bitmap Image File is a format developed by Microsoft

for Windows. There is no compression or information loss with BMP files which
allow images to have very high quality, but also very large file sizes. Due to BMP
being a proprietary format, it is generally recommended to use TIFF files.

c. JPEG (.jpg, .jpeg) : JPEG, which stands for Joint Photographic Experts Groups is a
“lossy” format meaning that the image is compressed to make a smaller file. The
compression does create a loss in quality but this loss is generally not noticeable.
JPEG files are very common on the Internet and JPEG is a popular format for
digital cameras - making it ideal for web use and non-professional prints.

d. GIF (.gif) : GIF or Graphics Interchange Format files are widely used for web
graphics, because they are limited to only 256 colors, can allow for transparency,
and can be animated. GIF files are typically small is size and are very portable.

e. PNG (.png) : PNG or Portable Network Graphics files are a lossless image format
originally designed to improve upon and replace the gif format. PNG files are able
to handle up to 16 million colors, unlike the 256 colors supported by GIF.

f. EPS (.eps) : An EPS or Encapsulated PostScript file is a common vector file type.
EPS files can be opened in many illustration applications such as Adobe
Illustrator or CorelDRAW.

g. RAW Image Files (.raw, .cr2, .nef, .orf, .sr2, and more) : RAW images are
images that are unprocessed that have been created by a camera or scanner.
Many digital SLR cameras can shoot in RAW, whether it be a .raw, .cr2, or .nef.
These RAW images are the equivalent of a digital negative, meaning that they
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hold a lot of image information, but still need to be processed in an editor such as
Adobe Photoshop or Lightroom.

Animated Image Formats

a. "GIF" — GIF and animated GIF (.gif)

b. "PNG" — PNG and animated PNG (.png)
c. "HEIF" — High Efficiency Image Format (.heic, .heif)
d. "WebP" — WebP format (.webp)
e. "OpenEXR" — theatrical film raster image format (.exr)

Common Elements

a. "Video" — video content as a video object

b. "Audio" — audio content as an audio object
c. "Duration" — duration of the whole file
d. "ImageList" — list of frames as images
e. "Rules" — rules for all elements
f. "Elements" — all available elements

Computer Software

Software is a set of instructions, data or programs used to operate computers and

execute specific tasks. It is the opposite of hardware, which describes the physical
aspects of a computer. Software is a generic term used to refer to applications, scripts
and programs that run on a device.

Computer software examples include operating systems, which allow for easy use of a
computer's processing power, as well as applications like Notepad and Firefox. Software
can be physically stored on the hard drive or at another location such as a USB drive, or
it can be cloud-based and hosted over the internet.

There are different types of software that can run on a computer: System Software,
Utility Software, and Application Software.

1. System Software : System software is a type of computer program that is

designed to run a computer's hardware and application programs. If we think
of the computer system as a layered model, the system software is the
interface between the hardware and user applications. The operating system
is the best-known example of system software. Example : Operating Systems
(OS) like macOS, Linux, Android and Microsoft Windows, computational
science software, game engines, search engines, industrial automation, and
software as a service applications.
2. Utility Software : Utility Software performs certain tasks like virus detection,
installation, and uninstallation, data backup, deletion of unwanted files, etc.
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M1-R4: IT TOOLS AND BUSINESS SYSTEMS

Some examples are antivirus software, file management tools, compression

tools, disk management tools, etc.
3. Application Software : Application software is an end-user program typically
divided into two classes: application software and systems software. Systems
software provides an operating system and utilities that enable applications
software such as database programs, spreadsheets, web browsers, and more
to run.

Relationship between Hardware and Software

Hardware

Hardware refers to the external and internal devices and equipment that enable you to
perform major functions such as input, output, storage, communication, processing, and
more. There are two types of computer hardware: external and internal. External
hardware devices include monitors, keyboards, printers, and scanners, whereas internal
hardware devices include motherboards, hard drives, and RAM.

Software
Software is a set of programs, which is designed to perform a well defined function. A
program is a sequence of instructions written to solve a particular problem. The
software enables to perform certain tasks through the computer hardware. Any
program that runs on a computer is an example of software.

Relationship between Hardware and Software

 Mutually dependent. Both of them must work together to make computer produce
a useful output.
 Software cannot be utilized without supporting hardware.
 Hardware without set of programs to operate upon cannot be utilized and is
useless.
 To get a particular job done on the computer, relevant software should be loaded
into the hardware
 Hardware is a onetime expense.
 Software development is very expensive and is a continuing expense.
 Different software can be loaded on hardware to run different jobs.
 Software acts as an interface between the user and the hardware.
 If hardware is the 'heart' of a computer system, then software is its 'soul'. Both are
complimentary to each other.
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Fig : Relationship Between Hardware & Software

Compiler
A compiler is a special program that translates a programming language's source code
into machine code, bytecode or another programming language. The source code is
typically written in a high-level, human-readable language such as Java or C++.

The language processor that reads the complete source program written in high-level
language as a whole in one go and translates it into an equivalent program in machine
language is called a Compiler. Example: C, C++, C#, Java.

Types of Compiler
 Cross Compilers. They produce an executable machine code for a platform but,
this platform is not the one on which the compiler is running.
 Bootstrap Compilers. These compilers are written in a programming language
that they have to compile.
 Source to source/transcompiler.
 Decompiler.

Fig : Compiler Instruction

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High-Level Language

A high-level language is any programming language that enables development of a

program in a much more user-friendly programming context and is generally
independent of the computer's hardware architecture.

Commonly used high-level languages

1. Python : Python is an object-oriented, high-level programming language. Object-
oriented means this language is based around objects (such as data) rather than
functions, and high-level means it's easy for humans to understand.

2. Java : Java is the world's third most popular programming language, after Python
and C – according to the TIOBE index, which evaluates programming language
popularity.

3. C++ : C++ is a cross-platform language that can be used to create high-performance

applications. C++ was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup, as an extension to the C
language. C++ gives programmers a high level of control over system resources and
memory.

4. C# : C# can be used to create a number of different programs and applications:

mobile apps, desktop apps, cloud-based services, websites, enterprise software and
games. Lots and lots of games.

5. Visual Basic : Visual Basic is an object-oriented programming language developed

by Microsoft. Using Visual Basic makes it fast and easy to create type-safe .NET apps.

6. JavaScript : JavaScript is the Programming Language for the Web. JavaScript can
update and change both HTML and CSS. JavaScript can calculate, manipulate and
validate data.

Free Domain Software

Free Domain Software or Public Domain Software is any software that has no legal,
copyright or editing restrictions associated with it. It is free and open-source software
that can be publicly modified, distributed or sold without any restrictions. SQLite, I2P
and CERN httpd are popular examples of public domain software.

Typically, public domain software is intentionally or voluntarily uncopyrighted,

unpatented and is unrestricted by its developer/author. It is different from free
software and freeware that does has copyrights and patents associated with it.

Free Domain Software or Public Domain Software examples include LINUX, Apache,
Firefox, KOffice, Thunderbird, OpenOffice, KOffice, and Squirrel Mail.